DOCSLIB.ORG

Reading Essentials and Study Guide, Head of State and Chief Executive

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reading Essentials and Study Guide, Head of State and Chief Executive NAME ________________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________ Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter 9 The Presidency Lesson 2 Head of State and Chief Executive EESSENTIALSSENTIAL QQUESTIONUESTION What are the powers and roles of the president and how have they changed over time? Reading HELPDESK Academic Vocabulary fund financial capital Content Vocabulary executive order a rule issued by the president that has the force of law impound to refuse to spend reprieve a presidential order that postpones legal punishment pardon a presidential order that releases a person from legal punishment amnesty a presidential order that pardons a group of people who have committed an offense against the government TAKING NOTES: Integration of Knowledge and Ideas DESCRIBING As you read this lesson, fill in the columns for each role. Describe at least two examples of actions the president takes in that role, find a news story that relates to that role and summarize the article, and draw a symbol that represents this role. Presidential Examples of Summary of Symbol to Represent Roles Actions News Story this Role Head of State Chief Executive 1 NAME ________________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________ Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter 9 The Presidency Lesson 2 Head of State and Chief Executive, continued EESSENTIALSSENTIAL QQUESTIONUESTION What are the powers and roles of the president and how have they changed over time? Read the following examples of government actions. Which activities fulfill the president’s role as head of state? Which as chief executive? Rank the presidential activities in each role in order from most to least important. Explain your reasoning. • Gives a Presidential Medal of Freedom to Prime Minister Tony Blair • Issues an Executive Order creating a National Economics Council • Advocates for a new health care law in the U.S. Congress • Throws out the first pitch at the first game of the World Series • Appoints Janet Napolitano as the Secretary of Homeland Security • Meets with the cabinet to discuss presidential priorities for this term Head of State Guiding Question How does the president fulfill the role of head of state? The U.S. president is both head of state and chief executive. (Here, the term head of state refers to the head of a nation or country.) The president as head of state represents the nation and performs many ceremonial duties. The president as chief executive directs the work of thousands of executive branch employees who carry out the laws. In many countries, different people carry out these two duties. One person, such as a king, is the ceremonial head of state, while another person, such as a prime minister, leads the government. Some of the president’s duties as head of state are named in Article II of the Constitution. For example, the Constitution says the president shall “receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers.” That means the president has a duty to meet with visiting officials and leaders of foreign governments. Modern presidents play an important role when a natural disaster or tragedy happens, such as a hurricane or a mass shooting. People in those places want the president to visit and speak comforting words as a way of representing all citizens across the country. Other ceremonial duties may be less serious, but they get a lot of attention in newspapers and on television. Many presidents throw the first pitch to begin baseball season. They meet public figures such as U.S. Olympic athletes or give awards to business leaders and artists. The role of president is important because presidents are more than politicians. The president is the symbol of the United States for millions around the world and at home. Education © McGraw-Hill Copyright 2 NAME ________________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________ Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter 9 The Presidency Lesson 2 Head of State and Chief Executive, continued Reading Progress Check Determining Importance Why are the president’s ceremonial roles important? Chief Executive Guiding Question How does the president fulfill the role of chief executive? The president leads the executive branch of government. The executive branch carries out the laws that Congress passes and runs the programs Congress creates. These laws and programs include Social Security, taxes, housing, energy, civil rights, health care, education, and the environment. There are more than 150 departments and agencies that are responsible for carrying out the laws. More than 2 million people work for the federal government. They might be FBI agents or air traffic controllers. The president is in charge of these workers and the departments and agencies for which they work. Source of President’s Executive Power The president’s executive power is named in the Constitution, but it does not give much detail about what this power is. Article II, Section 1, simply says that executive power is vested in the president. Section 3 says that the president must make sure the laws are faithfully executed. What does it mean to “faithfully execute” the laws? When Congress passes a law, it is the president’s duty to execute it, or carry it out. Congress cannot put enough details in a law to explain exactly how that law should be carried out. The president must make decisions about how to carry out the law. The president must also work within the limits stated in the law, which is being faithful to the law. A 2012 law ordered the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to create a way for members of the military on official business to get through airport security faster. The DHS could decide exactly how to screen, or check, members of the military. However, the DHS also had to faithfully execute the law. That means the DHS had to create a system to help military personnel get through faster than the average person. A president’s executive power can be limited when he or she has to faithfully execute the laws. Congress controls the money needed to carry out laws when it authorizes and appropriates funds, or money. The judicial branch also limits the president’s power to carry out laws. Federal courts can decide whether a president’s actions to carry out laws are constitutional. The Appointment Power No president could directly manage the activities of the many agencies in the executive branch. Instead, the president appoints about 2,200 federal officials to run the agencies. The 15 people who will lead the cabinet departments are the most important. The cabinet departments are the main 3 NAME ________________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________ Reading Essentials and Study Guide Chapter 9 The Presidency Lesson 2 Head of State and Chief Executive, continued agencies of the executive branch. Their leaders form the president’s cabinet, or group of advisers. A president can use the power to appoint top officials as a way to influence how laws are put into effect. Presidents appoint officials who share their political beliefs so the officials will help the president succeed. It is important for a president to choose the right people. However, the Senate must approve many key appointments, which limits this power. Presidents can also control the way laws are carried out by firing officials they have appointed. President Nixon fired one of his department leaders for being against his Vietnam policies. However, it can be difficult to remove a popular official who has congressional and public support. The president also appoints all federal judges, including the justices, or judges, of the Supreme Court. The Senate must approve all judicial appointments. Judicial nominations can cause major conflicts between the legislative and executive branches. This is especially true when different political parties control the executive branch and Congress. Presidents can have a strong influence on government and society by choosing justices who have certain views about the Constitution and other issues. Federal judges may hold their positions for life, so the effect of judicial appointments continues long after a president leaves office. Executive Orders Presidents also give executive orders. These are presidential orders that have the force of law without needing congressional approval. The Constitution implies this power because Article II gives the president “executive power.” It also says the president must make sure that the laws are “faithfully executed.” President Dwight Eisenhower used an executive order to put the Arkansas National Guard under federal control. He was forcing the Little Rock, Arkansas public schools to desegregate. A president might give an executive order to describe what federal agencies must do to carry out a law. President Jimmy Carter used an executive order to put thousands of acres of land in Alaska under the control of the National Park Service. Presidents have also used executive orders to make new policy. President Abraham Lincoln gave an executive order known as the Emancipation Proclamation. President Harry Truman used an executive order in 1948 to integrate the military. President Franklin Roosevelt used one to put Japanese Americans in special camps during World War II. Recent presidents have used executive orders to avoid Congress when it would not pass laws on some issues, such as protecting the environment. Presidents cannot give executive orders for anything they want. Executive orders must relate to powers given to the president in the Constitution or by Congress. Presidents usually explain the constitutional or legal basis for their executive orders. The courts give presidents broad limits for orders about foreign policy and the military because of the president’s role as commander in chief. Presidents can easily give executive orders, but later presidents can easily change them. In 1984 President Ronald Reagan gave an executive order limiting federal funds for family-planning groups Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Education © McGraw-Hill Copyright who performed or supported abortions in other countries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Parliamentary, Presidential and Semi-Presidential Democracies Democracies Are Often Classified According to the Form of Government That They Have
    Parliamentary, Presidential and Semi-Presidential Democracies Democracies are often classified according to the form of government that they have: • Parliamentary • Presidential • Semi-Presidential Legislative responsibility refers to a situation in which a legislative majority has the constitutional power to remove a government from office without cause. A vote of confidence is initiated by the government { the government must resign if it fails to obtain a legislative majority. A vote of no confidence is initiated by the legislature { the government must resign if it fails to obtain a legislative majority. A constructive vote of no confidence must indicate who will replace the government if the incumbent loses a vote of no confidence. A vote of no confidence is initiated by the legislature { the government must resign if it fails to obtain a legislative majority. A constructive vote of no confidence must indicate who will replace the government if the incumbent loses a vote of no confidence. A vote of confidence is initiated by the government { the government must resign if it fails to obtain a legislative majority. The defining feature of presidential democracies is that they do not have legislative responsibility. • US Government Shutdown, click here In contrast, parliamentary and semi-presidential democracies both have legislative responsibility. • PM Question Time (UK), click here In addition to legislative responsibility, semi-presidential democracies also have a head of state who is popularly elected for a fixed term. A head of state is popularly elected if she is elected through a process where voters either (i) cast a ballot directly for a candidate or (ii) they cast ballots to elect an electoral college, whose sole purpose is to elect the head of state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Governor Genera. and the Head of State Functions
    The Governor Genera. and the Head of State Functions THOMAS FRANCK* Lincoln, Nebraska In most, though by no means all democratic states,' the "Head o£ State" is a convenient legal and political fiction the purpose of which is to personify the complex political functions of govern- ment. What distinguishes the operations of this fiction in Canada is the fact that the functions of head of state are not discharged by any one person. Some, by legislative enactment, are vested in the Governor General. Others are delegated to the Governor General by the Crown. Still others are exercised by the Queen in person. A survey of these functions will reveal, however, that many more of the duties of the Canadian head of state are to-day dis- charged by the Governor General than are performed by the Queen. Indeed, it will reveal that some of the functions cannot be dis- charged by anyone else. It is essential that we become aware of this development in Canadian constitutional practice and take legal cognizance of the consequently increasing stature and importance of the Queen's representative in Canada. Formal Vesting of Head of State Functions in Constitutional Governments ofthe Commonnealth Reahns In most of the realms of the Commonwealth, the basic constitut- ional documents formally vest executive power in the Queen. Section 9 of the British North America Act, 1867,2 states: "The Executive Government and authority of and over Canada is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen", while section 17 establishes that "There shall be one Parliament for Canada, consist- ing of the Queen, an Upper House, styled the Senate, and the *Thomas Franck, B.A., LL.B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monarchy in Prince Edward Island
    The Monarchy in Prince Edward Island Canada’s History with the Royal Family per cent of the world’s people. Canada was created in 1867. By most standards, Canada, though a relatively young country, has a long- Constitutional Monarchy standing association with royal families. Thirty-two As a Constitutional Monarch, the Queen’s powers are kings and queens reigned over the country long before exercised by the Prime Minister or Premier who are Elizabeth II was crowned Queen of Canada. Canada responsible to the elected representatives of the people was explored, settled and grew during the reigns of in the House of Commons and the provincial British monarchs as far back as 1497. legislative assemblies. Though largely symbolic, the Crown is an integral part of our governmental Canada’s Governmental System structure. The Canadian Constitution limits the power and the Monarchy of the Crown in government, creating a primarily symbolic Canada is a federal state (that is, role for the Queen. Because the it has two levels of government, Queen resides in Britain, she is national and provincial) with a represented in Canada by the constitutional monarchy and a Governor General and in each of parliamentary democracy. Our the provinces by a Lieutenant head of state is the Queen of Governor. Canada. She is also the Queen of the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and many other Did You Know? countries within the British The Honourable Antoinette Perry Commonwealth of Nations. Acts is our current Lieutenant of parliament and many actions Governor. She was sworn into of our national and provincial office on October 20, 2017 and is nd governments are made in the the 42 Lieutenant Governor of name of the Queen, though the Prince Edward Island.
    [Show full text]
  • DOCUMENTS DEBATE: Does the President Have Too Much Power?
    DOCUMENTS The following documents are NOT intended to be the only sources of information you use to prepare for the debate. You also must use your class worksheets on the Executive Branch that we have covered over the last few classes. DEBATE: Does the President have too much power? YES, The President DOES have too much power Documents 1-5 Document 1- The Constitution greatly limits the President’s power The President was given ONLY the powers included in Article II of the U.S. Constitution. This proves that the framers had no intention of making the President as powerful as he is today. Article II, Section 2 The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, … he may require the Opinion (Advice), in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, … and he shall have Power to grant Pardons (reduce or remove punishment) for [Crimes,] …. He shall have Power, …with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur (agree); and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers …, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, …: Article II, Section 3 He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such [ideas] as he shall judge necessary…; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, … he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, ….
    [Show full text]
  • On the Commander-In-Chief Power
    Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2008 On the Commander-In-Chief Power David Luban Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] Georgetown Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 1026302 This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/598 http://ssrn.com/abstract=1026302 81 S. Cal. L. Rev. 477-571 (2008) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Constitutional Law Commons ON THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF POWER ∗ DAVID LUBAN BRADBURY: Obviously, the Hamdan decision, Senator, does implicitly recognize that we’re in a war, that the President’s war powers were triggered by the attacks on the country, and that [the] law of war paradigm applies. That’s what the whole case was about. LEAHY: Was the President right or was he wrong? BRADBURY: It’s under the law of war that we . LEAHY: Was the President right or was he wrong? BRADBURY: . hold the President is always right, Senator. —exchange between a U.S. Senator and a Justice Department 1 lawyer ∗ University Professor and Professor of Law and Philosophy, Georgetown University. I owe thanks to John Partridge and Sebastian Kaplan-Sears for excellent research assistance; to Greg Reichberg, Bill Mengel, and Tim Sellers for clarifying several points of American, Roman, and military history; to Marty Lederman for innumerable helpful and critical conversations; and to Vicki Jackson, Paul Kahn, Larry Solum, and Amy Sepinwall for helpful comments on an earlier draft.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe: Fact Sheet on Parliamentary and Presidential Elections
    Europe: Fact Sheet on Parliamentary and Presidential Elections July 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46858 Europe: Fact Sheet on Parliamentary and Presidential Elections Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 European Elections in 2021 ............................................................................................................. 2 European Parliamentary and Presidential Elections ........................................................................ 3 Figures Figure 1. European Elections Scheduled for 2021 .......................................................................... 3 Tables Table 1. European Parliamentary and Presidential Elections .......................................................... 3 Contacts Author Information .......................................................................................................................... 6 Europe: Fact Sheet on Parliamentary and Presidential Elections Introduction This report provides a map of parliamentary and presidential elections that have been held or are scheduled to hold at the national level in Europe in 2021, and a table of recent and upcoming parliamentary and presidential elections at the national level in Europe. It includes dates for direct elections only, and excludes indirect elections.1 Europe is defined in this product as the fifty countries under the portfolio of the U.S. Department
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania (Cap
    THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA (CAP. 2) ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS Article Title PREAMBLE CHAPTER ONE THE UNITED REPUBLIC, POLITICAL PARTIES, THE PEOPLE AND THE POLICY OF SOCIALISM AND SELF RELIANCE PART I THE UNITED REPUBLIC AND THE PEOPLE 1. Proclamation of the United Republic. 2. The territory of the United Republic. 3. Declaration of Multi-Party State. 4. Exercise of State Authority of the United Republic. 5. The Franchise. PART II FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVES AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY 6. Interpretation. 7. Application of the provisions of Part II. 8. The Government and the People. 9. The pursuit of Ujamaa and Self-Reliance. 10. [Repealed]. 11. Right to work, to educational and other pursuits. PART III BASIC RIGHTS AND DUTIES The Right to Equality 12. Equality of human beings. 13. Equality before the law. The Right to Life 14. The right to life. 15. Right to personal freedom. 16. Right to privacy and personal security. 17. Right to freedom of movement. The Right to Freedom of Conscience 18. The freedom of expression. 19. Right to freedom of religion. 20. Person’s freedom of association. 21. Freedom to participate in public affairs. The Right to Work 22. Right to work. 23. Right to just remuneration. 24. Right to own property. Duties to the Society 25. Duty to participate in work. 26. Duty to abide by the laws of the land. 27. Duty to safeguard public property. 28. Defence of the Nation. General Provisions 29. Fundamental rights and duties. 30. Limitations upon, and enforcement and preservation of basic rights, freedoms and duties.
    [Show full text]
  • Monarchist League of Canada
    THE MONARCHIST LEAGUE of CANADA Justin Trudeau takes Oath of Office as Prime Minister before Governor General David Johnston. “I do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors. So help me God.” – Canada’s Oath of Allegiance, sworn by many public officials Members of the Canadian Royal Family make frequent homecomings here. In May 2016, Prime Minister Trudeau joined Prince Harry in checking out facilities for the Toronto 2017 Invictus Games, Prince Harry’s sporting event for ill, injured and wounded soldiers and veterans. Our Canadian Monarchy © 2017 by the Monarchist League of Canada. All rights reserved. All images remain the property of their respective owners 2 OUR CANADIAN MONARCHY Canada 150 portrait of The Queen, wearing the Maple Leaf brooch presented to her mother by George VI before their 1939 tour of Canada. Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada The Queen is the representation of all of Canada within one person. Together with her representatives and members of the Royal Family, she promotes “all that is best and most admired in the Canadian ideal”. Governor General Julie Payette gives Royal Assent in the Senate on December 12, 2017. 3 THE MONARCHIST LEAGUE of CANADA Canada: always a monarchy he lands that now comprise modern-day Canada Thave long been reigned over by hereditary leaders. Canada enjoys a history of functioning government that began to evolve centuries before European contact with Indigenous peoples. Many Indigenous groups were headed by a chieftain who was advised by a council of elders, not unlike the series of French and British monarchs in whose name the original colonies of North America were founded.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesson Plan: Article II: Powers of the Presidency
    Lesson Plan: Article II: Powers of the Presidency Class: U.S. Government Unit: Executive Branch Unit Essential Question: What is the role of the Executive Branch in the Government of the United States of America? Guiding Question(s): ● What are the roles and responsibilities of the President? ● How did the Presidency change over time? Objective(s): ● Students will be able to define the roles and responsibilities of the President of the United States. ● Students will be able to analyze the changing role of the Presidency over time. ● Students will be able to interpret a primary source document to gather information. Teacher Background information: Article II of the United States Constitution defines the roles and responsibilities of the President of the United States. Defined roughly, these roles are: Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, Ceremonial head of State, and Chief Diplomat. Chief Executive contains activities such as delivering the State of the Union Address, appointing Supreme Court Judges, appointing ambassadors, appointing the cabinet, and giving executive orders to executive agencies. Commander in Chief consists of activities such as ordering the military into action or the national guard in time of activation. Ceremonial Head of State includes receiving ambassadors, attending state events as a representative of the nation, and receiving other public officials. Chief Diplomat consists of the power to negotiate treaties with other nations. As a note, Ceremonial Head of State and Chief Diplomat often work hand in hand. Materials needed: ● Google Slides presentation ● Jigsaw Organizer worksheets (one per student) ​ ● Projector ● Device capable of casting slideshow to projector ● Timer “Do Now”/ Hook/ Opening activity: ​ ● Ask students what they want to be when they grow up.
    [Show full text]
  • The President's Seal
    About the President’s Seal The President’s Seal The Seal of the President of the United States is used to mark correspondence from the President to the United States Congress and as a symbol of the presidency. The central design is based on the Great Seal of the United States and is the official coat of arms of the U.S. presidency. It appears on the presidential flag, presidential vehicles, podiums and even on the carpet in the Oval Office! Although President Rutherford B. Hayes used a presidential seal in 1877, the design of today’s seal was specified by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 by executive order. In 1959, and again in 1960, the circle of stars was increased by one for the new states of Alaska and Hawaii. Answers: Eagle (c.), Stars (d.), Olive Branch (b.), Arrows (a.) E Pluribus Unum is Latin for “from many, one”. The stripes on the shield represent the thirteen original states. Scoring: Presidential Scholar (7-8 correct answers) White House Apprentice (4-6 correct answers) Good effort. Try again! (0-3 correct answers) Department of Education and Public Programs John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Columbia Point ~ Boston, Massachusetts ~ 02125 H www.jfklibrary.org Discover the Symbols in the Seal Create Your Own Presidential Seal What images will you use to represent the President’s roles? The President has many jobs. He (or she) is Chief Executive, Chief Diplomat, Commander in Chief, Manager of the Economy, National Leader, Ceremonial Head of State, and Party Leader. The President’s Seal contains clues to his (or her) many jobs.
    [Show full text]
  • Separation of Powers: an Overview
    Separation of Powers: An Overview Matthew E. Glassman Analyst on the Congress January 8, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44334 Separation of Powers: An Overview Summary Congress’s role and operation in national politics is fundamentally shaped by the design and structure of the governing institution in the Constitution. One of the key principles of the Constitution is separation of powers. The doctrine is rooted in a political philosophy that aims to keep power from consolidating in any single person or entity, and a key goal of the framers of the Constitution was to establish a governing system that diffused and divided power. These objectives were achieved institutionally through the design of the Constitution. The legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the government were assigned distinct and limited roles under the Constitution, and required to be comprised of different political actors. The constitutional structure does not, however, insulate the branches from each other. While the design of the Constitution aims, through separation, to prevent the centralization of power, it also seeks the same objective through diffusion. Thus, most powers granted under the Constitution are not unilateral for any one branch; instead they overlap. The constitutional structure of separation of powers invites conflict between the branches, particularly between Congress and the President. The electoral structure of the federal government provides not only separate bases of authority, but also different bases of authority for political actors, as well as different time horizons. Likewise, the assignment of powers under the Constitution is not only overlapping, but also somewhat vague, creating inter-branch contests for power across many key functions of the government.
    [Show full text]
  • Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority
    French Politics, 2005, 3, (323–351) r 2005 Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 1476-3419/05 $30.00 www.palgrave-journals.com/fp Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns Matthew Søberg Shugart Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Maurice Duverger in 1980 advanced the concept of a ‘semi-presidential’ regime: a mix of a popularly elected and powerful presidency with a prime minister heading a cabinet subject to assembly confidence.We can understand the performance of these regimes through a neo-Madisonian perspective that stresses agency relations between institutional actors.Executive and legislature as separate agents of the electorate — as in presidentialism — necessitates transactional interbranch relations.Fusion of powers — as in parliamentarism — means an executive that is hierarchically subordinated to the legislature.The dual executive of a semi- presidential system mixes a transactional executive-legislative relationship with a hierarchical one.The advantages of this perspective include allowing delinea- tion of semi-presidentialism from other hybrids, highlighting subtypes (premier- presidential and president-parliamentary) according to variations in the locus of transactional and hierarchical institutional relationships, and predicting which observed relationships between actors derive from relatively immutable constitutional features and which from more transitory features such as partisan alignments. French Politics
    [Show full text]