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Ecological Periodic Tables for Nekton and Benthic Macrofaunal Community Usage of Estuarine Habitats Dr

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Ecological Periodic Tables for Nekton and Benthic Macrofaunal Community Usage of Estuarine Habitats Dr Ecological periodic tables for nekton and benthic macrofaunal community usage of estuarine habitats Dr. Steven P. Ferraro U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Hatfield Marine Science Center 2111 SE Marine Science Drive Newport, OR 97365-5260 [email protected] This is a proposed presentation and does not necessarily reflect EPA policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Ecological Society of America, Portland, OR August 5–10, 2012 Ecological periodic tables are information organizing systems Elements: Habitat types Attributes: Predictably recurring (periodic) properties of a biotic community 1 Information Organizing Systems Chemistry Biology Astronomy Periodic table of chemical elements Linnaean system of classification Hertzsprung-Russell diagram • simple, easy to understand • exceptionally useful • foster the expansion of scientific understanding and inquiry 2 • progenitors of scientific theories Ecological periodic tables are founded on the ecological tenet: Biophysical environment (habitats) structure biotic communities. and its corollary: Habitats are templets for ecological strategies. 3 “If the observed patterns in community structure are products of natural selection, then similar selection by similar environments should produce similar optimal solutions to community structure. In particular, if species are assembled non-randomly into communities and if the fine structure of such assemblages is determined by the physical and biological environment, then patterns of community structure should be reproducible, independent of the species pool from which the component species (and the biological components of the selective background) are drawn.” 4 Cody & Diamond 1975 Since ecologic strategies evolve from the interaction of the habitat and organisms, “a sort of ecological periodic table” might be constructed with a set of habitat characteristics, or “habitat templet,” as the organizing elements. 5 Southwood 1977 Ecologists can only work with operational definitions of abstract ecological concepts such as habitat and community. Operational definitions are appropriate or inappropriate depending upon whether or not they meet the epistemological purpose. 6 Jax 2006 Scientifically sound sampling methods and designs ensure operationally defined communities are appropriate for detecting quantitative periodic habitat–community patterns ★Spatial scale: ecologically relevant & broadly representative ★Temporal scale: sample at comparable times to avoid confounding periodic habitat–community patterns with the community’s natural cyclical (e.g., tidal, diel, monthly) variability ★Sampling design: stratified-by-habitat (representative), randomized within habitats (unbiased) ★Sampling method: high & equal catch efficiency in all habitat types (accurate & unbiased) ★Statistical power: sample size (n) sufficient to reliably detect ecologically important habitat differences 7 Nekton Fish Crabs Dungeness crab Saddleback gunnel Northern kelp crab Shrimp Shiner perch Red rock crab Isopods Pacific staghorn sculpin Crangon shrimp 8 English sole Idotea resecata (isopod) Habitat types Eelgrass Zostera marina Burrowing shrimp Upogebia Neotrypaea pugettensis californiensis Sand 9 Nekton sampling gear & protocol • 1.8 m high, 1.8 m2 surface area drop sampler with 15 cm metal bottom shirt • Large, 3-mm mesh dip net; 10 sweeps minimum; no fish or crabs in last 3 sweeps • High, equal catch efficiency (87±2.1% for fish; 67±3.3% for crabs) across habitat types • Water depth ~1 m • quantitative • unbiased 10 • standardized Operationally defined nekton community 11 Yaquina Bay, OR (1998-2000) • large scale, random sampling within habitats to be broadly representative • sampling at comparable times in the nekton’s natural temporal (tidal, diel, monthly) cycles to separate the community’s association with habitats from its natural cyclical variability 12 • replicated and tested year-over-year to identify periodic patterns Nekton MDS Plots 15 Jun-12 Jul 21 Jul-22 Aug 1 Sep-29 Sep 4 Oct-2 Nov 2D Stress: 0.19 2D Stress: 0.15 1998 2D Stress: 0.17 2D Stress: 0.12 2D Stress: 0.17 2D Stress: 0.13 1999 2D Stress: 0.12 2D Stress: 0.19 2D Stress: 0.14 2D Stress: 0.15 2000 Zostera marina Upogebia pugettensis Neotrypaea californiensis Sand 13 Ferraro & Cole 2010 Nekton - Yaquina Bay, OR 15 Jun-12 Jul 21 Jul-22 Aug 1 Sep-29 Sep 4 Oct-2 Nov ) 12 2 - 10 8 6 4 2 Species (1.8 m (1.8 Species 0 Zm Zm Zm Zm Up Nc Up Nc Up Up Nc Sand Sand Nc Sand Sand ) 2 - 100 80 60 40 20 Abundance (1.8m Abundance 0 Zm Zm Zm Up Nc Up Nc Zm Up Up Nc Sand Sand Nc Sand Sand Habitat Habitat Habitat Habitat 1998 1999 2000 No data 14 Ferraro & Cole 2010 Periodic across-habitat pattern in nekton Bray-Curtis similarity? Yes No Do not enter habitat boxes in an ecological periodic Enter habitat boxes in an table. The operational definition of “habitat” or “nekton ecological periodic table. community” is flawed or incomplete. Periodic pattern of habitat differences in nekton Bray-Curtis similarity? Yes No Enter standard habitat boxes. Enter color-coded habitat boxes to identify “habitat isotopes.” Can habitat differences in mean S, A and B be ordered on a rank measurement scale? Yes No Enter habitat boxes in rows reflecting the habitats’ rank order. Enter habitat boxes in a single row. Can habitat differences in mean S, A and B be ordered on a ratio measurement scale? Yes No Enter relative mean values for S, A and B in Do not enter relative mean values for S, A 15 the habitat boxes. and B in the habitat boxes. 15 Ferraro & Cole 2010 Ecological Periodic Table Nekton (Jun-Nov) - Yaquina Bay, OR 8 (short version) 1 Zm 25 25 Key 4 2 S 2 Up Nc Habitat 6 5 3 2 A B 1 Periodic patterns of nominal differences in nekton species composition and abundance [Boxes], in the rank order of mean S, A & B 3 Sand [Rows], in relative mean S, A & B [Numbers in Boxes] 16 1 1 Ferraro & Cole 2010 Benthic Macrofauna Amphipods Snails Clams ♀ ♀ Cryptomya californica Nassarius fraterculus ♂ Macoma nasuta Grandidierella japonica Photo Courtesy of John Chapman Worms ♂ Corophium salmonis Photo courtesy of Kevin Li Eohaustorius estuarius Caprellid amphipod Photo courtesy of Kevin Li (skeleton shrimp) Abarenicola sp (lug worm) 17 Amphitrite sp Glycera sp (blood worm) Habitat types Zostera marina Zostera japonica Spartina alterniflora Neotrypaea californiensis Oyster Upogebia 18 pugettensis Sand Mud Grays Harbor, WA (2001) 19 Ferraro & Cole 2011 Willapa Bay 1996 Willapa Bay 1998 2D Stress: 0.1 2D Stress: 0.14 Zm = Oyster Tillamook Bay 1999 Grays Harbor 2001 2D Stress: 0.18 2D Stress: 0.2 Nc = Sand Zm = Oyster Zostera marina Zostera japonica Oyster Upogebia Neotrypaea 20 Spartina Mud Shell Subtidal Sand Benthic Macrofauna 40 35 ) 2 - 30 25 20 15 10 Species (0.01 m Species 5 0 Zm Sa Up Nc Oys Mud Sub Zj Habitat 21 WB 1996 WB 1998 TB 2000 GH 2001 Benthic Macrofauna 900 ) 2 - 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Abundance m ( 0.01 Abundance 0 Zm Sa Up Nc Oys Mud Sub Zj Habitat 22 WB 1996 WB 1998 TB 2000 GH 2001 Ecological Periodic Table Benthic Macrofauna - Grays Harbor, WA 3.2 3.0 2.8 1 Zj Zm Oyster 20 12 8.4 14 8.8 10 Key 2.0 2.0 2.0 S 2 Up Mud Shell Habitat 6.5 2.8 3.8 5.6 3.7 1.6 A B 1.5 1.3 1 Indistinguishable 3 Nc Subtidal Sand Bray-Curtis 2.1 2.8 1.8 2.0 1 1 similarity 23 Ferraro & Cole 2011 Ecological Periodic Table Benthic Macrofauna – Willapa Bay, WA 6.5 6.5 5.0 1 Oyster Zm Sa 48 48 44 50 53 57 Key 4.7 3.5 S 2 Up Mud Habitat 23 32 12 22 A B 1.7 1 Indistinguishable 3 Nc Subtidal Bray-Curtis 1.7 2 1 1 similarity 24 Ferraro & Cole 2011 Ecological periodic tables are • simple, easy to understand • exceptionally useful • foster the expansion of scientific understanding and inquiry • progenitors of scientific theories 25 Translational ecology “…despite producing an enormous amount of new information, ecologists are often unable to convey knowledge effectively to the public and to policy makers. Unless the discoveries of ecological science are rapidly translated into meaningful actions, they will remain quietly archived while the biosphere degrades.” 26 Schlesinger 2010 “To do science is to search for repeated patterns, not simply to accumulate facts, and to do the science of geographical ecology is to search for patterns of plant and animal life that can be put on a map.” 27 Mac Arthur 1972 Zostera marina restoration success criteria 3.2 3.0 2.8 1 Zj Zm Oyster 20 12 8.4 14 8.8 10 Key 2.0 2.0 2.0 S 2 Up Mud Shell Habitat 6.5 2.8 3.8 5.6 3.7 1.6 A B 1.5 1.3 1 Indistinguishable 3 Nc Subtidal Sand Bray-Curtis 2.1 2.8 1.8 2.0 1 1 similarity 28 Habitat-based ecological risk assessments A. Habitat B. Resource Value C. Habitat Area D. Habitat Area B x C B x D Nekton Biomass Pre-fill (ha) Post-fill (ha) Zostera 25 140 88 3500 2200 Upogebia 5 262 218 1310 1090 Neotrypaea 2 174 155 348 310 Sand 1 49 66 49 66 Σ 625 527 5207 3666 Bay Area % Change = (ΣC-ΣD)/ΣC Landfill = (625-527)/625 = 16% Nekton Biomass % Change = Σ(B x C) - Σ(B x D) / Σ(B x C) = (5207-3666)/5207 = 30% 29 “you can’t make progress on processes without understanding the patterns.” Patterns Processes 30 Underwood et al. 2000 Information organizing systems in Biology (A) and Ecology (B) Classification Structure Mechanism Theory Taxonomy Evolution Natural Selection Origin of species by means of (A) natural selection scientific progress: increasing levels of knowledge and understanding Ecological periodic tables 8 Zostera 25 25 Information Evolution of Ecological 4 2 organizing community (B) Upogebia Neotrypaea system for patterns by classification 6 5 3 2 Key processes natural 1 S selection Sand Habitat 1 1 A B 31 Empirical validation “I must detain you no longer, there is much to be done.” 32 Southwood 1977 References Cody, M.L.
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