Naming the Net: the Domain Name System, 1983-1990
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
ARIN History and Services
History and Services www.arin.net Table of Contents Part I: History..............................................................................................3 How did ARIN get started?..................................................................3 Where does ARIN fit in the “Big Picture”?.......................................4 Key Organizations - ICANN, the NRO, and PTI/IANA..................5 ARIN Community & Membership......................................................7 Stakeholders.............................................................................................7 ARIN the Organization..........................................................................8 ARIN Staff...................................................................................................8 ARIN Elections........................................................................................12 Part II: Services........................................................................................13 The Internet Numbering Landscape.............................................13 ARIN’S Strategic Plan..........................................................................16 Scope of ARIN Services – the things we do for you!................16 Get Involved...........................................................................................20 Acronym Quick Guide.........................................................................21 2 Part I: History How did ARIN get started? 1960s to 1980s: Internet Foundation The formation of -
Internic Faqs on the Domain Names, Registrars, and Registration
InterNIC I FAQs on the Domain Names, Registrars, and Registration 12/4/11 1:20 PM InterNlC Home ~Re istrsrs FAQ Whois InterNIC FAQs on the Domain Names, Registrars, and Registration The following is a list of frequently asked questions (FAQs) about the domain name registration process and the new competitive registration environment. It is expected that this list will be updated frequently, so please check back often. What is the domain name system? The Domain Name System (DNS) helps users to find their way around the Internet. Every computer on the Internet has a unique address — just like a telephone number — which is a rather complicated string of numbers. It is called its "IP address" (IP stands for "Internet Protocol" ). IP Addresses are hard to remember. The DNS makes using the Internet easier by allowing a familiar string of letters (the "domain name") to be used instead of the arcane IP address. So instead of typing 207.151.159.3, you can type www.internic.net. It is a "mnemonic" device that makes addresses easier to remember. What does it mean to "register" a domain name? When you register a domain name, you are inserting an entry into a directory of all the domain names and their corresponding computers on the Internet. How do I register a domain name? Domain names ending with .aero, .biz, .corn, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .net, .org, or .pro can be registered through many different companies (known as "registrars") that compete with one another. A listing of these companies appears in the Re istrar Directo on this site. -
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. -
Community Experiences with the Internic Whois Data Problem Reports System
Community Experiences with the InterNIC Whois Data Problem Reports System 31 March 2006 Contents Executive Summary...........................................................................................................1 Introduction........................................................................................................................2 I. Applicable Provisions of the ICANN Registrar Accreditation Agreement ..............3 II. Implementation of the WDPRS...................................................................................4 III. Statistics from Operation of the WDPRS................................................................. 5 IV. Impact of the WDPRS on Improved Whois Data Accuracy................................. 11 Executive Summary This Report summarizes ICANN's experience with the operation of the Whois Data Problem Report System (WDPRS) during a 12-month reporting period that ended 28 February 2006. ICANN developed this system to receive and track complaints about inaccurate or incomplete Whois data entries. Individuals who encounter such entries may notify ICANN by completing an online form, which is then forwarded to the registrar of record for appropriate action. The WDPRS is one of the tools that ICANN uses to improve the accuracy of Whois data. Through the WDPRS, ICANN is able to track how many reports are filed and confirmed by the reporter so they may be sent to the registrar of record. After forty-five days, ICANN asks the person filing the report to complete the process by performing a follow- up review, which involves checking the Whois data again and indicating whether (i) the data was fixed; (ii) the domain name was deleted; (iii) the data was unchanged; or (iv) there is some other disposition. On average, there were 4,305 reports completed each month during the reporting period, totaling 51,664 total reports for which ICANN received follow-up responses. Of these, 25,219 represented unique domain names. Thus, 26,445 duplicate reports were submitted. -
4/Final Dst I/Iccp
Unclassified DSTI/ICCP(2005)4/FINAL Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATION, COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATIONS POLICY Unclassified DSTI/ICCP(2005)4/FINAL OECD INPUT TO THE UNITED NATIONS WORKING GROUP ON INTERNET GOVERNANCE (WGIG) English - Or. English Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format DSTI/ICCP(2005)4/FINAL TABLE OF CONTENTS MAIN POINTS............................................................................................................................................ 4 ICT/INTERNET-INDUCED BENEFITS .................................................................................................... 8 Leveraging ICT/the Internet in OECD countries ...................................................................................... 8 Growth in Internet usage in OECD countries........................................................................................ 8 Productivity impact and contribution to economic growth.................................................................. 10 Benefits of ICT/the Internet in non-OECD countries..............................................................................11 ICTs and development goals.............................................................................................................. -
Beginner's Guide to Domain Names
Beginner’s Guide to D O M A I N N A M E S THIS IS ONE OF A SERIES OF GUIDES ABOUT ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE TO INTERNET USERS. EDUCATING NEW USERS ABOUT INTERNET ISSUES IS PART OF ICANN’S MISSION TO ENSURE A STABLE, SECURE, GLOBALLY INTEROPERABLE INTERNET. ICANN PREPARED THIS GUIDE AT THE REQUEST OF THE AT-LARGE ADVISORY COMMITTEE, THE VOICE OF THE INDIVIDUAL INTERNET USER AT ICANN. WE SINCERELY HOPE YOU FIND IT HELPFUL. TA b l E O f C ontents Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Domain Names...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 1 What.is.a.domain.name.and.how.does.it.work?...........................................................................................................................................3 2 ...How.do.I.register.a.domain.name?.......................................................................................................................................................................3 . 3 ...How.do.I.select.a.domain.name.to.register?..................................................................................................................................................4 4 What.is.a.registrar.and.how.do.I.select.one?...................................................................................................................................................5 -
ICANN Approves Expansion of Top-Level Domain Names
July 2011 ICANN Approves Expansion of Generic Top-Level Domains Like the land rush of the 1800’s that sent prospectors racing westward to stake their claim, the internet age has afforded businesses and individuals opportunities to carve out a piece of the world wide web for themselves. On June 20, 2011, the board of directors of ICANN (the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) approved a program that will allow businesses and organizations throughout the world to apply for and potentially control a virtually limitless number of new internet address endings, known as generic top-level domains (gTLDs). For a fee of $185,000, this new program will enable companies to create and control new gTLDs that reflect both brand (e.g., .acme) and product niche (e.g., .widgets). While this program presents significant marketing advantages for companies, the multitude of domain names issued under those gTLDs may present a myriad of new enforcement headaches for trademark owners. The new gTLD regime will begin on January 12, 2012, and we recommend that your company keep abreast of it. Under the existing gTLD regime, internet domain names must use one of the 22 gTLDs (.aero, .arpa, .asia, .biz, .cat, .com, .coop, .edu, .gov, .info, .int, .jobs, .mil, .mobi, .museum, .name, .net, .org, .pro, .tel, .travel and, most recently, .xxx) or one of the roughly 250 country code top-level domains (ccTLDs) (such as .us, .jp. or .uk) that have been approved over the past dozen or so years. But under the newly announced regime, companies and organizations could obtain and control a wide array of new gTLDs, which could be geared to their brand names or to broader concepts. -
Unclassified OCDE/GD(97)207
Unclassified OCDE/GD(97)207 INTERNET DOMAIN NAMES: ALLOCATION POLICIES ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Paris 60465 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format Copyright OECD, 1997 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to: Head of Publications Services, OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................. 5 MAIN POINTS............................................................................................................................................... 6 INTERNET GROWTH AND THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM................................................................. 8 DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM OPERATIONS IN OECD COUNTRIES...................................................... 16 The Administration of Top Level Domains and Market Structure .......................................................... 17 The Administration of Generic Top Level Domains and Market Structure ............................................. 18 POLICY COMPARISON BETWEEN DOMAIN REGISTRARS.............................................................. 29 Location Requirements ............................................................................................................................. 29 Application Limits ................................................................................................................................... -
No Slide Title
6.829 Computer Networks Lecture 1 Prof. Dina Katabi http://nms.csail.mit.edu/~dina [email protected] Slides use info from Hari Balakrishnan and Nick Mckeown 1 Staff Instructor Dina Katabi [email protected] TAs Sachin Katti [email protected] Rob Beverley [email protected] Guest Lecturer Dr. Bruce Davie, Cisco 2 What is this class about? Understand how networks work Think how to improve current networks 3 Class Webpage http://nms.csail.mit.edu/6.829/ Signup sheet Pre-reqs: 6.033 or an undergraduate networking class • IP,TCP, routing, Ethernet, packets Course Material Lecture Notes/Slides Research Papers Recommended Book “Peterson & Davie” 4 Grading Project 40% 2 Quizzes 40% HW 15% Participation 5% Project groups are 2-3 students. Proposal discussion is on 9/22 5 Questions? 6 Who invented the Internet? Al Gore? No ☺ Leonard Kleinrock who started Queuing theory providing the first theory of packet switching? Vint Cerf and Robert Kahn who defined the "Internet Protocol" (IP) and participated in the development of TCP? Tim Berners-Lee who developed HTTP to support a global hyper-text system he called the World Wide Web? 7 Computer Comms & Packet Switching ARPA: 1957, in response to Sputnik Paul Baran Early 1960s: New approaches for survivable comms systems; “hot potato routing” and decentralized architecture, 1964 paper Donald Davies, early 1960s Coins the term “packet” Len Kleinrock (MIT thesis): “Information flow in large communication nets”, 1961 J. Licklider & W. Clark (MIT), On-line Man Computer Communication L. Roberts (MIT), first ARPANET plan for time-sharing remote computers, SOSP ‘67 paper Project Funded ARPANET ARPANet 1967: Connect computers at key research sites across the US using pt-to-pt telephone lines Interface Message Processors (IMP) ARPA contract to BBN Senator Ted Kennedy sent a telegram to BBN to congratulate them on winning contract to develop an BBN team that implemented "interfaith message processor". -
The Struggle for WHOIS Privacy: Understanding the Standoff Between ICANN and the World’S Data Protection Authorities
The Struggle for WHOIS Privacy: Understanding the Standoff Between ICANN and the World’s Data Protection Authorities by Stephanie E. Perrin A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto © Copyright by Stephanie E. Perrin 2018 The Struggle for WHOIS Privacy: Understanding the Standoff Between ICANN and the World’s Data Protection Authorities Stephanie E. Perrin Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This dissertation examines the struggle over privacy rights in WHOIS, the public directory of registrants of Internet domain names. ICANN, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, is the non-profit corporation established by the U.S. government to run the Domain Name System and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, functions essential for Internet operations. Through contractual obligation, ICANN requires registrars to collect and publish personal data in the WHOIS directory, contravening many national data protection laws. My research first asked how ICANN managed to avoid the demands of authorities mandated to enforce data protection laws. Analyzing extensive documentary records maintained by ICANN, I demonstrate that the organization refused to effectively accommodate privacy concerns in their policies. I found that, since its inception, ICANN rebuffed repeated complaints by data protection authorities that WHOIS requirements violate national laws and continue to avoid privacy compliance. I provide evidence of a clash of values in the emerging commercial Internet. Business enterprises with strong intellectual property interests, supported by the U.S. ii government, initiated the focus on an open WHOIS policy to ensure they could identify suspected copyright and trademark violators. -
Part I - Gathering WHOIS Information
Part I - Gathering WHOIS Information Exercise 1: command-line WHOIS queries: in the following exercise you will use a Linux system to perform WHOIS lookups from a command-line. This requires outbound TCP port 43 access. As mentioned in the lecture discussion, ICANN is the authoritative registry for all top-level domains (TLDs) and is a great starting point for all manual WHOIS queries. NOTE: in practice, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) handles the day-to-day operations, which is located online at www.iana.org. 1. Start your BackTrack VM 2. Make sure you are connected to the Internet 3. Open a Linux shell 4. At the prompt, type the following (only type what's in bold): user1@bt:~$ whois net -h whois.iana.org | less Syntax breakdown: whois: command name net: search the .net TLD -h whois.iana.org: connect to server whose hostname is whois.iana.org (which is the authoritative registry for all TLDs) | less: send the output to the less paging program so you can view the results one page at a time. Use your up/down arrows to scroll text on the screen. 5. Who is the authoritative registry for .net? What is their WHOIS server domain name? 6. At the Linux prompt, type the following (only type what's in bold): user1@bt:~$ whois intermedia.net -h whois.verisign-grs.com | less Syntax breakdown: whois: command name intermedia.net: target domain you’re interested in finding out registrar information on -h whois.verisign-grs.com: connect to server whose hostname is VeriSign Global Registry Services (which is VeriSign's WHOIS server) | less: send the output to the less paging program so you can view the results one page at a time 7. -
ICANN's Whois Data Accuracy and Availability Program: Description of Prior Efforts and New Compliance Initiatives
ICANN's Whois Data Accuracy and Availability Program: Description of Prior Efforts and New Compliance Initiatives 27 April 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 II. PURPOSE OF ICANN'S WHOIS DATA ACCURACY AND AVAILABILITY PROGRAM.................................................................................................................1 III. PAST STEPS TAKEN BY ICANN TO IMPROVE WHOIS DATA ACCURACY ..............................................................................................................2 IV. DESCRPTION OF WHOIS DATA ACCURACY AUDIT.......................................3 V. DESCRPTION OF REGISTRAR WHOIS SERVICE COMPLIANCE MONITORING AND AUDITS ................................................................................4 VI. COMMUNITY EXPERIENCES WITH THE WHOIS DATA PROBLEM REPORT SYSTEM ...................................................................................................7 I. INTRODUCTION ICANN recently launched a new program to address Whois related compliance issues. The program includes an annual Whois data accuracy audit, ongoing monitoring of registrars’ Whois servers for functionality, and the annual publication of a statistical summary of information gathered from the Whois Data Problem Report System (WDPRS). This new program is designed to better pursue Whois compliance by gTLD registrars and improve Whois accuracy. The information below describes existing ICANN efforts to address Whois