Improving Interagency Collaboration, Innovation and Learning in Criminal Justice Systems Sarah Hean · Berit Johnsen · Anu Kajamaa · Laure Kloetzer Editors Improving Interagency Collaboration, Innovation and Learning in Criminal Justice Systems Supporting Offender Rehabilitation Editors Sarah Hean Berit Johnsen Social Work Department University College of the Norwegian Correctional Service (KRUS) Stavanger, Lillestrom, Norway

Anu Kajamaa Laure Kloetzer Faculty of Educational Sciences Institute of Psychology and Education University of Helsinki University of Neuchâtel Helsinki, Finland Neuchâtel, Switzerland

ISBN 978-3-030-70660-9 ISBN 978-3-030-70661-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70661-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Inter- national License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adapta- tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Angela Turner-Wilson

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge all participants who contributed to the project, especially the staff members, volunteers, trustees, mentors and mentees, and other part of Norwegian and Finnish prisons and UK voluntary sector organisations, who participated in this research. The research in this book was funded by the COLAB project, the EU Commission funded: Horizon 2020 MSCA-RISE project number 734536. The editors contributed equally to the production of this book.

v Contents

1 Setting the Scene and Introduction 1 Sarah Hean, Anu Kajamaa, Berit Johnsen, and Laure Kloetzer

Part I International Contexts of Collaborative Practice in a Variety of Penal Contexts: Substantive Areas for Organisational Innovation and Change—Studies in Norway 2 Interorganisational Collaboration in a Norwegian Prison—Challenges and Opportunities Arising from Interagency Meetings 31 Päivikki Lahtinen, Anu Kajamaa, Laura Seppänen, Berit Johnsen, Sarah Hean, and Terhi Esko 3 Mirrors of Prison Life—From Compartmentalised Practice Towards Boundary Crossing Expertise 59 Søren Walther Nielsen and Anu Kajamaa

vii viii Contents

4 “Living with” Interagency Collaboration—Three Sustaining Practices 87 Tine Murphy, Marie Aakjær, Eva Pallesen, and Charlotte Rosenberg 5 The Application of Norwegian Humane Ideals by Front-Line Workers When Collaboratively Reintegrating Inmates Back into Society 111 William Dugdale and Sarah Hean

Part II International Contexts of Collaborative Practice in a Variety of Penal Contexts: Substantive Areas for Organisational Innovation and Change—Studies in England 6 Tracing the Historical Development of a Service Model for Interagency Collaboration: Contradictions as Barriers and Potential Drivers for Change 141 Paulo Rocha and Sarah Hean 7 Mentoring in Practice: Rebuilding Dialogue with Mentees’ Stories 165 Laure Kloetzer, Jo Wells, Laura Seppänen, and Sarah Hean

Part III Strategies and Methods to Promote Collaboration, Management and Innovation 8 A COLAB Model of Workplace Transformation in the Criminal Justice Context 195 Sarah Hean, Marie Aakjær, Laure Kloetzer, Laura Seppänen, Anu Kajamaa, Päivikki Lahtinen, and Tine Murphy 9 Facilitation of Developmental Tasks in Prisons: Applying the Method of Human-Centred Co-evaluation 229 Laura Seppänen, Heli Heikkilä, Anu Kajamaa, Päivikki Lahtinen, and Hilkka Ylisassi Contents ix

10 Interprofessional Collaboration Concerning Offenders in Transition Between Mental Health and Criminal Justice Services. PINCOM Used as a Framework for HCR-20V3 Assessment 249 Atle Ødegård and Stål Bjørkly 11 Early Recognition Method: ‘Opening Doors’ in Risk Management Dialogue Between Mental Health and Prison Services 267 Frans Fluttert, Gunnar Eidhammer, and Karl Yngvar Dale 12 People in Contact with Criminal Justice Systems Participating in Service Redesign: Vulnerable Citizens or Democratic Partners? 297 Jonathan Parker, Vanessa Heaslip, Sara Ashencaen Crabtree, Berit Johnsen, and Sarah Hean 13 Avenues of Opportunity: Journeys of Activities Through Third Sector Organisations 323 Angela Turner-Wilson, Stuart Dearborn, and Catherine Bullen 14 Facilitating Understanding of Ex-Prison Service Users’ Needs: The Utility of Q Method as a Means of Representing Service User Voices in Service Development 341 Siv Elin Nord Sæbjørnsen, Sarah Hean, and Atle Ødegård 15 Do We Need the Users’ Voice? An Empirical Research Example Comparing Views of Service Providers and Ex-Prisoners: Implications for Practice 375 Siv Elin Nord Sæbjørnsen, Sarah Hean, Kristin Røvik, Bjørn Kjetil Larsen, and Atle Ødegård 16 Reflecting on Researcher/Practice Relationships in Prison Research: A Contact Hypothesis Lens 401 Sarah Hean, Liv Jorunn Skippervik, Richard Heslop, and Caroline Stevens x Contents

17 Developing a Training Programme for Collaborative Practices Between Criminal Justice and Mental Health Services: The Gap Between Intentions and Reality 439 Atle Ødegård and Elisabeth Willumsen

Index 461 Notes on Contributors

Marie Aakjær, Ph.D. is an Associated Professor, Centre for Manage- ment and Experience Design, University College Absalon, Denmark. She has done qualitative research in the fields of public health and elderly care, the voluntary sector, and correctional services. She specialises in the fields of co-creation, social innovation, and learning and has a background in co-design (participatory design). Sara Ashencaen Crabtree, Ph.D. is a Professor of Social & Cultural Diversity at Bournemouth University, UK. She has had a wide interna- tional academic career and is the bestselling author of Islam and Social Work (Policy Press). Stål Bjørkly, Ph.D. is a Professor in clinical psychology at and a Research Consultant at the Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry. He has a long clinical career in forensic psychiatry and has published extensively in this field. Catherine Bullen works as a District Nurse for Wiltshire Health and Care, National Health Service, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. She is a quali- fied Registered General and Mental Health Nurse and has a keen interest

xi xii Notes on Contributors in supporting those in marginalised societal groups. Catherine worked as a drug rehabilitation practitioner in a UK prison setting for many years. Karl Yngvar Dale, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor at Molde University College (MUC) NO. He has clinical and administrative experience from a wide variety of mental health care and substance abuse treatment facili- ties. As both a specialist in Clinical Psychology and a researcher, Dale has expertise in complicated traumatic stress reactions, violence risk manage- ment, community-based mental health work, and healthcare organisa- tion. Dale is currently the leader of the research group in Mental Health Work at the MUC. Stuart Dearborn works for the Footprints project, a third sector organ- isation based in Poole, Dorset, UK. Stuart manages, volunteers, and coordinates mentoring services supporting those who are leaving custody and integrating back into society. The recent pandemic has led to more emphasis being placed on online work and staying in contact with outside agencies such as prisons, volunteers, and probation services. William Dugdale, Ph.D. has a B.Sc. (Hons.) Criminology and Master of Research in Social Science graduate with expertise on the rehabilitation and reintegration of inmates across European prison systems. He worked as a front-line professional for 3 years within the England and Wales prison system at HMP Bure and HMP Norwich, where he was respon- sible for providing rehabilitative and reintegrative support to inmates. He also undertook a research traineeship at Associazione Antigone in Rome, Italy focusing on de-radicalisation across prison systems in Europe for the European Prison Observatory. William is a COLAB member and has been awarded his Ph.D. at Bournemouth University, UK that explored interprofessional collaborative practice in the Norwegian prison system. Gunnar Eidhammer, M.Sc. is a Researcher at the Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry Oslo University Hospital NO and Nurse Specialist at the Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Vestre Viken HF, NO. He is an Educator in risk assessment and risk management. He is responsible for implementing ERM in Norway and is involved in several ERM projects in Norway. Notes on Contributors xiii

Terhi Esko, Ph.D. was awarded her Ph.D. by the University of Helsinki, Finland. Her dissertation examines the social impact of academic research in the Educational and Social Sciences. Currently Esko works in the project “Emergence of Health Tech and Life Science Firms in Finland” at Tampere University, Finland. Her research themes include science, technology, and innovation studies and related policy, compara- tive studies of research organisations, and public service production. She has skills in qualitative content analysis, framing, and narrative methods. She has published in several international journals. Frans Fluttert, Ph.D. is a Senior Researcher at FPC Dr. S. van Mesdag NL, Associate Professor at Molde University College NO, a Research Supervisor at Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital NO, and an Associate Professor at University of Southern Denmark DK. He is involved in risk management projects across Europe and is member of the EVIPRG. He lectures at universities and publishes internationally within the field of Nursing. Sarah Hean, Ph.D. is a Professor of Social Work at the Univer- sity of Stavanger; Norway and a Professor of Social Sciences at the Bournemouth University, England with expertise in interprofessional education and collaborative practice between the mental health and criminal justice systems. She has completed a Marie Curie Sklodowska (MSCA) individual fellowship in interagency practices and is currently principal investigator and coordinator of the COLAB consortium, an MSCA-RISE programme aiming to improve collaborations between criminal justice and welfare services. Vanessa Heaslip, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor in Nursing at Bournemouth University. Her research interests are in the field of vulner- ability and vulnerable groups in society whose voices are not traditionally heard in the academic and professional discourse. Heli Heikkilä is a Ph.D. candidate in the Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland, and has worked as a Researcher at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health for over a decade. She has applied developmental work research and its intervention methods in multiple organisations and fields. Her main research interest concerns xiv Notes on Contributors transformative agency and especially investigating how the individual and collective levels of activity intertwine in changing work. Richard Heslop, Ph.D. teaches criminology at Bournemouth Univer- sity and the Open University in the United Kingdom (UK). He also served for 28 years as a police officer in West Yorkshire Police in the UK, before leaving the police in 2016 to become a university academic. Richard holds degrees in sociology, politics, and education. He is a Fulbright Scholar (University of Cincinnati, USA, 2012) and in 2014 he was Visiting Bramshill Scholar at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York. Richard currently serves on the Editorial Board of Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, with special responsibilities for police practitioner liaison. Berit Johnsen, Ph.D. is the Head of research department and a Research Professor in penology at the University College of Norwegian Correctional Service. It is in the interdisciplinary approach and cooper- ation that characterise her work she finds the potential and inspiration for her research. Johnsen has published papers and articles on a range of penological topics, such as the quality of prison life, resettlement, prison architecture and space, and preventive detention. Anu Kajamaa, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor and is a Co-leader of the Learning, Culture and Interventions (LECI) research community at the Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland. She has conducted sociocultural and activity-theoretical research and intervention projects in schools, teacher education, health care, social care, and entrepreneurship contexts and published about 60 papers in international journals. Laure Kloetzer is an Assistant Professor in sociocultural psychology at the Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland). Following Vygotsky’s legacy, her expertise is in the field of intervention, developmental methodologies, participatory methods and citizen science, in which she promotes and studies different modes of collaboration between academics and practitioners. She has been researching how to improve dialogue, learning and interprofessional Notes on Contributors xv collaboration in the workplace in different fields (in particular, hospi- tals, factories, schools or lately probation services). Her focus is on doing research “with”, and not “on”, specific participants. Päivikki Lahtinen is a Ph.D. candidate at the Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland. She has a master’s degree in adult education which consisted of study of organisational learning, development, and change. She also works as an Adviser in the Centre for Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation at , Norway. She is a COLAB member and her research interests include co-creation, collaboration, collective learning, and change in which she applies cultural-historical activity theory. Currently she is focusing on different participatory methods related to social innovation and co-creation such as methods of the Change Laboratory and Design Thinking. Bjørn Kjetil Larsen is a Ph.D. student at University College and an Assistant Professor at Molde University College. His research interests are interprofessional collaboration and interagency collaboration. He has worked as a front-line professional for more than 20 years in the fields of substance abuse treatment, mental health service, correctional service, social service, and child care. Tine Murphy, Ph.D. is a Senior Lecturer at University College Absalon, Denmark. She has done qualitative research in the fields of health care, the voluntary sector, and correctional services. Her specialty is in the field of management and organisation studies, with a focus on sensemaking theory. She has practical management experience from the financial and healthcare sector. Søren Walther Nielsen, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor at the Univer- sity College Absalon, Denmark. He teaches social sciences and conducts research on criminology, including theoretical and methodological reflec- tions on prison activities, emotional discourses, and the researcher’s posi- tionality. Other research areas involve policy issues, social work, and public administration. He has published articles on social capital, urban marginality, ethnic minorities, and resocialization processes. xvi Notes on Contributors

Atle Ødegård, Ph.D. is a Clinical Psychologist and Professor at Molde University College. His research interests are interprofessional collabora- tion in practice and education, as well as the development of new research methodology in these fields. He is Professor II at Nordland Research Institute, where he focuses specifically on innovation in the public sector. Eva Pallesen, Ph.D. is a Docent in Centre of Management and Expe- rience Design at University College Absalon, Denmark. Her research focuses on welfare professional work, management, and entrepreneurship in the public sector. She has previously worked as Head of methodology at the Danish Evaluation Institute and as Head of a section in the Danish Ministry of Education. Jonathan Parker, Ph.D. is a Professor of Society & Social Welfare at Bournemouth University, UK. He is an experienced international scholar of social work policy and education and bestselling author of Social Work Practice (Sage). Paulo Rocha, Ph.D. completed his Ph.D. at the Department of Social Studies at the University of Stavanger, Norway. He received a bachelor’s degree in law from Gama Filho University, Brazil and a master’s degree in international law from the University of Liverpool. England. He is interested in collaboration and innovation practices in the public sector. Charlotte Rosenberg, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor at the Centre for Social work and Administration, University College Absalon, Denmark. She has done qualitative research in the field of social work, the volun- tary sector, the field of social entrepreneurship and social economy, and correctional services. Her specialty is in the field of social work, with focus on everyday life, people in vulnerable positions, change, and becoming. She has practical experience from the social sector and specifically from the field of development of local communities. Kristin Røvik is an Assistant Professor at Molde University College. She has many years of practice experience from social work in the field of job inclusion and job rehabilitation, which involves extensive collabo- ration with other organisations and agencies. Røvik and colleagues have Notes on Contributors xvii conducted a study focusing inclusion of refugees in Norwegian football clubs and prevention of financial exclusion. Siv Elin Nord Sæbjørnsen, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor at Molde University College. Sæbjørnsen has many years of experience in the prac- tice field, including child welfare, substance abuse treatment, and mental health care. Her focus areas in research are interprofessional collaboration and service users with complex challenges. Laura Seppänen, D.Sc. is a Chief Scientist at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, and Adjunct Professor at the University of Helsinki. She, has done qualitative research on participatory develop- ment of work and workplace learning in multiple domains including social and health care, agri-food systems, rail traffic control, and correc- tional services. Her practice-based research expertise includes reflec- tion and learning challenges, relational agency and interpretive prac- tice, development and logics of work activities, activity theories, and sustainability. Laura has more than 70 scientific publications. Liv Jorunn Skippervik has a degree in social work from the University for Stavanger and in law from the , Norway. She works at the department of social work at Stavanger University, teaching amongst other things welfare law and restorative justice. She has special interest in the intersection between law and social work in the practice field. She has practice experience in inclusion of mentally ill patients and prisoners in the labour market, mediation, and has been Head of the regional mediation service. Caroline Stevens, Ph.D. is the current CEO of Footprints project, a third sector organisation based in Poole, Dorset, UK, having taken over the role in May 2018. Angela Turner-Wilson, Ph.D. is the Deputy Head of Department for Medical Sciences and Public Health, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK. She has a keen interest in social inequalities and has worked closely with the criminal justice service. Her current work explores the tran- sient nature of well-being within diverse communities from a local and international perspective. xviii Notes on Contributors

Jo Wells was a Mentor for the Footprints Project before managing their work in Dorset. After a decade of experience with the project, she began studying for a Ph.D. at Bournemouth University. Elisabeth Willumsen, Ph.D. is a Professor of Social Work at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, Norway with a Doctorate in Public Health Science. Her research interests include inter- professional collaboration and social innovation in health and welfare services. Willumsen holds a professor II position at Molde University College, Norway. Hilkka Ylisassi, Ph.D. (Adult Education), is a Specialist Researcher at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. She has extensive work experience in developmental interventions (e.g. Change Labora- tory method and its applications) and qualitative research in multiple sectors, e.g. social and health care, rehabilitation, public services, indus- tries, and prison service. Her main theoretical framework bases on cultural-historical activity theory, and interest areas are participatory work development, learning, and transformational agency. Terminology and Abbreviations

AFR (Avdeling for Rusmedisin) is a department of addictive medicine. It offers treatment and follow-up to people with intoxication and addiction disorders. BRIK (Behovs- og Ressurskartlegging i Kriminalom- sorgen) is a tool for Correctional Services to assess and map the need and resources of the inmate. It assesses if the inmate has prob- lems or issues, e.g. on unemployment, lack of schooling, no place to live, or poor health. CHAT Cultural-Historical Activity Theory CJS Criminal Justice Services CLM Change Laboratory Model COLAB An EU-funded project (COLAB-H2020- MSCA-RISE-2016/734536) a partnership of European researchers and practice professionals aimed at improving collaborative practices between criminal justice and welfare-related services.

xix xx Terminology and Abbreviations

Contact officer This is a position in Norwegian prisons similar to that of a prison officer in other European prison contexts. Each prisoner has a nomi- nated prison officer who has the responsibility to engage with the prisoner in supportive, motivational, rehabilitative, and reintegrative work. Correctional Services/Prisons These two terms are used interchangeably in this book. Although correctional service has negative connotations in the UK context and we would prefer the use of the term prison, correctional services is the commonly found translation of prison from Norwegian to English when research participants are talking about their experiences. CSA The Criminal Sanctions Agency is the govern- mental organisation responsible for all prison services in Finland. Developmental task An innovation or “experiment” that is designed, implemented, and evaluated collaboratively by employees, managers, and researchers. ERM Early Recognition Method HCCE Human-centred co-evaluation. A method to support employees in their collective efforts to develop work practices by designing and implementing developmental tasks simultane- ously with setting goals and finding ways to evaluate and learn from them. HCR-20V3 The risk management tool: Historical-Clinical- Risk Management-20, Version 3. IT Information Technology KOMPIS is a central data system which has two internal systems. It provides support for work tasks conducted in prison and delivers notifica- tion of imprisonment and release on prisons. KOMPIS is also a management tool. The system interacts with electronic archive within the Correctional Services. It does not interact Terminology and Abbreviations xxi

with other systems or agencies of Health Care Services. Kriminalomsorgen The Correctional Service in Norway governed by the Ministry of Justice and Public Secu- rity, responsible for the implementation and carrying out of custodial and penal sanctions. L&D Liaison and Diversion Services in England and Wales MHS Mental Health Services NGO Non-Governmental Organisations Object of activity is an activity-theoretical concept. In activity theory, the distinction between individual goal- directed action and collective object-oriented activity is of central importance. In the object of the activity, the communal motive is embedded. Overgangsbolig A Norwegian transitional residence. These are prisons typically referred to as half-way houses in other prison contexts across Europe. These institutions offer the opportunity for inmates to transition to the final phase of their sentence whilst living at a prison with less restrictive and open conditions. PINCOM Perception of Interprofessional Collaboration Model PINCOM-Q Perception of Interprofessional Collaboration Model—Questionnaire SI Social Innovation TSO Third Sector Organisations, used interchange- ably with VCS to depict non-state-funded, non-profit organisations with a large compo- nent of volunteer staff. VCS Voluntary Community Service, used inter- changeably with TSO to depict non-state- funded, non-profit organisations with a large component of volunteer staff. WS Welfare services: This includes health and social care services. List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Organisations and professionals in the interagency meeting 35 Fig. 2.2 The conceptual model of collaboration for prison andhealthcareservices 50 Fig. 3.1 The disturbances recounted by the first-line prison psychiatrist 65 Fig. 3.2 The strengths and vulnerabilities experienced by the inmate 70 Fig. 3.3 Tensions narrated by the primary health nurse located in the prison 73 Fig. 3.4 The troubles of collaboration expressed by the DPS’ staff 76 Fig. 3.5 Tension between the primary health service in the prison and the DPS 78 Fig. 4.1 Illustration of the relationship between the three types of practices sustaining cross-professional practice 93 Fig. 6.1 Activity as a dynamic model of interlinked activity systems (see Engeström, 2000, p. 306) 144 Fig. 6.2 The first phase—before the rollout of the L&D national model and the contradictions within the element ‘subject’ of the L&D activity system 151

xxiii xxiv List of Figures

Fig. 6.3 The Second Phase—during the rollout of the L&D national model. A contradiction between an old and a new improved L&D activity system 154 Fig. 6.4 The Third Phase—after the rollout of the L&D national model. Contradictions within the L&D activity system and with other services 156 Fig. 8.1 Expansive learning cycle capturing collaborative learning within the Change Laboratories model (adapted from Engeström, 1987, 1999, 2004) 199 Fig. 8.2 Prototypical layout of the Change Laboratory (Engeström et al., 1996) 200 Fig. 8.3 An intervention model with potential utility in CJS/WS context (based on Engeström et al., 1996) 204 Fig. 9.1 Impact dimensions of multi-value evaluation framework (Hyytinen et al., 2019) 233 Fig. 10.1 Perception of Interprofessional Collaboration Model (PINCOM) (Ødegård, 2006) 258 Fig. 11.1 Process of deterioration 275 Fig. 11.2 ERM framework 281 Fig. 14.1 Q sort grid 347 Fig. 14.2 A participant performing a Q sort 348 Fig. 17.1 Complexity behind outcomes in the CJS/MHS field 451 List of Tables

Table 2.1 Summary of tools in use in the prison 37 Table 6.1 Data collection procedure summary 147 Table 6.2 Timeline of data collected 150 Table 7.1 Illustrative quotes regarding: working independently 173 Table 7.2 Illustrative quotes: emotional labour and maintaining boundaries 175 Table 7.3 Illustrative quotes: liaising and navigating complex systems 178 Table 7.4 Client Adrian—selected quotes from our interview 183 Table 7.5 Discussion in the workshop between staff following the individual reading of Adrian’s story (excerpt) 184 Table 12.1 Principles of expansive learning (Guzmán, 2018) 306 Table 14.1 Three factor correlation matrix 352 Table 14.2 Factor matrix with an X indicating a defining sort 353 Table 14.3 Factor scores for each statement 354 Table 15.1 Mentors’ Q sorts 380 Table 15.2 Factor matrix with an X indicating a defining sort 384

xxv xxvi List of Tables

Table 15.3 Comparison of viewpoints: service providers’ versus service users’ viewpoints, based on, accordingly, single Q sorts and average perspectives on six selected statements 387 Table 16.1 Conditions of contact 408 Table 16.2 Negotiation theory as a means of underpinning goal setting activity 430