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Pdf> Version 1.1 [Acceso En Junio De Mejoraron Sustancialmente El Manuscrito INVESTIGACIÓN PRELIMINAR DE LA DEPREDACIÓN DE SEMILLAS EN LA GERMINACIÓN DE LAS BELLOTAS DE Quercus candicans Née A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF PRE-DISPERSAL SEED PREDATION ON THE GERMINATION OF Quercus candicans Née ACORNS Francisco Díaz-Fleischer1*, Verónica Hernández-Arellano1, Lázaro Sánchez-Velásquez1, Tomás Cano-Medina1, Raquel Cervantes-Alday2, Maurilio López-Ortega1 1INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Apartado Postal 250, 91090, Xalapa, Veracruz, México. ([email protected]) 2Vivero Plan de San Antonio, Coatepec, Veracruz, México. Resumen AbstRAct Las bellotas de los encinos (Quercus spp.) son atacadas The acorns of oaks (Quercus spp.) are attacked in the en etapa de predispersión por varias especies de insectos. pre-dispersal stage by various insect species. Despite the A pesar de la importancia de los encinos en programas importance of the oaks in reforestation programs, the impact de reforestación, el impacto del ataque de estos insectos, of the attack of these seed predation insects on the germination depredadores de semillas sobre la germinación de las bellotas of the acorns is not well known, is very variable and depends es poco conocido, muy variable y depende de la especie de on the oak species. In this study, the infestation level of encino. En este estudio se determinó el nivel de infestación, insects in acorns of Quercus candicans Née was determined por insectos, en bellotas de Quercus candicans Née y su efecto along with its effect on germination. For this purpose, en la germinación. Para ello se realizaron muestreos en campo samplings were made in the field using traps for collection usando trampas para recolectar bellotas y recolectas directas acorns and direct collecting from de soil. Infestation levels del suelo. Los niveles de infestación oscilaron de 7 a 21.6 %. varied from 7 and 21.6 %. The acorns attacked by insects Las bellotas atacadas por insectos presentaron una reducción presented a reduction in germination of between 77.7 and en la germinación de 77.7 a 90.7 %. Las bellotas infestadas 90.7 %. The infested acorns were significantly larger than fueron significativamente más grandes que las bellotas no the non-infested ones. The larvae of the insects found in the infestadas. Las larvas de los insectos encontrados en las seeds belong to the orders Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. The semillas pertenecen a los órdenes Lepidóptera y Coleóptera. analysis of the results suggests the need to develop control El análisis de los resultados sugiere la necesidad de desarrollar methods of the insects, and to separate the infested acorns to métodos de control de los insectos, y de separación de las improve the quality of the production of seedlings destined bellotas infestadas para mejorar la calidad de la producción for reforestation. de plántulas destinadas a la reforestación. Key words: Quercus, acorns, insect pests, infestation, Palabras clave: Quercus, bellotas, insectos plaga, infestación, germination, reforestation. germinación, reforestación. IntRoductIon IntRoduccIón ommonly known as oaks, the species of the omúnmente conocidos como encinos, genus Quercus are the main components of las especies del género Quercus, son los the arboreal structure of the forests of most principales componentes de la estructura Cof the mountainous regions of Mexico (Zavala, Carbórea de los bosques de la mayoría de las regiones 2001). Many of the oak species are valuable because montañosas de México (Zavala, 2001). Muchas de of their potential for restauration, given that they las especies de encinos son valiosas por su potencial can be established in open deforested areas and in * Autor responsable v Author for correspondence. areas beneath the canopy (Pedraza and Williams- Recibido: Septiembre, 2008. Aprobado: Octubre, 2009. Linera, 2003; Ramírez-Bamonde et al., 2005). This Publicado como ARTÍCULO en Agrociencia 44: 83-92. 2010. characteristic, added to the great number of species 83 AGROCIENCIA, 1 de enero - 15 de febrero, 2010 para la restauración ya que pueden establecerse and their plasticity, makes the oaks an excellent en áreas deforestadas abiertas y en áreas bajo el material for reforestation programs in mountainous dosel (Pedraza y Williams-Linera, 2003; Ramírez- areas (Vázquez-Pardo, 1998; Kappelle, 2006). Bamonde et al., 2005). Esta característica, aunada al The successful production of oak seedlings in gran número de especies y a su plasticidad, hace de forest nurseries is based on a good selection of seeds los encinos un excelente material para los programas that guarantee high germination and good initial de reforestación de áreas montañosas (Vázquez- development of the plants (Bonner and Vozzo, 1987). Pardo, 1998; Kappelle, 2006). However, seed quality can be negatively affected by La producción exitosa de plántulas de encino diverse biotic and abiotic factors. Among the most en viveros forestales se basa en una buena selección pernicious biotic factors are the boring insects of de semillas que garantice una alta germinación y acorns, which feed on the seeds in the pre-dispersal un buen desarrollo inicial de las plantas (Bonner stage (Baker, 1972). The impact of the boring insects y Vozzo, 1987). Sin embargo, la calidad de las on acorn germination is not well known and is very semillas puede ser afectada negativamente por variable, depending on the species of Quercus. The diversos factores bióticos y abióticos. Entre los damage caused by the insects to the acorns can factores bióticos más perniciosos están los insectos reduce their germination (Oliver and Chapin, 1984; barrenadores de las bellotas, que se alimentan de Weekerly et al., 1989), or the damaged acorns can las mismas en la etapa de predispersión (Baker, germinate if the embryo has not been damaged 1972). El impacto de los insectos barrenadores en la (Hobbs and Young, 2001; Branco et al., 2002). germinación de las bellotas es poco conocido y muy However, a reduction of the acorn mass caused by variable, dependiendo de las especies de Quercus. El the insects is correlated with poor development of daño ocasionado por los insectos a la bellotas pueden the seedlings (Anderson, 1992; Hobbs and Young, reducir su germinación (Oliver y Chapin, 1984; 2001; Branco et al., 2002). Therefore, because it is Weckerly et al., 1989), o bien las bellotas pueden not possible to prevent the attack of the insects, the germinar si el embrión no ha sido dañado (Hobbs infested acorns should be eliminated by flotation of y Young, 2001; Branco et al., 2002). Sin embargo, the lots of collected fruits (Bonner and Vozzo, 1987; una reducción de la masa de las bellotas, ocasionada Bonner, 2003). por los insectos, está correlacionada con un pobre Most of the species of acorn boring insects desarrollo de las plántulas (Andersson, 1992; Hobbs are Coleopterae of the genera Curculio sp. and y Young, 2001; Branco et al., 2002). Por ello, debido Conotrachelus sp. (Curculionidae) and Lepidoptera a que no es posible prevenir el ataque de los insectos, of the genera Cydia sp., Melissopus sp. and Valentinia las bellotas infestadas deben eliminarse por flotación sp (Torricidae) (Vázquez-Pardo, 1998). In the U.S., de los lotes de frutos recolectados (Bonner y Vozzo, the most important pests of the oak acorns are the 1987; Bonner, 2003). weevils (Curculio spp.) the nut worm (Melissopus La mayoría de las especies de insectos barrenadores latiferranus Walsingham), and the acorn moth de bellotas son coleópteros de los géneros Curculio sp. (Valentinia spp.) (Baker, 1972; Gibson, 1972; 1982; y Conotrachelus sp. (Curculionidade) y lepidópteros Oliver and Chapin, 1984); however, in Mexico only de los géneros Cydia sp., Melissopus sp. y Valentinia the Curculionidae Curculio occidentis (Casey) has sp. (Tortricidae) (Vázquez-Pardo, 1998). En los been reported (Cibrián-Tovar et al., 1995). EE.UU., las plagas más importantes de las bellotas de In the zone of Xalapa and Coatepec (Veracruz, los encinos son los picudos (Curculio spp.), el gusano México), the Comisión Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR) de las nueces (Melissopus latiferranus Walsingham), y has developed a reforestation program in which some of la palomilla de las bellotas (Valentinia spp.) (Baker, the species of Quercus have a major function. However, 1972; Gibson, 1972; 1982; Oliver y Chapin, 1984); although the presence of insect larvae has been detected sin embargo, en México sólo se ha reportado el in the acorns collected to supply the nurseries, there is curculiónido Curculio occidentis (Casey) (Cibrián- no clear knowledge of the infestation levels and of the Tovar et al., 1995). impact the insect has on germination. En la zona de Xalapa y Coatepec (Veracruz, This study was made with two objectives: 1) to México), la Comisión Nacional Forestal (CONAFOR) determine the levels and patterns of infestation by 84 VOLUMEN 44, NÚMERO 1 INVESTIGACIÓN PRELIMINAR DE LA DEPREDACIÓN DE SEMILLAS EN LA GERMINACIÓN DE LAS BELLOTAS DE Quercus candicans Née desarrolla un programa de reforestación en el que insects of the acorns of one of the oak species algunas de las especies de Quercus tienen una función most often used in reforestation (Q. candicans) in preponderante. Empero, aunque se ha detectado zone of Mountain Mesophyl Forest; 2) to evaluate la presencia de larvas de insectos en las bellotas the effect of the attack of the insects on seed recolectadas para abastecer a los viveros, no hay un germination. claro conocimiento de los niveles de infestación y del impacto que el insecto tiene en la germinación. mAteRIAls And methods Este estudio se realizó con dos objetivos: 1) determinar los niveles y los patrones de infestación Collection sites por insectos de las bellotas de una de las especies de encino más utilizada en la reforestación (Q. candicans) Two sampling sites were selected: 1) a remnant of the en zona de Bosque Mesófilo de Montaña; 2) evaluar Mountain Mesophyl Forest (MMF) located in the Plan de San el efecto del ataque de los insectos en la germinación Antonio lot; 2) the ecological park El Haya. The fruits of the oaks de las semillas.
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