3.7 ACSAD GW Modeling Experience-Ihab Jnad-ACSAD
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Eo4sd – Earth Observation for Sustainable Development
LARGE-SCALE EXPLOITATION OF SATELLITE DATA IN SUPPORT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT → EO4SD – EARTH OBSERVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Agriculture and Rural Development Cluster - Syria Satellite-derived information to assess the consequences of armed conflict on the agriculture sector agriculture and rural development eo4sd Cover image illustrates vegetation status as observed in the Syrian Al Eis agricultural area based on sixty Sentinel 2 observations acquired between 2016 and 2017. Red and orange colours indicate no (or low) vegetation. Before war this area had active agriculture production however due to persisting conflict the farming activities seized almost entirely. Credit: GeoVille for ESA/World Bank, 2017 → EO4SD – EARTH OBSERVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Agriculture and Rural Development Cluster - Syria Satellite-derived information to assess the consequences of armed conflict on the agriculture sector agriculture and rural development eo4sd TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgements 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Objectives 6 3. Methodology 6 4. Results and findings 9 4.1. National scale information from 2010 to 2016 10 4.2. Field-scale information on agricultural extent 14 4.3. Field-scale information on agricultural productivity 16 4.4. Field-scale information on relative agricultural productivity 18 4.5. Sector resilience and revival potential 20 4.6. Coping and adaptive strategies 21 5. Conclusions 23 6. Recommendations 24 7. Annexes 25 7.1. Balikh Irrigation Project map 25 7.2. Statistical results 25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study has been carried out in the framework of the collaboration between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the World Bank Group to support the assessment of the economic and social consequences of the Syrian armed conflict as of early 2017, particularly focusing on the agriculture sector damage. -
The Euphrates River: an Analysis of a Shared River System in the Middle East
/?2S THE EUPHRATES RIVER: AN ANALYSIS OF A SHARED RIVER SYSTEM IN THE MIDDLE EAST by ARNON MEDZINI THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON September 1994 ProQuest Number: 11010336 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010336 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract In a world where the amount of resources is constant and unchanging but where their use and exploitation is growing because of the rapid population growth, a rise in standards of living and the development of industrialization, the resource of water has become a critical issue in the foreign relations between different states. As a result of this many research scholars claim that, today, we are facing the beginning of the "Geopolitical era of water". The danger of conflict of water is especially severe in the Middle East which is characterized by the low level of precipitation and high temperatures. The Middle Eastern countries have been involved in a constant state of political tension and the gap between the growing number of inhabitants and the fixed supply of water and land has been a factor in contributing to this tension. -
Chapter 2 Shared Tributaries of the Euphrates River
Chapter 2 Shared Tributaries of the Euphrates River INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA (ONLINE VERSION) How to cite UN-ESCWA and BGR (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia; Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe). 2013. Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia. Beirut. CHAPTER 2 - SHARED TRIBUTARIES OF THE EUPHRATES RIVER Shared Tributaries of the Euphrates River eXecutiVe suMMarY The Euphrates River has three main shared tributaries: the sajur and the Balikh/Jallab are shared between syria and Turkey, while the Khabour sub-basin is shared between Iraq, syria and Turkey. With an average annual discharge of 97 mcm, the sajur is the smallest of the three tributaries. Originally, the Balikh/Jallab was fed primarily by the karstic ain al arous spring, but it increasingly receives irrigation return flows from intensive agricultural projects, mainly in Turkey. The Khabour is the largest of the three shared Euphrates tributaries in terms of length and mean annual discharge. However, annual flow has decreased dramatically over recent decades from 2,120 Bcm before 1980 to 924 mcm around The sajur River in syria, 2009. source: andreas Renck. 2000, with values constantly decreasing since then. The Khabour river dries up seasonally atatürk dam reservoir to irrigate large areas of at several locations as a result of intensive land which have transformed the Jallab River irrigated agriculture in syria and Turkey. from an intermittent stream into a perennial river. In the Khabour sub-basin both riparians While the three Euphrates tributaries used to developed extensive irrigation schemes that make up around 8% of annual Euphrates flow, have transformed land use patterns and the today their contribution has dropped to 5% or natural flow regime of the river. -
Euphrates River Basin
Chapter 1 Euphrates River Basin INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA (ONLINE VERSION) How to cite UN-ESCWA and BGR (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia; Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe). 2013. Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia. Beirut. CHAPTER 1 - EUPHRATES RIVER BASIN Euphrates River Basin The Euphrates at the syrian-Turkish border, syria, 2009. source: adel samara. eXecutiVe suMMarY The Euphrates River is the longest river in last 70 years show a negative trend, indicating a Western asia. The river has three riparian decrease in mean annual flow to about 25 Bcm. countries, Iraq, syria and Turkey, and its basin The regulation of the Euphrates River is an is distributed among five countries with a total extreme example of how human intervention can estimated population of 23 million. impact a river regime. With the construction of most of the Euphrates stream-flow originates large water engineering structures in upstream from precipitation in the armenian Highlands; Turkey and syria, the Euphrates flow regime contributions by the remaining riparian has shifted towards less pronounced seasonal countries are generally small. In addition to variation. some intermittent streams, the sajur, Balikh Water use in the Euphrates Basin in Iraq, syria and Khabour are the main contributors to and Turkey focuses on irrigation, hydropower Euphrates flow in syria. and drinking water supply, with agriculture Historically, the natural annual flow of the consuming the largest share of water (more Euphrates at the syrian-Turkish border was than 70%). around 30 Bcm. However, data records over the 48 INVENTORY OF SHARED WATER RESOURCES IN WESTERN ASIA - PART I as a result, water quality has become a serious basin Facts issue on the Euphrates River: return flows from agricultural drainage cause salinity problems riParian COUNTRIES Iraq, syria, Turkey that are exacerbated along the river course. -
BILHARZIASIS SURVEY in SOUTH-WESTERN ASIA* Covering Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Sa'udi Arabia, and Syria: 1950-51 M
Bull. Org. mond. Sante Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 1956, 14,4 403-4560-5 BILHARZIASIS SURVEY IN SOUTH-WESTERN ASIA* Covering Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Sa'udi Arabia, and Syria: 1950-51 M. ABDEL AZIM, M.B., Ch. B., D.T.M. & H. t Late WHO Consultant, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Director-General, Rural Health Department, Ministry ofPublic Health, Cairo, Egypt Revised and Completed by ANNE GISMANN Bilharzia Snail Control Section, Ministry ofPublic Health, Cairo, Egypt Manuscript received in July 1955 SYNOPSIS This paper describes a limited survey of bilharziasis and its vectors carried out during 1950 and 1951 in some countries of south- western Asia. Lack of time and of full facilities prevented the survey from being as comprehensive and systematic as would have been wished, but enough data were obtained to provide a general estimate of the situation. Information already available from the literature was supple- mented by collecting unpublished records, questioning the in- habitants, examining random samples of stools and urine, and investigating rivers, wells, and springs. Bilharziasis haematobia is already heavily endemic in the irrigated areas of Iraq and is also present, in comparatively smaller foci, in northern Syria, Israel, and Sa'udi Arabia. In the opinion of the senior author (M. A. A.), the envisaged extension of irrigation is likely to create a serious health problem in Mesopotamia and to introduce the disease into the Jordan region unless the spread of the molluscan vector, Bulinus sp., is checked. Intensification of infection and further spread are possible in Israel and in the Syrian Jezire, while the remainder of Syria and Lebanon are not considered to be endangered. -
The University of Chicago the Spaces Between the Teeth
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE SPACES BETWEEN THE TEETH: ENVIRONMENT, SETTLEMENT, AND INTERACTION ON THE ISLAMIC-BYZANTINE FRONTIER VOLUME ONE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY A. ASA EGER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2008 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE SPACES BETWEEN THE TEETH: ENVIRONMENT, SETTLEMENT, AND INTERACTION ON THE ISLAMIC-BYZANTINE FRONTIER VOLUME TWO A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY A. ASA EGER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ xiii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xvi ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................ -
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
No. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Ministry of Local Administration and Environment (MLAE) Damascus governorate (DG) Rural Damascus governorate (RDG) The Syrian Arab Republic The Study on Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Damascus Metropolitan Area in the Syrian Arab Republic Final Report Volume 2 Master Plan Report March 2008 RECS International Inc. SD Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd. J R 08-025 The Study on Urban Planning for Sustainable Development of Damascus Metropolitan Area in the Syrian Arab Republic Final Report Volume 2: Master Plan Report Contents Page Chapter 1 Introduction.............................................................................................1-1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Study Area and Objectives .................................................................................. 1-3 1.3 Work Progress ..................................................................................................... 1-3 1.4 Structure of the Master Plan Report.................................................................... 1-7 Chapter 2 Macro and Meso Level Analyses on National and Regional Socioeconomies........................................................................................2-1 2.1 Socioeconomy of Syria ....................................................................................... 2-1 2.1.1 Overview of recent performance........................................................................ -
Years of Drought: a Report on the Effects of Drought on the Syrian Peninsula
Years of Drought: A Report on the Effects of Drought on the Syrian Peninsula By Massoud Ali Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. General overview on water resources and the agricultural industry in Syria 3. The Syrian peninsula 4. The drought and its causes 5. The impact and effects of the drought 6. The Syrian government’s response to the crisis 7. National solutions 8. Humanitarian and international assistance 9. Recommendations 10. Bibliography © 2010 Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung - Middle East Office 1 Years of Drought: A Report on the Effects of Drought on the Syrian Peninsula By Massoud Ali 1. Introduction The Euphrates River is considered the most important river in Syria. Its course runs Years of drought have affected the eastern through the northern region from Turkey and northeastern regions of Syria, towards the eastern region and the Syrian comprised of the governorates of al-Raqqa, peninsula, passing through the governorates Deir al-Zor and al-Hasaka, which are also of al-Raqqa and Deir al-Zor into Iraq. The known as the Syrian “peninsula” or “jazira”. Syrian state depends primarily on this river The peninsula region has the largest tracts for generating electricity and investing in the of arable lands in Syria, and is considered area known as the Euphrates River the (agricultural) backbone of the country. agricultural basin. The largest dam in the area, the Euphrates Dam, was also built on Agriculture is considered one of the most this river, forming the Lake Assad reservoir important sectors in Syria. Other than trade in its wake. and agro-industry, the Syrian economy is highly dependent on agricultural production. -
12-SIACOT-TERRA-2012-Peru-2012
TERRA 2012 | 12th SIACOT PROCEEDINGS 11th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage 12th Iberian-American Seminar on Earthen Architecture and Construction TERRA 2012 | 12th SIACOT PROCEEDINGS 11th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage 12th Iberian-American Seminar on Earthen Architecture and Construction Lima, Peru, April 22-27, 2012 Edited by Mariana Correia Escola Superior Gallaecia, ICOMOS-ISCEAH, PROTERRA Pamela Jerome Columbia University GSAPP, ICOMOS-ISCEAH Marcial Blondet Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, PROTERRA Maddalena Achenza Università degli Studi di Cagliari DICAAR, ICOMOS-ISCEAH Published in Lisbon, Portugal TERRA 2012 | 12th SIACOT PROCEEDINGS 11th International Conference on the Study and Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage 12th Iberian-American Seminar on Earthen Architecture and Construction PROOF READING Pamela Jerome, Jacob Merten EDITORS Mariana Correia, Pamela Jerome, Marcial Blondet, Maddalena Achenza TRANSLATION Sandra Rocha e Sousa AUTHORS GRAPHIC LAYOUT Inês Jaloto Akemi Hijioka Guillermo Rolon Natalia Jorquera Silva COLABORATORS Malena Serrano, Melissa Madge, Teresa Meneses Akemi Ino Hossam Mahdy Nestor José Ali Malekabbasi Hubert Guillaud Obede Faria PRINTING ACDPrint Álvaro Rubiños Hugo Houben Olga Mendoza Shimada Amel Chabbi Isabel Kanan Olga Paterlini Ana González-Serrano Jacinto Canivell Pablo Picca PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Filipe Jorge Ana Vaz Jake Barrow Pamela Jerome André Tomé Jeff Allen -
Policy Notes for the Trump Notes Administration the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ■ 2017 ■ Pn38
TRANSITION 2017 POLICYPOLICY NOTES FOR THE TRUMP NOTES ADMINISTRATION THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ 2017 ■ PN38 EYEING RAQQA: A TALE OF FOUR TRIBES ANDREW J. TABLER, EDITOR N RECENT STATEMENTS, both the U.S.-backed and Kurdish-based Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and Turkish-backed Euphrates Shield have stated their intention to take the Islamic State (IS) capital, IRaqqa, raising questions about what entity will replace the jihadist group in eastern Syria. Whatever the outcome, tribes in and around Raqqa will be central not only to defeating IS but also to ensuring it doesn’t return. Indeed, the sentiments of Arab tribesmen are hardly uniform, and are affected by clan and other internal rivalries, making them hard to predict. But these groups constitute the traditional political and social structure in eastern Syria, and their opinions on IS and other outside players will be pivotal in shaping a more stable order in the area. With this in mind, a recent visitor to Raqqa city and province, who will remain anonymous for security reasons, conducted interviews with a half-dozen tribal sheikhs and figures from each of the city’s four most prominent tribes: al-Bayattrah, al-Ajeel, al-Breij, and al-Na'im; three of these tribes belong to some of the largest extended tribes in eastern Syria—Aqidat, Jabbour, and Afadla. The interviews were ©2017 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. EYEING RAQQA aimed at determining goals and attitudes toward IS and the four outside forces seeking to replace the group: the United States, Turkey, the PYD, and the Assad regime THE TRIBES AT A GLANCE with its backing Shiite militias. -
The Northern Levant During the Intermediate Bronze Age Altered Trajectories
chapter 25 the northern levant during the intermediate bronze age Altered Trajectories harvey weiss Societies adapted quickly to altered dry-farming cereal production at the onset and termi- nus of the 4.2–3.9 ka bp (4200–3900 years ago, or 2200–1900 bce ) abrupt climate change. Relatively high-resolution and independent archaeological and paleoclimate records docu- ment that the period of abrupt climate change began with: (1) regional abandonments; (2) habitat-tracking to riparian, paludal, and karst spring-fed refugia; and (3) nomadization (subsistence transfer from agriculture to pastoral nomadism). Adaptive social responses at the termination of the abrupt climate change included: (1) sedentarization; (2) political state formation; (3) increased and enhanced surplus agroproduction; and (4) politico-territorial expansion. h is 300-year period provides, therefore, an alluring Holocene example of soci- etal responses to abrupt climate change across the eastern Mediterranean and west Asian landscapes, and in particular across steep gradient ecotones of modern Syria and Lebanon. Most of these societal processes have previously been categorized archaeologically and his- torically as components of the unexplained ‘Intermediate Bronze Age’, ‘Early Bronze–Middle Bronze Transition’, ‘Akkadian collapse’, and ‘Amoritization’. h e relatively highly resolved data currently available for the 4.2–3.9 ka bp abrupt climate change and the Intermediate Bronze Age of West Asia (2200–1900 bce ) have focused much paleoclimate and archaeo- logical research on the period, even though century-scale Holocene climate changes dif er- ent in their characteristics (abrupt, high-magnitude) also occurred at 8.2 (Weninger et al. 2009 ), 5.2 (Staubwasser and Weiss 2006 ), and 3.2 (Kaniewski et al. -
The Self-Proclaimed Islamic State and the War for Water and Power
Running head: WATER AS A WEAPON IN SYRIA AND IRAQ University of Nevada, Reno Water as a Weapon in Syria and Iraq: The self-proclaimed Islamic State and the War for Water and Power A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and the Honors Program by Jillian M. Ebrahimi Dr. Nicholas Seltzer, Thesis Advisor May, 2016 WATER AS A WEAPON IN SYRIA AND IRAQ iv UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA THE HONORS PROGRAM RENO We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by JILLIAN M. EBRAHIMI entitled Water as a Weapon in Syria and Iraq: The self-proclaimed Islamic State and the War for Water be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF ARTS, POLITICAL SCIENCE ______________________________________________ Nicholas Seltzer, Ph.D., Thesis Advisor ______________________________________________ Tamara Valentine, Ph. D., Director, Honors Program May, 2016 WATER AS A WEAPON IN SYRIA AND IRAQ i Abstract The self-proclaimed Islamic State is targeting water supplies throughout Syria and Iraq. This manipulation of water resources combined with seasonally hot and dry years, increasing populations and urbanization, and decrease in water quality, water security is soon to become a rare resource in the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin. For countries like Syria and Iraq, which rely almost exclusively on water from these rivers, the impact of the manipulation of these rivers by the self-proclaimed Islamic State is already leading to massive water shortages, starvation, disease, and displacement. The self-proclaimed Islamic State is diverting water, flooding communities, contaminating water sources, threatening destruction of dams, and controlling water only to sell it back to the governments and populations in the region.