Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project

A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of the JOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

Volume XLIX

covering Leg 49 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Aberdeen, Scotland to Funchal, Madeira July—September 1976

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS Bruce P. Luyendyk, Joe R. Cann, Wendell A. Duffield, Angela M. Faller, Kazuo Kobayashi, Richard Z. Poore, William P. Roberts, George Sharman, Alexander N. Shor, Maureen Steiner, John C. Steinmetz, Jacques Varet, Walter Vennum, David A. Wood, and Boris P. Zolotarev

SHIPBOARD SCIENCE REPRESENTATIVE George Sharman

POST-CRUISE SCIENCE REPRESENTATIVE Stan M. White

SCIENCE EDITOR James D. Shambach

Prepared for the NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION National Ocean Sediment Coring Program Under Contract C-482 By the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Scripps Institution of Oceanography Prime Contractor for the Project This material is based upon research supported by the National Science Foundation under Contract No. C-482.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations ex- pressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

References to this Volume:

It is recommended that reference to whole or part of this volume be made in one of the following forms, as appropriate:

Luyendyk, B. P., Cann, J. R., et al., 1978. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 49: Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office).

Mattinson, J. M., 1978. Lead isotope studies of basalts from IPOD Leg 49, In Luyendyk, B. P., Cann, J. R., et al., 1978. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 49: Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office), p. 721-726.

Printed March 1979

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-603338

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 -Price $17.25 Stock Number 038-000-00397-6 Foreword

For the three and one-half years between From these concepts come major interpre- 1872 and 1876, the H.M.S. CHALLENGER— tations of the results of the drilling as they bear after which D/V GLOMAR CHALLENGER on patterns of sedimentation and physical and is named—undertook the world's first major chemical characteristics of the ancient oceans. oceanographic expedition. It is fitting that our As a result of the success of the Deep Sea century should have its counterpart to that fa- Drilling Project, the National Science Founda- mous ship a century ago whose voyages helped tion extended its contract with the University established oceanography as a science. It is of California to encompass an additional 36 equally fitting that GLOMAR CHALLENGER months of drilling, allowing GLOMAR CHAL- should be plying the same waters one century LENGER to continue operations throughout later seeking answers to new questions con- the oceans of the world in exploring the deep cerning the history of our planet and the life it ocean floors for a period presently extending supports. The fundamental advancement of one full decade. Scientific interest will involve our knowledge of the earth will lead to en- major effort in drilling deeply into the oceanic hanced capabilities to understand its processes crustal igneous rocks to study the processes and and to use its natural resources intelligently. mechanisms leading to the formation of the The Deep Sea Drilling Project is being oceanic crust. undertaken within the context of the National These reports contain the results of ini- Science Foundation^ Ocean Sediment Coring tial studies of the recovered core material and Program. The Foundation is funding the proj- the associated geophysical information. The ect by means of a contract with the University contribution to knowledge has been exceedingly of California, and the Scripps Institution of large and future studies of the core material Oceanography is responsible for its manage- over many years will contribute much more. ment. The University has, in turn, subcon- The importance of the work of the Deep tracted with Global Marine Incorporated for Sea Drilling Project and D/V GLOMAR the services of the drilling ship, GLOMAR CHALLENGER is internationally recognized. CHALLENGER. In response to this recognition, a number of Scientific planning is conducted under the nations are providing partial support. Effective auspices of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions January 1974, the USSR and the Federal Re- for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). The public of Germany entered into agreements JOIDES consortium has convened advisory with the for participation and panels for that purpose, consisting of a large support. Similar arrangements were agreed to number of distinguished scientists from the aca- by Japan in July 1975, the United Kingdom in demic institutions, Government agencies, and September 1975, and France in January 1976. private industry of many countries. Altogether, All people, in their lives, activities, and the project has involved the active interest and industry, should benefit greatly from the project participation of many of the world's best scien- —from the technological advances that are be- tists and technologists. ing made and through the information being The first ocean coring operations for the obtained on natural resources. Deep Sea Drilling Project began on August 11, 1968. During the ensuing years of drilling op- erations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea, and Antarctic waters, the scientific objectives that had been set forth were successfully accomplished. Primarily, the age of the ocean basins and their processes of de- Richard C. Atkinson velopment were determined. Emphasis was Director placed on broad reconnaissance and on testing the involvement of the mid-oceanic rise systems Washington, D. C. in the development of the ocean basins. October 1976

in Recognizing the need in the oceanographic community for scientific planning of a program to obtain deep sedimentary cores from the ocean bottoms, four of the major oceano- graphic institutions that had strong interests and programs in the fields of marine geology and geophysics, formed in May 1964, the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). This group, Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory; Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami; the Scripps Institution of X7 J?€3IclOO Oceanography, University of California at San Diego; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic In- stitution, expressed an interest in undertaking scientific planning and guidance of the sedi- mentary drilling program. It was the purpose of this group to foster programs to investigate the sediments and rocks beneath the deep oceans by drilling and coring. The membership of this original group was later enlarged in 1968 when the University of Washington be- came a member, and again in 1975 when Uni- versity of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, the Oregon State University School of Oceanog- raphy, the University of Rhode Island Gradu- ate School of Oceanography, and Texas A&M University Department of Oceanography be- came members. In accordance with interna- tional agreements, institutions of participating nations became members of JOIDES. Thus, during 1974 to 1976, the Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe of the Fed- eral Republic of Germany, the Centre National pour 1'Exploitation des Oceans of France, the National Environmental Research Council of the United Kingdom, the University of Tokyo of Japan, and Academy of Sciences of the USSR became JOIDES members. Through discussions sponsored by the JOIDES organization, with support from the National Science Foundation, Columbia Uni- versity^ Lamont-Doherty Geological Observa- tory operated a drilling program in the summer of 1965, on the Blake Plateau region off Jack- sonville, Florida. With this success in hand, planning began Drilling Project, following a Sample Distribu- for a more extensive deep sea effort. This tion Policy (p. xvii) approved by the National resulted in the award of a contract by the Science Foundation. National Science Foundation to the Scripps In- The advent of Glomar Challenger, with its stitution of Oceanography, University of Cali- deep-water drilling ability, is exceedingly fornia at San Diego for an eighteen-month timely. It has come when geophysical investi- drilling program in the Atlantic and Pacific gation of the oceans has matured through 20 Oceans, termed the Deep Sea Drilling Project to 30 years of vigorous growth to the point (DSDP). Operations at sea began in August where we have some knowledge about much of 1968, using the now-famous drilling vessel, the formerly unknown oceanic areas of our the Glomar Challenger. planet. About one million miles of traverses The goal of the Deep Sea Drilling Project had been made which tell us much about the is to gather scientific information that will help global pattern of gravity, magnetic and thermal determine the age and processes of develop- anomalies, and about the composition, thick- ment of the ocean basins. The primary strategy ness, and stratigraphy of the sedimentary cover is to drill deep holes into the ocean floor, rely- of the deep-sea and continental margin. The ing largely on technology developed by the coverage with such data has enabled the site petroleum industry. selection panels to pick choice locations for Through the efforts of the principal or- drilling. The knowledge gained from each hole ganizations and of the panel members which can be extended into the surrounding area. were drawn from a large cross section of lead- Detailed geophysical surveys were made for ing earth scientists and associates, a scientific most of the selected locations prior to drilling. program was developed. The earth sciences have recently matured from an empirical status to one in which sub- Cores recovered from deep beneath the stantial theories and hypotheses about major ocean floor provide reference material for a tectonic processes are flourishing. Theories multitude of studies in fields such as biostratig- about the origin of magnetic fields and mag- raphy, physical stratigraphy, and paleomag- netic reversals, about ocean floor spreading netism, that afford a new scope for studies of and continental drift, and about the thermal the physical and chemical aspects of sediment history of our planet, have led to specific pre- provenance, transportation, deposition, and dictions that could be tested best by an en- diagenesis. In-hole measurements, as feasible, lightened program of sampling of deep-sea and provide petrophysical data to permit inference continental margin sediments and underlying of lithology of intervals from which no cores rocks. were recovered. In October 1975, the International Phase A report, describing the core materials and of Ocean Drilling (IPOD) began. This in- information obtained both at sea and in lab- ternational interest, and the true participation oratories on shore, is published after the com- of both the scientists and governments of a pletion of each cruise. These reports are a number of nations, is elegant testimony of the cooperative effort of the scientists participating importance of the work being done by the Deep in the cruise and are intended primarily to be Sea Drilling Project. a compilation of results which, it is hoped, will The members of JOIDES and DSDP and be the starting point for many future new and the scientists from all interested organizations exciting research programs. Preliminary in- and nations who have served on the various terpretations of the data and observations taken advisory panels are proud to have been of at sea, are also included. service and believe that the information and Core materials and data collected on each core materials that have been obtained will be cruise will be made available to qualified of value to students of earth sciences and all scientists through the Curator of the Deep Sea humanity for many years to come.

VI Deep Sea Drilling Project

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE JOINT SENIOR PROJECT PERSONNEL OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES):* Mr. Frank C. MacTernan Principal Engineer and Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften and Rohstoffe, Deputy Project Manager Federal Republic of Germany

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia Dr. Stan M. White University Associate Chief Scientist for Science Operations Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami Dr. John L. Usher Associate Chief Scientist for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Science Services California

Mr. William R. Riedel USSR Academy of Sciences Curator

University of Washington Mr. Stanley T. Serocki Project Development Engineer Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Mr. Valdemar Larson Operations Manager OPERATING INSTITUTION:

W. A. Nierenberg, Director Mr. William T. Soderstrom Scripps Institution of Oceanography Finance Administrator University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California Mr. Robert Olivas Logistics Officer DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT Mr. Robert S. Bower David G. Moore Contracts Officer Project Chief Scientist

M. N. A. Peterson Ms. Sue Strain Principal Investigator and Project Manager Personnel Officer

* Includes member organizations during time of the cruise.

vπ Participants Aboard GLOMAR CHALLENGER for Leg Forty Nine:

Dr. Bruce P. Luyendyk Dr. Maureen Steiner Co-Chief Scientist Paleomagnetist (Sediments) Department of Earth Sciences University of Wyoming University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Geology Santa Barbara, California 93106 Laramie, Wyoming 82071 Dr. Joe R. Cann Mr. John C. Steinmetz Co-Chief Scientist Paleontologist (Nannofossils) School of Environmental Sciences University of Miami University of East Anglia Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Norwich NR4 7TJ Science England 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Dr. Wendell A. Duffield Miami, Florida 33149 Igneous Petrologist Dr. Jacques Varet U.S. Geological Survey Igneous Petrologist Branch of Field Geochemistry and Petrology Dt. Sciences de la Terre 345 Middlefield Road Université de Paris Sud Menlo Park, California 94025 91405 Or say Dr. Angela M. Faller France Paleomagnetist Dr. Walter Vennum Department of Earth Sciences Igenous Petrologist Leeds University Division of Natural Sciences Leeds LS2 9JT California State College, Sonoma England Rohnert Park, California 94928 Dr. Kazuo Kobayashi Dr. David Wood Paleomagnetist University of Birmingham Ocean Research Institute Dept. of Geological Science University of Tokyo P.O. Box 363 Nahano, Tokyo 164 Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K. Japan Dr. Boris P. Zolotarev Dr. Richard Z. Poore Igneous Petrologist Paleontologist (Foraminifers) Geological Institute of the USSR U.S. Geological Survey Academy of Sciences of the USSR Branch of Paleontology and Stratigraphy Pyzhevskiy per 7 345 Middlefield Road Moscow Menlo Park, California 94025 USSR Dr. William P. Roberts Mr. Donald N. Collins Sedimentologist Cruise Operations Manager Department of Geology Husky Oil Company Madison College 6000 South Cherry Street Harrisonburg, Virginia 22801 Denver, Colorado 80222 Mr. Melvin Fields Dr. George Sharman Weatherman Sedimentologist & Science Representative NO A A—National Weather Service Scripps Institution of Oceanography 439 West York Street La Jolla, California 92093 Norfolk, Virginia 23510 Dr. Alexander N. Shor Captain Joseph A. Clarke Sedimentologist Captain of the Drilling Vessel Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Global Marine, Inc. Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Los Angeles, California

IX Mr. James Ruddell Mr. Frederick Van Woy Drilling Superintendent Marine Technician Global Marine, Inc. Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Los Angeles, California Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mr. Ted Gustafson La Jolla, California 92093 Laboratory Officer Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Mr. John Rutherford Scripps Institution of Oceanography Marine Technician La Jolla, California 92093 Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Mr. Richard Myers Scripps Institution of Oceanography Chemist La Jolla, California 92093 Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mr. Kevin Reid La Jolla, California 92093 Marine Technician Ms. Barbara Long Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Curatorial Representative Scripps Institution of Oceanography Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 La Jolla, California 92093 Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093 Mr. Larry Lauve Mr. Paul Laughlin Photographer Electronics Technician Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093 La Jolla, California 92093 Mr. Bernie Laughlin Ms. Lou Henry Marine Technician Yeoperson Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Deep Sea Drilling Project, A—031 Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093 La Jolla, California 92093

Deep Sea Drilling Project Publications Staff

Dr. Ansis G. Kaneps Mr. Ray Silk Ms. Mary A. Young Science Editor Production Manager Production Coordinator Ms. Paula Worstell Ms. Virginia L. Roman Ms. Janice E. Bowman Science Editor Art Supervisor Production Coordinator Mr. James Shambach Mr. Fred Laughter Science Editor Science Editor JOIDES Advisory Groups *

Executive Committee Dr. C. G. A. Harrison Dr. Maurice Rattray, Jr., Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric University of Washington Science Professor Dr. F. Bender Dr. James R. Heirtzler Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution und Rohstoffe Dr. Charles E. Helsley Dr. John V. Byrne Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Oregon State University Dr. James Kennett Dr. Paul M. Fye University of Rhode Island Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. LaVern D. Kulm Dr. William W. Hay Oregon State University Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Dr. Anthony S. Laughton Science Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Dr. Charles E. Helsley Dr. Xavier LePichon Hawaii Institute of Geophysics C.N.E.X.O. Sir Peter Kent, F.R.S. Dr. Noriyuki Nasu Natural Environment Research Council University of Tokyo Dr. John A. Knauss Dr. William Riedel (Ex-officio) University of Rhode Island Scripps Institution of Oceanography Monsieur Yves LaPrairie Dr. Gleb Udintsev C.N.E.X.O. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Dr. E. L. Winterer Dr. Ryuzo Marumo Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Tokyo Dr. William A. Nierenberg Advisory Panel on Sedimentary Petrology Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Physical Properties Dr. Worth D. Nowlin, Jr. Dr. G. R. Heath, Chairman Texas A &M University University of Rhode Island Dr. M. N. A. Peterson (Ex-officio) Professor Dr. D. Bernoulli Scripps Institution of Oceanography Geologisches Institut der Universitdt Academician A. V. Sidorenko Dr. W. Bryant (Ex-officio) Academy of Sciences of the USSR Texas A&M University Dr. Manik Talwani Dr. S. E. Calvert Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Planning Committee Dr. C. J. Clausen Dr. Joe S. Creager, Chairman Norges Geotekniske Institutt University of Washington Dr. J. Conolly Dr. Helmut Beiersdorf Dr. G. H. Keller Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften Oregon State University und Rohstoffe Dr. A. P. Lisitzin Dr. William R. Bryant USSR Academy of Sciences Texas A&M University Dr. F. Mélières Mr. John I. Ewing Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. G. Müller Laboratorium für Sedimentforschung ^Includes members during time of Leg 49 Dr. A. Richards (July-September 1976) Lehigh University

XI Advisory Panel on Organic Geochemistry Advisory Panel on Pollution Prevention Dr. Keith Kvenvolden, Chairman and Safety U.S. Geological Survey Dr. Hollis Hedberg, Chairman Dr. Earl W. Baker Princeton University Northeast Louisiana University Dr. George Claypool Dr. Ellis E. Bray U.S. Geological Survey Mobil Oil Company, Inc. Dr. Joe S. Creager (Ex-officio) Dr. Geoffrey Eglinton University of Washington University of Bristol Dr. Joseph R. Curray Dr. J. Gordon Erdman Scripps Institution of Oceanography Phillips Petroleum Company Dr. Louis E. Garrison Dr. John M. Hunt U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. H. Grant Goodell Dr. Richard D. Mclver University of Virginia ESSO Production Research Laboratory Dr. Arthur E. Green Dr. Erwin Suess Exxon Production Research Laboratory Oregon State University Dr. A. Mayer-Gurr Dr. B. Tissot Federal Republic of Germany Institut Français du Pétrole Dr. Maurice Rattray, Jr. (Ex-officio) Dr. Dietrich Welte University of Washington Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Geochemie, und Dr. Seiya Uyeda (Active Margin sites only) Lagerstatten des Erdols un der Kohle The University of Tokyo Dr. E. L. Winterer (Ex-officio) Mr. Oscar E. Weser Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. E. L. Winterer Scripps Institution of Oceanography Advisory Panel on Information Handling Dr. M. A. Rosenfeld, Chairman Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Advisory Panel on Inorganic Geochemistry Dr. D. W. Appleman Dr. Joris M. Gieskes, Chairman Smithsonian Institution Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mr. J. G. Barr Dr. Wallace S. Broecker Standard Oil Company of California Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. Joe S. Creager (Ex-officio) Dr. D. S. Cronan University of Washington Royal School of Mines Dr. T. A. Davies Mr. John I. Ewing (Ex-officio) Middlebury College Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. H. Glashoff Dr. Heinrich D. Holland Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Harvard University Rohstoffe Dr. Ian R. Kaplan Mr. P. Grim University of California, Los Angeles Environmental Data Service Dr. Frank T. Manheim Dr. J. C. Kelley U.S. Geological Survey San Francisco State College Dr. Erwin Suess Dr. A. Loeblich, Jr. Oregon State University University of California Dr. K. K. Turekian Professor L. Sitnikov Yale University Academy of Sciences of the USSR Dr. I. M. Varentsov Dr. J. Usher (Ex-officio) Geoloyic Institute, USSR Academy of Scitnces Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. K. H. Wedepohl Dr. T. Worsley Geochemisches Institut der Universitat University of Washington

xü Advisory Panel on Downhole Measurements Dr. Michael Audley-Charles Dr. R. Hyndman, Chairman Imperial College of Science and Technology Victoria Geophysical Observatory Dr. Rene Blanchet Mr. R. E. Boyce Centre de Recherche en Géologie Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Creighton Burk Marine Sciences Institute Dr. N. Christensen University of Washington Dr. Joe S. Creager (Ex-officio) Dr. J. R. Heirtzler (Ex-officio) University of Washington Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. Kazuo Kobayashi Dr. A. F. Richards University of Tokyo Lehigh University Dr. I. P. Kosminskaya Dr. O. Serra USSR Academy of Sciences ELF-ERAP Dr. Loren W. Kroenke Advisory Panel on Industrial Liaison Mineral Resources Division Mr. W. A. Roberts Dr. Lavern D. Kulm (Ex-officio) Phillips Petroleum Company Oregon State University Dr. Keith Kvenvolden Mr. Fred C. Ackman U.S. Geological Survey Esso Exploration, Inc. Dr. William J. Ludwig Mr. Melvin J. Hill Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Gulf Oil Corporation Academician A. V. Pieve Monsieur Gilbert Rutman Societé Nationale des Pétroles D'Aquitaine USSR Academy of Sciences Dr. Gordon Packham Advisory Panel on Ocean Crust The University of Sydney Dr. J. R. Cann (Chairman) Dr. David W. Scholl University of East Anglia U.S. Geological Survey School of Environmental Science Dr. Roland Von Huene Dr. Claude J. Allegre U.S. Geological Survey Universités de Paris 6 et 7 Advisory Panel on Dr. Leonid V. Dmitriev Ocean Margin Passive USSR Academy of Sciences Dr. J. R. Curray, Chairman Dr. Paul J. Fox Scripps Institution of Oceanography State University of New York at Albany Dr. A. W. Bally Dr. Jean Francheteau Shell Oil Company Centre Océanologique de Bretagne Professor Dr. D. Bernoulli Dr. J. M. Hall Geologisches Institut der Universitàt Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mr. John I. Ewing Dr. Stanley R. Hart Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dr. K. Hinz Dr. James R. Heirtzler Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften Woods Hole Oceanographic Instithtion und Rohstoffe, Abt. Geophysik Dr. Ikuo Kushiro Dr. J. M. Hunt University of Tokyo Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. W. Schreyer Dr. H. Kagami Institut für Mineralogie University of Tokyo Dr. John C. Sclater Dr. L. Montadert Massachusetts Institute of Technology Institute Français du Pétrole Division Géologie Dr. Manik Talwani Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Mr. D. G. Roberts Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin Active Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Dr. Seiya Uyeda, Chairman Professor Dr. E. Seibold The University of Tokyo Geologisch-Palàontologisches Institut Universitàt Kiel

Xlll Dr. J. Thiede Dr. Elizabeth T. Bunce Oregon State University Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. LeRoy M. Dorman Advisory Panel on Ocean Paleoenvironment Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Y. Lancelot, Chairman Dr. Edgar S. Driver C.N.E.X.O. Gulf Global Exploration Company Dr. W. H. Berger Dr. Davis A. Fahlquist Scripps Institution of Oceanography Texas A&M University Dr. W. Berggren Dr. Dennis Hayes Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. P. L. Bedrukov Dr. Karl Hinz Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften USSR Academy of Sciences und Rohstoffe, A bt. Geophysik Dr. P. Cepek Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften Dr. Donald M. Hussong Hawaii Institute of Geophysics und Rohstoffe Dr. L. Kogan Monsieur J. Debyser Southern Branch of the Institute of Oceanology C.N.E.X.O. Dr. I. P. Kosminskaya Professor B. M. Funnell Academy of Sciences of the USSR University of East Anglia Dr. Marcus G. Langseth (Ex-officio) Dr. W. W. Hay Rosenstiel School of Marine and Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Atmospheric Science Dr. Shozaburo Nagumo Dr. Kenneth Hsü The University of Tokyo Geologisches lnstitut der E.T.H. Dr. Vince Renard Centre Océanologique de Bretagne Dr. J. Kennett Dr. Roland Schlich University of Rhode Island lnstitut de Physique du Globe Dr. V. Krashenninikov Observatoire Géophysique du Pare USSR Academy of Sciences Dr. G. Stober Dr. T. C. Moore Deutsche Erdolversorgungsgesellschaft Graduate School of Oceanography m.b.H. Deminex Dr. Premoli-Silva Dr. Roland Von Huene Instituto di Paleontologie U.S. Geological Survey Dr. W. Riedel Dr. Joel Watkins Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Texas Dr. H. Schrader Geol. lnst. der Universitat Kiel Dr. N. Shackleton Advisory Panel on Stratigraphic Correlations University of Cambridge Dr. R. H. Benson Dr. Y. Takayanagi Smithsonian Institution Geological & Paleontological lnst. Professor Dr. H. M. Bolli Dr. H. Thierstein Eidg. Technische Hochschule Zurich Scripps Institution of Oceanography Geologisches lnstitut Dr. Tj H. van Andel Dr. D. Bukry Oregon State University U.S. Geological Survey Dr. Edward L. Winterer (Ex-officio) Dr. P. Cepek Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften Dr. T. Worsley und Rohstoffe University of Washington Advisory Panel on Site Surveying Dr. R. G. Douglas Dr. Brian T. R. Lewis, Chairman University of Southern California University of Washington Dr. S. R. Hammond Hawaii Institute of Geophysics xiv Dr. N. Hughes Dr. T. Saito Department of Geology, Sedgwick Museum Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. M. Petrushevskaya Dr. J. B. Saunders USSR Academy of Sciences Naturhistorisches Museum Basel Dr. W. R. Riedel Dr. N. F. Sohl Scripps Institution of Oceanography U.S. Geological Survey

xv Deep Sea Drilling Project SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION POLICY

Distribution of Deep Sea Drilling samples for investi- of the study proposed, size and approximate number gation will be undertaken in order to (1) provide of samples required to complete the study, and any supplementary data to support GLOMAR CHAL- particular sampling technique or equipment that LENGER scientists in achieving the scientific objec- might be required. The requests will be reviewed by tives of their particular cruise, and in addition to the Chief Scientist of the Project and the cruise serve as a mechanism for contributions to the Initial co-chief scientists; approval will be given in accor- Reports; (2) provide individual investigators with dance with the scientific requirements of the cruise materials that are stored with samples for reference as determined by the appropriate JODIES Advisory and comparison purposes. Panel(s). If approved, the requested samples will be taken, either by the shipboard party if the work- The National Science Foundation has established a load permits, or by the curatorial staff shortly follow- Sample Distribution Panel to advise on the distribu- ing the return of the cores to the repository. Pro- tion of core materials. This panel is chosen in accor- posals must be of a scope to ensure that samples dance with usual Foundation practices, in a manner can be processed and a contribution completed in that will assure advice in the various disciplines lead- time for publication in the Initial Reports. Except ing to a complete and adequate study of the cores for rare, specific instances involving ephemeral prop- and their contents. Funding for the proposed research erties, sampling will not exceed one-quarter of the must be secured separately by the investigator. It volume of core recovered, with no interval being cannot be provided through the Deep Sea Drilling depleted and one-half of all core being retained as Project. an archive. Shipboard sampling shall not exceed The Deep Sea Drilling Project's Curator is respon- approximately 100 igneous samples per investigator; sible for distributing the samples and controlling their in all cases co-chief scientists are requested to keep quality, as well as preserving and conserving core sampling to a minimum. material. He also is responsible for maintaining a The co-chief scientists may elect to have special record of all samples that have been distributed, studies of selected core samples made by other inves- shipboard and subsequent, indicating the recipient, tigators. In this event the names of these investi- and the nature of the proposed investigation. This gators and complete listings of all materials loaned or information is made available to all investigators of distributed must be forwarded, if possible, prior to DSDP materials as well as other interested research- the cruise or, as soon as possible following the cruise, ers on request. to the Chief Scientist through the DSDP Staff Science The distribution of samples is made directly from one Representative for that particular cruise. In such of the two existing repositories, Lamont-Doherty cases, all requirements of the Sample Distribution Geological Observatory and Scripps Institution of Policy shall also apply. Oceanography, by the Curator or his designated If a dispute arises or if a decision cannot be reached representative. in the manner prescribed, the NSF Sample Distribu- tion Panel will conduct the final arbitration. 1. Distribution of Samples for Research Leading to Contributions to Initial Reports Any publication of results other than in the Initial Reports within twelve (12) months of the comple- Any investigator who wishes to contribute a paper to tion of the cruise must be approved and authored a given volume of the Initial Reports may write to by the whole shipboard party and, where appropriate, the Chief Scientist, Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031) shore-based investigators. After twelve months, indi- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of vidual investigators may submit related papers for California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, open publication provided they have submitted their U.S.A., requesting samples from a forthcoming contributions to the Initial Reports. Investigations cruise. Requests for a specific cruise should be not completed in time for inclusion in the Initial received by the Chief Scientist two months in advance Reports for a specific cruise may not be published in of the departure of the cruise in order to allow time other journals until final publication of that Initial for the review and consideration of all requests and Report for which it was intended. Notice of sub- to establish a suitable shipboard sampling program. mission to other journals and a copy of the article The request should include a statement of the nature should be sent to the DSDP Chief Science Editor.

* Revised October 1976

xvn 2. Distribution of Samples for Research leading to thin layers or important stratigraphic bound- Publication other than in Initial Reports aries will also require Panel review. (2) If investigators wish to study certain A. Researchers intending to request samples for properties which may deteriorate prior to the studies beyond the scope of the Initial Reports normal availability of the samples, they may should first obtain sample request forms from request that the normal waiting period not the Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project apply. All such requests must be reviewed (A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra- by the curators and approved by the NSF phy, University of California at San Diego, Sample Distribution Panel. La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A. On the forms the researcher is requested to specify the quantities and intervals of the core C. Samples will not be provided prior to assur- required, make a clear statement of the pro- ance that funding for sample studies either posed research, state time required to com- exists or is not needed. However, neither plete and submit results for publication, formal approval of sample requests nor dis- specify the status of funding and the availa- tribution of samples will be made until the bility of equipment and space foreseen for appropriate time (Item A). If a sample the research. request is dependent, either wholly or in part, on proposed funding, the Curator is prepared In order to ensure that all requests for highly to provide to the organization to whom the desirable but limited samples can be con- funding proposal has been submitted any sidered, approval of requests and distribution information on the availability (or potential of samples will not be made prior to 2 months availability) of samples that it may request. after publication of the Initial Core Descrip- tions (I.C.D.). ICD's are required to be published within 10 months following each D. Investigators receiving samples are respon- cruise. The only exceptions to this policy sible for: will be for specific instances involving ephem- (1) publishing significant results; however eral properties. Requests for samples can be contributions shall not be submitted for pub- based on the Initial Core Descriptions, copies lication prior to 12 months following the of which are on file at various institutions termination of the appropriate leg; throughout the world. Copies of original core logs and data are kept on open file at DSDP (2) acknowledging, in publications, that and at the Repository at Lamont-Doherty samples were supplied through the assistance Geological Observatory, Palisades, New of the U.S. National Science Foundation and York. Requests for samples from researchers others as appropriate; in industrial laboratories will be handled in (3) submitting five (5) copies (for distri- the same manner as those from academic bution to the Curator's file, the DSDP Reposi- organizations, with the same obligation to tories, the GLOMAR CHALLENGERS publish results promptly. Library, and the National Science Founda- tion) of all reprints of published results to B. (1) The DSDP Curator is authorized to dis- the Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project tribute samples to 50ml per meter of core. (A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra- Requests for volumes of material in excess of phy, University of California at San Diego, this amount will be referred to the NSF La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A.; Sample Distribution Panel for review and approval. Experience has shown that most (4) returning, in good condition, the remain- investigations can be accomplished with 10ml ders of samples after termination of research, sized samples or less. All investigators are if requested by the Curator. encouraged to be as judicious as possible with regard to sample size and, especially, fre- E. Cores are made available at repositories for quency within any given core interval. The investigators to examine and to specify exact Curator will not automatically distribute any samples in such instances as may be neces- parts of the cores which appear to be in par- sary for the scientific purposes of the sam- ticularly high demand; requests for such parts pling, subject to the limitations of B (1 and will be referred to the Sample Distribution 2) and D, above, with specific permission of Panel for review. Requests for samples from the Curator or his delegate.

xvin F. Shipboard-produced smear slides of sedi- 3. Other Records ments and thin sections of indurated sedi- Magnetics, seismic reflection, downhole logging, and ments, igneous and metamorphic rocks, will be returned to the appropriate repository at bathymetric data collected by the GLOMAR CHAL- the end of each cruise or at the publication LENGER will also be available for distribution at of the Initial Reports for that cruise. These the same time samples become available. smear slides and thin sections will form a Requests for data may be made to: reference collection of the cores stored at each repository and may be viewed at the Associate Chief Scientist, Science Services respective repositories as an aid in the selec- Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031) tion of core samples. Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California 92093 A charge will be made to recover the expenses in G. The Deep Sea Drilling Project routinely pro- excess of $50.00 in filling individual requests. If cesses by computer most of the quantitative required, estimated charges can be furnished before data presented in the Initial Reports. Space the request is processed. limitations in the initial Reports preclude the detailed presentation of all such data. How- 4. Reference Centers ever, copies of the computer readout are As a separate and special category, samples will be available for those who wish the data for distributed for the purpose of establishing up to five further analysis or as an aid on selecting reference centers where paleontologic materials will samples. A charge will be made to recover be available for reference and comparison purposes. expenses in excess of $50.00 incurred in The first of these reference centers has been approved filling requests. at Basel, Switzerland.

xix CONTENTS

Chapter Page Chapter Page

DEDICATION 1 13. ASH LAYERS INTERLAYERED WITH THE SEDIMENTS OF HOLES 407 AND PART I. INTRODUCTION AND 408, IPOD LEG 49 437 SITE REPORTS 3 Jacques Varet and Nicole Metrich 1. INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND AND 14. CLAY MINERALS OF SEDIMENTS FROM EXPLANATORY NOTES 5 DSDP LEG 49 443 Bruce P. Luyendyk, J. R. Cann, and George P. P. Timofeev, N. V. Rengarten, M. A. Ra- S. Sharman teev, and V. V. Eremeev 2. SITE 407 21 15. OLIGOCENE THROUGH QUATERNARY Shipboard Scientific Party PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE NORTH 3. SITE 408 101 ATLANTIC: DSDP LEG 49 447 Shipboard Scientific Party R. Z. Poore 4. SITE 409 161 16. CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS FROM Shipboard Scientific Party THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN, LEG 49, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT 519 5. SITE 410 227 John C. Steinmetz Shipboard Scientific Party 17. CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON AND 6. SITE 411 315 SILICOFLAGELLATE BIOSTRATIGRA- Shipboard Scientific Party PHY AT REYKJANES RIDGE, NORTH- EASTERN NORTH ATLANTIC (DSDP 7. SITE 412 339 LEG 49, SITES 407 AND 409) 533 Shipboard Scientific Party Erlend Martini 8. SITE 413 391 18. COCCOLITH AND SILICOFLAGELLATE Shipboard Scientific Party STRATIGRAPHY, NORTHERN MID- ATLANTIC RIDGE AND REYKJANES 9. SITE 414 407 RIDGE, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT Shipboard Scientific Party LEG 49 551 David Bukry 10. SITE SURVEY FOR SITE 410, AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF LONG- 19. RADIOLARIANS FROM THE WEST RANGE SIDE-SCAN SONAR (GLORIA). . 413 FLANK OF REYKJANES RIDGE, LEG 49 R. C. Searle, A. S. Laughton, and B. D. OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT 583 Loncarevic Hsin Yi Ling 20. OPAL PHYTOPLANKTON IN DSDP LEG PART II. STUDIES AT SHORE LABORATO- 49 SAMPLES 589 RIES: SECTION A. SEDIMENTOLOGY, Hans-Joachim Schrader STRATIGRAPHY, AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY 419 PART II: STUDIES AT SHORE LABORATO- RIES: SECTION B. THE BASEMENT 11. ORIGIN OF BASALTIC GRAVELLY ROCKS: PETROLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, SANDS, HOLES 410, 410A, 412A, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 595 AND 413 421 William P. Roberts 21. THE PETROLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND MINERALOGY OF NORTH 12. STUDY OF TECTONIC DEFORMATION ATLANTIC BASALTS: A DISCUSSION IN SEDIMENTS INTERLAYERED WITH BASED ON IPOD LEG 49 597 THE BASALTS FROM HOLE 412A, IPOD D. A. Wood, J. Varet, H. Bougault, O. Corre, LEG 49 427 J. L. Joron, M. Treuil, H. Bizouard, M. J. J. Varet and P. Choukroune Norry, C. J. Hawkesworth, and J. C. Roddick

xxi Chapter Page Chapter Page

22. MINOR-ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF 32. PALEOMAGNETISM OF BASALTS AND BASALTS FROM LEG 49, NORTH INTERLAYERED SEDIMENTS ATLANTIC OCEAN 657 DRILLED DURING DSDP LEG 49 (N-S John Tarney, Andrew D. Saunders, Stephen D. TRANSECT OF THE NORTHERN MID- Weaver, Nigel C. B. Donnellan, and Graham ATLANTIC RIDGE) 769 L. Hendry A. M. Faller, M. Steiner, and K. Kobayashi 23. FIRST-ORDER ALTERATION 33. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF BASALTS CHEMISTRY OF LEG 49 BASEMENT FROM DSDP LEG 49 781 ROCKS 693 R. Day, S. Halgedahl, M. Steiner, K. Kobaya- P. A. Floyd and J. Tarney shi, T. Furuta, T. Ishii, and A. Faller 24. LOW-TEMPERATURE ALTERATION OF 34. MAGNETIC MINERALOGY OF BASALTS OCEANIC BASALTS, DSDP LEG 49 709 FROM LEG 49 793 Richard G. Pritchard, Johnson R. Cann, and K. Kobayashi, M. Steiner, A. Faller, T. Furuta, David A. Wood T. Ishii, P. Shive, and R. Day 25. SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTRASTING 35. SUMMARY OF MAGNETIC OBSERVA- VESICULARITY IN BASALT FROM DSDP TIONS, LEG 49 807 SITES 407, 408. AND 409 ON THE WEST M. Steiner, R. Day, K. Kobayashi, and A. FLANK OF THE REYKJANES RIDGE. .. 715 Faller Wendell A. Duffield 36. PALEOCOLATITUDES FROM MAG- 26. LEAD ISOTOPE STUDIES OF BASALTS NETIC INCLINATION DETERMINED AT FROM IPOD LEG 49 721 LEG 49 DSDP DRILL SITES 813 James M. Mattinson Bruce P. Luyendyk 27. PETROCHEMISTRY OF BASALTS AND DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC GASES: HOLES 407. 408, 409. 410, 410A, 411, 412, PART III: SYNTHESES OF LEG 49 823 AND 413, DSDP LEG 49 . 727 B. P. Zolotarev, D. Ya. Choporov, and G. I. 37. GENERAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE LEG Voitov 49 DRILLING PROGRAM FOR NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN GEOLOGY 825 28. CHROMIAN SPINELS IN LEG 49 Bruce P. Luyendyk, Alexander Shor, and J. R. BASALTS: A PRELIMINARY CHEMICAL Cann STUDY 745 J. A. Templeman 38. MANTLE HETEROGENEITY IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC: EVIDENCE FROM 29. AUTOCLASTIC BRECCIAS LEG 49 GEOCHEMISTRY 841 IN HOLE 410, LEG 49, AND OTHER DSDP J. R. Cann, J. Tarney, J. Varet, and D. A. SITES 749 Wood Jacques Varet and Jacques Demange 30. LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF 39. BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC SUMMARY OF COMPRESSIONAL WAVE VELOCITIES DSDP LEG 49 851 AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF R. Z. Poore, J. C. Steinmetz, and Hans- BASALTS FROM DSDP LEG 49 761 Joachim Schrader P. N. Chroston, C. J. Evans, and C. Lee 40. BOTTOM CURRENTS AND ICE RAFTING 31. MEASUREMENTS OF THERMAL IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC: INTERPRE- CONDUCTIVITY 765 TATION OF NEOGENE DEPOSITIONAL E. R. Oxburgh and D. Griffiths ENVIRONMENTS OF LEG 49 CORES 859 Alexander N. Shor and Richard Z. Poore PART II: STUDIES AT SHORE LABORATO- 41. GRAIN-SIZE AND CARBON/ RIES: SECTION C. PALEOMAGNETISM CARBONATE ANALYSES, LEG 49 873 AND ROCK MAGNETISM 767 Stan M. White and Gerald W. Bode

xxii Chapter Page Chapter Page

PART IV: APPENDICES : . . 883 IV. TRANSITIONAL-METAL AND TRACE- ELEMENT ANALYSES OF LEG 49 I. LEG 49 SAMPLES FOR GEOCHEMICAL SAMPLES 897 ANALYSIS 885 D. A. Wood, J. Varet, H. Bougault, O. Corre, D. A. Wood, J. Varet, H. Bougault, O. Corre, J. L. Joron, M. Treuil, H. Bizouard, M. J. J. L. Joron, M. Treuil, H. Bizouard, M. J. Jorry, C. J. Hawkesworth, and J. C. Roddick Norry, C. J. Hawkesworth, and J. C. Roddick V. THIN-SECTION DESCRIPTIONS 903 II. MAJOR-ELEMENT CHEMICAL ANALYSES 889 VI. COMMENTS ON OPAL PHYTOLITHS D. A. Wood, J. Varet, H. Bougault, O. Corre, AND STRATIGRAPHY OF NEOGENE J. L. Joron, M. Treuil, H. Bizouard, M. J. SILICOFLAGELLATES AND COCCO- Norry, C. J. Hawkesworth, and J. C. Roddick LITHS AT DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT SITE 397 OFF NORTHWEST III. NORMS (CIPW WITH IRVINE AND AFRICA 977 BARRAGER [1971] CORRECTIONS) 893 David Bukry D. A. Wood, J. Varet, H. Bougault, O. Corre, J. L. Joron, M. Treuil, H. Bizouard, M. J. Jorry, C. J. Hawkesworth, and J. C. Roddick INDEX 1011

xxin LEG 49 — DEDICATION TO RICHARD KEITH MEADOWS

The night of 4 August 1976 was cold, drizzly, and windy. The Challenger was drilling on Site 409 just south of Iceland. We were down over 200 meters into basement and were just breaking open a core on the rig floor. At about 4:30 AM, rotary helper Richard Meadows was struck suddenly by a falling piece of rig machinery and killed. This tragedy affected us all, each of us in different ways, and we feel that dedicating this volume to Richard is one way of showing how we appreciate the kind of men who do this hard and dangerous work. Richard was born 17 March 1942 in Lone Pine, California. Up to the time of his death he resided in Lore City, Ohio, and was married to Virginia Meadows. He is survived by his wife, his infant daughter Jennifer, his mother Irma Owens, and his stepfather and stepbrother, David and Stephen Owens. After being honorably discharged from the U.S. Navy in 1959, Richard worked as a driller's helper on the North Slope. He joined Global Marine in 1973 and worked aboard the as a crane operator, rig mechanic, and pipe handler; he transferred to the Glomar Challenger in November 1975 as a rotary helper (roughneck). My own recollections of Richard are from sharing the midnight-to-noon shift aboard the Challenger. From a distance his good-natured manner was apparent. Those nights in the North Atlantic were particularly unpleasant, and I can remember huddling in the driller's shack with Richard and the rest of the drilling crew to avoid the wind and rain. Even then he seemed to be enjoying himself. Richard was a very special kind of man — as are the others who do this type of job. The labor is exhausting, lasting twelve hours per shift in all varieties of weather. There is also the loneliness of separation from family and friends for six months of the year and the boredom that can only be experienced at sea. The dangers on the rigs are present and unpredictable, and injuries are not uncommon. Men do this kind of work because they know they are different. The rest of us should from time to time remind ourselves of these facts and of our debt to those who are willing to give so much. I myself am not experienced in dealing with sudden death. When I think of this tragedy I find myself trying to understand it; but that is not possible.

Bruce P. Luyendyk Co-Chief Scientist Leg 49 Deep Sea Drilling Project