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Marine Life, Including Fish, Seaweed, and Algae, Represents a Unique and Growing Global Resource for the Production of Nutraceuticals and Functional Food Ingredients

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Marine Life, Including Fish, Seaweed, and Algae, Represents a Unique and Growing Global Resource for the Production of Nutraceuticals and Functional Food Ingredients Marine life, including fish, seaweed, and algae, represents a unique and growing global resource for the production of nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients. Photo copyright © iStockphoto.com/Tammy616 BY CHONG M. LEE, COLIN J. BARROW, SE-KWON KIM, KAZUO MIYASHITA, and FEREIDOON SHAHIDI An expanding body of scientific research indicates that the marine environment is a unique resource of functional food ingredients with health-promoting properties. esearchers may one day find in the ocean including cardiovascular disease risk reduction, immune “ answers to questions that will help to real- function improvement, brain health, and rheumatoid arthri- ize dreams of lengthening life and memory, of tis inflammation reduction. The oils are currently produced Rretarding aging, and of cures for a variety of ill- from fish, algae, krill, seal, and recently from squid. nesses,” stated Jacques Cousteau, who is considered Fish oil with omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic a pioneer of ocean exploration (Cousteau, 1975). acid, EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) experienced Much attention has been paid to exploration of poten- a sales increase of 35–40% in 2005–2006 (Hjaltason, tial nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals derived from the 2007). The combined sale of consumer products forti- ocean. While the majority of nutraceutical products in fied with omega-3 fatty acids is estimated to be $19 billion the marketplace are of botanical origin, marine-based globally, according to the Global Organization for EPA and nutraceuticals are gaining attention due to their unique fea- DHA Omega-3 (GOED Omega-3) (Moloughney, 2011). tures, which are not found in terrestrial-based resources. Fish oil is produced from various sources, including A growing body of research indicates the potential for anchovy, menhaden, herring, mackerel, salmon, and cod the marine environment as a unique source of functional liver, and marketed in various forms, most commonly as food ingredients. In recent years, a series of promising concentrated omega-3 oil in soft gel capsules and microen- new marine nutraceutical products have been introduced capsulated powder. In order to improve yield and oxidative to the nutraceuticals and functional foods markets. stability, enzymatic concentration and microencapsula- This paper examines the current state of the marine tion of omega-3 fish oil have been carried out based on nutraceuticals and ingredients industry from an interna- a complex coacervation technology at Ocean Nutrition tional perspective, with a focus on the available marine Canada (Kralovec et al., 2009). The delivery of omega-3 bio-resources for nutraceutical products and functional oil in beverage products is being sought through a sophis- ingredients in global markets and their claimed health ben- ticated microemulsion technology (Moloughney, 2011). efits. Also discussed are emerging products, production Unlike other fish oil, farmed Atlantic salmon oil contains methods, ongoing R&D activities, and challenges in marine a 2:1 ratio of DHA and EPA, together with astaxanthin. nutraceuticals and ingredients markets in different parts The key producers of omega-3 oil are Ocean of the world, along with future developments in marine Nutrition Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; nutraceuticals and ingredients industry and research. Epax AS, Aalesund, Norway; and Napro Pharma AS, The main sources and products of primary inter- Brattvaag, Norway, from anchovy and sardine; and est for marine nutraceuticals and ingredients include Omega Protein, Houston, Texas, from menhaden. omega-3 fish/algal oil, phospholipids (bound omega Other producers include Nissui, Tokyo, Japan, and 3-fatty acids), micro/macro algal nutrition supple- Pronova BioPharma, Lysaker, Norway, for omega-3 oil- ments, fish proteins and peptides, hydrolysates, shellfish derived pharmaceuticals, and Croda, Goole, UK. chitin, fish collagen, and mineral supplements. Antarctic krill and squid oils contain mostly phos- pholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids; krill oil also offers Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Oils a potent antioxidant, astaxanthin (Beer, 2011). Neptune Omega-3 polyunsaturated oils offer several health benefits, Technologies & Bioresources, Laval, Quebec, teamed with 12.11 • www.ift.org 23 pg Marine Life Sciences, Salt New entries to the algal oil market are Other than capsules and microen- Lake City, Utah, to mar- Algae Bioscience Corp., Overgaard, capsulated forms, omega-3 fish oil can ket a blend of Antarctic Ariz., (EPA and DHA) and Aurora be consumed in the form of micro- krill oil and concen- Algae, Hayward, Calif. (EPA only). emulsion in beverage products, oily trated marine algae Recently, Solazyme Roquette fish such as mackerel and salmon, for dual benefits. Aker Nutritionals, South San Francisco, or processed seafood such as nug- BioMarine, Oslo, Calif., has developed an egg and but- get, patty, and sausage formulated Norway, the world ter replacement ingredient, algal flour, from high omega-3 oil-containing fish largest krill oil pro- from microalgae for fat reduction. as well as omega-3 oil added surimi ducer, is the exclusive Mussel oil produced from New products, if fatty acids can be ade- supplier for Valensa Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna quately protected from oxidation (Lee International, Eustis, canaliculus) contains eicosatetraenoic et al., 2007; Tolasa et al., 2010). Fla., which markets a acid (ETA 20:4n-3) and octacosa- krill oil-based supple- octaenoic acid (OOA: 28:8n-3) in Microalgae of Commercial Importance ment for joint and eye addition to EPA and DHA. It is used A commercial, large-scale microalgae health. The two compa- for inflammatory arthritis relief. culture started in the early 1960s in nies are also performing Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) Japan with the culture of Chlorella. In joint clinical studies of based on pressurized CO2 (liquid the following 40 years, the microal- krill oil. Enzymotec, at 31°C and 7.38 MPa) is used in gal industry has grown and diversified Migdal, Israel, is mussel oil extraction. The bioac- significantly. Currently, the micro- another global supplier tive marker for anti-inflammatory algal biomass market produces about Each 240-ml serving of Stonyfield Organic of refined krill oil. activity has not been isolated, but 5,000 tons of dry matter/year and Whole Milk provides 50 g of omega-3 Parma Marine, such activity is believed to be from generates a turnover of approximately EPA/DHA for heart, brain, and eye health. Ocean Nutrition Canada supplies Terøy, Norway, mar- the synergetic function of various U.S.$1.25 billion/year (Pulz and the omega-3 ingredients, which are kets phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA, and Gross, 2004; Spolaore et al., 2006). derived from fish oil. omega-3 fatty acid-con- ETA) (Sankaran and Mouly, 2007) Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris and taining oil from squid along with glycosaminoglycans. Chlorella pyrenoidosa) is rich in chlo- byproducts. Phospholipids of marine Seal oil, which contains DHA, rophyll, protein (40–60%), and origin are a good source of more- EPA, and docosapentaenoic acid carotenoids. It exhibits putative bioavailable omega-3 fatty acids, (DPA: 22:5n-3, clupanodonic acid), is anti-carcinogenic, immunomod- particularly for brain health. These anti-atherogenic (Nakhla, 1998) and ulatory, hypolipidemic, gastric phospholipids have been used for is more stable than fish oil (Shahidi, mucosal-protective, and detoxi- memory treatments (Louis-Sylvestre, 1994). It is currently produced in fication activities. Producers of 1999) and are an important ingre- Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Chlorella include Cyanotech, Kailua- dient in larval fish feed (Lian et al., Shark liver oil contains squalamine Kona, Hawaii, and Earthrise 2008). Currently, marine phospholip- (aminosterols) and squalene (alkyl- Nutritionals, Ishigaki Island, Japan. ids are produced from krill and squid glycerols), which deliver potential Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) is one in commercial quantities. immune enhancement, anti-angio- of the few plant sources of vitamin Algal oil with DHA is cur- genic activity, and skin conditioning B12. It provides immune enhance- rently produced by DSM-Martek (Newman and Cragg, 2004). ment, protein supplementation Biosciences, Columbia, Md., Industry analysts estimated (65–71% by weight), and has puta- through heterotrophic culture of global consumption of marine and tive health benefits including anemia Crypthecodinium cohnii (DHA > 30%) algal omega-3 ingredients in 2008 prevention, hypocholesterolemic, for infant nutrition formula in com- at 71,452 tons, with North America antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and bination with fungal arachidonic acid being the largest consumer at 26,948 anti-allergic activities. Producers of (ARA) and Schizochytrium sp. (DHA tons, followed by Asia-Pacific at Spirulina include Cyanotech; Earthrise > 33% with 13.5% docosapentae- 21,145 tons, European Union (EU) Nutritionals, Irvine, Calif.; and Parry noic acid, DPA: 22:5n-6, osbond acid) at 13,596 tons, and the remainder of Nutraceuticals, Chennai, India. for general nutrition supplements. the world at 5,762 tons (Real, 2009). Dunaliella salina is a primary Lonza Group, Basel, Switzerland, Currently, there is about 85,000 algal source of ß-carotene (antioxi- produces microalgal oil (DHA > tons, according to GOED Omega-3 dant) with putative aging retardant 43%) from Ulkenia sp. (Kiy et al., (Moloughney, 2011). In an effort and immune enhancement. It is capa- 2005). Photonz Corp., Auckland, to implement
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