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Mulch Fire Facilitated Learning Analysis

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Mulch Fire Facilitated Learning Analysis USDA Forest ServiceUSDA Forest—Southwest Service Region—Southwest—Coconino Region National—Coconino Forest National Forest Mulch Fire Facilitated Learning Analysis 1 USDA Forest Service—Southwest Region—Coconino National Forest Contents Background ..................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4 The Story ......................................................................................................................... 5 Initial Response ........................................................................................................... 5 Day 2: A Heavy Equipment Show ................................................................................ 6 July 12 – July 17: Isolate and Monitor .......................................................................... 8 July 18 to July 20: “We Started Getting More Aggressive with Water” ......................... 9 July 21: Just Wet it Down and Monitor ....................................................................... 11 Sensemaking and Learning Opportunities .................................................................... 16 What Went Well ...................................................................................................... 16 Setting the Tone ..................................................................................................... 17 Common Operating Picture .................................................................................... 18 Complexity .............................................................................................................. 20 Transition ................................................................................................................ 21 Understanding Why They Were There ................................................................... 22 Bias for Action......................................................................................................... 23 Special Use Permits ............................................................................................... 25 Be “That” Person .................................................................................................... 25 Smoke .................................................................................................................... 26 Appendix A – Timeline .................................................................................................. 28 Appendix B – PPE Report ............................................................................................. 29 2 USDA Forest Service—Southwest Region—Coconino National Forest Background The 2019 Arizona fire season by the middle of July had been more active than average, owing partly to the late onset of monsoon season. Fire resources from the Red Rock Ranger District (RRRD) of the Coconino National Forest (COF) and Verde Ranger District (VRD) of the Prescott National Forest (PNF) were committed to fires and prescribed burns, while out-of-area resources were ordered to help cover local initial attack response. In the week leading up to the start of the Mulch Fire, Prescott Interagency Dispatch logged over 60 wildfires or smoke checks, while Flagstaff Dispatch Center (FDC) logged over 70 on the Coconino National Forest. Most of the firefighters that work on the Red Rock and Verde Ranger Districts are either from the local area, or have lived in the area for several years. They hunt, fish, hike, camp, and recreate in the forest they work on. They have moved away for jobs or school, but come back because this is home and this is their community. The fire organization on the two districts have functioned as a zone for over 25 years, sharing resources and duty officers across the Forest boundary on a daily basis. Besides federal firefighting resources from other areas, the Zone also used local government resources statused in ROSS. Central Arizona Fire & Medical Authority (CAFMA), headquartered in Prescott Valley, staffs several wildland engines with All- Risk-trained firefighters and firefighter-paramedics. Yavapai County operates a transfer station under a special use permit 2.5 miles from the Verde Ranger District office. The landfill co-located with it closed in 2001, but the transfer station still takes in tires, vegetative waste, and other materials. The mulch pile is mainly the result of increased work in the WUI in nearby communities. 3 USDA Forest Service—Southwest Region—Coconino National Forest Introduction A mulch pile caught fire in mid-July at a local transfer station, ultimately coined “This was nothing like anything I had the “Mulch Fire.” Every engine in the been on before.” local zone and several pieces of heavy equipment took turns rotating assignments on the incident in some of the toughest environmental conditions imaginable. On the 11th day of the fire, the Incident Commander (IC) sunk into an ash pit on the Mulch Fire. A second crew member stepped into part of the hole while attempting to rescue the injured firefighter. The crewmember suffered 2nd degree burns while assisting with the rescue of the IC, who suffered 3rd degree burns across most of his legs. What follows next is their story. 4 USDA Forest Service—Southwest Region—Coconino National Forest The Story Initial Response The first firefighters to see the Mulch Fire were with Copper Canyon Fire District (CCFD) just down the street in Camp Verde, AZ. They received the call at 1153 AM, July 10, and arrived on scene with one engine, one water tender and a battalion chief at 1202. CCFD had responded to the transfer station several times over recent years, usually to extinguish fires in the garbage dumpsters. Had the Mulch Fire been of this type, CCFD would have kept command of the fire and put it out. Indeed, The Mulch Fire on July 10, 2019 CCFD told Yavapai County employees at the transfer station that they would have the fire out that day. This fire was nothing like one of those quick “surround and drown” fires, though. By the time the first Forest Service engines arrived 45 minutes later, CCFD had already drenched the fire with 20,000 gallons of water and still the fire was intensifying. The Prescott National Forest engine (PNF E-28), and an out-of-region engine on a severity cover assignment (R6 E-1) came on scene of the Mulch Fire and started to engage. Working with Flagstaff Dispatch Center (FDC), they determined that the site was within the Coconino National Forest boundary. A Forest Service Prevention Officer was requested to come to the site and investigate the cause of the fire. His first thought when he arrived was “Oh my God, this is going to burn forever.” At 1309, an hour into the fire, command of the incident transferred from CCFD to an ICT5 (and trainee) from R6 E-1. With incident command in Forest Service hands, CCFD departed the scene, leaving their “The Forest Service wanted it—but water tender for another 45 minutes no one really wanted it.” to help the Forest Service engines. The scale of the mulch pile was revealed in the ICT5’s size up to FDC at 1309: a mulch pile covering an acre of ground, 20-30 feet tall. Local firefighters already knew about this pile though. It had been growing for years and was the last pile that hadn’t been separated out by transfer station employees. A firefighter on PNF E-28 even remembered having the thought, “I hope we don’t have to deal with that, it’s bad enough when it isn’t on fire.” Now here he was, initial attacking the pile. Fire activity was minimal – creeping and smoldering – but no one on scene, had ever dealt with something like this. There was desert scrub on the 5 USDA Forest Service—Southwest Region—Coconino National Forest hills surrounding the site, but the pile itself sat on a 20-foot-deep layer of barren earth covering 40 years of trash. The size of the pile, the fact that it was now about ¾ involved, and its location in the bare dirt, pointed to just letting it burn out. Acting on this strategy, they grabbed drip torches and lit the rest of the pile. Over the next few hours, significant progress was made to isolate the pile and protect the surrounding piles of slash and mulch, as well as prepare for the next day’s operations. County heavy equipment completed a line around the pile and pushed other piles away. The ICT5 ordered more heavy equipment, water tenders and water handling equipment – portable tanks, pumps, sprinklers, etc. – through FDC. With the increasing complexity of the fire, another transfer of command took place at 1601. The ICT5 fire transitioned to ICT4, with two PNF firefighters as ICT4 and ICT4-T: Frank and Chris. The final update to FDC for the night at 2256 identified the PNF E-28 as a night shift on the Mulch Fire. Day 2: A Heavy Equipment Show The Incident Commander Trainee, Chris, spoke with the Agency Administrator (AA) on the second day of the incident. Chris briefed the AA on the situation, and confirmed they were getting the resources they needed for the fire. The heat of the pile and its vertical dimension didn’t make anyone comfortable setting foot on the pile. This was heavy equipment work, and operations revolved around the use of a dozer and an excavator to tear the pile apart. Coconino National Forest Dozer 1 (DZ-1) arrived that morning and worked with an excavator, that had been there since the day before, to break An excavator moving burning mulch
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