Fisheries Pêches and et Océans DFO Science Central and Stock Status Report E5-17, 18, 19, 20 (2002)

Atlantic Summary • Between 1997 and 2001, hunters

reported the average annual kill (landed) for each stock as: South and

East – 4/year; Hudson Bay/ – 48/year; Foxe

Basin – 180/year; – 9/year. Records are incomplete, and are not

corrected for hunting losses. Sequential five year harvest averages for all stocks have declined over the Background last 20 years. Hunters attribute this to Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) have been divided into two a decreased use of dog teams and/or populations, one east of Greenland and one in other factors. western Greenland and Canada. They occur • The few existing studies of struck- throughout the eastern Canadian Arctic. Four and-lost rates estimate rates of 30- stocks have been identified in Canada (Fig. 1): South and East Hudson Bay (SEHB), Hudson 32%. Struck-and-lost rates likely vary Bay-Davis Strait (HBDS), Foxe Basin (FB), and with season, weather, location, hunter Baffin Bay (BB). The Maritime stock that once experience, and animal behaviour. extended south to Nova Scotia is considered to Hunters believe loss rates are low have been extirpated. (~5%). In Canada, the main period of commercial • harvesting started in the late 1800s and Scientific evidence for stock identity continued well into the 1900s (Reeves 1978). is based on distribution and genetic Commercial hunting of walrus was banned in and lead isotope data; four distinct 1928 by the Walrus Protection Regulations stocks have been identified: South (Richard and Campbell 1988). and East Hudson Bay (SEHB), Walrus hunting is subject to the terms of the Land Claims Agreement and is Hudson Bay-Davis Strait (HBDS), legislated under the Marine Mammal Foxe Basin (FB), and Baffin Bay Regulations of the Fisheries Act. Currently an (BB). These four stocks may be Indian or Inuk can take, without licence, 4 walrus complexes. per year unless there is a community quota • There are no complete or modern (Section 26). Current community quotas are: - 60; - 10; - estimates of numbers for any walrus 10; and Clyde River - 20. Non-aboriginals may stock in Nunavut; index estimates take walrus only when licenced under Marine available for some stocks have broad Mammals Regulations or Aboriginal Communal confidence intervals and cannot be Fishing Licence Regulations. Sport hunts for corrected for submerged animals or walrus are becoming increasingly popular. Walrus are not in any COSEWIC category. haulout dynamics; only very large Domestic transport of walrus parts from Nunavut changes in population size would be and among provinces is permitted under DFO detectable; current estimates of stock permit, and international trade is permitted under size are: South and East Hudson Bay CITES (walrus are listed on CITES Appendix III). - a few hundreds; Hudson Bay/Davis The Nunavut Wildlife Management Board is currently reviewing the quota system and Strait stock complex (includes considering new ways of managing the walrus northern Hudson Bay, , hunt. This assessment is being done in support Davis Strait, and west Greenland) - of these management discussions.

January 2003 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus

Figure 1. Map of the range and distribution of Atlantic Walrus stocks in eastern Canadian waters.

5500; Foxe Basin - 5500; Baffin Bay - walrus in many areas has been 1,700-2,000. reduced since the 1800s. • Reviews of walrus distribution • Hunters in Coral Harbour and Cape indicate that walrus have disappeared Dorset report that walrus are now from many areas or that the range of seen in greater numbers than in the past and are closer to their

2 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus

communities than in the past; in cm) (Garlich-Miller and Stewart 1998). Sanikiluaq, hunters report that there In both sexes, the upper canine teeth are fewer walrus near the community develop into long tusks that start to and neighboring islands; in Foxe appear when the animal is about 2 Basin hunters believe that walrus years old. In adult males from Foxe numbers are unchanged, but that a Basin, tusks averaged about 28.5 cm in change in distribution has occurred length with a circumference at the base due to changes in ice distribution; of about 16.7 cm. Tusks of females hunters have not observed any may be as long (~28.1 cm) but are more change in abundance or distribution slender, with a base circumference of walrus in . around 13.2 cm (Orr et al. 1986). • Using the lower boundary for All walrus routinely haul-out onto ice or minimum counts and estimated land in all seasons and show a high replacement yield of 2-5% (used for degree of fidelity to haulout sites and cetaceans with similar reproduction feeding areas. It is thought that females patterns), estimated sustainable and their young return to certain sites yields are: Foxe Basin, 110-275; for more faithfully than do adult males. the segment of the Hudson Bay- Although some hauled out groups may Davis Strait stock that summers near contain animals of all ages and both , approx. 30-70 (based sexes, walrus tend to segregate by age on partial counts); for haul-outs in and sex most of the year. Walrus Lancaster and Jones Sound, 14-15. distribution is thought to be influenced • Sources of uncertainty regarding not only by the availability of haul-out stock status include stock identity, sites, but also shallow water for feeding estimates of stock size and trend, on bivalve molluscs, their main prey, rates of natural mortality and and other invertebrates (Fisher and reproduction, age of maturity, and the Stewart 1997). Most feeding is believed relationship of walrus to to take place in water less than 100m environmental variables, incomplete deep although walrus can dive deeper. harvest statistics and struck-and-lost Some walrus also eat seals, a behaviour rates, and existing data that are that may be more common when they limited in geographic and temporal do not have access to shallow water scope. areas. Hunters distinguish seal-eating • Uncertainties necessitate caution in walrus by their yellow tusks. management decisions; management based on local aggregations rather The mating system of walrus involves than larger stock units will reduce the males competing for and defending risk of overexploitation which is access to females for mating for periods inherent in assuming that stocks of up to five days. The mating season is cover large geographic areas. in January to April. Implantation in the uterus appears to occur in late June to Species Biology early July and the calf is born the following May-June. Age of first The walrus (aivik, Inikutitut name) is ovulation varies among populations. Canada's largest pinniped. Both males For example, in Foxe Basin it occurs at and females are about 125 cm long at 5-7 years of age (Garlich-Miller and birth but adult males are significantly Stewart 1999) but in Greenland, it longer (315 cm) than adult females (277 occurs at 6-10 years of age (Born et al.

3 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus

1995). The calving interval is generally 3 1997, 1999, Itorcheak, personal years. The overall pregnancy rate communication), incorporating long-term among mature females is 33-35% or five-year averages for missing data. (Mansfield 1959, Garlich-Miller and For most areas and seasons, there are Stewart 1999). Twin births occur but are no estimates of struck-and-lost rates. A uncommon (Fay et al. 1991). loss rate of 30% was applied to the The Hunt eastern Canadian Arctic in the 1950s, as an approximate estimate (Mansfield Annual harvests are reported for the 1966). Hunters believe loss rates are periods 1 April - 31 March (DFO 1991, low (~5%). 1992a, 1992b, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,

Table 1. Summary of walrus harvests in the eastern Canadian Arctic, including sport hunts. For the periods described, data are for April of the given year to March of the following year. Numbers for the periods 1977-87 and 1988-96 are annual averages (totals for the period in brackets). Annual totals are given for the years 1997 to 2001. Harvest data are based on data available to Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and are not corrected for lost or unreported kills. n/d means no data are available for that year.

1977-19871 1988-19962 19973 19983 19993 20003 20013 Yearly mean Yearly mean Stock Total Total Total Total Total (total for period) (total for period)

South-East 5 5 4 n/d 1 0 8 Hudson Bay4 (41) (20)

Hudson Bay - 170 180 5 8 9 27 57 40 60 53 Davis Strait (1868) (1620)

6 229 174 Foxe Basin 189 205 n/d 248 80 (2517) (1562)

7 18 21 Baffin Bay 12 17 8 2 5 (199) (191)

1. Data compiled by DFO from various sources, including DFO, GNWT, RCMP and Hudson Bay records of marine mammal harvests; values are not corrected for lost or unreported harvests. 2. Data compiled from DFO Annual Harvest Studies (DFO 1991, 1992a, 1992b, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999). Values are not corrected for lost or unreported harvests but, in some cases, potential reporting errors were estimated as a percentage of the reported harvest. 3. The 1997-2001 harvest records are annual totals reported by community Hunters and Trappers Organizations (HTOs), and are not corrected for hunting losses. 4. South-East Hudson Bay stock is thought to supply walrus hunters in the Nunavut community of Sanikiluaq, and those Nunavik (Northern Quebec) communities adjacent to the Hudson Bay Arc. Harvest information for Sanikiluaq is not available for 2001, whereas Nunavik harvest information is currently only available from Inukjuak in 2001. 5. Hudson Bay-Davis Strait stock is thought to supply walrus hunters from Whale Cove on Hudson Bay, through Hudson Strait to Clyde River on eastern and Killiniq in Nunavik (Northern Quebec). Nunavik harvest information is currently available only for the 1988-1996 and the 2001 reporting years. 6. Foxe Basin stock supplies walrus hunters in the Nunavut communities of Hall Beach, , and possibly hunters from Gjoa Haven and . 7. Baffin Bay stock is thought to supply walrus hunters in the Nunavut communities of Arctic Bay, , , , Gjoa Haven, and Taloyoak; the latter two communities are included here but may also be hunting from the Foxe Basin stock. 8. Does not include Nunavik. 9. Includes Nunavik.

South and East Hudson Bay – This supplies, however it may be reasonable stock is thought to supply the Nunavut to assign catches of Inukjuak and community of Sanikiluaq. There is some Umiujaq hunters to this stock. Richard uncertainty about which Nunavik and Campbell (1988) estimated that (Northern Quebec) communities it hunters from Sanikiluaq and Inukjuak

4 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus landed a combined average of 13 Campbell 1988), about 65 walrus/year walrus/year between 1972 and 1985. between 1988/89 and 1996/97 (Brooke From 1981/82 to 1987/88, Sanikiluaq 1997), and 53 walrus in the 2000/2001 hunters averaged 5 walrus/year, reporting interval (Doidge, personal however there are no records for communication). In central west Inukjuak and Umiujaq hunts during this Greenland, harvests average 60-70 interval. Sanikiluaq hunters landed an walrus/year., corrected for a 30% loss average of 5 walrus/year between rate (Born et al. 1995). NAMMCO 1988/89 and 1991/92, and Nunavik (1995) used 40/year, uncorrected for hunters landed about 6 walrus/year. losses. There are no records for Sanikiluaq Foxe Basin – This stock supplies the walrus hunts between 1992/93 and communities of Hall Beach and Igloolik. 1996/97 (DFO 1995 to 1999), but The average reported catch from the Nunavik hunters landed about 8 Foxe Basin stock was 206 walrus from walrus/year during this interval. In the 1972 to 1985 (Richard and Campbell 1997-2001 interval, the catch from only 1988). Between 1988/89 and 1992/93 two years was reported from Sanikiluaq, an average of 194 walrus were reported yielding an average harvest of 1 landed (DFO 1991, 1993). This is about walrus/year (Itorcheak, personal half of the reported catch for the 1950's communication). Nunavik catches (Loughrey 1959) but is thought to be an during this interval are known only for underestimate (Anderson and Garlich- 2001, in which Inukjuak hunters landed Miller 1994). Anderson and Garlich- 8 walrus (Doidge, personal Miller (1994) quoted hunters who communication). estimated the number landed annually Hudson Bay-Davis Strait – More than 20 at 180-250, and used 215 in their communities in Canada may remove economic calculations. DFO harvest walrus from this stock, from Whale Cove statistics report an average catch of on Hudson Bay, through Hudson Strait, about 148 walrus/year for 1993/94 to to Clyde River on eastern Baffin Island 1996/97 (DFO 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, and Killiniq in northern Quebec. Itorcheak, personal communication). Reported catches for these settlements Although there were no data for Hall averaged about 320 walrus/year from Beach in 2 of those years and averages 1972 to 1985 (Richard and Campbell were used, the estimate is similar to that 1988). Nunavut communities landed an made by hunters (Anderson and average of about 215 walrus/year Garlich-Miller 1994). Harvests between between 1972-85 (Richard and 1997/98 and 2000/01 increased from Campbell 1988), about 133 walrus/year 189 to 248 walrus (there are no data for between 1988/89 and 1996/97 (DFO 1999), but only 80 animals were 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999), and about 42 reported in 2001/02. The average walrus/year for 1997/98 to 2001/02 harvest for this 5-year period was 181 (Itorcheak, personal communication), walrus/year (Itorcheak, personal although the most recent value may communication). Orr et al. (1986) increase as the balance of harvest estimated a loss rate of 32% in this area information from 2001 is made during summer hunts, but these two available. Nunavik communities landed communities also hunt walrus in winter an average of about 105 walrus/year when loss rates may be negligible. between 1972-85 (Richard and

5 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus Baffin Bay Stock – This stock supplies community and neighboring islands. the communities of Arctic Bay, Pond Now there are very few walrus seen in Inlet, Grise Fiord, Resolute Bay and the the open water season near Sanikiluaq, outpost camp at . and they are very rarely seen in winter Reported average catches in these four or fall. Walrus hunts are now conducted communities and Creswell Bay were 23 near the Sleeper Islands during walrus/year from 1972 to 1985 (Richard September and there is usually only one and Campbell 1988). Between 1988/89 hunt a year. and 1996/97 hunters landed an average Hunters from Cape Dorset report that of about 21 walrus/year (DFO 1991, over the last thirty years walrus numbers 1992a, 1992b, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, near the community have increased. 1997, 1999, Itorcheak, personal The majority of the walrus are harvested communication). The average reported in Cape Dorset during the late fall and catch between 1997/98 to 2001/02 was winter from the floe edge by boat in only 8 walrus/year (Itorcheak, personal open water areas. In the fall walrus are communication), however information seen migrating east along the pack ice. for one community is lacking. It is believed that these animals

originate from the south Foxe Basin and Resource User Perspective North Hudson Bay area. There are In Coral Harbour, hunters report that walrus at the floe edge throughout the walrus are now seen in greater numbers winter. In April/May, the walrus move much closer to the community and are away to the area of the big islands in seen more frequently throughout the Hudson Strait. Hunters believe that year in the area. In walrus distribution and walrus numbers the past the walrus hunt in Coral has not changed. The walrus harvest Harbour was focused on the Coats levels vary with the availability of other Island and Walrus Island area during wildlife. In years of high availability of August and September using 2-3 large caribou, walrus hunting effort during the boats. The walrus hunts for the last ten same season is reduced, resulting in years have harvested walrus closer to lower numbers of walrus harvested. Coral Harbour (within 40-50 kilometres). In the south-east Baffin Island area, Currently in Coral Harbour, hunters walrus are reported to be present in the rarely take even half the allotted quota. Frobisher Bay and Hunters believe that the walrus harvest areas all year round. Seasonal has been reduced because of a movements are affected by ice cover reduction in the demand for walrus meat and fast ice edge locations. The due to fewer dog teams and not from a hunters have not seen any change in decline in the abundance of walrus. the abundance and distribution of walrus However, hunting effort for human need in the Frobisher Bay area. Hunters is thought not to have changed observe that there are more male walrus dramatically in recent years. Youth are on the south shore (Savage Islands being initiated to the hunt and trained in area) and more females on the north hunting techniques through local shore (Loks Land area) of Frobisher programs. Bay. Winter distribution of walrus in In Sanikiluaq hunters report that, in the Frobisher Bay is along the floe edge on past, there were many walrus near the the northeast shore, from Ward Inlet to Countess of Warwick Sound. 6 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus hunters have traditionally harvested Dew Line Sites. Hunters tend to avoid walrus in the fall by large boat in the hunting walrus near these sites. There is Loks Land and Savage Island area with also concern about the effects of climate occasional harvests in summer of change and how it will affect the individual walrus from small boats within environment, walrus and other species. Frobisher Bay and during late winter and spring from the floe edge in Resource Status Frobisher Bay. Harvest levels for Iqaluit have been lower in recent years due to Stock delineation the lack of large boats for hunting walrus Four distinct stocks of Atlantic walrus in the fall (due to economics, large boats have been identified on the basis of are used to transport more valuable distribution, genetic and lead isotope commodities, such as soapstone and data: South and East Hudson Bay, other goods), the long distance to the Hudson Bay-Davis Strait, Foxe Basin, hunting area, and not the lack of walrus. and Baffin Bay (Stewart 2002). Although In northern Foxe Basin, hunters from evidence for further subdivision of some Igloolik and Hall Beach believe that stocks is tentative and incomplete, the walrus numbers have not changed in geographic range of some of the the past twenty-five years. However, currently identified stocks are larger due to a reduction of ice in northern than would be expected for a single Foxe Basin in the last five years, the stock of such a generally philopatric summer distribution of walrus has species, and it is probable that these changed and summer hunting is being four stocks are complexes (consist of done further off shore than in the past. sub-units that mix little or not at all). In the fall walrus move back near shore The distribution of walrus in South and and there are three islands in western East Hudson Bay (SEHB) was once Foxe Basin that continue to have large continuous with western Hudson Strait concentrations of walrus in the fall. (Richard and Campbell 1988) and may Three other islands, that were represent a part of this population. traditionally used by walrus in the past However, walrus distribution is now but were not used for some time, are discontinuous in Northeast Hudson Bay now being used again by walrus in the (Richard and Campbell 1988) fall. The elders refer to two stocks of suggesting a stock in SEHB that is walrus in northern Foxe Basin; the separate from that in Hudson Strait. stocks are distinguished by size, colour There has been no noticeable decrease and distribution. There have not been in walrus numbers near Coats Island in any substantial changes in harvesting Northern Hudson Bay (Richard et al. in effort or harvest levels in the past 20 prep.). However, numbers in Eastern years. Hudson Bay have declined, suggesting Since the reduction in numbers of dog a separation between Northern Hudson teams, there has been a significant Bay and SEHB. Walrus samples from decline in the demand for walrus meat Akulivik and Inukjuak had different lead to feed dogs. isotope ratios indicating these two communities, only 250 km apart, hunt There is a concern in Igloolik and Hall two stocks (Outridge and Stewart 1999). Beach about disease and contaminants The SEHB Bay stock is therefore in walrus, particularly around areas of presumed to include walrus at Inukjuak

7 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus and south. The relationships between 3) South East Baffin Island – Walrus are walrus at and other stocks present around southeast Baffin Island are unclear. in fall and some may move east to Greenland (Mansfield 1973, Born et al. The Hudson Bay-Davis Strait (HBDS) 1995). Walrus are absent from the stock ranges from western and northern Sisimiut area (West Greenland) in Hudson Bay through Hudson Strait to summer and there is no longer a north Davis Strait (Richard and Campbell and southward migration in and out of 1988). The large geographic extent of the area (Born et al. 1995). Sisimiut this designation suggests in itself that animals may move west to Baffin this stock consists of sub-stocks. Island in the summer but such Distinct management units within this migrations have not been broad geographic range have not yet documented. This stock extends up been identified, but there may be at Baffin’s eastern coast, possibly to join least three: Northern Hudson Bay, the Baffin Bay population, but the Hudson Strait, and SE Baffin evidence is not conclusive (Richard 1) Northern Hudson Bay – Isotopic and Campbell 1988). Today there is evidence, distribution and reported an apparent break in distribution movements support the conclusion between the two areas (Mansfield that the Northern Hudson Bay stock 1967, Riewe 1992). includes walrus from the west end of The Foxe Basin (FB) stock occupies Hudson Strait to the NW shore of the northern reaches of Foxe Basin Hudson Bay. There are no isotopic (Mansfield 1959, 1973, Loughrey 1959, differences between Coral Harbour DFO 1987). Passage of walrus through and a small sample from Repulse Bay (Outridge et al. in press). There was from Foxe Basin to the is considered some overlap in isotope signatures in unlikely by scientists (Loughrey 1959, samples from Coral Harbour and Mansfield 1959, Davis et al. 1980) and Akulivik. Hunters report a seasonal hunters (Garlich-Miller, personal movement of walrus, around Coats, communication). There is some north- Walrus, and Southampton Islands and south movement in Foxe Basin between and (Anderson and Garlich-Miller 1994), that Nottingham and Salisbury Islands (Orr may extend to Southampton Island and Rebizant 1987). (Freuchen 1935, Davis et al. 1980), but 2) Hudson Strait – Walrus move through the autumn movement of walrus into Hudson Strait, east in the spring, west may also come from in the fall (Reeves 1978, Davis et al. northern Hudson Bay (Orr et al. 1986, 1980), but also winter in western Richard et al. in prep.). There is new Hudson Strait (Orr and Rebizant evidence based on geochemical 1987). The relationship between over- signatures in tooth growth layers wintering and migrating walrus is (Stewart and Outridge, in review) that unknown. Seasonal changes in the some male walrus landed at Hall Beach distribution of walrus in western have spent part of their lives in the Hudson Strait (Orr and Rebizant 1987) southern reaches of Foxe Basin, around suggest local movements but it is Repulse Bay, or Foxe Peninsula. unknown if these connect with Evidence from whole tooth samples northern Foxe Basin walrus. indicates that walrus landed at Igloolik

8 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus are isotopically different than those Fiord and Thule, suggesting a possible landed at Hall Beach, although genetic shared stock. There are no data to place analysis indicates no difference between walrus from east with walrus landed at these two either Grise Fiord or Thule animals communities. Isotopic differences have although proximity makes it likely. not yet been related to the different Stock Size forms identified by hunters. Walrus in Foxe Basin differ from those in Northern There are no complete or modern Hudson Bay on the basis of body size estimates of numbers for any walrus and isotope ratios (Garlich-Miller 1994, stock in Nunavut. There are index Garlich-Miller and Stewart 1998, estimates for some stocks, but the Outridge et al. in press). Pregnant confidence intervals are broad (Cosens walrus are generally not available to et al. 1993) and only very large changes hunters from Hall Beach in winter in population size would be detectable. (Kipsigak, personal communication), Current survey estimates cannot be suggesting segregation based on corrected for submerged animals or season, sex, and age. It appears that haulout dynamics (the portion of the Foxe Basin has an interbreeding population on land or ice at the time of population that separates into groups the survey). with different feeding patterns and with South and East Hudson Bay - In 1978, different chances of being hunted at 310 walrus were counted at the different communities. northeast corner of James Bay in In Canada, the Baffin Bay (BB) stock summer (Richard and Campbell 1988) extends west to Bathurst Island, with where “over 1000" had been counted in rare reports from Prince Patrick and 1955 (Reeves 1978). Estimates for the Melville Islands and Taloyoak whole area are in the few hundreds (Harington 1966). Sightings at Bathurst (Born et al. 1995, Richard and Campbell Inlet are thought to be extralimital 1988). Pacific walrus (Harington 1966, Stewart Hudson Bay-Davis Strait – and Burt 1995). The distribution of the Baffin Bay stock is now discontinuous 1) Northern Hudson Bay – Data from with walrus in the southeast Baffin the mid-1970s were used to estimate a Island and probably includes several stock size of 3000-4000 in northern management units. Hudson Bay and western Hudson Strait (Richard and Campbell 1988, There is tentative evidence of separate Mansfield and St. Aubin 1991). A 1988 stocks within this range. Based on a survey similar to one conducted in small sample, both genetic (de March et 1977 recorded almost 1400 walrus on al. 2002) and isotope data (Outridge et Coats Island and 461 on Nottingham al. 2002) suggest that Resolute Bay Island a day later (Cosens et al. 1993). walrus differ from those at Grise Fiord, Hunters from Cape Dorset reported however tagged animals have moved 1000 or more walrus on southwest from to Brooman Point Baffin Island in winter and spring (Orr and from Brooman Point to Pond Inlet. and Rebizant 1987). There may be a separate Lancaster Sound stock. There is some, but 2) Hudson Strait – Aerial surveys incomplete, overlap in isotope provided a late winter estimate of at signatures between walrus from Grise least 850 walrus in central Hudson 9 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus Strait and (McLaren and 2,000 animals, perhaps as many as Davis 1982). Mansfield (1990) also 3,000 walrus. believed that numbers were low in this Stock Trend area. Most indicators of trends in stock size 3) Southeast Baffin – Richard and are distribution changes, differences in Campbell (1988) examined a series of physical condition, and harvest data. aerial surveys in southeastern and Whenever there is a local decrease in eastern Baffin Island north to Clyde numbers, it may be that the animals Inlet and concluded that there must be have moved to another area, but until at least 1000 walrus in the area. If increases in other parts of the range walrus in West Greenland form part of have been clearly documented, it is the Southeast Baffin management unit prudent to assume numbers have been identified here, an additional 500 reduced. walrus (95% CI: 204-1512) must be added (Born et al. 1994) for a total South and East Hudson Bay – Reviews estimated stock size of about 1500. of walrus distribution indicated the range of walrus in eastern Hudson Bay is Foxe Basin – Richard and Campbell reduced since the 1800s (Reeves 1978, (1988) indicated a Foxe Basin Richard and Campbell 1988). Hunters in population in excess of 3700 based on a NW Nunavik now hunt further afield and count of 2716 in the northern area (Orr walrus are much less numerous around et al. 1986) and an estimate of over the than 50-60 years 1000 for west Foxe Peninsula. A ago (Arragutainaq, personal systematic aerial survey provided an communication) estimate 5500 (95%CI 2700-11200) in 1989 (Cosens et al. 1993). The survey Hudson Bay-Davis Strait – provided only partial coverage of the 1) Northern Hudson Bay – Walrus are potential area with walrus and no now rare from James Bay to Whale corrections were made for submerged Cove (Richard and Campbell 1988) animals, thus this is likely an under- and, in general, walrus range in this estimate. area, hence probably numbers, has Baffin Bay – Over 1,000 walrus may shrunk since historical times (Reeves summer in the Canadian High Arctic 1978). based on surveys of haulouts, the ice 2) Hudson Strait - The distribution of edge, and open-water transects (Davis walrus in Hudson Strait has declined et al. 1978). Late summer surveys of the and possibly become more coastal waters of Jones Sound and fragmented in historical times (Reeves northern Lancaster Sound over 4 1978, Richard and Campbell 1988). consecutive years (1998-2001) produced an average count of about 3) SE Baffin - Walrus have disappeared 350 walrus known alive (Stewart, from upper Cumberland Sound (Allen unpub.). There are no estimates for the 1880, Guinn and Stewart 1988). The Resolute Bay, east Ellesmere Island, or range of walrus concentrations in east NE Baffin Island areas. Born et al. Baffin Island has declined (Reeves (1995) summarized counts for this area 1978, Richard and Campbell 1988). A and guessed the stock size to be 1,700- haulout near was abandoned after a Distant Early

10 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus Warning station was built nearby used for cetaceans with similar (Reeves 1978). If this population is reproduction patterns. An estimate of continuous with walrus in West 5500 in Foxe Basin permits a Greenland, it has also declined there sustainable removal of about 110-275. (Born et al. 1995). The population estimate is incomplete Foxe Basin – Walrus have disappeared and the total allowable removal may be higher, but the possibility that different from the west side of Foxe Basin (Brody stocks occur in Foxe Basin requires a 1976, Anderson and Garlich-Miller reassessment for each stock. 1994). Many haulouts are abandoned (Mansfield 1966), suggesting declines in For the segment of the Hudson Bay- numbers or habitat availability, or both. Davis Strait stock that summers near Hunters noted that walrus are returning Coats Island, the sustainable yield to some haul out sites, though not on would be roughly 30-70 based on partial the west coast, and the validity of using counts. The relationship of this group to changes in distribution to assess the whole stock is unknown. abundance remains uncertain. Recent counts at haul-outs in Lancaster Baffin Bay – Walrus still occupy most of and Jones Sound of roughly 350, allow their former range in the a minimum sustainable removal of 14- archipelago (Davis 1981) but are now 15. The proportion this group represents rare in the mid-reaches of the eastern of the whole stock is unknown. Adult Baffin Island (Reeves 1978). males are generally not seen on these haulouts. If the Baffin Bay stock is connected to the Disko Bay group in central west Greenland, it may now be much Sources of Uncertainty reduced in that part of its range. Large Evidence for stock identity is limited to influxes to the Avanersuaq area (Thule only a few areas. Genetic markers have district) from the south in spring no been developed (Buchanan et al. 1998) longer occur and at least 3 main and genetics studies are underway haulouts in Northwest Greenland have (DFO, Greenland Institute of Natural been abandoned (Born et al. 1995). Resources). A new technique using Sustainable Harvest Rate isotopes in the lines in walrus teeth to track the walrus through its life has been Estimates of sustainable yield range developed (Stern et al. 1999). from 3 to 5% for a population between 59 and 93% of carrying capacity (K) There are no recent population (DeMaster 1984 cited in Born et al. estimates for any stock of walrus in 1995). The positions of Canadian stocks Canada. The estimate for Foxe Basin with respect to K are unknown. (5000-5500) is considered an index only. There are about 1400 walrus Estimates of stock size are incomplete around Coats and Southampton Islands for all stocks and can not be used to in early August but the fraction of any calculate sustainable removal levels. northern Hudson Bay management However, a lower bound for stock size stock or Hudson Bay-Davis Strait can be established using the minimum genetic stock this represents are counts available for some and, unknown. Other estimates, counts, and in the absence of walrus-specific data, changes in distribution suggest that the estimated replacement yield of 2-5% walrus numbers have declined in most 11 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus areas since the early 1900's but these Canada, removals in Greenland, details declines can not be quantified. of stock structure, and the distribution of Resource users indicate that numbers adult males all remain unknown. have increased in some communities. There are no data by which to assess Management Considerations recent trends, either increases or decreases. Walrus are thought to generally use the same areas for haul-out and feeding There are few data on natural mortality, during their lifetime. Thus the range of rates of reproduction, age of maturity, or their dispersal is restricted. Exchange reproductive life span. Most existing among groups of walrus is thought to be data are limited in geographic and minimal and walrus hunting should be temporal scope. managed based on local aggregations Published harvest statistics are rather than larger stock units. This incomplete, and often use averages to reduces the risk of overexploitation estimate harvests. Individual reports are inherent in assuming stocks cover large often associated with a wide degree of geographic areas. error (DFO 1991, 1992a, 1992b, 1993, The uncertainties in stock delineation, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997). stock size and movements, growth rate, There are data on struck-and-loss rates harvest levels, and hunt losses only for a limited number of hunting necessitate caution in management situations although losses vary with decisions. Continued efforts to reduce locality, season, habitat, weather, and hunting losses, to reduce unreported hunter experience. There are no kills, and to increase understanding estimates for mortality among such about walrus populations are struck-and-lost walrus in Canada. encouraged.

There is little information about the Other Considerations relationship of walrus to environmental variables such as ice, their food Chemicals – Examination of walrus sources, and other species that they tissue indicates that they carry interact with. There is particular concern contaminants including lead, mercury, about the effects of climate change and cadmium, nickel, cobalt, copper, how it will affect the environment, walrus strontium, DDT and PCBs. The degree and other species. of contamination varies among regions. Lead concentrations in teeth of walrus Outlook sampled near Igloolik were stable from pre-industrial times to present, indicating There are too few data for any stock to that the lead contamination is at natural determine if it is increasing, decreasing levels and not from human causes or stable, or if it is above or below a (Outridge et al. 1997). The threshold other than some guessed pre- concentrations of cadmium and some exploitation level. other metals have also declined since Recent surveys of haulouts in the High pre-industrial times suggesting they are Arctic suggest that, at least in the Baffin also at natural levels, but nickel, cobalt, Bay stock, sustainable yield exceeds copper and strontium increased removals in Canada. This stock may be significantly (Outridge et al. 1997). stable or increasing but total removals in

12 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus The effects of chemical contamination consuming infected walrus meat on walrus are unknown. Female walrus (Forbes 2000). that have been observed with Walrus have also been widely exposed reproductive anomalies (Garlich-Miller to phocine distemper or similar virus and Stewart 1999) did not have unusual (Nielsen et al. 2000). Walrus testing contaminant loads. However, because positive for exposure to this virus were of their trophic position (they eat mainly found in Foxe Basin, Grise Fiord, bivalves), walrus may have slightly Resolute Bay and Loks Land but not at different patterns of contaminant . Positive animals accumulation than other Arctic marine showed no signs of disease but detailed mammals. postmortems were not done. Disease – Studies of disease in walrus Noise – The response of walrus to man- have shown that walrus in some areas made noise varies. There is evidence of have been exposed to Brucella. stampedes, with attendant mortality, as Exposure to Brucella can lead to the well as at least partial habituation to disease brucellosis, which has caused aircraft noise (Born et al. 1995). reproductive disorders in some Similarly, some walrus may allow ships mammals. To date, Brucella has been to approach quite close and others react detected in walrus from Foxe Basin to ships 2 km away (Born et al. 1995). (Nielsen et al. 1996) but walrus samples Noise has been associated with from Resolute Bay, Grise Fiord or displacement from haulouts for up to 9 h Nunavik did not show signs of these (Salter 1979). Females and calves are bacteria (Nielsen et al. 2001). Female most susceptible to disturbance by walrus that have been observed with noise (Salter 1979, Miller 1982). Walrus reproductive anomalies (Garlich-Miller use elaborate vocal displays during and Stewart 1999) did not test positive courtship (Stirling et al. 1987, Sjare and for Brucella. Stirling 1993, 1996) and are vocal Infectious diseases can have significant throughout the year (Miller and Boness impacts on marine mammal populations 1983, Miller 1985) so there is potential by causing large scale die-offs in for human noise to interfere with walrus relatively short periods (Young 1994). communication. Distemper viruses have been Human presence – There is evidence responsible for such die-offs among that the presence of humans and human both seals in the northern Atlantic structures can disturb walrus and (Harwood 1990) and dolphins off the displace them from haulouts. When eastern U.S. coast (Lipscomp et al. hunted at a haulout, walrus may leave 1994). There is obviously a potential for (Mansfield 1966, Smith et al. 1979) and widespread mortality within a eventually abandon a site completely. susceptible wild population and the Presence of a navigation aid on east consequences may be significant when Coats Island has been implicated in the dealing with small, vulnerable and displacement of walrus there. threatened populations. Marine mammals can also transfer infectious Habitat loss – Lost habitat may be diseases to land mammals including physical or biotic. In several areas in man. Trichinosis in humans has been Canada, walrus have abandoned reported in Arctic Canada as a result of traditional haulouts (Brody 1976, Richard and Campbell 1988). Whether

13 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus this is a result of a declining population Oslo, Meddelelser Number. 138, drawing away from marginal habitat or 100p. the displacement of walrus from Born, E. W., M. P. Heide-Jørgensen, desirable habitat is unknown and testing and R. A. Davis. 1994. The Atlantic of these past events is not possible. walrus (Odobenus rosmarus However, both resources users and rosmarus) in west Greenland. scientists (Smith and Taylor 1977) tend Meddelelser om Grønland to support the displacement hypothesis. Bioscience 40: 33 pp. Eco-tourism at haulout sites may have similar impacts. Brody, H. 1976. land use in North Baffin Island and northern Foxe Fisheries may impact walrus Basin. Pages 152-171 in M. M. R. populations. Noise from vessels may Freeman (ed.) Inuit land use and disturb walrus, and dragging can occupancy project, Volume 1: Land physically destroy the clam communities use and occupancy. Indian and upon which walrus depend, even if the Northern Affairs, Ottawa. fishery is not in direct competition for the prey (Born et al. 1995). Brooke, L. F. 1997. A report on the 1996 Nunavik beluga and walrus For more information: subsistence harvest study. Prepared for Department Fisheries and Contact: Dr. Rob Stewart Oceans under the Aboriginal Fisheries and Oceans Canada Fisheries Strategy. Unpaginated. 501 University Crescent Winnipeg, MB, Buchanan, F. C., L. D. Maiers, T. D. R3T 2N6 Thue, B. G. E. de March, and R. E. Tel: 204-983-5023 A. Stewart. 1998. Microsatellites Fax: 204-984-2403 from the Atlantic walrus Odobenus E-Mail:[email protected] rosmarus rosmarus. Molecular Ecology 7: 1083-1090. References Cosens, S. E., R. Crawford, B. G. E. Allen, J. A. 1880. History of North deMarch, and T. A. Shortt. 1993. American pinnipeds. Department of Report of the Arctic Fisheries the Interior. U.S. Geological and Scientific Advisory Committee for Geographical Survey of the 1991/92 and 1992/93. Canadian Territories, Washington. 785 p. Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Anderson, L. E., and J. Garlich-Miller. Aquatic Sciences 2224: 1-51. 1994. Economic analysis of the 1992 Davis, R. A. 1981. Report of a workshop and 1993 summer walrus hunts in on Arctic marine mammals. northern Foxe Basin, Northwest Canadian Technical Report of Territories. Canadian Technical Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Report of Fisheries and Aquatic 1005: iv + 13 p. Sciences 2011: iv + 20 p. Davis, R. A., K. J. Finley, and W. J. Born, E. W., I. Gjertz, and R. R. Reeves. Richardson. 1980. The present 1995. Population assessment of status and future management of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus Arctic marine mammals in Canada. rosmarus L.). Norsk Polarinstitutt, Science Advisory Board of the

14 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus , . DFO. 1996. Annual summary of fish and 91 p. marine mammal harvest data for the Northwest Territories, Volume 7, Davis, R. A., W. R. Koski, and K. J. 1994-1995: xiii + 85 p. Finley. 1978. Numbers and distribution of in the central DFO. 1997. Annual summary of fish and Canadian high Arctic. LGL Report for marine mammal harvest data for the Polar Gas Project, Toronto. 50 p. Northwest Territories, Volume 8, 1995-1996: xii + 80 p. de March, B. G. E., L. D. Maiers, and R. E. A. Stewart. Genetic relationships DFO. 1999. Annual summary of fish and among Atlantic walrus (Odobenus marine mammal harvest data for the rosmarus rosmarus) in the Foxe Northwest Territories, Volume 9, Basin and the Resolute Bay-Bathurst 1996-1997: xii + 72 p. Inlet area. Canadian Science Fay, F. H., J. J. Burns, S. W. Stoker, Advisory Secretariat Research and J. S. Grundy. 1994. The struck- Document 2002/092. and-lost factor in Alaskan walrus DFO (Department of Fisheries and harvests, 1952-1972. Arctic 477: Oceans). 1987. Preliminary walrus 368-373. management plan for northern Fay, F. H., J. J. Burns, A. A. Kibal’chich, Quebec. Quebec. (Unpaginated) and S. Hills. 1991. Incidence of twin DFO. 1991. Annual summary of fish and fetuses in walruses (Odobenus marine mammal harvest data for the rosmarus L.). Northwest Naturalist Northwest Territories, 1988-89, 72: 110-113. Volume 1: v + 59 p. Fisher, K. I. and R. E. A. Stewart. 1997. DFO. 1992a. Annual summary of fish Summer foods of Atlantic walrus, and marine mammal harvest data for Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus, in the Northwest Territories, Volume 2, northern Foxe Basin, Northwest 1989-1990: xiv + 61 p. Territories. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75: 1166-1175. DFO. 1992b. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for Forbes, L. B. 2000. The occurrence and the Northwest Territories, Volume 3, ecology of Trichinella in marine 1990-1991: xiv + 67 p. mammals. Veterinary Parisitology 93: 321-334. DFO. 1993. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Freuchen, P. 1935. Mammals, Part II. Northwest Territories, Volume 4, Field notes and personal 1991-1992: xiv + 69 p. observations. Report of the 5th Thule Expedition 1921-1924. 2: 68-278. DFO. 1994. Annual summary of fish and marine mammal harvest data for the Garlich-Miller, J. 1994. Growth and Northwest Territories, Volume 5, reproduction of Atlantic walruses 1992-1993: xvii + 104 p. (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories, DFO. 1995. Annual summary of fish and Canada. M.Sc. Thesis, University of marine mammal harvest data for the Manitoba. 116 p. Northwest Territories, Volume 6, 1993-1994: xv + 86 p. Garlich-Miller, J., and R. E. A. Stewart. 1998. Growth and sexual 15 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus dimorphism of Atlantic walruses Mansfield, A. W. 1966. The walrus in (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in Canada’s Arctic. Canadian Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories, Geographic Journal 72:88-95. Canada. Marine Mammal Science Mansfield, A. W. 1967. Seals of arctic 14: 803-818. and . Fisheries Garlich-Miller, J., and R. E. A. Stewart. Research Board of Canada Bulletin 1999. Reproductive patterns and 137 (second edition, revised): 35 p. fetal growth of Atlantic walruses Mansfield, A. W. 1973. The Atlantic (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in walrus Odobenus rosmarus in Foxe Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada and Greenland. IUCN Canada. Marine Mammal Science Publications New Series, 15: 179-191. Supplementary Paper 39:69-79. Guinn, B., and D. B. Stewart. 1988. Mansfield, A. W. 1990. Marine Marine mammals of central Baffin mammals. Pp. 134-139 in J. A. Island, Northwest Territories. Rep. Percy (ed.) Proceedings of a For Northern Land Use Information workshop: Marine ecosystems Series, Environment Canada and studies in Hudson Strait, November Department of Fisheries and 9-10, 1989, Montreal, Quebec. Oceans, Ottawa. 65 p. Canadian Technical Report of Harington, C. R. 1966. Extralimital Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences occurrences of walruses in the 1770, 175 pp. Canadian Arctic. Journal of Mansfield, A. W. and D. J. St. Aubin. Mammalogy 47: 506-513. 1991. Distribution and abundance of Harwood, J. 1990. The 1998 seal the Atlantic walrus, Odobenus epizootic. Journal of Zoology rosmarus rosmarus, in the (London) 222: 349-351. Southampton Island-Coats Island region of northern Hudson Bay. Lipscomp, T. B., F. Y. Schulman, D. Canadian Field Naturalist 105: 95- Moffet, and S. Kennedy. 1994. 100. Morbillivirus disease in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops McLaren, P. L. and R. Davis. 1982. truncatus) from the 1987-1988 Winter distribution of arctic marine epizootic. Journal of Wildlife mammals in ice-covered waters of Diseases 30: 567-571. eastern . Unpublished Report by LGL Ltd. For Petro- Loughrey, A. G. 1959. Preliminary Canada Exploration Inc. Calgary, investigation of the Atlantic walrus Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus Alberta, 151 pp. (Linneaus). Canadian Wildlife Miller, E. H. 1982. Herd organization Service Wildlife Management and female threat behaviour in Bulletin (Ser. 1) 14: 1-123. Atlantic walruses Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (L.). Mammalia Mansfield, A. W. 1959. The walrus in the 46: 29-34. Canadian Arctic. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Circular 2: 13 p. Miller, E. H. 1985. Airborne acoustic communications in the walrus

16 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus Odobenus rosmarus. National Canadian Data Report of Fisheries Geographic Research 1: 124-145. And Aquatic Sciences 624: iv + 16 p. Miller, E. H. and D. J. Boness. 1983. Orr, J. R., B. Renooy, and L. Dahlke. Summer behaviour of Atlantic 1986. Information from hunts and walruses Odobenus rosmarus surveys of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus (L.) at Coats Island, N. W. rosmarus) in northern Foxe Basin, T. (Canada). Zeitschrift fur Northwest Territories, 1982-1984. Saugetierkunde (International Canadian Manuscript Report of Journal of Mammalian Biology) 48: Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 298-313. 1899: iv + 24 p. NAMMCO (North Atlantic Marine Outridge, P. M., R. D. Evans, R. Mammal Commission). 1995. Report Wagemann, and R. E. A. Stewart. of the ad hoc working group on the 1997. Historical trends of heavy Atlantic walrus. Copenhagen, 31 metals and stable lead isotopes in January - 2 February, 1995. 21 p. beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and walrus (Odobenus rosmarus Nielsen, O., K. Nielsen, and R. E. A. rosmarus) in the Canadian Arctic. Stewart. 1996. Serological evidence of Brucella spp exposure in Atlantic Science of the Total Environment walrus (Odobenus rosmarus 203: 209-219. rosmarus) and ringed seals (Phoca Outridge, P. M. and R. E. A. Stewart. hispida) of Arctic Canada. Arctic 49: 1999. Stock discrimination of Atlantic 383-386. walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the eastern Canadian Nielsen, O., R. E. A. Stewart, K. Arctic using lead isotope and Nielsen, L. Measures, and P. element signatures in teeth. Duignan. 2001. A serological survey of Brucella spp antibodies in some Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56:105-112. marine mammals of North America. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37: 89- Outridge, P. M., W. J. Davis, R. E. A. 100. Stewart, and E. W. Born. In press. Investigation of Atlantic walrus Nielsen, O., R. E. A. Stewart, L. (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) Measures, P. Duignan, and C. stock structure in Canada and House. 2000. A morbillivirus Greenland using dental Pb isotope antibody survey of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus), signatures reflecting underlying (Monodon monoceros) and beluga geology. Arctic. (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of Reeves, R. R. 1978. Atlantic walrus Wildlife Diseases 36:508-517. (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus): a literature survey and status report. Orr, J. R. and T. Rebizant. 1987. A U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish summary of information on the and Wildlife Service, Wildlife seasonal distribution and abundance of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) in Research Report 10: 41 p. the area of northern Hudson Bay and Richard, P. R. 1995. Catch of walrus in western Hudson Strait, NWT, as the eastern Canadian Arctic: 1984- collected from local hunters. 1993. In litt.

17 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus Richard, P. R. and R. R. Campbell. Smith, T. G. and D. Taylor. 1977. Notes 1988. Status of the Atlantic walrus, on marine mammal, fox, and polar Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus, in bear harvests in the Northwest Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist Territories. Fisheries and Marine 102: 337-350. Service Technical Report 694: vi + 37. Richard, P. R., D. G. Barber, and J. R. Orr. Summer distribution and Stern, R. A., P. M. Outridge, W. J. numbers of walrus in northern Davis, and R. E. A. Stewart. 1999, Hudson Bay, western Hudson Strait, Restructuring Pb-isotope exposure and Foxe Basin. In prep. histories preserved in walrus teeth annuli using the SHRIMP II ion Riewe, R. 1992. Nunavut atlas. microprobe. Environmental Science Canadian Circumpolar Institute and & Technology 33: 1771-1775. Tungavik Federation of Nunavut, Edmonton, AB. 259 p. Stewart, B. E. and P. M. Burt. 1994. Extralimital occurrences of beluga, Salter, R. E. 1979. Site utilization, Delphinapterus leucas and walrus activity budgets, and disturbance Odobenus rosmarus, in Bathurst responses of Atlantic walruses Inlet, Northwest Territories. during terrestrial haul-out. Canadian Canadian Field Naturalist 108: 488- Journal of Zoology 57: 1169-1180. 490. Sjare, B. and I. Stirling. 1993. The Stewart, R. E. A. 2002 Review of vocalizations and breeding Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus behaviour of Atlantic walruses in the rosmarus) in Canada. Canadian central Canadian high Arctic. Pages Science Advisory Secretariat 85-87 in R. E. A. Stewart, P. R. Research Document 2002/092. Richard, and B. E. Stewart (eds.). Report of the 2nd Walrus Stewart, R. E. A., P. M. Outridge, and R. International Technical and Scientific A. Stern. In review. Walrus (WITS) workshop, 11-15 January life-history movements reconstructed 1993, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. from lead isotopes in annual layers Canadian Technical Report of of teeth. Submitted to Marine Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Mammal Science. 1940: viii + 91 p. Stirling, I., W. Calvert, and C. Spencer. Sjare, B. and I. Stirling. 1996. The 1987. Evidence of stereotyped breeding behaviour of Atlantic underwater vocalizations of male walruses, Odobenus rosmarus Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus, in the Canadian High rosmarus rosmarus). Canadian Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology Journal of Zoology 65:2311-2321. 74: 897-911. Young, T. P. 1994. Natural die-offs of Smith, T. G., M. H. Hammill, D. W. large mammals: Implications for Doidge, T. Cartier, and G. A. Sleno. conservation, Conservation Biology 1979. Marine mammal studies in 8: 410-418. southeastern Baffin Island. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Personal Communication Aquatic Sciences 1552. Ammie Kipsigak, Hall Beach HTO, Hall Beach, Nunavut 18 Central and Arctic Region Atlantic Walrus Joe Arragutainaq, Sanikiluaq HTO, Sanikiluaq, Nunavut Ipeelee Itorcheak, DFO Iqaluit, Nunavut. Joel Garlich-Miller, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska. Doidge, D. W., Makivik Corporation, Kuujuaq, Quebec.

This report is available: Stock Assessment Regional Office c/o RAP Coordinator Central and Arctic Region 501 University Crescent Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6 Tel: (204) 983-5000 Fax: (204) 984-2403 e-mail: [email protected] Internet address: www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas

ISSN 1480-4913 (for English series) ISSN 1480-4921 (for French series) La version française est disponible à l’adresse ci-dessus.

Correct Citation for this Publication DFO, 2000. Atlantic Walrus. DFO Science Stock Status Report E5-21 (2000).

19

C S A S S C C S

Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique

ERRATUM

DFO, 2002. Atlantic Walrus. DFO Science Stock Status Report E5-17, 18, 19, 20 (2002)

Page 19, correct citation should read :

DFO, 2002. Atlantic Walrus. DFO Science Stock Status Report E5-17, 18, 19, 20 (2002)