Growing the Artificial Intelligence Industry in the Uk
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Free, Revised (slightly extended), Version of 1978 Book (goo.gl/AJLDih) HTML and PDF Afterthoughts (2015 onwards): Minor updates: 2018, Feb 2019, Jun 2019 PDF version with contents list in side-panel (if supported by viewer). PDF page numbers may change after further editing -- so don’t use them for reference! (5 Sep 2017: increased font size) JUMP TO TABLE OF CONTENTS 1978 Book Cover I was not consulted about the cover. The book is mainly concerned with the biological, psychological and philosophical significance of virtual machinery. I did not know that the publishers had decided to associate it with paper tape devices until it was published. 1 1978 First Page Copyright: Aaron Sloman, 1978 (When the book went out of print all rights reverted to the author.) 2015: I hereby permit anyone to copy any or all of the contents of this book. The online version of this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. If you use, or comment on, any of this please include a URL if possible, so that readers can see the original (or the latest version). For more freely available online books see http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/ JUMP TO TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 Original front-matter -- 1978 HARVESTER STUDIES IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE General Editor: Margaret A. Boden Harvester Studies in Cognitive Science is a new series which will explore the nature of knowledge by way of a distinctive theoretical approach one that takes account of the complex structures and interacting processes that make thought and action possible. Intelligence can be studied from the point of view of psychology, philosophy, linguistics, pedagogy and artificial intelligence, and all these different emphases will be represented within the series. -
The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life: Plus the Secrets of Enigma
The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life: Plus The Secrets of Enigma B. Jack Copeland, Editor OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS The Essential Turing Alan M. Turing The Essential Turing Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life plus The Secrets of Enigma Edited by B. Jack Copeland CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Taipei Toronto Shanghai With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © In this volume the Estate of Alan Turing 2004 Supplementary Material © the several contributors 2004 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. -
The History of Standard ML
The History of Standard ML DAVID MACQUEEN, University of Chicago, USA ROBERT HARPER, Carnegie Mellon University, USA JOHN REPPY, University of Chicago, USA Shepherd: Kim Bruce, Pomona College The ML family of strict functional languages, which includes F#, OCaml, and Standard ML, evolved from the Meta Language of the LCF theorem proving system developed by Robin Milner and his research group at the University of Edinburgh in the 1970s. This paper focuses on the history of Standard ML, which plays a central rôle in this family of languages, as it was the first to include the complete set of features that we now associate with the name “ML” (i.e., polymorphic type inference, datatypes with pattern matching, modules, exceptions, and mutable state). Standard ML, and the ML family of languages, have had enormous influence on the world of programming language design and theory. ML is the foremost exemplar of a functional programming language with strict evaluation (call-by-value) and static typing. The use of parametric polymorphism in its type system, together with the automatic inference of such types, has influenced a wide variety of modern languages (where polymorphism is often referred to as generics). It has popularized the idea of datatypes with associated case analysis by pattern matching. The module system of Standard ML extends the notion of type-level parameterization to large-scale programming with the notion of parametric modules, or functors. Standard ML also set a precedent by being a language whose design included a formal definition with an associated metatheory of mathematical proofs (such as soundness of the type system). -
Edit Summer 2009
SUMMER 09 THE ALUMNI MAGAZINE INCLUDING BILLET & GENERAL COUNCIL PAPERS The Origin of Genius Charles Darwin’s Edinburgh connection ALSO INSIDE Edinburgh’s innovative teaching leads the way Edit meets the winners of the Principal’s Medal The University of Edinburgh Forever a part of it Your links with Edinburgh don’t end when you leave the University – you’re an Edinburgh alumnus for life – so stay in touch and reap the benefits! The Alumni Card What will it do for you? Have you got your new-look Alumni Card • Receive 15% off hire of University • Enjoy free access to the University’s yet? As an alumnus you are eligible for the venues, accommodation and catering many libraries and their printed new card, which replaces the Edinburgh for weddings, parties, meetings and, collections – as well as 50% off Passport and allows discounted access of course, reunions! borrowing rights. to many of the University’s outstanding • Enjoy a 25% discount at the • Receive a 20% discount on all books facilities. The card also entitles you to University’s Centre for Sports and published by Edinburgh University a new range of discounts with partner Exercise – one of the Scotsman’s Press. organisations worldwide. Sign up at top five gyms in Scotland – which Get discounted rates with our partners www.ed.ac.uk/alumni. • offers you a wealth of fitness in the hotel and leisure industry all over classes, training, gym support, the world. We will be adding to our list climbing facilities, a circuit gym, of partners on a regular basis, so make playing fields, an outdoor activity sure you visit www.ed.ac.uk/alumni centre on Loch Tay and much more! for the latest offers. -
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Contributions given at the event for Anne McLaren and Donald Michie Celebrating their lives At the Zoological Society London 19th July, 2007 Anne McLaren and Donald Michie – Opening Remarks Jonathan Michie (Anne & Donald’s son) Welcome Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President of the Zoological Society of London) Anne the Scientist Ann Clarke (Anne’s colleague) Donald the Scientist Stephen Muggleton (Donald’s colleague) Memories of Donald Chris Michie (Donald’s son) Memories of Susan & Caroline Michie Anne & Donald (Anne & Donald's daughters) Letters written by Jessica Murray (grand-daughter) Memories of Laura Murray (grand-daughter), Anne & Donald Alex & Duncan Michie (grandsons), Rhona Michie (grand-daughter) and When asked what music she would like played when Cameron Michie (grandson) receiving the Japan Prize, Anne wrote: The two songs Anne the Scientist Jim Smith (Chairman, Gurdon Institute, I would like to hear are University of Cambridge) Joan Baez’s ‘Where have all the flowers gone?’, which Memories of Donald Drogo Michie (Donald’s nephew) is a lament not just for the Vietnam war but for all wars, past, present and Memories of Anne Jonathan Michie (Anne & Donald’s son) future, and John Lennon’s ‘Imagine’, which is about a world of peace and love and social harmony. 1 Opening Remarks by Jonathan Michie (Anne & Donald’s son) For those who don’t know me – most of the Nobel Prize, of which Anne was and likely those towards the back of the remains the only woman recipient. hall – my name is Jonathan Michie and I’m not even going to begin to try to explain I’m one of Anne and Donald’s children. -
Bfm:978-3-642-97005-4/1.Pdf
W F. Clocksin C. S. Mellish Programming in Prolog Third, Revised and Extended Edition Spri nger-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo William F. Clocksin Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge Corn Exchange Street Cambridge CB2 3QG/Engiand Christopher S. Mellish Cognitive Studies Programme, University of Sussex Arts Building, Falmer Brighton BN1 9QN/Engiand ISBN-13: 978-3-540-17539-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-97005-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-97005-4 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its version of June 24,1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1981, 1984, 1987 PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION We have added new material to Chapter 3 to give an account of up-to-date programming techniques using accumulators and difference structures. Chapter 8 contains some new information on syntax errors. Operator precedences are now compatible with the most widely-used implementations. We have made further reorganisations and improvements in presentation, and have corrected a number of minor errors. We thank the many people who brought typographical errors in the previous edition to our attention, and we thank A.R.C. -
Donald Michie in Memoriam: CHIP Demo Competition AAAI Video ISSN 1566-8266 Vol
August 2007 Vol. 24, No. 4 ISSN 1566-8266 AAAI Video Competition CHIP Demo In Memoriam: Donald Michie NEWSLETTER News from the Belgium- Netherlands Association for Artificial Intelligence Win and Loss Editor-in-chief Let me start with a lot of good news. First, a few weeks ago I was informed that the CHIP demo, developed in the framework of the CATCH programme, has been nominated as one of the top five contestants in the Semantic Web Challenge 2007. Out of 34 international submissions CHIP made it in the top 5 and will be presented in November at the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC'07) in Buzan, South Korea, to compete for one of the three prizes. Congratulations to the authors. This nomination is an important recognition for the CHIP project and of course for CATCH in general. We are glad to present to you in this issue an article describing the CHIP demo program. Second, during AAAI-07 there was a new competition, the AI video competition, for short (maximum 1 minute) or long (maximum 5 minutes) videos featuring exciting AI projects. This competition received much attention and interest from the AAAI community, and will be continued in future years. Trophies, named Shakeys after SRI’s pioneering robot, were announced and presented by co-chairs Sebastian Thrun and David W. Aha for six category winners at the AAAI-07 AI Video Competition’s Awards Ceremony, which took place on July 23, 2007 at AAAI-07 in Vancouver (BC), Canada. The winners also received a monetary award. There were 24 nominees for these categories (see the link below). -
Was the Manchester Baby Conceived at Bletchley Park?
Was the Manchester Baby conceived at Bletchley Park? David Anderson1 School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 3HE, UK This paper is based on a talk given at the Turing 2004 conference held at the University of Manchester on the 5th June 2004. It is published by the British Computer Society on http://www.bcs.org/ewics. It was submitted in December 2005; final corrections were made and references added for publication in November 2007. Preamble In what follows, I look, in a very general way, at a particularly interesting half century, in the history of computation. The central purpose will be to throw light on how computing activity at the University of Manchester developed in the immediate post-war years and, in the context of this conference, to situate Alan Turing in the Manchester landscape. One of the main methodological premises on which I will depend is that the history of technology is, at heart, the history of people. No historically-sophisticated understanding of the development of the computer is possible in the absence of an appreciation of the background, motivation and aspirations of the principal actors. The life and work of Alan Turing is the central focus of this conference but, in the Manchester context, it is also important that attention be paid to F.C. Williams, T. Kilburn and M.H.A. Newman. The Origins of Computing in Pre-war Cambridge David Hilbert's talk at the Sorbonne on the morning of the 8th August 1900 in which he proposed twenty-three "future problems", effectively set the agenda for mathematics research in the 20th century. -
The Essential Turing : Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life, Plus
The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life: Plus The Secrets of Enigma B. Jack Copeland, Editor OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS The Essential Turing Alan M. Turing The Essential Turing Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life plus The Secrets of Enigma Edited by B. Jack Copeland CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Taipei Toronto Shanghai With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © In this volume the Estate of Alan Turing 2004 Supplementary Material © the several contributors 2004 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. -
Anne Mclaren (1927–2007) Committees
NEWS & VIEWS NATURE|Vol 448|16 August 2007 OBITUARIES imprinting and the X chromosome. McLaren’s knowledge and wisdom made her a valuable member of many societies and Anne McLaren (1927–2007) committees. Of particular significance was her membership of the Warnock Committee, which advised the British parliament on Inspiring reproductive biologist and mammalian geneticist. potential developments in reproductive medicine and subsequently led to the 1990 On 6 July, Anne McLaren spent a busy day ovulation in mice, retrieved fertilized embryos Human Fertilisation and Embryology at the Gurdon Institute in Cambridge, where from one strain and transferred them into Act. For ten years, McLaren served with she had worked since 1992. She prepared a females of the other. They found that the the Human Fertilisation and Embryology talk for a meeting in Germany and answered uterine environment influences the outcome. Authority, which regulated the practice of a large number of e-mails. In the afternoon, This work was the precursor to a human in vitro fertilization in Britain, and she she attended a group leaders’ meeting, as collaboration with John Biggers, with whom continued to participate in many important always paying close attention and ready to she showed that early mouse embryos could debates on the ethics of reproductive offer sensible advice. Towards the end of be cultured for a day or two in vitro and technologies and stem cells. However, her the day, she chatted with colleagues and go on to develop into adult animals after concerns were not restricted to human asked questions about some recent stem-cell transplantation into the uteri of surrogate welfare — she was also a co-founder of the publications. -
The History of Cracking the ENIGMA Machine
From Poznań to Bletchley Park : the history of cracking the ENIGMA machine: Marie-José Durand-Richard1 Philippe Guillot2 INTRODUCTION During World War II, the Allies could read many of the German ciphered messages they intercepted in plain text almost immediately, providing them with an advantage that had a significant impact on the course of the conflict. Movies such as Enigma (1999) and The Imitation Game (2015), highlight the success of the work of the British at Bletchley Park, and particularly the work of the mathematician Alan Madison Turing (1912-1954). But Turing did not work alone on breaking the Enigma code at Bletchley Park, and it is much less well-known that during the 1930s, the Poles had already accomplished the feat of making transparent the enciphered communications between the German army and its General Staff. So, the history of breaking the Enigma code is rather more complicated than is shown in such hagiographic movies. In this perspective, this paper focuses on the various skills at work in cracking the Enigma machine. In the period from 1932 to 1942, both the French and the British considered military intelligence would be more essential than mathematical cryptanalysis in overcoming the problem. However, their political and geographical situation stimulated the Poles to coordinate their technical, mathematical and political capabilities. Cyclometers, Bombas and perforated sheets were produced to help them overcome complications gradually introduced by the German armies in their Enigma ciphering methods. As early as 1936, the British codebreaker A. Dillwyn (Dilly) Knox (1884-1943) started a manual cryptanalysis of the commercial Enigma code at the Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS) and succeeded in breaking the code of its Spanish and Italian versions in 1937. -
Donald Michie 11 November 1923 – 10 July 2007 First Published in The
Donald Michie 11 November 1923 – 10 July 2007 First published in The Guardian 20 July 2007 http://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jul/10/uk.obituaries1 Reproduced with permission of The Guardian Professor Donald Michie and his former wife Dame Anne McLaren, distinguished scientists in separate fields that overlapped at one point, have died together in a car accident; Donald was 83. He made contributions of crucial international significance in three distinct fields of endeavour. During the second world war, he developed code-breaking techniques which led to effective automatic deciphering of German high-level ciphers. In the 1950s, he worked with Anne on pioneering techniques which were fundamental in the development of in vitro fertilisation. Donald subsequently became one of the founders of the field of artificial intelligence, an area to which he devoted the remainder of his academic career. It was within this field that I came to know Donald as an inspirational supervisor of my PhD at Edinburgh - not only insightful, forceful and even heroic, but possessing a wicked sense of humour. Donald was born in Rangoon. He attended Rugby school and was awarded an open scholarship to study classics at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1942. In 1943, inspired by his father to do "something unspecified but romantic" behind enemy lines in China, Donald attempted to enrol on a Japanese language course for intelligence officers. On arrival at the School of Codes and Ciphers in Bedford, he was told that the course was full, and decided instead to take up training in cryptography. A fast learner, he was soon recruited to Bletchley Park in Buckinghamshire, and was assigned to the "Testery", a section working on solving the German high-level teleprinter cipher, code-named Fish.