Bluetooth, WI-FI, Cellular and Wimax 1Omendri Kumari and 2Dr

Home , Bluetooth, WiMAX, Wireless broadband

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Study of Wireless Communication Technologies: Bluetooth, WI-FI, Cellular and WiMAX 1Omendri kumari and 2Dr. Sanjay Kumar 1,2School of Engineering & Technology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT A rush forward of research activities in wireless communication has been seen in last decade. There are new points of view on how to communicate effectively over wireless channels from this research drive. The purpose or aim of this paper is to study the basics as well as new research developments. We studied four types of wireless communication technology that are Bluetooth, Cellular, Wi-Fi and WiMAX in this paper. we have described architecture and working of these technologies to understand them easily. we have concluded which one is the best through comparative study and analysis. KEYWORDS: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION, BLUETOOTH, WI-FI, WIMAX, CELLULAR.

1. INTRODUCTION With the rapid development of communication technologies, future wireless communication systems should support voice, data, audio/video, multimedia, interactive games, and Internet traffic. A potential solution for this is to make the wireless communication network and the broadcasting network converge to form a unified convergence network. Wireless communications is, by any measure, the fastest growing segment of the communications industry. [1] As such, it has captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public. Cellular phones have experienced exponential growth over the last decade, and this growth continues unabated worldwide, with more than a billion worldwide cell phone users projected in the near future. Indeed, cellular phones have become a critical business tool and part of everyday life in most developed countries, and are rapidly supplanting antiquated wire line systems in many developing countries. The vision of wireless communications supporting information exchange between people or devices is the communications frontier of the next century. This vision will allow people to operate a virtual office anywhere in the world using a small hand held device - with seamless telephone, modem, fax, and computer communications. Wireless networks will also be used to connect together palmtop, laptop, and desktop computers anywhere within an office building or campus, as well as from the corner cafe. In the home these networks will enable a new class of intelligent home electronics that can interact with each other and with the Internet in addition to providing connectivity between computers, phones, and security/monitoring systems. Such smart homes can also help the elderly and disabled with assisted living, patient monitoring, and emergency response.

Figure 1. Communication system

Figure 1 explains all components of a basic communication as, The source originates a message, which could be a human voice, a television picture or data. The source is converted by an input transducer into

IJCSC Volume 5 • Number 2 July-Sept 2014 pp. 61-70 ISSN-0973-7391 an electrical waveform referred to as the baseband signal or message signal. The transmitter modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission. The transmitter generally consists of one or more of the following subsystems: a pre-emphasizer, a sampler, a quantizer, a coder and a modulator. The channel is a medium through which the transmitter output is sent, which could be a wire, a coaxial cable, an optical fiber, or a radio link, etc. Based on the channel type, modern communication systems are divided into two categories: wireline communication systems and wireless communication systems. The receiver reprocessed the signal received from the channel by undoing the signal modifications made at the transmitter and the channel. The task of the receiver is to extract the message from the distorted and noisy signal at the channel output. The receiver may consist of a de-modulator, a decoder, a filter, and a de-emphasizer. The receiver output is fed to the output transducer, which converts the electrical signal to its original form. Transmitters and receivers are carefully designed to overcome the distortion and noise. The Goal of Physical layer Communication System is to transmit information accurately and efficiently (power and spectrum). Usually, this data acquisition system uses a controller AT89C51, Analog to Digital converter ADC0831, and various communication modules. Some software modules also used to make data acquisition efficient and flexible. Bluetooth is a wireless technology IEEE 802.15.1 standard for exchanging data over short distances by using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Wi-Fi is a technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet wirelessly using microwaves in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands using IEEE 802.11 standards. A cellular network or mobile network is a wireless network distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell. Last one technique WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates. Wireless networking is also a significant challenge. The network must be able to locate a given user wherever it is amongst millions of globally-distributed mobile terminals. It must then route a call to that user as it moves at speeds of up to 100 mph.

2. COMMUNICATION METHODS 2.1 Analog versus Digital Communication An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. It differs from a digital signal, in which a continuous quantity is represented by a discrete function which can only take on one of a finite number of values. An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal's information. For example, an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information. In an electrical signal, the voltage, current, or frequency of the signal may be varied to represent the information. Any information may be conveyed by an analog signal; often such a signal is a measured response to changes in physical phenomena, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure. The physical variable is converted to an analog signal by a transducer. For example, in sound recording, fluctuations in air pressure (that is to say, sound) strike the diaphragm of a microphone which induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic microphone, or the voltage produced by a condenser microphone. The voltage or the current is said to be an "analog" of the sound.

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Figure 2. Analog communication

Data transmission, digital transmission, or digital communications is the physical transfer of data (a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such described channels are as copper wires, optical fibres, different wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses. The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave,or infrared signal. While analog transmission is the transfer of a continuously varying analog signal, digital communications is the transfer of discrete messages. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line code (baseband transmission), or by a limited set of continuously varying wave forms (passband transmission), using a digital modulation method. The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation (also known as detection) is carried out by modem equipment. According to the most common definition of digital signal, both baseband and passband signals representing bit-streams are considered as digital transmission, while an alternative definition only considers the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of digital-to-analog conversion.

Figure 3. Digital Communication

2.2 Half duplex versus Full Duplex In a half duplex (HDX) transmission, a data packet is sent by one system and received by the other. Another data packet cannot be sent until the receiving system sends an acknowledgment back to the sender. In a full duplex (FDX) transmission, both the sending and receiving systems communicate with each other simultaneously; in other words, both modems can send and receive data at the same time. This means a modem can be receiving a data packet while acknowledging the receipt of another.

Figure 4. Half Duplex versus Full Duplex

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3. COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES 3.1Bluetooth Bluetooth, also known as the IEEE 802.15.1 standard is based on a wireless radio system designed for short-range and cheap devices to replace cables for computer peripherals, such as mice, keyboards, joysticks, and printers. This range of applications is known as wireless personal area network (WPAN). Bluetooth attempts to provide significant advantages over other data transfer technologies, such as IrDA and Home RF, vying for similar markets. Despite comments from the Bluetooth SIG indicating that the technology is complementary to IrDA, it is clearly a competitor for PC-to-peripheral connection.

IrDA is already popular in PC peripherals, but is severely limited by the short connection distance of 1 m and the line-of-sight requirement for communication. This limitation eliminates the feasibility of using IrDA for hidden computing, where the communicating devices are nearby but not visible to one another. Due to its RF nature, Bluetooth is not subject to such limitations. In addition to wireless device connections up to 10 m (up to 100 m if the transmitter’s power is increased), devices need not be within line of sight and may even connect through walls or other nonmetal objects. This allows for applications such as a cell phone in a pocket or a briefcase acting as a modem for a laptop or PDA. [2].

Figure 5. A Bluetooth network

3.1.2 Network Architecture Communications between Bluetooth devices are normally peer-to-peer with each device being equal.Two connectivity topologies are defined in Bluetooth: the piconet and scatternet. when two or more devices link into a small ad hoc network called a piconet, one device acts as the master and the others are slaves for the duration of the piconet connection. A piconet is a WPAN formed by a Bluetooth device serving as a master in the piconet and one or more Bluetooth devices serving as slaves. A frequency-hopping channel based on the address of the master defines each piconet. All devices participating in communications in a given piconet are synchronize using the clock of the master. Slaves communicate only with their master in a point-to-point fashion under the control of the master. The master’s transmissions may be either point-to-point or point-to multipoint. Also, besides in an active mode, a slave device can be in the parked or standby modes so as to reduce power consumptions. A scatternet is a collection of operational Bluetooth piconets overlapping in time and space. Two piconets can be connected to form a scatternet. A Bluetooth device may participate in several piconets at the same time, thus allowing for the possibility that information could flow beyond the coverage area of the single piconet. A device in a scatternet could be a slave in several piconets, but master in only one of them [3].

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Figure 6. Bluetooth Scatternet and Piconet

3.2 Cellular Communication Cellular Communication technology is rapidly changing. Features like Bluetooth, USB, high resolution cameras, microphones, Internet, 802.11 wireless, and memory cards are added every year. Also, the communication technology a cellular phone uses such as CDMA, GSM, 3G, and 4G are rapidly changing. The transmission protocols dictate how a cellular phone communicates with the tower.

Figure 7. Cellular System and Cells

3.2.2 Types of Cellular Network Access Some examples are: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), global system for mobile communications (GSM) , CDMA2000, wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), and time-division synchronous code-division multiple access (TD-SCDMA). All of these protocols typically operate in the 824 - 894 MHz band in the United States. Some protocols, such as GSM (depending on the provider)will use the 1800 - 2000 MHz band . The types of network access in the United States are advanced mobile phone systems (AMPS), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). AMPS is the cellular standard that has been extensively deployed in North America and has been commercially available since 1983 (Khan & Kilpatrick, 1995). The current cellular standard describing access methods to the network is IS-553 and divides 50 MHz of spectrum into 832 frequency channels, each 30 KHz wide (Amin, 1995; Pagett, 1 995; Pagett, Gunther, & Hattori, 1995). Organizations such as the Portable Computer and Communications Association (PCCA) consist of modem manufacturers, computer manufactures, and service providers work together in defining the IS-553 interoperability standard (Khan & Kilpatrick, 1995). Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is a digital access method that allocates time slots to different users allowing them to share similar radio frequency channels. TDMA divides each frequency channel

IJCSC Volume 5 • Number 2 July-Sept 2014 pp. 61-70 ISSN-0973-7391 into six time slots and allocates two slots to each user increasing the network capacity by 300% (Pagett et al., 1995) [4]. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) sends multiple messages over a wide frequency channel that is decoded at the receiving end. Each mobile unit in a cell is assigned a different spreading sequence and allows multiple users to share the same frequency spectrum improving network capacity over the AMPS systems by a factor of ten (DeBelina, 1995; Pagett et al., 1995; Pagett, 1995) [5] . The details for CDMA network access are referenced in standard IS-95 which describes the mobile unit's access to the cellular network (Honig & Madhow, 1990; Khan & Kilpatrick, 1995; Sasaoka, 1993; Williams & Ong, 1995) [6] . Although TDMA and CDMA digital access methods are just starting to be deployed in the United States (Tawfik, 1993), this author believes these access methods will become widely deployed because of their superior performance characteristics. These networ ks have a higher capacity, improved voice quality, encryption for communication privacy, and integration with digital terrestrial networks (Padgett, Gunther, & Hattori, 1995). Digital access has its advantages, but it does not have the ubiquitous access that AMPS systems have (Amin, 1995). Therefore, to take advantage of the widely available coverage of today's cellular services, portable units need to be compatible with the analog AMPS systems.

3.2.3. Third Generation 3G stand for 3rd generation mobile telephone systems. It is a technology for mobile service providers. 3G combines high speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP) based services. 3G can use a variety of present and future wireless network Technologies. Evolution Of 3G The first mobile services were analog. Mobile services beganto emerge in the 1940s, the first mass market mobile services in the U.S. were based on the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) technology. IT is referred to as first generation wireless. The FCC licensed two operators in each market to offer AMPS service in the 800-900MHz bands. In the 1990s, mobile services based on digital mobile technologies are known as second generation (2G) of wireless services. In the U.S., these were referred to as Personal Communication Systems (PCS) and used technologies such as TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) [7].

3.3 Wi-Fi Wi-Fi stands for “wireless fidelity”. However since most of our WLANs are based on those standards, the term Wi-Fi is used generally as a synonym for WLAN.

Figure 8. Logo of Wi-Fi Network Wi-Fi is a popular technology which allows any electronic device to exchange and transfer data wirelessly over the network giving rise to high speed internet connections. Any device which is Wi-Fi enabled (like personal computers, video game consoles, Smart phone, tablet etc.) can connect to a network resource like the internet through a wireless network access point. Now such access points also known as hot spots have a coverage area of about 20 meters indoors and even a greater area range outdoors, this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points (Chan, 2005),(Intel Corp,2003) [8].

3.3.1 Wi-Fi Network Architecture Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) includes IEEE 802.11a/b/g standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN). It allows users to surf the Internet at broadband speeds when connected to an access point (AP) or in ad hoc mode. The IEEE 802.11 architecture consists of several components that interact to provide a wireless LAN that supports station mobility transparently to upper layers. The basic cell of an IEEE 802.11 LAN is called a basic service set (BSS), which is a set of mobile or fixed stations. If a station moves out of its BSS, it can no longer directly communicate with other members of the BSS.

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Figure 9. Wi-Fi Network Architecture

An IBSS is a wireless network, consisting of at least two STAs, used where no access to a DS is available. An IBSS is also sometimes referred to as an ad hoc wireless network. An ESS is a set of two or more wireless APs connected to the same wired network that defines a single logical network segment bounded by a router (also known as a subnet). The APs of multiple BSSs are interconnected by the DS. This allows for mobility, because STAs can move from one BSS to another BSS. APs can be interconnected with or without wires; however, most of the time they are connected with wires. The DS is the logical component used to interconnect BSSs. The DS provides distribution services to allow for the roaming of STAs between BSSs.

3.4. WiMAX WiMAX stands for “World Interoperability for Microwave Access”. It is a standard typically based on global interoperability including ETSI HIPERMAN, IEEE 802.16d-2004 for fixed, and 802.16e for mobile high-speed data.

Figure 10. WiMAX Logo

WiMAX is gaining popularity as a technology which delivers carrier-class, high speed wireless broadband at a much lower cost while covering large distance than Wi-Fi (Cam-Winget, et al., 2003). It has been designed to be a cost effective way to deliver broadband over a large area. It is intended to handle high-quality voice, data and video services while offering a high QoS (Westech Comms Inc., 2010). WiMAX operates in between 10 and 66 GHz Line of Sight (LOS) at a range up to 50 km (30 miles) and 2 to 11GHz non Line-of-Sight (NLOS) typically up to 6 - 10 km (4 - 6 miles) for fixed customer premises equipment (CPE). Both the fixed and mobile standards include the licensed (2.5, 3.5, and 10.5 GHz) and unlicensed (2.4 and 5.8 GHz) frequency spectrum. However, the frequency range for the fixed standard covers 2 to 11 GHz while the mobile standard covers below 6 GHz. Depending on the frequency band, it can be Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) or Time Division Duplex (TDD) configuration. The data rates for the fixed standard will support up to 75 Mbps per subscriber in 20 MHz of spectrum, but typical data rates will be 20 to 30 Mbps. The mobile applications will support 30 Mbps per subscriber, in 10 MHz of spectrum, but typical data rates will be 3 - 5 Mbps. [9].

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Figure 11. WiMAX Working Model

4. COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES The newer generation of wireless technologies represents one of the biggest opportunities for equipment vendors and carriers to provide both businesses and users with value-added, location-independent services while opening up new sources of revenue. Vendors and carriers are working to develop and deploy the next generation of wireless systems, often referred to as 2.5G, which is packet-based and increases data communication speeds to as high as 384 Kbps.

3G technology would join the different 2G wireless systems into a global system providing data rates of about 2 Mbps. CDMA has emerged as the multiple access scheme of choice for 3G. The proposed 3G evolution path for TDMA-based systems, while CDMA systems will evolve to CDMA 2000 systems. W- CDMA will incorporate an air link that uses a 5-MHz-wide carrier to enable systems to support speeds of up to 2 Mbps; CDMA 2000 will combine three 1.25-MHz carriers to accomplish its rates.

4.1. Wi-Fi & 3G Comparison 3G represent an extension of the mobile service provider model, whereas WiFi comes out of the data communications industry (LANs), which is a by-product of the computer industry Spectrum policy and management one of the key distinctions between 3G and WiFi is that 3G and other mobile technologies use licensed spectrum, while WiFi uses unlicensed shared spectrum [10].

TABLE 1: 3G AND Wi-Fi 3G Wi-Fi WCDMA 1. Standard IEEE802.11 CDMA2000

2. Max Speed 2mbps 54mbps

Cellphone 3. Operations Individuals Companies No 4. License Yes

5. Coverage Area Several KM About 100m

Range, 6. Advantages Speed,Cheap Mobility Slow, 7. Disadvantage Short Range Expensive

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4.2. Wi-Fi & WiMAX Comparison WiMAX and Wi-Fi are both wireless broadband technologies, but they differ in the technical execution. Wi-Fi was developed to be used for mobile computing devices, such as laptops, in LANs, but is now increasingly used for more services, including Internet and VoIP phone access, gaming, and basic connectivity of consumer electronics such as televisions and digital cameras. On the other hand WiMAX was developed as standards based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL [9].

TABLE 2: 3G AND WIMAX

3G WIMAX WCDMA, 1. Standard IEEE802.16 CDMA2000

2. Max Speed 2mbps 10 to 100 mbps Cell

3. Operations Phone Individuals

companies 4. License Yes Yes/No Coverage 5. Several km Several km area

Range, 6. Advantages Speed, long range Mobility Disadvantage Slow, 7. Interference s expensive

Figure 13. Comparison Graph of Wireless Technologies Speed versus Distance of Coverage

5. CONCLUSION We have presented a broad overview of the four most popular wireless standards, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Cellular, and Wi-Max in this paper . In the future, Bluetooth may be standard in tens of millions of mobile phones, PCs, laptops, and a whole range of other electronic devices. Bluetooth can offer fast and secure access to wireless connectivity all over the world. Bluetooth technology is becoming a part of our daily lives. Apart from replacing our USB port, Imagine the convenience of staying in a house that does not have wires, where Bluetooth connects all the equipment. It wouldn't be surprising if the next few years wireless technology would become commonplace. It is lesser in cost. Cellular communication technology is provide us to corporate the ability of extend the bounds of a their communications infrastructure to mobile-untethered users. The WiMAX technology provides same bandwidth over many kilometers and range with Secure Encryption and less interference. The Wi-Fi is short range has WEP or

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WPA encryption but suffers from interference as where there are many users in metropolitan areas. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) will be the next generation of wireless, an improvement over the existing wireless networking that uses a standard called 802.11.

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