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Habitat Restoration As a Means of Controlling Non-Native Fish in a Mojave Desert Oasis G

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Habitat Restoration As a Means of Controlling Non-Native Fish in a Mojave Desert Oasis G Habitat Restoration as a Means of Controlling Non-Native Fish in a Mojave Desert Oasis G. Gary Scoppettone,1,2 Peter H. Rissler,1 Chad Gourley,3 and Cynthia Martinez4 Abstract depth (TD) than non-native Sailfin molly (Poecilia lati- Non-native fish generally cause native fish decline, and pinna) and Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in warm once non-natives are established, control or elimination is water stream habitat, and Ash Meadows speckled dace in- usually problematic. Because non-native fish colonization habited significantly faster water than non-natives in cool has been greatest in anthropogenically altered habitats, water stream habitat. Modification of the outflow of Kings restoring habitat similar to predisturbance conditions may Pool Spring from marsh to warm water stream, with offer a viable means of non-native fish control. In this MWCV, TD, and temperature favoring native fish, investigation we identified habitats favoring native over changed the fish composition from predominantly non- non-native fish in a Mojave Desert oasis (Ash Meadows) native Sailfin molly and Mosquitofish to predominantly and used this information to restore one of its major warm Ash Meadows pupfish. This result supports the hypoth- water spring systems (Kings Pool Spring). Prior to restora- esis that restoring spring systems to a semblance of pre- tion, native fishes predominated in warm water (25–32°C) disturbance conditions would promote recolonization stream and spring-pool habitat, whereas non-natives pre- of native fishes and deter non-native fish invasion and dominated in cool water (•23°C) spring-pool and marsh/ proliferation. slack water habitat. Native Amargosa pupfish (Cyprino- don nevadensis) and Ash Meadows speckled dace (Rhi- Key words: Ash Meadows, Cyprinodon nevadensis, habi- nichthys osculus nevadensis) inhabited significantly faster tat manipulation, Mojave Desert, non-native fish control, mean water column velocities (MWCV) and greater total Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis, thermo springs. Introduction non-natives. Because non-native fish invasions are often Non-native fish alter native aquatic communities, are an associated with anthropogenically disturbed environments agent of native fish decline and extirpation (Taylor et al. (Moyle & Nichols 1974), restoration of the aquatic system 1984; Moyle et al. 1986; Miller et al. 1989; Minckley & may counteract the effects of human disturbance. In un- Deacon 1991), and are difficult to control or eliminate. disturbed or more natural habitat, native fishes may have Chemical treatment is often unsuccessful (Meffe 1983; a better chance of tolerating a non-native fish invasion Rinne & Turner 1991; Meronek et al. 1996) and is lethal because such conditions contributed to evolution of the to aquatic invertebrates (Morrison 1987; Mangum & native species (Southwood 1988; Ricklefs 1991). Thus, Madrigal 1999), and physical removal has usually met with restoring aquatic habitat to predisturbance conditions limited success (Meronek et al. 1996; Knapp & Mathews may serve to promote native fishes (Baltz & Moyle 1993; 1998). Thus, alternate and innovative strategies need to be Moyle & Light 1996) if environmental conditions that developed to enhance population expansion of natives at favor natives over non-native species are emphasized in the expense of non-natives. the restoration. Physical changes in aquatic ecosystems can alter fish Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR) in community structure, population demographics, and rela- Northern Mojave Desert offers an opportunity to study tive abundance of species (Bain et al. 1988; Rabeni & the feasibility of non-native fish control through habitat Jacobson 1993; Gido & Propst 1999). Therefore, non- manipulation associated with spring and stream restora- native fish control may be possible through the creation or tion. Ash Meadows’ water resources are a series of ther- re-creation of habitat that promotes native fishes over mal springs with discharge sufficiently low that flows are manipulable. The spring habitats have been significantly altered and invaded by non-native fishes. Typical of spring 1 Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1340 Financial systems of the southwestern United States, there are few Boulevard, Suite 161, Reno, NV 89502, U.S.A. native species present (Miller 1961). In addition, Ash 2 Address correspondence to G. G. Scoppettone, email gary_scoppettone@ usgs.gov Meadows has few non-native fish species, thus simplifying 3 Otis Bay, Incorporated, 110 Mule Deer Drive, Reno, NV 87523, U.S.A. the task of identifying habitat conditions favoring the 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4701 N. Torrey Pines Drive, Las Vegas, NV native fishes over non-natives. The natives in spring sys- 89130, U.S.A. tems of most of AMNWR had Amargosa pupfish Ó 2005 Society for Ecological Restoration International (Cyprinodon nevadensis), Ash Meadows speckled dace JUNE 2005 Restoration Ecology Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 247–256 247 Habitat Restoration as a Means of Controlling Non-Native Fish (Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis), or both species. The Meadows speckled dace, and the now extinct Ash Mead- primary non-native fishes are Mosquitofish (Gambusia ows poolfish (Empetrichthys merriami) (Miller 1948, 1961). affinis) and Sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). Centrally located on the eastern edge of AMNWR is a com- Like most aquarium fish invaders of Southwestern ther- plex of higher-elevation (710 m msl) springs that are suffi- mal springs, Sailfin molly evolved in lentic or slack water ciently isolated physiographically to harbor another endemic habitat (Harrington & Harrington 1961). This is also true fish, Warm Springs pupfish (C. n. pectoralis) (Miller 1948). of the Mosquitofish, which has successfully invaded slack Each spring harboring Warm Springs pupfish is character- and lentic temperate to warm water throughout the west- ized by low water discharge (<0.01 m3/second) and warm ern United States (Swanson et al. 1996). Our impression water (32–33°C). The most physiographically isolated of from initial observations in Ash Meadows was that pupfish Ash Meadows fishes is the Devils Hole pupfish (C. diabolis), predominated over non-native fishes in warmer water, which occurs at 730 m msl in a 15-m depression on a hillside. especially lotic warm water and that non-native fishes pre- At the northeast edge of AMNWR, Devils Hole has been dominated in cool water, especially lentic habitat. Further- part of the Death Valley National Park system since 1952 more, Ash Meadows speckled dace do occur in warm (Deacon & Williams 1991). water but flourish in cool fast water. We hypothesized that Prior to its acquisition by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife non-native lentic and slack water species can be controlled Service for the preservation of its endemic species, Ash through spring system restoration so outflow channels Meadows’ landscape had been greatly altered. Carson retain their warmer temperature with velocities conducive Slough was mined for peat and surrounding areas cleared to pupfish and speckled dace but detrimental to non- and leveled for agricultural use. Several springheads were native lentic forms. In this study we investigated habitat fitted with pumps, eliminating surface flow (Deacon & favoring native Ash Meadows pupfish and Ash Meadows Bunnell 1970; Pister 1974; Deacon & Williams 1991), and speckled dace over non-native Sailfin molly and Mosqui- spring-pools were enlarged. Water was diverted from nat- tofish. We also tracked species composition of a spring ural stream courses to a few earthen and concrete ditches outflow before and after it was restored to promote native and either stored in reservoirs or used directly for crop or fishes over non-natives. pasture irrigation. Along with loss of natural channel, there was loss of native riparian corridors, and non-native vegetation became established along several of the new or Study Site altered stream courses. Massive levees constructed to pro- The Mojave Desert is the driest region in North America, tect agricultural fields and irrigation ditches from flash with Ash Meadows its largest oasis, and it harbors one of floods eliminated these intermittent events in most spring the greatest numbers of endemic species, for its area, in outflows. Mosquitofish became established in the lower- North America (Sada 1990). Ash Meadows is situated elevation springs by the 1930s (Miller 1961), followed by within the Amargosa River Drainage, subdrainage of the Sailfin molly in most of the lower-elevation springs in the Death Valley System at the southwestern edge of Nevada, 1960s (Deacon & Bunnell 1970). Also in the 1960s Large- just east of Death Valley, California (Fig. 1) (Hubbs & mouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were stocked in Ash Miller 1948; Miller 1948). Ash Meadows’ primary water Meadows’ largest reservoir, Crystal Reservoir, and Brown sources are approximately 24 thermal springs within a 7-km bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) inhabited Davis Spring radius and with cumulative discharge of 0.65–0.68 m3/ until removal through chemical treatment in 1996. Other second (Dudley & Larson 1976). Garside and Schilling introduced aquatic species include Bullfrog (Rana (1979) reported near-source water temperatures from 18.0 catesbeiana), Crayfish (Procambarus clarki), and Oriental to 33.0°C, with highly mineralized water and dissolved snail (Melonoides tuberculata). Since the summer of 1993, oxygen well below saturation. AMNWR staff has annually removed Sailfin molly, Historically, Ash Meadows spring water emerged from Mosquitofish, and Crayfish from the larger spring-pools
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