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Ultra-High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Various Muscles: a Review

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Ultra-High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Various Muscles: a Review Scanning Microscopy Volume 7 Number 1 Article 16 12-29-1992 Ultra-High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Various Muscles: A Review Takuro Ogata Kochi Medical School Yuichi Yamasaki Kochi Medical School Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Ogata, Takuro and Yamasaki, Yuichi (1992) "Ultra-High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Various Muscles: A Review," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 7 : No. 1 , Article 16. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol7/iss1/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1993 (Pages 145-156) 0891-7035/93$5 .00+ .00 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA ULTRA-HIGH RESOLUTION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND MITOCHONDRIA IN VARIOUS MUSCLES: A REVIEW Takuro Ogata* and Yuichi Yamasaki Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School Nankoku, Kochi, 783 Japan (Received for publication March 23, 1992, and in revised form December 29, 1992) Abstract Introduction The three-dimensional structure of the sarco­ The three-dimensional models of the membrane plasm.ic reticulum (SR), transverse (T)-axial systems in muscle fibers, speclfical]y the sarco­ tubular system and mitochondria in various mus­ plasmic reticulum (SR) and transverse (T)-axial cles was examined by means of ultra-high resolu­ tubular system, and mitochondria have been pro­ tion scann.ing electron microscopy (SEM) after posed by some investigators based on transmission removal of the cytoplasmic matrices and myofila­ cJcctron microscope (TEM) observat.ions of thin, ments by the aldehyde-osmium-DMSO-osmium proce­ somct imcs scr lal, sections ( Porter and Palade, dure. The striated muscles reviewed and presented 1957; Peachey, 1965). The three-dimensional are twitch and slow fibers of the frog, twitch organization of the membrane systems in muscle and slow fibers of the chicken, twitch extrafusal f ibcrs has been examined under a high voltage fibers and intrafusal fibers of the rat, and electron microscope after impregnation with metal cardiac muscle fibers of the rat and dog. In all (Segrctain ct al., 1981; Forbes and Van Niel, of these striated muscle fibers, '!'-tubules run 1988). llowcvcr, the Lh rec-cl i mens i onaJ arch.itec­ transversely and are coupled with terminal cis­ turc of these systems ls not rcacl.i ly appreciated tcrnac form i.ng triads or dyads. Sarcotubulcs in two-dimcnslonnl sections. Recent developments arising from the terminal c.isterna form meshes in specimen prcparat ion tcchn iqucs for scanning around the myofibrils. Conslclerablc variations electron microscopy (SEM). in particular, the are seen in the local ion of the T-tubulcs, the osmium-dimethyl sulfoxide-osmium (ODO) method structure of the terminal cistcrnac. the SR and (Tanaka and Naguro. 1981) and an imp roved var i a­ the mitochondria among these muscles. The changes ti on. the aJ dchydc-osml11111-cli me thy I su l fox idc­ of these organelles in the experimental patholog­ osm i um (A-ODO) method (Tanaka and Mitsushima. ical conditions, (.i.e., experimental mitochondri­ I 984) have proved to be ef"f"cc Li vc for obsc rv i ng al myopathy and hypertrophic myocardium of spon­ the intracellular structures of muscle fibers at taneously hypertensive rats) arc also presented. high magnification. Application of this method Lo In addition the SR and mitochondria .in the smooth tile various muse.le tissues has provided Lile muscles of the rodents are clescr lbed and dis­ direct visualization of the membrane systems. ln cussed. addition. the recent introduction of an ultra­ high resolution srn with a resolving power of 0.7 nm enabled us Lo visuallze the minute structure of these mcmbrnnc systems. The purpose of this review is to presrnt the three-dimensional ul­ Lrastructural featur·es of the membrane systems in various normal muse Le Li ssues exposed by the A­ ODO method and observed under an ultra-high Key Words: T-tubule, sarcoplasm.ic reticulum, resolut i.on SH!. Tn add it i.on, the SJ-:~1findings on mitochondria, muscle, muscle fiber, scanning a few experimental patholog.ica I con di Lions arc electron microscopy br.icfly reviewed. Methods For observation of the membrane systems in *Address for correspondence: muscle fibers, we used a slightly modi f?ed ver­ Takuro Ogata sion of the original A-ODO method (Tanaka and Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, MI tsushima. 1984). In short, the muscles were Nankoku, Koehl 783, Japan. fixed by perfusion with 0.5% pararormalclehyde + 1.0% g]utaraldchyde solution i.n 0.067 M cacody­ Phone No.: 0888-66-7372 .1.ate burrer, rill 7.4, for 15 min. The muscles are then cut into small pieces and fixed further for 145 T. Ogata and Y. Yamasaki 15-45 min in the same fixative (Ogata and Yama­ Numerous nomenclatures have been used for saki, 1987). After rinsing with a buffer solu­ the different twitch fiber types and there is no tion, the specimens are successively immersed in universal nomenclature. In this review the terms 15, 30, and 50% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 30 red (mitochondria-rich), intermediate (mitochon­ min each. The specimens are frozen on a metal dria-moderate), and white (mitochondria-poor) plate chilled with liquid nitrogen. They arc f lbers are used, because these terms are widely cracked with a single-edged razor blade by strik­ used and are more suitable for SEM studies, since ing them with a hammer on a freeze-cracking the discrimination of fiber types under SEM is apparatus, Elko TF-1. The cracked pieces are mainly based on the differences in the number and immediately placed in 50% DMSO at 20°c. After structure of mitochondria. In addition, nomencla­ thawing, the specimens are rinsed in the buffered tures based on physiological features the slow­ solution until the DMSO has been completely twitch oxidative fiber (SO), fast-twitch oxida­ tive glycolytic fiber (FOG), and fast-twitch removed. Then they are postfixed with 1% Os04 in 0.067 M cacodylate buffer (pl! 7.4) for 1 hour, glycolytic fiber (FG) or based on the histochemi­ and left standing In 0.1% Os04 in the same buffer cal staining pattern of ATPase - type I, IIA and at 20°c for 72-96 hours to remove the cytoplasmic IIB, are used for the classification of mammalian matrix (Tanaka and Mi tsushima, 1984). Tissue twitch fibers. However, these are not always ap­ specimens prepared in this way are impregnated plicable for the class if !cation of the muscle with osmium by a conductive staining method fiber types in all vertebrate classes (Ogata, (Murakami, 1973): they are immersed for 1 hour in 1988). Independent from the classification of the 1% Oso 4 in 0.067 M cacodylate buffer (pll 7.4), for 4 hours in 2% tannic acid in distilled water, twitch and the slow fibers, the vertebrate skele­ tal muscle fibers are classified Into two groups: for 1 hour in 1% Os0 4 in the same buffer, and washed well between each step with the same the "Z-fiber" and "A-1 fiber", according to the buffer. Afterwards they are dehydrated in ethanol location of triads. In the Z-fiber one sarcomere and dried in a Hitachi HCP-1 critical-point has one triad, but in the A-I fiber one sarcomere dryer. The dried specimens are again Impregnated has two triads. For a detailed discussion on the with osmium by mounting them on a specimen stub nomenclature of skeletal muscle fiber types see and placing them In an Erlenmeyer flask together Ogata's review (1988). with a pitted ampule containing Os0 4 crystals, and exposing them to the vapor for 10-20 minutes Amphibian muscle (l{ubotsu and Ueda, 1980). They are left in air Amphibian muscle fibers are classified into for 10-80 minutes to remove excess osmium vapor, two major groups; twitch and slow fibers (Ogata, then placed In a vial In a dish containing hydra­ 1988). zine hydrate f'or 5-10 minutes, and again lcf't in air to remove excess hydrazine vapor. This cycle is repeated until sufficient conductivity is ohtaincd. The specimens arc observed with an ultra-high resolution, f'icld-cmisslon type SEM, Figure legends the Hitachi S-900. Abbreviations used in Figure 1-8 A: A-band level, AT: axial tubule, CS: corbular Results SR, 1-1: H-band level, I: I-band level, IC: in­ termediate cisterna, M: mitochondria, T: T­ The A-ODO method used in the present study tubule, Z: Z-Jine level, *: cisternal SR proved very uscflll f'or disc I os ing the arch i Lec­ ture or the mcmhranc systems in the muscle f'ibcr. The results indicate that myof'il.amcnts and cyto­ Fig. 1. SEM pictures of the frog twitch white plasmic matrices arc effectively removed by fiber. a. The T-tubu.Le runs at the Z-line level maceration In the di lute Oso4 solution, and that and is sandwiched between thick terminal cister­ the mcmhrane structures can be exposed without nae and forms a triad. Terminal cisternae trans­ introducing significant artifacts. form into thin, flat intermediate cisternae, from which numerous sarcotubules extend to form meshes Skc"lctal Muscle in front of the A-band and then continue to the Most skeletal. muscles arc composed of a fl-band (or fenestrated) collar.
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