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Mantra Pengobatan Dan Lamut Tatamba Sebagai Media Penyembuhan Dalam Masyarakat Banjar (Kalimantan Selatan)

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Mantra Pengobatan Dan Lamut Tatamba Sebagai Media Penyembuhan Dalam Masyarakat Banjar (Kalimantan Selatan) Mantra Pengobatan ... MANTRA PENGOBATAN DAN LAMUT TATAMBA SEBAGAI MEDIA PENYEMBUHAN DALAM MASYARAKAT BANJAR (KALIMANTAN SELATAN) MEDICATION MANTRA AND LAMUT TATAMBA AS HEALING MEDIA IN BANJAR PEOPLE (SOUTH KALIMANTAN) Agus Yulianto Balai Bahasa Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Jalan A. Yani, Km 32,2 Loktabat, Banjarbaru, Kalimantan Selatan Pos-el: [email protected] Naskah Diterima 22 Juni 2020—Direvisi Akhir 23 September 2020—Diterima 9 November 2020 Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut, 1) apa bentuk (wujud) mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba yang berupa tradisi tutur tunggal yang ada dalam masyarakat Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan; 2) apa yang membuat mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba masih menjadi media alternatif; 3) apa sajakah penyakit-penyakit yang menjadi objek penyembuhan bagi mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba; dan 4) apa saja media yang digunakan dalam lamut tatamba untuk menyembuhkan sebuah penyakit. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik studi pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa bentuk mantra pengobatan terdiri atas mantra sempurna dan tidak sempurna. Corak mantra pengobatan terdiri atas pantun, ungkapan, dan syair penyakit-penyakit yang dapat disembuhkan oleh mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba antara lain penyakit mag, penyakit perut, sakit kepala, mata, dan lain-lain. Kata kunci: Mantra, lamut, pengobatan tradisional, tradisi lisan Abstract The objectives of this study are as follows. 1) to find out the forms of medication mantra and medication lamut (lamut tatamba) which is a single speech tradition in the Banjar people in South Kalimantan; 2) to find out the reason why medication mantra and medication lamut are still an alternative healing medium for diseases; 3) what diseases are the objects of healing for medication mantra and medication lamut (lamut tatamba); and 4) to find out what media are used in medication lamut (lamut tatamba) to heal diseases. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with library techniques. The results of the analysis show that healing mantras consist of perfect and imperfect mantras. The style of healing mantras consists of rhymes, phrases and rhymes the mantra and lamut tatamba can heal several diseases such as heartburn, stomach ache, headaches, eyes, and others. Keywords: Mantra, lamut, medication tradtinionally, oral tradition 126 2020, Jurnal Lingko Volume 2 (2 ) Agus Yulianto 1. PENDAHULUAN Dunia medis di Indonesia saat ini telah mengalami perkembangan dan kemajuan yang sangat luar biasa, baik yang berkaitan dengan peralatan, rumah sakit, maupun kemampuan para dokter. Oleh sebab itu, animo masyarakat untuk berobat ke rumah sakit, klinik, atau puskesmas semakin lama semakin tinggi. Dunia medis di Kalimantan Selatan juga dengan sendirinya mengalami perkembangan dan kemajuan yang sama dengan dunia medis yang berada di daerah-daerah lainnya di Indonesia. Rumah sakit dengan fasilitas modern banyak bermunculan, baik itu rumah sakit-rumah sakit pemerintah maupun swasta. Hal itu mengakibatkan masyarakat di Kalimantan Selatan sangat menggantungkan kesehatan dirinya terutama untuk penyembuhan di rumah sakit-rumah sakit tersebut. Di sisi yang lain, sebagian masyarakat Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan apabila mengalami sakit berupa penyakit tertentu masih menggantungkan diri pada pengobatan tradisional, diantaranya berupa mantra dan lamut tatamba. Lamut tatamba adalah teater tutur tunggal yang menceritakan tentang kisah lamut yang dipertunjukkan dengan tujuan untuk menyembuhkan. Hal itu disebabkan kearifan lokal berupa mantra dan lamut tatamba mempunyai sejarah panjang dalam masyarakat Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan. Sebelum pengobatan modern masuk, mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba sudah berabad-abad menjadi media penyembuhan bagi masyarakat yang sakit jauh sebelum dunia medis modern lahir dan menjadi bagian integral dalam masyarakat seperti sekarang ini. Keberadaan mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba di masyarakat Banjar tidak dapat dipandang remeh begitu saja. Mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba telah banyak berjasa dalam menjaga kesehatan dan menyembuhkan penyakit-penyakit masyarakat Banjar pada masa lalu. Bahkan, saat ini pun mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba masih digunakan oleh sebagian masyarakat sebagai media penyembuh apabila mereka mengalami sakit. Sebagian masyarakat Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan masih meyakini bahwa bacaan-bacaan mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba adalah media yang efektif dalam memperoleh kesembuhan. Oleh sebab itu, pengetahuan dan pemahaman terhadap mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba yang berada di Kalimantan Selatan sebagai media alternatif dalam mencari dan memperoleh kesembuhan. Penelitian mengenai mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba ini pernah dilakukan oleh Hidayatullah (2019) dengan judul Mantra Pengobatan dalam Naskah Banjar. Selanjutnya, Alfiannor (2017) dengan judul Ayat Alquran dalam Mantra Banjar. Mahmud (2008) dengan judul Mantra Banjar: Bukti Orang Banjar Mahir Bersastra Sejak Dulu. Yayuk (2005) dengan judul Mantra Banjar. Maman (2012) dengan judul Lamut. Patut untuk diketahui banyak faktor yang menyebabkan masyarakat Banjar masih menggunakan mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba sebagai media untuk mencari kesembuhan. Faktor tersebut antara lain keyakinan dan ekonomi. 2020, Jurnal Lingko Volume 2 (2) 127 Mantra Pengobatan ... Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, rumusan masalah penelitian ini sebagai berikut. 1) Bagaimanakah bentuk (wujud) mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba dalam masyarakat Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan? 2) Mengapa mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba masih menjadi media alternatif di sebagian masyarakat Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan dalam mencari kesembuhan atas sebuah penyakit? 3) Apa sajakah penyakit- penyakit yang menjadi objek penyembuhan bagi mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba? 4) Apa saja media yang digunakan dalam lamut tatamba untuk menyembuhkan sebuah penyakit? Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Sunarto (2001:135) mengemukakan bahwa penelitian kualitatif bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis fenomena, peristiwa, aktivitas sosial, sikap, kepercayaan, persepsi, dan pemikiran orang secara individual dan kelompok. Menurut Afrizal (2016:13) menyatakan bahwa penelitian kualitatif adalah metode penelitian ilmu-ilmu sosial yang mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data berupa kata-kata (lisan dan tulisan) dan perbuatan-perbuatan manusia serta penelitian tidak berusaha menghitung atau mengkuantifikasikan data kualitatif yang telah diperoleh dan dengan demikian tidak menganalisis angka-angka. Menurut Semi (2012:23), metode deskriptif adalah metode yang dilakukan dengan tidak menggunakan angka-angka, tetapi menggunakan penghayatan terhadap interaksi antarkonsep yang sedang dikaji secara empiris. Furchan (1982:440) menyatakan metode deskriptif adalah suatu metode untuk memperoleh informasi tentang kondisi yang ada pada suatu penelitian dilakukan dengan melukiskan kondisi itu. Data penelitian ini adalah mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba yang ada di Kalimantan Selatan. Macam-macam mantra dan lamut yang berhubungan dengan pengobatan kemudian dianalisis sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian. Teknik penelitian meliputi membaca, memahami, mencatat, dan mengidentifikasi mantra-mantra dan lamut pengobatan dalam masyarakat Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan dengan cara: 1) mencari mantra dan lamut yang berjenis pengobatan; 2) mengumpulkan objek penelitian yang sesuai dengan masalah penelitian; dan 3) menginventarisasi data yang mencakup hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan mantra pengobatan dan lamut tatamba. Dalam menganalisis data, langkah-langkah yang dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut: 1) mendeskripsikan, 2) mengklasifikasikan, 3) menginterpretasikan, dan 4) menyimpulkan. 2. KAJIAN TEORI 2.1 Definisi dan Hakikat Mantra Berdasarkan asal kata, mantra berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta yang mempunyai arti do’a atau permohonan (Soedjijono, 1987:13). Menurut Dagun (2013:615) ada tiga 128 2020, Jurnal Lingko Volume 2 (2 ) Agus Yulianto pengertian terhadap mantra, pertama adalah kata-kata atau bunyi yang berkekuatan gaib, diucapkan berirama seperti senandung, digunakan sebagai doa bagi penutur atau pendengar. Kedua adalah susunan kata berunsur puisi yang diucapkan oleh dukun atau pawang untuk menandingi kekuatan gaib yang lain. Pengertian yang ketiga adalah suku kata yang mempunyai makna dan berdaya mistik. Pada dasarnya mantra itu terdiri atas rangkaian kata-kata yang bagi pemiliknya dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang sakral serta memiliki kekuatan gaib, karena didorong oleh keyakinan yang dalam (Uniawati, 2006:16). Dalam budaya Banjar, mantra adalah ujar-ujar yang dianggap memiliki kekuatan gaib. Hakikat dari mantra itu sendiri dijabarkan sebagai berikut, 1) ada bagian rayuan dan perintah; 2) mengungkapkan kesatuan pengucapan (expression unit); 3) mementingkan keindahan bunyi atau permainan bunyi; 4) merupakan sesuatu yang utuh yang tak dapat dipahami melalui pemahaman penggalan unsur-unsurnya; 5) merupakan sesuatu yang tak dapat dipahami oleh manusia, sesuatu yang misterius; 6) kata-katanya cenderung esoteris atau ada hubungan esoteris; sehingga terasa sebagai permainan bunyi belaka (Junus, 1983:134). Pengucapan mantra ditujukan untuk mendapatkan efek tertentu. Mantra dapat berupa kata dan suara tertentu yang dianggap memiliki kesaktian. Pengucapan kata diiringi dengan bunyi tertentu; terkadang tidak memiliki makna, tetapi sangat erat kaitannya dan memberi pengaruh yang kuat pada munculnya kekuatan gaib. Mantra Banjar itu
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