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>LHYL[OLJVTWHUPLZVM Going global: Europe’s security policy challenge Conference Report Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Giles Merritt Olivier Darrason Foreword In November 2010, the SDA and CEIS organised with that of the French Presidency in 2008 and that of their joint Security & Defence Day conference for the Sweden in 2009, the Belgian Presidency gave its sup- third year running. This annual event allows business port to this event from the outset, and naturally we hope leaders and policymakers from the European institu- that this will be the case with the Polish Presidency. tions and member states to freely express their views on Our thanks go out to our many distinguished speak- the key security and defence topics of tomorrow. ers for their contributions, and first and foremost to This latest SecDef conference covered a range of Pieter De Crem, the Belgian Minister of Defence, sensitive and important issues under the broad head- and Kristalina Georgieva, European Commissioner ings of the Lisbon Treaty’s implementation and the EU for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and budget for 2014-2020. Crisis Response. The economic and financial outlook in Europe may We should also like to extend our warmest thanks render both more complex, their urgency is also no less to the partners who made this event possible and con- real. As the 2003 European Security Strategy put it: “in tributed to its success: Raytheon Company, United an era of globalisation, distant threats may be as much a Technologies Corporation, and the VIRTUOSO proj- concern as those that are near at hand.” It goes on to say ect financed by the 7th European Security Research that the EU “should be ready to share in the responsi- Programme. bility for global security and in building a better world.” We extend a warm invitation for you to join us later Yet there can be no mission without means: just as the this year for the next edition of the Security & Defence Lisbon Treaty gives the EU the institutional means to Day at which we will continue to reflect upon, discuss move forward, so too must the EU’s 2014-2020 budget and address the future challenges to European security strengthen Europe’s ability to ensure its own security and how best to meet them. and contribute more significantly to that of the world. We thank the Belgian EU Presidency and the Belgian Ministry of Defence for their support. Along Giles Merritt Olivier Darrason Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report Contents Foreword ...... 4 Programme...... 6 Institutional challenges for the EU’s growing political power...... 14 Securing long-term resources...... 21 Dissuasion and non-proliferation...... 26 Solidarity and the management of migration flows...... 30 Can the EU become a global emergency response team?...... 34 Aerial defence systems: Giving Europe a strategic autonomy ...... 38 The EU as a maritime power...... 43 Speaker biographies ...... 92 List of participants...... 108 The views expressed in this report by speakers and members of the audience are personal opinions and not necessarily the views of the organisations they represent, nor of the SDA and CEIS, their members or sponsors. Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted, provided that full attribution is made to the co-organisers and to the source(s) in question, and provided that any such reproduction, whether in full or in part, is not sold unless incorporated in other works. Publisher: Geert Cami Text: Europolitics Photos: David Plas Design: Europolitics Print: Identic Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Co-organised by: Going global: Europe’s security policy challenge 30 November 2010 Palais d’Egmont, Brussels Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report WELCOME REMARKS 09:10-09:15 Gen. Jean Rannou, Director of Security and Defence, CEIS KEYNOTE SPEECH 09:15- 09:30 Pieter De Crem, Belgian Minister of Defence PLENARY SESSION INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES FOR THE EU’S GROWING POLITICAL POWER 09:30-10:30 The institutional architecture behind the EU’s global outreach is set to look very different now the Lisbon treaty is in place. How will increased parliamentary oversight at national and European level affect CSDP? Beyond the obvious challenges of determining the EEAS’s eventual institutional shape, how will the next EU budget and financial instruments (2014-2020) affect European foreign and security policy? Is there a roadmap for implementing Permanent Structured Cooperation? How well do the EU’s increasingly determined crisis response efforts fit into its overall foreign and security policies? Speakers Kristalina Georgieva, European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response Karel Kovanda, Deputy Director General for External Relations, European Commission Geoffrey van Orden, MEP, Member of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, European Parliament H.E. Mr. Jean-Louis Falconi, PSC Ambassador, French Permanent Representation to the EU Moderated by Giles Merritt, Director of the Security & Defence Agenda COFFEE BREAK 10:30 - 11:00 Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 PARALLEL SESSIONS I - Assessing the challenges 11:00-12:30 SECURING LONG-TERM RESOURCES Strategic resources such as food, water, energy and industrial raw materials will become increasingly important in the coming decades. What instruments does the EU have for securing supply routes to Europe? To what extent should delivering key resources to Europeans be left up to the private sector? Will the European Union have to make a choice between a humanitarian or an interest-guided agenda? Speakers Christian Ehler, MEP, Member of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, European Parliament Gwenole Cozigou, Director for Chemicals, Metals, Mechanical, Electrical and Construction industries; Raw materials, European Commission Michel Rademaker, Deputy Director of The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies Jamie Shea, Deputy Assistant Secretary General, Emerging Security Challenges Division, NATO Moderated by Willy De Backer, Head of the Greening Europe Forum, Friends of Europe DISSUASION AND NON-PROLIFERATION The lack of a clear nuclear dissuasion policy has been a feature of security thinking in Europe since the end of the Cold War. Are EU member states ready to take the tough decisions in response to the change in US missile defence policy? As only two EU member states have a nuclear dissuasion capability, can Europe react with one voice to the Obama administration’s disarmament initiative? Is non-proliferation even on the EU’s agenda? Speakers Didier Gambier, Advisor for strategic issues relating to industrial technologies, Directorate General for Research, European Commission Lt. Gen. Paul Fouilland, Commander of the Strategic Air Force, French Ministry of Defence Maurizio Martellini, Secretary General, Landau Network- Centro Volta Moderated by Michel de Gliniasty, Senior Advisor, CEIS Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report SOLIDARITY AND THE MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION FLOWS What should the EU do to reconcile growing migratory pressures to the South with maintaining relations with strategic neighbours? The political groundswell in Europe suggests that unlimited immigration may be increasingly controversial, especially in light of the financial crisis. How can national immigration policies be better coordinated at European level and how should the collective impact of these policies be assessed? Would new European development tools allow for a rethink of European migration policies? Speakers Simon Busuttil, MEP, Member of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, European Parliament Michael T. Dougherty, Director of Immigration Control, Raytheon Homeland Security Brig. Gen. Ilkka Laitinen, Executive Director, European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation (Frontex) Moderated by Giles Merritt, Director of the Security & Defence Agenda 4 30 NOVEMBER 2010 PALAIS D’EGMONT SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY LUNCH 12:30-13:30 LUNCH Galerie des glaces 12:30-13:30 ARALLEL ESSIONS Assessing the response 13:30-15:00 PAP RALLEL SESSSIONS II -IIASS- ESSING THE RESPONSE 13:30-15:00 CAANNTTHEHE EEUU BBECOMEECOME A GLGLOBOBALLEMERGEMERGEENNCCYYRERESPSOPONNSSEETETAMEAM? ? Salle Arenberg Enhancing its crisis management capabilities is crucial to strengthening the EU’s role as a global actor. How sEnhoulhadn‘cingciv-mitils’ scrisisynergimaes bneagfuemerthenrtdceavpelaopbiliedties, anisd wcrucialhat tootlos dsotreesngthtehLenisibonng tthereaEtyUo’sfferroleto aaslloawglthoebaElU to aaccttor.mo rHe owcohsehsioulvelyda‘civ-mil’nd with gsynergreater ifeslexbeibiliftury?tWherhadt estvraeltoegpeicdc,aapnadbiliwhtieats nteoolsed todobeesdtehvelopLisbedoanndtrhoeatwy can tofferhe EUtoensalluroewbetttheer crEisUis mtoanaacgetmmenoret? Docoeshtesivelyhe EU nandeed twio wthorkgreamotrere efflexibilfectiveliytyw?itWhah othtersitnrtaeterngiatcional ocargpaabilnisaittiiesons,neaneddistothbeere dscevopeelope fordtheancdreahtoionw ocanf EUthe“huEmUanensureitarian bbaetttlteergrocrisisups”?management? Does the EU need to work more effectively with other international organisations, and is there scope Sforpeatheke rscreation of EU “humanitarian battle groups”? Col. Jorge Esteves, Commander, European Gendarmerie Force Florika Fink-Hooijer, Head of Cabinet of Kristalina Georgieva, European Commissioner for International CSpeoopaekersration, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response BrCoigl.. JGeorgen. GEiosteves,vanni M Canomiomanne, Ddeer,pu Eurty Doirpeecatonr -GGeenderaarlmerie for CrFisiors Mace nagement, Council of the European UFnloionrika Fink-Hooijer, Head of Cabinet of Kristalina Georgieva, EU Commissioner for LInt.teCronla.tRioenalné WCoaopgeemraatniso,n,FoHumrmeraHnietaadrioanf C AiIMdI anC/dH Crisisumani tRaresiapnonseCrisis Response Branch, BBreliggia.nGFenirst.AGidio&vaSnupponi Mrt aTneaiomne(B,-FDAeSpTu)t,yBeDirelgianctDoer-feGenceneralfor thfore BeCrisislgian MMinanaistrgey omef Fntor,eiCgnouncAffaiilrsof the European Union MLto. dCeoratl. eRenéd by AWxealgeDymevarnes,, DFormerirector oHf tehade E ofur opCIeManICO/ffHumice, CaEniIStarian Crisis Response Branch, Belgian First Aid & Support Team (B-FAST) Belgian Defence for the Belgian Ministry of AForeiERIgAnL AfSYfaiSTrsEMS: GIVING EUROPE STRATEGIC AUTONOMY Salle orange Air power ranges from reconnaissance to combat, airlift and logistics, and is a key research and development driver. From Chad to Afghanistan, recent operations have once again highlighted the importance of helicopters aMndoderUAVateds, bubyt al sAoxtehle DyèvEU’s rwee,aDirecknessetsorin otfhethese arEuearso. pWehanat Office,are EuropCEIe’sSstrengths and weaknesses and what developments lie just over the horizon? How best could Europe achieve strategic autonomy in the field, and should future development work be brought back into the fold of the European Defence Technological Indus- trial Base? What new cooperation possibilities are there within European security research and innovation for the EDA and the European Commission? Speakers Col. (Ret.) Michael S. Francis, Chief Advanced Programs, United Technologies Research Center Maj. Gen. Jochen Both, Commander, European Air Transport Command Security andM Defenceaj. G Daye n . Carlo Magrassi, Deputy Chief Executive for Strategy, European DefencePalaisAge d’Egmontncy - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Peter M. Wagner, Head of Unit for Defence, Aeronautic and Maritime Industries, Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry, European Commission Moderated by Giles Merritt, Director of the Security & Defence Agenda THE EU AS A MARITIME POWER Salle bleue Piracy has re-focused attention on Europe’s naval capabilities, and on its limitations. What lessons have been learnt from the EU-led Atalanta mission off the coast of Somalia, and could this serve as a “test-run” for future maritime operations? What do the Western Sahara, the Levant, the Aegean and the Balkans have in common that might suggest a shared “Mediterranean” approach to maritime security? How realistic is the idea of a col- lective EU naval strategy? Speakers Adm. Lutz Feldt, Former Chief of Staff of the German Navy and Member of the Group of “Wise Pens” Ana Maria Gomes, MEP, Member of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, European Parliament Rear Adm. António Silva Ribeiro, Deputy Vice Chief of the Naval Staff, Portuguese Navy Moderated by Olivier Zajec, Deputy Director, Strategic Forecasting Department, CEIS 4 30 NOVEMBER 2010 PALAIS D’EGMONT SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY LUNCH Galerie des glaces 12:30-13:30 PARALLEL SESSIONS II - ASSESSING THE RESPONSE 13:30-15:00 CAN THE EU BECOME A GLOBAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM? Salle Arenberg Enhancing its crisis management capabilities is crucial to strengthening the EU’s role as a global actor. How should ‘civ-mil’ synergies be further developed, and what tools does the Lisbon treaty offer to allow the EU to act more cohesively and with greater flexibility? What strategic capabilities need to be developed and how can the EU ensure better crisis management? Does the EU need to work more effectively with other international organisations, and is there scope for the creation of EU “humanitarian battle groups”? Speakers Col. Jorge Esteves, Commander, European Gendarmerie Force Florika Fink-Hooijer, Head of Cabinet of Kristalina Georgieva, European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response Brig. Gen. Giovanni Manione, Deputy Director-General for Crisis Management, Council of the European 10 Union Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Lt. Col. René Wagemans, Former Head of CIMIC/Humanitarian Crisis Response Branch, Belgian First Aid & Support Team (B-FAST), Belgian Defence for the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Moderated by Axel Dyevre, Director of the European Office, CEIS AERIAL SYSTEMS: GIVING EUROPE STRATEGIC AUTONOMY Salle orange Air power ranges from reconnaissance to combat, airlift and logistics, and is a key research and development driver. From Chad to Afghanistan, recent operations have once again highlighted the importance of helicopters and UAVs, but also the EU’s weaknesses in these areas. What are Europe’s strengths and weaknesses and what developments lie just over the horizon? How best could Europe achieve strategic autonomy in the field, and should future development work be brought back into the fold of the European Defence Technological Indus- trial Base? What new cooperation possibilities are there within European security research and innovation for the EDA and the European Commission? Speakers Col. (Ret.) Michael S. Francis, Chief Advanced Programs, United Technologies Research Center Maj. Gen. Jochen Both, Commander, European Air Transport Command Maj. Gen. Carlo Magrassi, Deputy Chief Executive for Strategy, European Defence Agency Peter M. Wagner, Head of Unit for Defence, Aeronautic and Maritime Industries, Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry, European Commission Moderated by Giles Merritt, Director of the Security & Defence Agenda THE EU AS A MARITIME POWER Salle bleue Piracy has re-focused attention on Europe’s naval capabilities, and on its limitations. What lessons have been learnt from the EU-led Atalanta mission off the coast of Somalia, and could this serve as a “test-run” for future maritime operations? What do the Western Sahara, the Levant, the Aegean and the Balkans have in common that might suggest a shared “Mediterranean” approach to maritime security? How realistic is the idea of a col- lective EU naval strategy? Speakers Adm. Lutz Feldt, Former Chief of Staff of the German Navy and Member of the Group of “Wise Pens” Ana Maria Gomes, MEP, Member of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, European Parliament Rear Adm. António Silva Ribeiro, Deputy Vice Chief of the Naval Staff, Portuguese Navy Moderated by Olivier Zajec, Deputy Director, Strategic Forecasting Department, CEIS Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Pub 14 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 The Lisbon Treaty has given the European Union much needed tools to help it gain a stronger position on the world stage, said Belgium’s Defence Minister Pieter De Crem, but in an era of shrinking budgets he acknowl- edged that EU nations have to increase coop- eration to take advantage Institutional challenges for the of the new opportunities EU’s growing political power offered by the Treaty. “Europe needs addi- tional efforts to become stronger, to become a respected and major player on the international stage,” De Crem said in his keynote speech opening the 2010 Security and Defence Day. “It is clear that we have to go beyond our cur- rent level of cooperation. With the instruments of Lisbon we have to find ways to achieve what we declare to be our objectives.” Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 15 General Jean Rannou, Director of Kristalina Georgieva, the European Security and Defence at CEIS, also raised Commissioner for International Coop- the question of Europe’s capability to eration, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis live up to the expectations created by the Response, outlined how her department Lisbon Treaty. will work with the new EU Foreign Ser- vice and examined the relationship “There are many consequences to the between military and humanitarian aid. France’s Ambassador to the EU’s Political and Security Committee, Jean-Louis Fal- coni, took the debate back to the interface between the EU’s new post-Lisbon insti- tutional setup and the chal- lenges created by the current economic squeeze and the Geoffrey Van Orden global security situation. He pointed to the recent Franco- entry into force of Lisbon Treaty, but if British defence agreement as an example we want to evolve to become an actor at a for wider European cooperation. global level, we Europeans must ask our- selves if we have the means,” Rannou said De Crem said the “welcome rapproche- in his opening remarks. ment” between France and Britain showed that the economic crisis could be a catalyst De Crem’s speech was followed by a for greater defence cooperation by forcing EU debate on the challenges facing the EU’s nations to work closer together to save money. political power which revealed some sharply differing views. British Conservative MEP “Almost all EU member states will be Geoffrey van Orden cast doubt on the very faced with the same problem of more sub- idea of the EU taking on a defence role, stantial decreases in defence budgets,” De whilst senior European Commission official Crem said. “Without a new approach to Karel Kovanda stated that the EU foreign our security challenges, a lot of member policy remained hostage to the competing states will be forced to reduce their ambitions of its member states and therefore military capabilities.” “has managed to do no big things.” Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 16 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 He added that this recognition among EU need to be involved, we need a variety of defence ministers at their informal meeting in outlooks … we have to build a common Ghent back in September, and their agree- culture.” ment on study areas would help the EU take the pooling and sharing of resources forward. Commissioner Georgieva underlined This was a major achievement of the Belgium’s the necessity of cooperation to make the EU Presidency, De Crem said. Lisbon Treaty work. She warned against too much institutional navel-gazing rather Moderator Giles Merritt, Direc- tor of the Security & Defence Agenda, took up the theme, sug- gesting that the budget crisis “may well turn out to be a blessing in disguise” for European defence. Europe’s ability to increase the pooling and sharing of military capabilities along with the need to develop a common vision in the face of new global challenges will be key to deciding how post- Lisbon EU can bring added value to foreign and security policy, said Jean Rannou Falconi. The role of the new Euro- pean External Action Service (EEAS) than dealing with real issues and illus- would be crucial, he added, pointing to trated her point by looking at the interac- the difficulties in forging the new diplo- tion between humanitarian aid and EU matic service from the varying political foreign and security policy. Humanitarian cultures of the Commission, Council and aid is driven by needs and principles of member states. neutrality and impartiality. For this reason it is not part of EU foreign policy or of the “It’s a challenge, let’s be clear. I don’t EEAS. But humanitarian aspects need to think any of our national administrations be factored into EU foreign policy espe- have undergone such an ambitious reform. cially in complex crises where issues of There’s work to be done,” Falconi told humanitarian access and protection are the conference. “All the member states crucial. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 17 That cooperation should also be wid- protect its independence and impartiality, ened to the role of the military in contrib- Georgieva explained. However, she gave uting to the provision of relief and secu- assurances that her department will “work rity. Georgieva said there are occasions hand-in-hand” with the foreign service when military engage- to ensure a coherent ment is needed to help response to crises. Without a new approach with emergency assis- to our security challenges, tance, such as the Asian Van Orden backed the a lot of member states will tsunami or the Pakistani commissioner’s views on be forced to reduce their earthquake; times when the EU’s important role military capabilities the military is needed to in humanitarian aid - Pieter De Crem - provide a secure envi- and post-conflict recon- ronment which facili- struction, but he saw no tates aid efforts such added value in the EU’s as the EU mission in Chad; and events defence ambitions. where the military can do both, such as the earthquake in Haiti. In other cases “I would like to see a genuine complemen- humanitarian assistance does not need tarily between the European Union and for military support. example NATO, with the European Union focusing on its civil tasks and the military tasks The EU will keep humanitarian assis- being left to the organisation best equipped to tance separate from the EEAS in order to do that, which is NATO,” said Van Orden. Jean-Louis Falconi Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 18 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 “NATO has the enormous strength of the basis for permanent structured cooper- binding the US and Canada to the security ation within the context of the European of our continent. That is our most impor- Union,” he said. tant strategic objective. Anything we do to in any way undermine that, I think, is In response to a question from Lau- detrimental.” rens Jan Brinkhorst, from the Praesidium of Friends of Europe, Falconi pointed out Van Orden raised a that the Franco-British series of concerns about Europe’s foreign policy agreement included a the Lisbon Treaty, is still as the mercy of the commitment to work including the lack of member states. What we for more efficient EU parliamentary oversight can do are relatively small military capacities, and on EU defence activities things on the periphery of that President Nicolas and concern that the world affairs Sarkozy had called it a “permanent structured - Karel Kovanda - starting point for more cooperation” clauses in European cooperation. the treaty could lead to the development of an EU army. Van Orden’s sceptical views on EU defence are well known, and sparked a too personal “The greatest danger to my mind would focus on him from France’s former Ambassador be if the UK and France were to decide to NATO, Benoît d’Aboville, who stressed the that their bilateral agreement could form need for the EU to have its own military head- Kristalina Georgieva Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 19 quarters to better cooper- ate with NATO. More surprising was the down- beat assessment of EU foreign policy from Karel Kovanda, the European Commission’s Deputy Director-General for External Relations. “Europe’s foreign policy is still as the mercy of the member Karel Kovanda states,” Kovanda said. “What we can do are relatively small the German Atlantic Association, Kovanda things on the periphery of world affairs … acknowledged that the EU had played a crucial Europe as big as it is has managed to do role in ending the 2008 Russia-Georgia war almost no big thing really.” and in ensuring a peaceful outcome to Orange Revolution which followed Ukraine’s 2004 He characterized EU achievements in presidential election. Kosovo and Bosnia as “medium-sized” and Kovanda, who resigned after a long Brussels career at both NATO and the EU, said it was too early to evalu- ate the impact of the Lisbon Treaty in improving the EU’s foreign policy response. However, Pieter De Crem he complained that bemoaned failings in Russia, Turkey, China the year-long process of putting together the and the Middle East. After his comments EEAS has been “very long and very painful were questioned by Thomas Schneider of with not much to show for it yet.” Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Pub Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 21 While there has been much focus in recent years on the threats to energy routes from Russia and the Middle East or the danger from pirate disruption to maritime trade routes, Michel Rademaker chose to open this debate by focusing on Europe’s dependency on rare earths from Securing long-term resources China. Deputy Direc- tor of the Hague Centre for Strategic Stud- ies, Rademaker pointed out that China owns 97 percent of production of rare earths – 17 elements that are essential for the production of mobile phones, flat screen TVs, wind turbines, hybrid cars and a range of other high-tech products. “Future demand will grow exponentially still and supply can’t meet demand in the Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 22 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Christian Ehler short term and probably not in the long Atlantic Association, also raised the impor- run, so there is a gap,” Rademaker told the tance of rare earths in the production of conference. modern military equipment. Rademaker explained that Western The European Commission has iden- companies were initially happy to allow tified 14 critical raw materials where the China to take over production since costs EU’s need for imports is likely to present were lower and there were fewer concerns economic and geo-political risk over the about the environmental impact of rare next ten years. The list is expected to be earth production. revised on a regular basis in the future. Now, however, there are concerns that “We are heavily dependent on imports China is using export restrictions to favour and on top of that, the situation is such the development of its own production that we have emerging countries for of high-tech goods. The alleged freeze in which demand is increasing,” cautioned rare earth exports to Japan after the deten- Gwenole Cozigou, Director for chemi- tion of a Chinese trawler captain by the cals, metals, mechanical, electrical, con- Japanese coast guard was an indication of struction industries and raw materials at China’s willingness to use its control of the the European Commission’s Directorate production of the raw material for political General for Enterprise and Industry. reasons, Rademaker contended. From the floor, Thomas Schneider, of the German Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 23 Gwenole Cozigou WillyJamie de SheaBacker The United States and Australia are research in developing alternative planning to open major new rare earth products. mines over the next five years, but rising demand means there will still be a short- Cozigou said the EU is already work- age, with the EU remaining almost 100 ing on multinational and bilateral tracks percent dependent on imports. to secure stable supplies of critical raw materials, notably by cooperating with the Rademaker said the EU needs to com- United States and Mexico in the request bine energy, security and foreign policy for a World Trade Organisation panel on with intensified research and development Chinese trade restrictions on eight raw to deal with the potential shortfall, striking materials. The EU is also making open investment deals with countries outside trade in such products an important factor China which have rare earth deposits. They in WTO accession negotiations with should also step up domestic “reduce, re- countries such as Russia and Kazakhstan. use and replace policies” to lower depen- dence on imported rare earths, for example On another level, the EU is talking through recycling mobile phones and other with developing nations about improving material containing the products. their geological awareness, infrastructure and technical abilities to seek alterna- Given the security implications, the tive sources of key resources. Cozigou EU should also open cooperation with stressed that EU environment authorities NATO on the question, including through were closely involved to ensure extraction Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 24 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 complies with anti-pollution policies. Recycling can play a part, Ehler stressed, pointing out that 20 tonnes of mobile Although the applications of rare earth phone waste containing valuable coltan materials may be new, German MEP and other materials, were not being treated Christian Ehler said concern over the in Europe. “It would make some sense to security of supply for critical resources was set up a regime for recycling,” he said. not. During the Cold War, the question was which mines where owned by Russia, China or the United States, he said. “It’s not a new game,” said the EPP member of the Parliament’s S u b - C o m mi t - Michel Rademaker tee on Secu- rity and Defence. “We depended on the Ehler also launched a debate over how Americans in the past and now we depend much the public authorities should get on a much more differentiated rest of the involved, and how much should be left world, because it’s not just the Americans to the market. Jamie Shea from NATO and the Russians any more.” argued that both sides needed to cooperate more, for example in preparing public-pri- Ehler contended, however, that the vate responses to energy safety and secu- sheer scale of China’s growing predomi- rity risks such as pirate attacks or disasters nance in raw materials was a cause for such as the Deep Water Horizon blow-out concern. The EU needed a strategy to in the Gulf of Mexico. bring the trade in key resources into multinational agreements despite oppo- Shea was recently appointed Deputy sition from China. “We can’t organise, Assistant Secretary General for emerg- even for the EU, the world in bilateral ing challenges at NATO with a brief to agreements,” he said. identify new threats and ways to deal with Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 25 them. He broadened the debate to look be made in maritime protection resources, at the diplomatic and security dilemmas but in fact, allied nations are cutting back raised by Europe’s continued reliance on their navies. International cooperation is imported oil and gas. needed to deal with common threats – for example by engag- ing more with China and India, given the increasing importance of the Indian Ocean as a trade hub. There was consid- erable debate about how the West should respond to China’s investment in Afri- can raw materials. Speakers asked if the EU should relax its stance on promoting good governance and human rights in Africa to better compete with Jamie Shea China. “The geopolitics of resources and The general view was that such a energy is back,” Shea concluded. “In the move would be short-sighted and that the 21st century we are going to be confronted Chinese policy had its own limitations. in the European Union and NATO with “We have to have a more robust strategy some difficult diplomatic dilemmas.” although I’m not convinced that this very single issue development policy of China In particular, he focused on the threats to will work, there is a lot of scepticism in supply routes whose vulnerability has been Africa about that and in many Third demonstrated by the Somali piracy problem. World countries,” said Ehler. “We don’t Given that 90 percent of the world’s trade have to clone the China policy.” is carried by sea, more investment should Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 26 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 The European Union will play no more than a minor role in nuclear dissuasion and non-proliferation policy in the foreseeable future, with only atomic armed powers Brit- ain and France having any real say, said the experts in the dissuasion and non- Dissuasion and proliferation panel. As US President Barack Obama non-proliferation urges nations to move towards a world without nuclear weapons, the EU has almost no way to respond, they said, except in the unlikely event that its member states ask it for action, for example in negotiations with Iran. “Dissuasion is a subject in the European Union that is rarely addressed, and I don’t think we could come up with anything substantial,” said Didier Gambier, Advi- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 27 sor on strategic issues relating to industrial any cuts. With their arms stockpile in the low technologies at the European Commission. hundreds, the cross-channel neighbours are waiting for the United “The only thing we States and Russia to can do is to watch and slash their munitions to help create a con- down to similar levels sensus one day, if one as those in Western begins to emerge,” he Europe. told the panel. As well as pushing Gambier noted for massive reduc- that the EU, where tions, Obama has also the power for deci- pledged to reject the sion making in Didier Gambier first use of nuclear defence matters lies weapons even if the in the hands of the member states, is United States came under attack from bio- not mentioned at all as a forum for coop- logical or chemical weapons or from large- eration in non-proliferation documents scale conventional forces. at NATO, although it has 21 member countries in common with the EU. Britain and France consider their arsenals strategic weapons only to be used if they Of the EU’s two nuclear powers, Britain come under attack and even then, only in believes that NATO must be the only forum extreme circumstances, but at the moment in which nuclear arms are discussed, while France would not even contemplate France insists the weapons are for its protec- following Washington’s lead. tion alone. Neither is prepared to consider “France does not agree with the no-first-use posture,” the Commander of France’s Stra- tegic Air Force, Lieutenant General Paul Fouilland, told the audience. “If we accept that a nuclear weapon can only be used against a nuclear weapon, then we are giving a Maurizio Martellini green light to the use of con- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 28 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 ventional weapons, or biological weapons, cut weapon numbers under certain conditions. or chemical weapons and other kinds of “France favours disarmament. It wants arms in the future,” he said. the world to be safer, more stable and in peace, and if that happens there will be less “Dissuasion must be a certainty for us, need for nuclear deterrence,” said Fouil- backed by the will and the capacity to act, land. But he added: “We are waiting for the and uncertain for any potential adversaries,” United States’ and Russia’s arsenals to fall he said, adding that Paris and London were to roughly the same level. That is, in the focused on protecting their vital interests hundreds, rather than in the thousands. It’s and promoting the notion of uncertainty to the balance between the United States and de-stabilise would-be aggressors. Russia that is going to count.” France is expected to have around 300 He estimated that the United States has nuclear weapons by next year, including a total of 8,000 warheads, around 2,000 less operational and maintenance warheads, than Russia. launched from the air or submarines, while France relies heavily on nuclear energy to supply its electricity grid, and some speak- ers argued that the real risks lay in civil use of nuclear power, as exemplified by Iran’s ambitions to enrich uranium to fuel its nuclear reactors. At highly refined levels, enriched uranium can be used to make the core of an atomic bomb. Michel de Gliniasty Maurizio Martellini, scientist and Head Britain, with its Trident submarine capabil- of the Landau Network-Centro Volta ity, has around 120 operational arms, and global security organisation, noted that a total stock of some 180. In terms of dis- nuclear weapons proliferation prevention armament, France has a standard of “strict is an area in which Europe is able to play sufficiency,” under which the size of its arse- an important role, for instance by leading nal must be big enough to present a cred- negotiations with Iran on behalf of major ible force for dissuasion and to be able to world powers. respond to “international conditions”. He said the EU had used “the proper Politically at least, Paris would be willing to inducement, confidence building and Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 29 soft measures” in an effort to persuade -- plus Germany, with the EU’s then foreign the Islamic Republic of Iran to give up policy chief Javier Solana leading most of the enrichment in exchange for economic and negotiations. political incentives. Speakers at the The negotiation conference suggested efforts were also aimed that because the at finding a way to European Union is allow uranium to be not a member of the enriched abroad, per- Council, and has not haps at a common been able to become IAEA-managed facility, one, it would have to but Martellini under- rely on Britain and lined that attempts France, possibly with to “internationalise Paul Fouilland help from Germany, the fuel cycle are a to act when it comes long-term challenge”. to atomic matters. The major powers involved were the five “Nuclear deterrence is only a state- veto-holding members of the UN Security owned force, and the EU is not a state,” Council -- Britain, France and fellow nuclear concluded Michel de Gliniasty, a Senior powers China, Russia and the United States Advisor at CEIS. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 30 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 The debate on the security aspects of migration flow management gave speakers an opportunity to share their thoughts on a key topic: setting up an integrated manage- ment system for the EU’s external borders in the post-Lisbon context. Solidarity and the Brigadier General Ilkka Laitinen, Exec- utive Director of the European Agency for management of the Management of Operational Coop- eration at the External Borders (Frontex), migration flows reminded participants of the close link between surveillance of the EU’s external borders and the creation of Schengen: the create a secure Europe where people can move freely, it was necessary to adopt com- pensatory steps that required “common efforts”. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 31 For Laitinen, integrating the management the table that may help contribute towards system for the European Union’s external the integration of the border management borders is the new challenge. “We should system. Above all, he said the EU had to start thinking about cross-border activities as encompassing, on the one hand, legiti- mate activities such as legal migration and, on the other, combating and controlling irregular activities,” he said. As far as cross-border crime is con- cerned, “we need knowledge, we need Ilkka Laitinen response and once again because of Schengen, we need interoperability” between all the parties involved, Laitinen see “what we can do with our third-country said. partners and only then what we can do at the borders”. By scrapping the pillar structure, the Lisbon Treaty has brought about a “remark- Bringing a more politicised view to the able change,” Laitinen insisted. Criminal debate, Maltese MEP Simon Busuttil cross-border activities, which before fell (EPP) focused his thoughts on the prin- within the remit of intergovernmental ciple of solidarity between member states policy on police cooperation and crimi- on immigration and asylum. While this principle was consecrated by the treaty, its application is, in reality, clearly lacking, he noted. Busuttil therefore deemed it useful to define the term. “We are not talking about goods moving from one country to another but we are talking about human beings,” he stressed. Moreover, solidarity Michael Dougherty only involves “a few member states that are particularly exposed to large migration nal justice, are now covered by EU powers flows”. along with migration policy. Acknowledg- ing that strengthening policing at exter- Citing the example of Greece, where nal borders is not in itself the solution, 90% of illegal migrants currently transit, Laitinen was keen for all ideas to be put on Busuttil stressed the need to resolve the Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 32 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 problem at European level, pointing out debate by presenting ‘Future Border’. This that “people who are going to Greece do new modelling and simulation software is not want to stay in Greece but want to go to aimed at providing risk analysis on illegal another member state”. migration flows into the European Union. “I think that it is difficult to find a consensus With regard to controlling external bor- in order to proceed to a credible risk analy- ders, Busuttil reso- sis and to inform lutely defended the those inside and role of Frontex. Nev- between the dif- ertheless, he said ferent agencies,” the agency “should said Dougherty. be more competent The system and more efficient”. mainly aims to Busuttil referred to encourage dia- the amendments logue between put forward in his all the main play- new report. One of ers involved, gov- the key measures mentioned in his proposal ernments, academics or even NGOs, and is to increase Frontex’s visibility and to stop explore the dynamics that underlie illegal referring to Frontex missions by obscure immigration. The list of ‘Future Border’ titles such as ‘RABITs’ (Rapid Border functions that Dougherty spelled out con- Intervention Teams) but as missions of the tained identification of European coun- ‘European Union’s Border Guard System’, tries of destination and the definition of underlining that it would be a strong politi- the different actions that the governments cal act. He also expressed his support for could take. The system also has a forecast- the European Commission’s proposal on ing element where it assesses the impact of the possibility of Frontex having its own European migration policies over a period equipment. Expressing astonishment that of more than ten years. the agency cannot deal with personal data, Busuttil said that had to change despite During the question and answer session, possible opposition from MEPs concerned clarifications on the revision of the Fron- about data protection issues. tex mandate were given. On the delicate question of Frontex handling personal Michael T. Dougherty, Director of data, Laitinen replied that “on this point, immigration control at the US defence we have to be clear”. The Executive Direc- company Raytheon, contributed to the tor of Frontex set out the two main reasons Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 33 justifying the use of information that also For Laitinen, it was clear: “There are contains personal data. “The first, and this always criminal aspects and we all under- is our primary objective, is to have better stand how illegal immigration, traffic in targeted operations” and for that Frontex must be able to use all the information that it receives. The second reason ties in directly with the criminal justice enquiry powers of Europol. Laitinen insisted here that Frontex has at its disposal a large amount of information deemed extremely useful for enquiries and criminal Simon Busuttil proceedings. The RABITS opera- tion, activated for the first time on the Greek-Turkish border, is an excellent human beings, human smuggling, even example of this. “The teams on the ground money laundering, and other types of receive so much information that one of my crimes are linked. So we cannot separate colleagues, a German, said that if this infor- it, as I said at the beginning”. mation were to fall in the hands of the inves- tigating officers they would go mad,” the At the end of the session, a broader Director said. Busuttil, for his part, warned consideration of the definition of illegal “that it would be criminal if we had to immigration took place. Is it a criminal prevent Frontex from doing that”. phenomenon? Is it a social, political or even economic phenomenon? “That is a Answering SDA Director Giles Merritt, very difficult question”, admitted Busuttil, who moderated the session, the speakers underlining that “it is very difficult to say also specified a few points on the link that someone who has crossed your external between security and migration. “This is borders is a criminal”. However, Laitinen a conference on security and defence and and Busuttil agreed that facilitators, smug- we haven’t really talked about the security glers and organisations behind illegal risks posed by immigration,” said Merritt. immigration are clearly criminals and they The question is knowing to what extent are the ones the EU needs to combat. This illegal immigration is a security problem is the reason why it is crucial to encourage in the strict sense of the word and not a cooperation between agencies, Busuttil political problem. concluded. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 34 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 The European Union wants to act as a global emergency response team, has the means to do so and is already making a significant impact as a force for stability, peace and emergency relief. However, delegates agreed that the insti- tutions and member states within the Union could do much better if they learned to better Can the EU communicate and coordinate their efforts. become a global Regardless of their backgrounds in humani- tarian assistance, speakers agreed unanimously emergency that to be truly effective, crisis responses needed stronger central coordination. There was a sense response team? of frustration that member states and the Euro- pean Commission are duplicating efforts, despite holding similar values and priorities for respond- ing to natural and man-made disasters, because the actors are not talking to each other properly before deploying their individual responses. “In the end, we always get what we need, but Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 35 we would like not to have these hours of uncer- “Coordination is paramount because plan- tainty before we know what resources we’re get- ning means efficient and effective action,” said ting,” said Florika Fink-Hooijer, Head of Cabi- Axel Dyèvre, Director of the European Office net of Kristalina Georgieva, EU Commissioner at CEIS. “We cannot have any of this without for International Cooperation, Humanitarian effective common training,” he added. Aid and Crisis Response. She added that: “In emergency response, coordination and inter- action are essential from an early stage, while respecting the leadership role of the UN and the responsibilities of the host country vis-a-vis its citizens”. Her point resonated in a wider sense with Brigadier-General Giovanni Manione, Deputy Director-General for Crisis Management at the Council of the European Union, who pointed Giovanni Manione out that the whole spectrum of responses, includ- ing from Europe’s NGOs, needed to be better The trick to coordinating an effective over- coordinated. “Many humanitarian organisations all crisis response, the debate suggested, rests act without any political control, they just go,” on the ability to choose the right combination of tools for the job in different phases. This includes balancing the use of civilian and mili- tary instruments, as well as taking into account contributions made by non-governmental organisations. Fink-Hooijer, with a background in humani- tarian aid, expressed concern about habitually involving the military in civilian humanitarian Axel Dyèvre responses without due caution. “In some cir- cumstances, blurring the lines (between civilian he considered. The conclusion from both Fink- and military responses) can be very dangerous Hooijer and Manione was that in each crisis because we know that actually more humani- there were inevitably services provided twice tarian workers are killed than peacekeepers”. by fellow EU actors and other areas where no The idea was broadly supported by Lieutenant response at all was provided. Colonel René Wagemans, the former Head of Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 36 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 CIMIC/Humanitarian Crisis Response Branch were not necessarily going to be deployed. of the Belgian First Aid and Support Team B- FAST, who recognised that “the military should ”It is generally agreed that in large disas- be aware that their presence can jeopardise the ters, the military is the only one which can humanitarian space needed by both the human- be deployed rapidly to fill urgent needs gaps itarian organisations and the affected popula- such as transportation, logistical support, tion.” engineering and medical support, so needed by the There was no doubt, humanitarian commu- however, that the military nity,” Wagemans said. was an essential part of many humanitarian responses, He added, however, and indeed one that was that this should only well-valued by non-military be done in cases where actors. “The reality is that we the local population want to have civil-military requested their presence, Florika Fink-Hooijer relations because they can making their role essen- really be key for security. tial and not adding sig- Securing the humanitarian space is a key con- nificant risk for humanitarian workers. cern for which we need the military to help,” said Fink-Hooijer. Taking the debate beyond the standard civil-military dichotomy, Manione argued Wagemans added that even in cases that deciding on a combination of instru- ments used to respond to a crisis should also take into account changing needs over time. “The issue is not whether to have the military there as well as the police or the humanitarian actors. The issue is how long these forces should each stay in the theatre,” he said. Jorge Esteves Again, Manione argued, this was a case where security initially appeared stable, the for better coordination. “We have a lot of military could later be needed. “Security instruments but the EU is often criticised can deteriorate rapidly, as seen in the Haiti for not being effective enough. Why? crisis,” he said, explaining the case for keep- Because we don’t coordinate the deploy- ing armed forces on standby even when they ment of all of these means,” he said. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 37 He suggested better coordination and As well as causing unnecessary and wasteful a disciplined timetable when deploy- doubling-up of efforts, a lack of coordination ing different types of responses. “My could also lead to dangerous gaps in provision of dream is to see plenty of humanitarian personnel go in, then the military go in, build the force, run an operation, then go away as soon as possible maintaining a small presence for training, and then the police come in and the development starts,” he explained. For Colonel Jorge Esteves, Commander of the European Gendarmerie Force (EGF), making more use of the European police over- René Wagemans seas could provide a more nuanced solution to the traditional civil-military debate. “We have a rapid deployment capability includ- vital responses, delegates argued. Yet, Fink-Hooi- ing a force headquarters, the ability to operate jer argued against a politicisation of emergency under a military or a civilian chain of com- aid. “We need a more strategic debate before mand and the ability to operate in a range deployment so as to ensure that rehabilitation of environments,” he said. Esteves reported and reconstruction follow after relief,” said that the EGF had played a prominent role in Fink-Hooijer. Bosnia-Herzegovina where, as in many long- term, transitional, post-conflict situations, its Manione was sceptical that member states contribution to law and order was more subtle could be relied on to act in areas that were tra- and effective. ditionally a lower priority for their own country, noting a greater political will to act on higher-pro- The ever-present theme of the global finan- file emergencies. Despite the European Com- cial crisis also entered the debate as part of the mission’s pledge to work on ‘forgotten crises’, he argument for efficiency through improved feared serious gaps would still be left in the global coordination. Wagemans argued that there response without a clear, unified commitment to could be no justification at present for the putting assistance where it is most needed. “I waste involved in doubling up on efforts look at my maps of Goma and the Eastern areas among EU actors. “Taking into account the of Congo in my office every morning and think current budgetary pressures, attention should what we could have done, with some political be paid to efficiently deploying the scarce will, to avoid women being raped and children resources we have,” he commented. killed. So we need political will,” he said. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 38 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Michel Francis Europe suffers from “a strategic defi- ciency” in its aerial defence systems, and industry on the continent must get ahead of the curve rather than try to imitate competi- tors abroad, defence officials and industry experts said in the aerial Aerial defence systems: defence systems session. Transport planes and Giving Europe a helicopters able to speed troops to and around strategic autonomy the combat zone have been in short supply for years, and their numbers are still not close to meeting current requirements, especially in light of the budget crisis. The European Union also notably lacks pilotless surveillance aircraft capable of monitoring terrain and installations, or Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 39 drones that can strike at targets unseen and (Improvised Explosive Devices),” he said. unheard from high above, speakers said. Pilotless planes have several advantages. Stories of Reaper and Predator drones They do not endanger aircrew, and they flying thousands of kilometres to surgically do not need to be designed for comfort or take out Al-Qaeda militants in Pakistan’s survival, or even to have instrumentation. lawless tribal areas have captured the imag- They can also be made much smaller. ination, and drawn attention to unmanned aerial vehicles, but UAVs remain a serious “There is a big difference between a capability gap for Europe. machine and a man,” Major General Carlo Magrassi from the European Defence “There is no operation conducted in Agency (EDA) told the panel. “The problem with pilots is that every generation must relearn everything again. It is not only learning to fly. It is learning prudence, it is learn- ing that kind of feeling that will somehow help you to survive in the air,” he said. Giles Merritt “Machines don’t have this Afghanistan where you don’t have UAVs on kind of problem. Once they learn some- top which provide you with 24/7 ISR (Intel- thing, they learn it forever, and once you ligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) fix a problem, it’s fixed. Plus machines per- capability,” said Major-General Jochen form more and more in a way that people Both, Commander of the European Air cannot perform,” he said. Transport Command. However, one of the biggest problems “If you want to engage in ISAF (Interna- facing the Europeans – and their American tional Security Assistance Force in Afghani- allies – is access to airspace. With the skies stan), you have to have a clear assessment full of civilian aircraft, safety and also secu- of the situation with respect to the enemy, rity are keys issues when thinking about with respect to the ultimate requirement of introducing UAVs into the airspace. avoiding civilian casualties and with IEDs Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 40 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 “They want to inject three times more the midst of the current budget crisis. This aircraft into European airspace. For sure, is where European industry could look to they will have to rely more and more on set new standards, rather than copy what machines, for calculation, for flying, for their rivals across the Atlantic are doing. everything related to coor- dination and air traffic management. There will probably be still for some time pilots sitting in cock- pits, but more and more they will just observe what is happening,” said Magrassi. “The biggest problem is Carlo Magrassi access to airspace,” under- lined Colonel Michael S. Francis, Chief of Advanced Programs at the United Tech- “The strategic question now is: is the nologies Research Center. European industrial base good enough to jump across the Reaper and the Predator capabilities? I would rather buy a Predator than support some- thing that can do the same job, and by the way, five or ten years later,” said Both. “We are late with the UAV vis-à- vis the larger platforms. We have to step forward, not to think about Jochen Both copying a Predator or a Reaper, which is a weaponised system, but we have to go into the area of UCAV Yet working out safe ways to get drones (Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles), which into Europe’s skies could be worth the is something where our American friends effort. are in the development phase. There UAVs can bring big cost savings, some- is an opportunity, you have to exploit thing all EU nations are acutely aware of in opportunities,” he said. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 41 Francis said that if it is technically fea- “Communication on UAVs is not easy. sible, good opportunities lie in sizing down They all have an Afghanistan-Pakistan con- pilotless aircraft. notation, and that probably risks closing doors “If we can produce less expen- sive unmanned systems, the combination of capability and cost is going to be really hard to beat,” he said. “A small UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) can cost a fraction of what a large Predator does and can go within 1,000 feet of its target and get imagery that’s every bit as good but at a fraction of the price.” Peter Wagner One of the chief problems remains the and slowing down the discussion of civilian reluctance of industry to venture into the use,” he told the discussants. The concerns of domain. citizens, namely that drones could be abused to secretly control their movements need to “All industry areas are late to see the be taken very seriously.” challenges ahead, to develop something, to get the military customer side to be able A number of speakers agreed that the support development and procurement. onus is probably on the military industrial That is a strategic deficiency that we have base to be the driver, as it was with comput- in Europe,” Both complained. ers and satellite navigation. Peter Wagner, Head of Unit for Defence, “You need to get into advanced military Aeronautic and Maritime Industries at the technologies because that is how you prime European Commission, said that the mili- the pump of industrial research,” said SDA tary aura surrounding UAVs is one of the Director Giles Merritt. reasons why it is difficult to attract civil users, in spite of the obvious benefits such Francis noted: “The Pentagon supported aircraft could have for security issues as IBM. We created a monster that migrated border surveillance, police work and many to the commercial world, and interestingly other civil applications. it’s the dog that wags our tail now.” Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 The Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) is the only specialist Brussels-based think-tank where EU institutions, NATO, na- tional governments, industry, specialised and international media, think tanks, academia and NGOs gather to discuss the future of Euro- pean and transatlantic security and defence policies in Europe and worldwide. PBuildingubon the combined expertise and authority of those involved in our meetings, the SDA focuses on how EU and NATO poli- cies can complement one another, in areas as varied as missile de- fence, cybersecurity and transatlantic defence industry. By offering a high-level and neutral platform for debate, the SDA sets out to clarify policy positions, stimulate discussion and ensure a wider understanding of defence and security issues by the press and public opinion. SDA activities include roundtables, evening debates, press dinners and lunches, international conferences, discussion papers and special events. 14 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 43 The upsurge in piracy off the coast of Somalia has given the world a warning of the dangers facing shipping lanes which carry 90% of the EU’s trade, and Opera- tion Atalanta has shown that the EU can mount an effective response to the threat, panellists agreed. However, there was wide- spread concern that recent cuts in The EU as a naval resources show that govern- ments continue to underestimate maritime power the importance of maritime security. “The schools of strategic thinking are not ruled by naval officers,” said Rear Admi- ral António Silva Ribeiro, Deputy Vice Chief of the Portuguese Naval Staff. “We are making great mistakes by dismantling naval power in Europe. See what Britain has done. See what other countries are doing to their forces. One day they will need these forces and they won’t have them. This will be a problem.” Those concerns were taken up by Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 44 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 others on the panel and experts around the MEP Ana Maria Gomes said the EU table. Vice-Admiral Lutz Feldt, Germany’s had to take its responsibility as a naval former Chief of Naval Staff, complained power to confront the full range of mari- that strategic thinking was “dominated by time problems, which include the spread of piracy to other areas of the Indian Ocean and into the Atlantic; the potential for con- flict over natural resources and sea lanes in the Arctic; energy security; trafficking in humans, weapons and drugs, and sea-borne terrorism. Ana Maria Gomes However, she said the recent continental” ideas and military staff often closure of the EU’s security sector reform suffered from “sea blindness”. “People aren’t mission in Guinea Bissau despite the West really aware of what is happening at sea,” he African nation’s continued role as a hub said, adding that maritime planning could for narcotics smugglers and the lack of EU be a cornerstone of military planning under action to tackle the spread of terrorism from the Lisbon Treaty-era EU, due both to the the Sahel region showed that Brussels was pressing importance of the failing to confront key mari- issue and the relative ease of time issues. setting up a maritime strat- egy which could serve as The Portuguese Social- an example for planning in ist Member of the EP’s other areas. SubCommittee on Secu- rity and Defence joined However, speakers were Feldt in urging the EU to far from optimistic that develop a common mari- policy makers were pre- António Silva Ribeiro time space with integrated pared to make the necessary communications, informa- investments in maritime capabilities. “It tion sharing and maritime surveillance. will take a crisis for people to recognise the Gomes also suggested the creation of a necessity to do something,” said Lieutenant common coast guard platform and greater Commander Kurt Engelen, of the Euro- naval cooperation orchestrated by the Atlantic Association of Belgium. European Defence Agency. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 45 Feldt pointed out that the EU’s Integrated Operation Atalanta with speakers agree- Maritime Policy had started with the civilian ing that the mission has been successful side looking at management of resources and environmental pro- tection and only later branched out to the military. In the begin- ning, the military had trouble accepting that, he said. “It is much easier to start out with a civilian Olivier Zajec approach and then integrate the military, rather than the other way round,” Feldt went on. “In the wake of the in limiting the impact of piracy, but there European Security Strategy, there is a need were complaints about the limitations on for a ‘European Maritime Security Strategy’ the mandate, and concern about the need to as well. The process needed to achieve this back up naval action with action on land to strategy, as well as the Security Strategy itself tackle the roots of the problem. would promote a high degree of awareness Rear Admiral Denis Trioulaire, from the European Defence Agency, was one of several naval officers who intervened to suggest that the EU needed more naval assets, not least because of the risk of piracy becom- ing a threat to shipping in other parts of Africa. Lutz Feldt Feldt said the mandate of EUNAV- and would clarify the different levels of FOR should be toughened to enable EU responsibility.” ships and planes to take more proactive action against the pirate skiffs and their Silva Ribeiro gave an overview of the mother vessels. working of the EUROMARFOR multina- tional force as an example of cooperation “With the experience we have now with between EU naval units. the ongoing operation, we need more than deterrence, we need a mandate which can There was considerable discussion of be preventive as well,” he said. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 46 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 “This has nothing to do with money, this ally counter-productive,” said Gomes. “We has nothing to do with funding or with the haven’t really supported the African Union lack of funding. It’s a lack of political will. force in Mogadishu. There is a lot to be Even if we had double the number of ships done in terms of state-building because we would not be much more successful with without that we won’t have law and order the mandate which is in place and this is and we’ll keep having piracy.” something we need to tell our political mas- ters again and again,” said the President of She also expressed concern that the EU mis- the German Maritime Institute. sion training Somali troops in Uganda could prove counter-productive unless the soldiers Feldt praised the EU’s linking of the naval mis- are given sufficient support when they return sion with a wider approach to the problems in to Mogadishu to ensure they do not switch Somalia and the Horn of Africa, such as capacity sides and join the Al-Shabaab militants. building for maritime authorities in Yemen and Djibouti, training the Somali military, aid to the Rear Admiral Jacques Rosiers, Presi- Somalia federal government and contacts with dent of the Euro-Atlantic Association of local authorities in Somaliland and Puntland, as Belgium, was concerned that unless the well as the judicial arrangements for Kenya, the EU or other international players provide Seychelles and perhaps others in the region to try sufficiently robust protection for shipping and incarcerate captured pirates. off the Somali coast or elsewhere, owners will be tempted to make more use of pri- “It’s a very good operation, and in addition it vate security firms. That prospect was applies what everybody is calling the compre- overwhelmingly rejected by the panellists. hensive approach. The EU is, from my experi- ence, the only institution able to combine mili- “I don’t think the solution is private tary and civilian responsibility in one mission,” security companies either on the seas or he said. “The problem of piracy can only be elsewhere. I’m very, very negative about solved on shore. It will never be solved at sea.” the way private security firms have devel- oped,” said Gomes. “This is going to get There was wide agreement on the need even worse if we go that way.” for such a comprehensive approach, but some expressed reservations about the George Vlad Niculescu, former Staff Of- effectiveness of the EU’s methods. ficer at NATO headquarters, asked about the financial implications of the EU as a “We don’t have a political comprehen- naval power and the EU’s eventual role in sive approach, or the one we have is actu- the Black Sea. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 52 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 Giles Merritt Olivier Darrason Avant-propos Pour la troisième année consécutive, le SDA rer sa sécurité et à contribuer plus largement à celle et CEIS ont organisé la conférence « Security & du monde. Defence Day ». Nous remercions au tout premier chef la prési- Il nous semble important de porter annuellement dence belge du Conseil de l’Union européenne et le un tel événement de haut niveau qui permet à des res- ministère belge de la Défense pour leur appui. Après la ponsables politiques et opérationnels des institutions présidence française en 2008 et la présidence suédoise européennes, des États membres et du secteur privé en 2009, c’est maintenant la troisième année que la de s’exprimer sans tabous sur les sujets clés des temps à présidence de l’Union européenne soutient notre venir dans le domaine de la sécurité et de la défense. initiative. Nous espérons tout naturellement qu’il en Cette année encore, nous avons couvert des sujets sera de même l’année prochaine avec la présidence nombreux, sensibles et importants, dans la double polonaise du Conseil de l’UE. perspective de la mise en œuvre institutionnelle du Nous remercions tous les orateurs pour leurs contri- traité de Lisbonne et des perspectives financières de butions, au premier rang desquels bien sûr le ministre l’Union européenne à l’horizon 2014-2020. belge de la Défense, M. Pieter De Crem, ainsi que la Si le contexte économique et financier tendu rend commissaire européenne à la Coopération internatio- d’autant plus complexe leur exploration, il nous sem- nale, à l’Aide humanitaire et à la Gestion des crises, blait néanmoins important de les aborder. En effet, Mme Kristalina Georgieva. comme le rappelait dès 2003 la Stratégie européenne Et puis nous tenons à remercier chaleureusement de sécurité, « dans le contexte de la mondialisation nos partenaires qui ont permis l’organisation de cet croissante, les aspects internes et externes de la sécu- événement et contribué à sa réussite : la société Ray- rité sont indissolublement liés ». Et ce même docu- theon, la société United Technologies Corporation, ment stipulait également que « l’Union européenne et le projet Virtuoso, financé dans le cadre du FP7 doit être prête à assumer sa part de responsabilité Sécurité. dans la sécurité internationale ». Or il n’est de mis- Enfin, nous vous donnons bien sûr rendez-vous sion sans moyens : avec le traité de Lisbonne, l’Union l’année prochaine pour une nouvelle édition de européenne a maintenant les moyens institutionnels « Security & Defence Day » qui permettra de conti- d’avancer. Les perspectives financières 2014-2020 nuer à réfléchir et discuter ensemble des défis à relever devraient aussi, c’est à espérer, donner les moyens de pour la sécurité de l’Europe et des moyens à y consa- renforcer les capacités de l’Union européenne à assu- crer. Giles Merritt Olivier Darrason Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 53 Table des matières Avant-propos ...... 54 Programme ...... 6 Rivalités institutionnelles et montée en puissance politique de l’UE ...... 56 Assurer la pérennité à long terme des ressources ...... 62 Dissuasion et non-prolifération...... 68 Solidarité et gestion des flux migratoires...... 72 L’UE peut-elle devenir une instance de réaction globale face aux urgences ?...... 77 Systèmes de défense aérienne : doter l’Europe d’une autonomie stratégique ...... 82 L’UE, une puissance maritime ...... 88 Speaker CVs...... 92 Liste des participants ...... 108 The views expressed in this report by speakers are personal opinions and not necessarily the views of the organisations they represent, nor of the SDA and CEIS, their members or sponsors. Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted, provided that full attribution is made to the co-organisers and to the source(s) in question, and provided that any such reproduction, whether in full or in part, is not sold unless incorporated in other works. Publisher: Geert Cami Text: Europolitics Photos: David Plas Design: Europolitics Print: Identic Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 56 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 Selon le ministre belge de la Défense Pieter De Crem, le traité de Lisbonne a doté l’Union européenne d’outils dont le besoin se faisait pressant, qui pourront l’aider à conforter sa position dans le monde ; mais, en ces temps de restrictions budgétaires, il a reconnu que les pays membres de l’UE Rivalités institutionnelles doivent renforcer leur et montée en puissance coopération afin de tirer avantage des nouvelles politique de l’UE opportunités offertes par le traité. « L’Europe doit consentir davantage d’efforts pour affermir sa puissance et s’affirmer comme acteur de premier plan, respecté sur la scène interna- tionale. Il est clair que notre degré actuel de coopération est insuffisant. Avec les instru- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 57 ments de Lisbonne, il nous faut trouver des nettes divergences de points de vue sont appa- moyens d’atteindre ce que nous désignons rues : l’eurodéputé conservateur britannique comme nos objectifs », a déclaré M. De Geoffrey Van Orden a ainsi exprimé son scep- Crem dans son intervention à l’ouverture ticisme sur la capacité même de l’UE à assu- du Security and Defense Day 2010. mer sa défense, tandis que Karel Kovanda, directeur général adjoint chargé de la Politi- que étrangère et de sécurité commune à la Direction générale des relations extérieures de la Commission européenne, affirmait que la politique étrangère de l’UE restait prisonnière des ambitions concurrentes de ses États mem- bres et par conséquent « n’a réussi à accomplir rien de remarquable ». Kristalina Georgieva, la commissaire euro- Geoffrey Van Orden péenne chargée de la Coopération internatio- nale, de l’Aide humanitaire et de la Gestion Le général Jean Rannou, responsable de la des crises, a brièvement expliqué comment sécurité et de la défense au sein de la Com- son administration allait travailler avec le pagnie européenne d’intelligence stratégique nouveau service diplomatique de l’UE. Elle (CEIS), s’est également interrogé sur la capa- a aussi abordé les relations entre l’assistance cité de l’Europe à se montrer à la hauteur humanitaire et militaire. Jean-Louis Falconi, des attentes créées par le traité de Lisbonne. représentant permanent de la France auprès Celui-ci « est entré en vigueur, ses conséquen- du Comité politique et de sécurité (COPS) ces sont nombreuses, mais si nous voulons de l’Union européenne, a recentré le débat évoluer pour devenir un acteur au niveau sur l’interface entre la nouvelle organisation mondial, nous Européens, la question se pose institutionnelle post-Lisbonne de l’UE, d’une [de savoir] si nous [en] avons les moyens », a part, et les défis issus de la crise économique observé le général Rannou à l’ouverture de la actuelle et du contexte sécuritaire mondial, conférence, dont le thème était cette année d’autre part. Il a cité le récent pacte de défense « Passer à l’échelle mondiale : le défi de la franco-britannique comme un exemple de politique européenne de sécurité ». coopération renforcée en Europe. M. De Crem a signalé que le « rapproche- L’allocution de M. De Crem fut suivie ment bienvenu » entre la France et la Grande- par un débat sur les défis qui se posent aux Bretagne montrait que la crise économique dirigeants politiques de l’UE, lors duquel de peut agir comme catalyseur pour une plus Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 58 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 grande coopération militaire, en incitant les a déclaré M. Falconi. Le rôle du nouveau Ser- pays de l’UE à travailler de plus en plus collec- vice européen pour l’action extérieure (SEAE) tivement, aux fins de réduire les coûts. sera crucial, a-t-il ajouté, soulignant la difficile « Presque tous les États de l’UE vont se gestation du nouveau service diplomatique, trouver confrontés au même problème de forgé à partir des cultures politiques variées baisses plus ou moins importantes des budgets de la Commission, du Conseil et des États de défense, a déclaré M. De Crem. Sans une membres. nouvelle approche de nos défis en matière de sécurité, de nombreux États mem- bres seront contraints de réduire leurs capacités militaires ». Il a ajouté que la reconnaissance de ce fait par les minis- tres de la Défense en septembre der- nier, lors de leur rencontre informelle à Gand, et l’accord qu’ils ont conclu pour recenser les secteurs où la mise en commun et le partage des ressour- ces peuvent progresser, ont constitué une réussite majeure de la présidence belge de l’UE. Le modérateur Giles Merritt, direc- teur du Security and Defence Agenda Jean Rannou (SDA), a rebondi sur ce sujet, suggé- rant que la crise financière « pourrait bien se « Soyons clairs, la création du SEAE est révéler un bienfait caché » pour la défense un défi, qui n’a pas eu d’équivalent aussi européenne. ambitieux parmi les réformes que nous avons accomplies dans nos administrations nationa- La capacité de l’Europe à accroître « la les. Il y a du travail à faire […]. Il faut que tous mise en commun et le partage » des moyens les États membres y soient impliqués, qu’il y ait militaires, jointe à la nécessité de développer une variété d’horizons [...] Nous devons créer une vision commune face aux nouveaux défis une culture commune », a déclaré M. Falconi mondiaux, seront des facteurs clés pour déter- à la conférence. miner dans quelle mesure l’entrée en vigueur La commissaire Georgieva a insisté sur la du traité peut apporter de la valeur ajoutée à nécessité de coopérer pleinement pour un bon la politique étrangère et de sécurité de l’UE, fonctionnement de l’Europe post-Lisbonne. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 59 Elle a mis en garde contre la tendance des ins- séisme au Pakistan ; le recours à l’armée peut titutions à se regarder trop le nombril au lieu être nécessaire pour sécuriser l’environne- de s’occuper des problèmes réels, et illustré ment aux fins de faciliter l’acheminement de son propos en évoquant l’interaction entre la l’aide, comme pendant la mission de l’UE au politique étrangère et de sécurité de l’UE, et Tchad ; et, dans certaines situations à l’image l’aide humanitaire. Cette dernière est régie du tremblement de terre en Haïti, l’armée par des besoins et des principes de neutralité et peut assumer ces deux tâches. Dans d’autres d’impartialité ; c’est la raison pour laquelle elle cas, l’assistance humanitaire ne requiert pas n’est pas du ressort de la politique étrangère de de soutien militaire. l’UE ou du SEAE. Mais les aspects humani- taires doivent être pris en compte dans la poli- Mme Georgieva a expliqué que l’UE main- tique étrangère de l’UE, surtout lors de crises tiendrait celle-ci en dehors du SEAE, afin de complexes où la question de la circulation des préserver son indépendance et son impartia- travailleurs humanitaires et de leur protection lité. Elle a toutefois promis que son adminis- est cruciale. tration allait « travailler main dans la main » avec le service diplomatique pour assurer une Cette coopération doit aussi être élargie au cohérence dans la gestion des crises. rôle des armées dans la contribution aux dispo- M. Van Orden s’est rangé aux côtés de la sitifs d’aide et de sécurité. Selon Mme Geor- commissaire à propos du rôle important joué gieva, il arrive que l’engagement militaire soit par l’UE en matière d’aide humanitaire et de requis pour appuyer l’assistance d’urgence, reconstruction post-conflit, mais il a déclaré comme au moment du tsunami en Asie ou du ne voir aucune valeur ajoutée dans les ambi- Jean-Louis Falconi Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 60 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 tions militaires de l’UE. défense de l’UE, et une inquiétude portant sur la « coopération structurée permanente » « J’aimerais constater une authentique créée par le traité, qui pourrait mener à la complémentarité entre l’Union européenne mise sur pied d’une armée européenne. « Le et par exemple l’OTAN, où la première se plus grand danger, à mon sens, serait que le concentrerait sur l’aspect civil et laisserait l’as- Royaume-Uni et la France décident que leur pect militaire à l’organisation la mieux équi- pacte bilatéral forme le point de départ d’une pée pour cela, à savoir l’OTAN », a déclaré le coopération structurée permanente dans le Britannique, membre du groupe des conser- cadre de l’Union européenne », a-t-il déclaré. vateurs et réformistes au Parlement européen. « L’OTAN possède le pouvoir énorme de lier En réponse à une question de Laurens Jan les États-Unis et le Canada à la sécurité de Brinkhorst, du présidium des Amis de l’Eu- notre continent. C’est notre objectif stratégi- rope, M. Falconi a fait remarquer que le pacte que le plus important. Tout ce qui pourrait franco-britannique comportait l’engagement porter atteinte à cela, de notre fait, serait à mon d’œuvrer pour renforcer l’efficacité des capa- avis préjudiciable. » cités militaires de l’UE, et que le président Nicolas Sarkozy avait parlé à cette occasion de M. Van Orden a fait part d’un certain premier pas vers une plus grande coopération nombre de préoccupations à propos du traité européenne. de Lisbonne, parmi lesquelles le défaut de Le scepticisme de M. Van Orden en matière contrôle parlementaire sur les activités de de défense européenne est bien connu, et n’a Kristalina Georgieva Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 61 pas manqué de provoquer les protestations de tées par Thomas Schneider de l’Association Benoît d’Aboville, ancien représentant de la France auprès de l’OTAN, qui a insisté sur la nécessité pour l’UE de posséder son propre état-major mili- taire, de façon à optimiser sa coopé- ration avec l’OTAN. Plus surprenant fut le jugement négatif porté sur la politique étrangère de l’UE par Karel Kovanda, le directeur général adjoint pour les relations extérieures de la Commission européenne. Karel Kovanda « La politique étrangère de l’Eu- rope est toujours à la merci des États mem- atlantique allemande, M. Kovanda a concédé bres. Ce que nous pouvons faire n’est que peu que l’UE avait joué un rôle crucial pour de chose, à la marge des affaires du monde mettre fin à la guerre de 2008 entre la Russie […] L’Europe, aussi grande soit-elle, n’a en et la Géorgie et pour assurer une issue pacifi- que à la révolution orange consécutive à l’élection présidentielle de 2004 en Ukraine. M. Kovanda, qui doit prochainement quitter ses fonctions après une longue carrière à Bruxelles, tant auprès de l’OTAN que de Pieter De Crem l’UE, a déclaré qu’il était trop tôt pour évaluer l’im- fait presque rien réussi de grand », a déclaré pact du traité de Lisbonne sur l’amélioration de M. Kovanda. Il a qualifié l’action de l’UE au la gestion de la politique étrangère de l’Union. Kosovo et en Bosnie de réussite « de taille Cependant, il a déploré que la mise sur pied moyenne » et déploré les échecs en Russie, du SEAE, qui a pris une année, ait été un pro- Turquie, Chine et au Moyen Orient. cessus « très long et très pénible, qui n’a jusqu’à Après que ses positions eurent été contes- présent pas donné beaucoup de résultats ». Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 62 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 L’on s’est beaucoup intéressé, ces der- nières années, aux menaces qui pèsent sur l’acheminement de l’énergie en provenance de Russie et du Moyen Orient, ou au risque de perturbation des liaisons commerciales maritimes par les pirates. Mais Michael Rademaker, direc- teur adjoint du Assurer la pérennité à long Centre d’études stratégiques de terme des ressources La Haye, a choisi d’ouvrir ce débat sous l’angle de la dépendance de l’Europe vis-à-vis des « terres rares » venant de Chine – dix-sept éléments métalliques essentiels à la fabrication des téléphones mobiles, des écrans plats de télévision, des éoliennes, des voitures hybrides et de toute une série d’autres produits de haute technologie. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 63 M. Rademaker a observé que la Chine première, a soutenu M. Rademaker. couvre quatre-vingt-dix-sept pour cent de Dans l’assistance, Thomas Schneider, de l’Association atlantique allemande, a aussi évoqué l’importance des terres rares dans la production d’équipements militaires modernes. La Commission européenne a iden- tifié quatorze matières premières d’im- Christian Ehler portance capitale, pour lesquelles les besoins d’importation de l’UE risquent la production de terres rares. « À l’avenir, de poser un problème économique et géo- la demande va connaître une croissance politique dans les dix prochaines années. exponentielle ; l’offre ne parviendra plus La liste doit être mise à jour de manière à satisfaire la demande à court terme, ni régulière à l’avenir. sans doute à long terme ; il y a donc un déficit », a-t-il dit à la conférence. Il a « Nous sommes lourdement dépen- expliqué que les entreprises occidentales, dants des importations, et surtout nous en au départ, ont volontiers laissé la Chine sommes au point où la demande explose prendre en charge cette production, puis- dans certains pays émergents », a averti que les coûts y étaient plus bas et qu’on Gwenole Cozigou, directeur des matières s’y préoccupait moins de l’impact de l’ex- premières, métaux, produits chimiques, ploitation des minerais de terres rares sur industries mécaniques, électriques et du l’environnement. bâtiment à la Commission européenne. Aujourd’hui, cependant, l’on s’inquiète de voir la Chine mettre à profit les limi- Les États-Unis et l’Australie envisagent tations à l’exportation pour favoriser sa d’ouvrir plusieurs grandes mines de terres propre production de marchandises hi- rares dans les cinq années qui viennent, tech. Le gel des exportations de terres rares mais la hausse de la demande signifie que vers le Japon, décrété à la suite de l’arres- la pénurie guette, alors que l’UE demeure tation d’un capitaine de chalutier chinois dépendante à presque cent pour cent des par les garde-côtes japonais, constitue un importations. indice de la volonté chinoise d’instrumen- taliser à des fins politiques le contrôle que Selon M. Rademaker, il faut que l’UE Pékin exerce sur la production de matière combine sa politique étrangère, de sécu- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 64 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 Gwenole Cozigou Willy de Backer rité et énergétique avec une intensifica- multinational pour assurer des approvi- tion des efforts de recherche et de déve- sionnements stables de matières premiè- loppement pour être en mesure de gérer le res stratégiques, notamment en coopérant problème, tout en concluant des accords avec les États-Unis et le Mexique, à la d’investissement avec des pays autres que demande d’une commission de l’Orga- la Chine qui possèdent des gisements de nisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) terres rares et en accélérant sur son propre sur les restrictions commerciales imposées sol les « politiques de réduction, de recy- par la Chine sur huit matières premières. clage et de substitution » afin de réduire L’UE fait aussi, du libre commerce de ces sa dépendance aux terres rares importées, produits, un élément important dans les par exemple en recyclant les téléphones négociations d’adhésion à l’OMC avec des mobiles et autres produits qui contiennent nations comme la Russie et le Kazakhs- ce genre de composants. tan. Compte tenu des implications en Sur un autre plan, l’UE mène un dia- termes de sécurité, l’UE doit également logue avec des pays en voie de dévelop- coopérer avec l’OTAN sur la question, y pement pour les sensibiliser aux enjeux compris par la recherche sur d’éventuels géologiques, les aider à améliorer leurs produits alternatifs. infrastructures et leurs compétences tech- niques, afin de rechercher des gisements M. Cozigou a précisé que l’UE travaille alternatifs de ressources essentielles. d’ores et déjà aux échelons bilatéral et M. Cozigou a souligné que les autorités Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 65 environnementales de l’UE étaient très l’opposition de la Chine. « Même pour impliquées pour garantir des méthodes l’UE, nous ne pouvons organiser le monde d’extraction non polluantes. via des accords bilatéraux », a-t-il déclaré. Le recyclage est une des pistes possibles, a Bien que les applications de ces mine- exposé M. Ehler. Et de souligner que vingt rais rares soient récentes, l’eurodéputé tonnes de déchets de téléphones mobiles allemand Christian Ehler a rappelé que qui contiennent du précieux coltan, entre l’inquiétude concernant la sécurité d’ap- autres matériaux, n’étaient pas traitées en provisionnement en ressour- ces critiques ne date pas d’hier. Durant la Guerre froide, la question était de savoir qui, de la Russie, de la Chine ou des États-Unis, possédait quelles mines. « La situation actuelle n’est pas inédite. Nous dépendions des Américains dans le passé, et maintenant Michael Rademaker nous dépendons d’autres régions du monde, bien plus variées, Europe. « Il serait judicieux de mettre en parce qu’on n’est plus à l’époque où il n’y place une filière de recyclage », a-t-il dit. avait que les Américains et les Russes », a M. Ehler a par ailleurs lancé un débat sur déclaré le membre de la sous-commission l’équilibre souhaitable entre l’implication de la Défense et de la Sécurité au Parle- des autorités et la place qui doit être lais- ment de Bruxelles, sous l’étiquette du sée au marché. Parti populaire européen (PPE). Pour Jamie Shea, de l’OTAN, la coo- Toutefois, M. Ehler soutient que l’hé- pération doit être renforcée entre ces deux gémonie croissante de la Chine sur les pôles, par exemple en élaborant des straté- matières premières constitue à elle seule gies conjointes public-privé en matière de un sujet d’inquiétude. L’UE doit se doter sûreté énergétique, de menaces de sécurité d’une stratégie pour inclure le com- telles que les attaques de pirates ou de catas- merce des ressources stratégiques dans les trophes comme l’explosion de la plateforme accords multinationaux, quelle que soit pétrolière Deep Water Horizon dans le golfe Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 66 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 du Mexique. M. Shea a récemment été commerce mondial transite par voie mari- nommé secrétaire général adjoint en charge time, il convient d’investir davantage dans des menaces émergentes à l’OTAN avec la les dispositifs de protection en mer ; mais mission d’identifier les nouveaux défis et les dans les faits les pays alliés s’emploient au moyens d’y faire face. Il a élargi le débat de contraire à dégraisser leurs marines. Il y a manière à prendre en compte les casse-tête lieu de stimuler la coopération internationale diplomatiques et sécuritaires que crée la pour contrer les menaces communes – par dépendance continue de l’UE en matière de exemple, en affermissant les relations avec la gaz et de pétrole d’importation. « On assiste Chine et l’Inde, étant donné la montée en au retour de la géopolitique des ressources et puissance de l’océan Indien en tant que car- de l’énergie. Au cours du XXIe siècle, nous refour commercial. Il y a eu une vive polémique autour de l’attitude que l’Europe doit adopter face aux investissements chinois dans les matières premières en Afrique. Certaines personnes ont demandé si l’UE devait assou- plir sa position sur la promotion de la bonne gouvernance et des droits humains en Afrique, dans le but de mieux rivaliser avec la Chine. Un consensus s’est fait jour pour conclure qu’une telle évolution serait hasardeuse, et que la stratégie Jamie Shea chinoise avait, elle aussi, ses limites. « Il nous faut avoir une stratégie plus – l’Union européenne et l’OTAN – allons ferme, même si je ne suis pas convaincu être confrontés à des dilemmes diplomati- que, prise isolément, cette question de la ques complexes », a conclu M. Shea. Il a politique chinoise de développement fonc- évoqué en particulier les menaces planant tionnera. Il y a beaucoup de scepticisme à sur les itinéraires d’approvisionnement, dont ce sujet en Afrique, et dans de nombreux la vulnérabilité a été établie par le problème autres pays du tiers monde. Nous n’avons de piraterie somalienne. Si l’on tient compte pas à cloner la politique de la Chine », a du fait que quatre-vingt-dix pour cent du dit M. Ehler. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 24 30 NOVEMBER 2010 PALAIS D’EGMONT SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY Pub 68 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 D’après les experts intervenus dans ce débat, l’Union européenne ne jouera dans les années qui viennent qu’un rôle mineur dans la politique de non-prolifération et de dissuasion nucléaires, et seules les puissances disposant de l’arme ato- mique, Grande-Bretagne et France, Dissuasion et auront véritablement leur mot à dire. Alors que le président Barack non-prolifération Obama incite les nations à construire un monde sans armes nucléaires, l’UE en tant que telle ne dispose selon eux qua- siment d’aucune réponse, hormis dans le cas improbable où ses États membres lui demande- raient d’intervenir, par exemple, dans les négocia- tions avec l’Iran. « La dissuasion nucléaire est un sujet rarement abordé au sein de l’Union européenne, et je ne pense pas que nous soyons en mesure d’arriver à quoi que ce soit de consistant », a estimé Didier Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 69 Gambier, conseiller auprès de la Commission réduction de son arsenal. Alors que leurs stocks européenne pour les questions stratégiques liées d’armes additionnés ne dépassent guère les quel- aux technologies industrielles. « La seule chose ques centaines d’ogives, les deux riverains de la que nous puissions faire est Manche attendent que d’observer pour contribuer les États-Unis et la Russie un jour à bâtir un consen- réduisent drastiquement sus, s’il commence à se leurs propres arsenaux à dessiner », a-t-il exposé aux des niveaux comparables participants. à ceux de l’Europe occi- dentale. M. Gambier a remarqué que l’UE, où le pouvoir En plus de plaider pour décisionnaire en matière des réductions massives, de défense repose entre les Didier Gambier M. Obama a également mains des États membres, promis de renoncer à ne figure pas en tant qu’espace de coopération appuyer en premier sur le bouton des armes dans les documents de l’OTAN sur la non-pro- nucléaires, quand bien même les États-Unis lifération, bien que cette organisation ait vingt et seraient la cible d’une attaque biologique, un pays membres en commun avec l’UE. chimique ou encore conventionnelle de grande ampleur. Sur les deux puissances nucléaires de l’UE, la Grande-Bretagne considère que l’alliance mili- Certes, la Grande-Bretagne et la France consi- taire de l’OTAN doit être l’unique lieu où abor- dèrent leurs arsenaux comme des armes stratégi- der la question des armes nucléaires, tandis que ques auxquelles il s’agit de ne recourir que pour la France insiste sur le fait que son armement répondre à une attaque – et encore faudrait-il est uniquement destiné à assurer sa protection. que les circonstances en soient exceptionnelles Ni l’une ni l’autre n’est prête à envisager une –, mais à l’heure actuelle la France n’envisage pas un instant de suivre l’exemple de Washington. Le général de corps d’armée Paul Fouilland, qui commande les Forces aériennes stratégiques françaises, a déclaré lors de la ren- contre de Bruxelles : « La France Maurizio Martellini n’est pas d’accord avec la position Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 70 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 « ne pas tirer en premier ». Si nous acceptons établi un principe de « stricte suffisance », selon qu’une arme nucléaire ne soit utilisée que contre lequel son arsenal doit être assez important pour une autre arme nucléaire, alors nous ouvrons la constituer une force de dissuasion crédible et porte à l’usage des armes conventionnelles, bio- capable de faire face aux « circonstances inter- logiques ou chimiques, ou d’autres types d’armes nationales ». à venir ». Sur le plan politique tout au moins, Paris serait « La dissuasion doit être pour nous une certi- par ailleurs disposé à réduire son stock d’armes, à tude, adossée à la volonté et à la capacité d’agir, certaines conditions. « La France est favorable au et pour tous nos adversaires potentiels une incer- désarmement. Elle aspire à un monde plus sûr, titude », a-t-il dit, ajoutant que Paris et Londres se plus stable et pacifique, et si cela advient la dissua- concentraient sur la protection de leurs intérêts sion nucléaire sera moins nécessaire », a déclaré vitaux et la défense de la notion d’incertitude le général Fouilland. Non sans ajouter toutefois : comme facteur de déstabilisation d’éventuels « Nous attendons des États-Unis et de la Russie agresseurs. qu’ils réduisent leurs arsenaux pour atteindre à peu près le même niveau d’équipement. C’est- L’on estime que l’arsenal nucléaire français à-dire de l’ordre de quelques centaines d’ogives, atteindra l’année prochaine trois cents unités à plutôt que des milliers. C’est l’équilibre entre les lancement aérien ou sous-marin, en comptant États-Unis et la Russie qui comptera ». les ogives opérationnelles comme celles qui sont en maintenance. De son côté, avec ses sous- Selon ses estimations, les États-Unis possè- marins nucléaires Trident, la Grande-Bretagne dent environ huit mille têtes nucléaires au total, et quelque deux mille de moins que la Russie. La France s’appuie largement sur l’énergie nucléaire pour sa consommation électrique, et certains intervenants ont soutenu que le véritable péril réside dans l’usage civil de la force nucléaire, comme en témoignent les ambitions de l’Iran en matière d’enrichissement de l’uranium aux fins d’alimenter ses réacteurs nucléaires. À de très hauts niveaux de raffinement, l’uranium enrichi Michel de Gliniasty peut servir à fabriquer le noyau d’une bombe atomique. détient environ cent vingt têtes opérationnelles, sur un stock total de quelque cent quatre-vingts. Le scientifique Maurizio Martellini, secré- Sur la question du désarmement, la France a taire général du Landau Network-Centro Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 71 Volta, spécialiste de la sécurité mondiale, a tentatives pour « internationaliser le cycle du observé que la préven- combustible sont un défi tion de la prolifération à long terme ». des armes nucléaires est un domaine dans Les grandes puissan- lequel l’Europe a un ces impliquées étaient rôle important à jouer, les cinq membres du par exemple en menant Conseil de sécurité de les négociations avec l’ONU qui y disposent l’Iran pour le compte d’un droit de veto – la des grandes puissances Grande-Bretagne, la mondiales. France et leurs homo- logues nucléaires Selon lui, dans ses Paul Fouilland que sont la Russie, la efforts pour convaincre la Chine et les États-Unis République islamique d’Iran d’abandonner l’en- – ainsi que l’Allemagne, les négociations richissement en échange d’avantages économi- étant pour l’essentiel menées par celui qui ques et politiques, l’UE a eu recours à « la poli- dirigeait alors la diplomatie européenne, tique incitative appropriée, faite de confiance et Javier Solana. de mesures douces ». Selon les intervenants à la conférence, puisque l’Union européenne n’est pas Les initiatives de négociation avaient égale- membre du Conseil de sécurité, et qu’elle n’a ment pour but de monter une filière pour enri- jusqu’à présent pas été en mesure d’y obte- chir l’uranium iranien à l’étranger, par exemple nir un siège, il lui faudra s’en remettre à la au sein d’une installation commune gérée par Grande-Bretagne et à la France, avec l’aide l’Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique éventuelle de l’Allemagne, pour agir quand il (AIEA), mais M. Martellini a souligné que les sera question du nucléaire. « La dissuasion nucléaire est une force qui n’appar- tient qu’aux États, or l’UE n’est pas un État », a conclu Michel de Gliniasty, haut conseiller à la Compagnie européenne d’intelligence stratégique (CEIS). Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 72 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 Le débat sur les aspects sécuritaires de la ges- tion des flux migratoires a donné aux intervenants l’occasion de partager leurs vues sur une question clé : la mise en place d’un système de gestion intégrée des frontières extérieures de l’UE, dans le contexte d’une Europe post-Lisbonne. Ilkka Laitinen, directeur exécutif de l’Agence européenne pour la gestion de la coopération opérationnelle aux frontières exté- Solidarité et gestion rieures (Frontex), a rappelé aux par- ticipants le lien étroit qui existe entre des flux migratoires la surveillance des frontières extérieu- res de l’UE et la création de l’espace Schengen : pour mettre en place un espace euro- péen sûr, à l’intérieur duquel les gens peuvent se déplacer en toute liberté, il a été nécessaire d’avancer par étapes compensatoires qui requé- raient des « efforts concertés ». Pour M. Laitinen, le défi consiste maintenant à coordonner le système de gestion des frontières extérieures de l’Union européenne. « Il nous faut commencer à concevoir les mouvements trans- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 73 frontaliers comme une entité qui englobe d’une tion des frontières. Plus important, il a déclaré part des activités autorisées comme les migra- que l’UE devait étudier « ce que nous pouvons tions légales, et d’autre part des activités irrégu- faire avec nos partenaires extérieurs, et alors seu- lières qu’il s’agit de surveiller et d’empêcher », lement nous devrons examiner les possibilités a-t-il déclaré. d’action à nos frontières ». En ce qui concerne la criminalité transfron- talière, « nous avons besoin d’informations, de capacité à réagir, et – toujours à cause de Schengen – nous avons besoin d’interopérabi- lité » entre toutes les parties concernées, a plaidé M. Laitinen. Ilkka Laitinen Selon lui, en dépassant la structure en piliers Imprimant au débat un tour plus politique, de l’UE, le traité de Lisbonne a apporté un l’eurodéputé maltais Simon Busuttil (PPE) a « changement remarquable ». Les activités concentré sa réflexion sur le principe de solidarité criminelles transfrontalières, qui auparavant entre les États membres en matière d’immigra- étaient du ressort de la politique intergouverne- tion et d’asile. Alors que ce principe a été consa- mentale en matière de coopération policière et cré par le traité, dans les faits son application est de justice pénale, sont maintenant couvertes par clairement défaillante, a-t-il observé. M. Busuttil les pouvoirs de l’Union européenne, de même a toutefois estimé utile de définir l’expression que la politique migratoire. Reconnaissant que « principe de solidarité » en préambule à son intervention. « Ce dont il s’agit, ce n’est pas des marchandises transportées d’un pays à un autre : nous parlons d’êtres humains », a-t-il insisté. En outre, la solidarité n’implique que « quelques États membres particulièrement exposés à des flux migratoires de grande ampleur ». Citant l’exemple de la Grèce, par où transi- Michael Dougherty tent à l’heure actuelle quatre-vingt-dix pour cent des migrants clandestins, M. Busuttil a souligné le renforcement de la surveillance des frontières le besoin de résoudre le problème à l’échelon extérieures ne constitue pas en soi la solution, européen, relevant que « les personnes qui se M. Laitinen a souligné son impatience de voir rendent en Grèce ne comptent pas y rester mais mises sur la table toutes les idées susceptibles souhaitent aller dans un autre État membre ». de contribuer à l’intégration du système de ges- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 74 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 Au sujet du contrôle des frontières extérieures, Michael T. Dougherty, directeur du service M. Busuttil a vigoureusement défendu le rôle de des affaires intérieures de la compagnie améri- Frontex. Cependant, l’agence doit à ses yeux caine de défense Raytheon, a apporté sa contri- « faire des progrès en termes de compétence bution au débat en présentant « Frontière du futur ». Il s’agit d’un nouveau logiciel de modé- lisation et de simulation, conçu pour fournir une analyse des risques liés aux flux migratoires illégaux à l’intérieur de l’Union européenne. « Je sais qu’il est difficile d’établir un consensus permettant d’élaborer une analyse crédible des risques et de faire circuler l’information, à l’in- térieur des agences et entre elles », a déclaré M. Dougherty, convaincu que cela pourrait être possible avec le nouveau logiciel. L’objectif et d’efficacité ». Il a esquissé un scénario pour principal est de favoriser le dialogue entre les revoir la réglementation qui régit Frontex, fai- différents acteurs concernés – gouvernements, sant référence aux propositions d’amendements universités et même ONG –, et d’explorer la contenues dans son récent rapport. L’une des dynamique qui sous-tend l’immigration clan- mesures phares consisterait, selon M. Busuttil, à destine. Parmi la liste des tâches de « Frontière améliorer la visibilité de Frontex, à abandonner du futur » énumérées par M. Dougherty, figure les noms sibyllins par lesquels on désigne les mis- l’identification des pays européens de destination sions de l’agence, tels que « Rabits » (acronyme et la définition des diverses mesures que les gou- anglais pour « équipes frontalières d’interven- vernements pourraient prendre. Le programme tion rapide »), et à leur préférer l’appellation de informatique possède également un outil prévi- « Système douanier de l’Union européenne », sionnel permettant d’évaluer l’impact des politi- soulignant que cela constituerait un acte politi- ques migratoires en Europe sur une période de que fort. M. Busuttil a aussi apporté son soutien plus de dix ans. à la proposition de la Commission européenne visant à doter Frontex de son propre équipe- La séance de questions-réponses a apporté ment. Se déclarant étonné que l’agence ne soit un certain nombre de précisions quant à la pas habilitée à gérer de données personnelles, révision du mandat de Frontex. Sur la ques- il a déclaré que cela devait changer en dépit de tion délicate du traitement des données l’opposition prévisible de certains eurodéputés personnelles par cette agence, M. Laitinen préoccupés par les questions de protection des a répondu que « sur ce point, nous sommes données. tenus à la clarté ». Le directeur exécutif de Frontex a exposé les deux raisons principales Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 75 qui justifient le travail sur des données conte- non un problème politique. nant des informations personnelles. « La pre- Pour M. Laitinen, les choses sont simples : mière – et c’est aussi notre objectif premier – « Il y a toujours des aspects criminels, et chacun est de mieux cibler les opérations », et dans ce conçoit sans peine les liens qui existent entre but Frontex doit être à même de traiter toutes l’immigration illégale, le trafic d’êtres humains, les informations qu’elle reçoit. La seconde le rôle des passeurs, et même le blanchiment raison est directement liée aux pouvoirs dont d’argent voire d’autres types de crimes. Nous ne dispose l’agence Europol en matière d’inves- pouvons donc pas les traiter séparément, comme tigation et de justice pénale. Ici, M. Laitinen a insisté sur le fait que Frontex dispose d’un large éventail d’informations jugées extrême- ment utiles pour les enquêtes et les procédu- res criminelles. Le dispositif Rabit, qui a été inauguré sur la frontière entre la Grèce et la Turquie, en fournit un excellent exemple. « Les équipes sur le terrain reçoivent telle- ment d’informations qu’un de mes collègues, Simon Busuttil un Allemand, dit que si ces renseignements devaient tomber entre les mains des enquê- je l’ai dit au début. » teurs de police, ils en deviendraient fous », En fin de séance, l’on a procédé à un examen a déclaré le directeur exécutif de Frontex. élargi de la définition de l’immigration illégale. M. Busuttil, pour sa part, a mis en garde : S’agit-il d’un phénomène criminel ? Ou bien « il serait criminel de notre part d’empêcher d’un phénomène social, politique ou même Frontex de faire cela ». économique ? « C’est une question des plus déli- cates », a admis M. Busuttil, soulignant qu’« il Interrogés par Giles Merritt, directeur du est très difficile de dire que quelqu’un qui a passé Security and Defence Agenda (SDA), qui ani- nos frontières extérieures est un criminel ». mait les débats, les intervenants ont également précisé quelques points concernant le rapport Quoi qu’il en soit, MM. Laitinen et Busuttil entre sécurité et migration. « Ceci est une sont tombés d’accord sur le fait que tous ceux conférence sur la sécurité et la défense, et nous qui aident l’immigration clandestine – indivi- n’avons pas réellement évoqué les risques que dus, passeurs et organisations – sont clairement l’immigration fait courir à la sécurité », a déclaré des criminels, et que ce sont eux que l’UE doit M. Merritt. La question est de savoir dans quelle combattre. C’est la raison pour laquelle il est cru- mesure l’immigration clandestine constitue un cial d’encourager la coopération entre agences, a problème de sécurité au sens strict du terme, et conclu M. Busuttil. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Pub Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 77 L’Union européenne est déterminée à agir en tant qu’instance de réaction globale face aux urgences, elle a les moyens d’y parvenir et elle exerce déjà une influence significative en tant que force de stabilité, de paix et d’aide d’urgence. Cependant, les délégués sont convenus que les institutions et les États membres de l’Union pourraient obtenir de bien meilleurs résultats s’ils apprenaient à mieux communiquer et à coordonner leurs efforts. L’UE peut-elle devenir une Par-delà leurs parcours variés instance de réaction globale dans l’assistance humanitaire, l’armée ou la police, les interve- face aux urgences ? nants ont unanimement affirmé que la gestion des crises, pour être réellement efficace, nécessitait une coordination puissante et centralisée. Ils ont fait état d’un certain sentiment de frustration car, selon eux, même si les États membres et la Commission européenne partagent les mêmes valeurs et priorités en matière de réaction face aux catastrophes, qu’elles soient naturelles ou créées par l’homme, les Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 78 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 démarches de ces deux acteurs font souvent de mieux coordonner l’ensemble des réac- – et inutilement – double emploi, pour la tions, y compris celles des ONG euro- simple raison qu’ils ne se concertent pas péennes. « De nombreuses organisations suffisamment entre eux avant d’intervenir humanitaires agissent bille en tête, sans chacun de son côté. aucun contrôle politique », a-t-il estimé. En désaccord avec cette dernière remar- « Au bout du compte, on atteint toujours les objectifs, mais il serait préférable de s’épargner ces heures d’incerti- tude avant d’agir, sans savoir de quels moyens nous disposons », a déclaré Florika Fink-Hooijer, chef du cabinet de Kristalina Georgieva, la commissaire euro- Giovanni Manione péenne chargée de la Coopéra- tion internationale, de l’Aide humanitaire que, Mme Fink-Hooijer considérait que, et de la Gestion des crises. du point de vue des réponses d’urgence, il est essentiel de privilégier la coordination et Son propos entrait en résonance avec l’interaction dès le départ, tout en respec- le point de vue du général de brigade tant le rôle de leadership de l’ONU et les Giovanni Manione, directeur adjoint à responsabilités du pays hôte vis-à-vis de ses la direction de gestion et de planification citoyens. des crises (CPMD) du Conseil de l’Union « La coordination est d’une importance européenne, qui a souligné la nécessité capitale, parce que la planification signifie des actions effectives et efficaces », a souligné le modérateur Axel Dyèvre, directeur du bureau européen de CEIS. « Tout cela restera hors de notre portée tant que nous n’aurons pas mis en place un véritable entraînement en commun », a-t-il ajouté. La coordination d’une réponse glo- bale et efficace aux crises contient un Axel Dyèvre piège qui repose, comme le débat l’a Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 79 suggéré, sur l’aptitude à doser de manière Aucun doute, toutefois, sur un point : judicieuse le rôle dévolu à chaque inter- l’armée est une composante essentielle de venant aux différentes phases. Cela inclut nombreuses actions humanitaires, l’une des d’équilibrer le recours à des instruments plus appréciée par les acteurs non militai- civils et militaires, res. « En réalité, nous ainsi que de prendre souhaitons dévelop- en compte l’apport per les relations entre des organisations non- civils et militaires, gouvernementales. car elles peuvent se révéler déterminantes Forte de son pour la sécurité. En expérience dans effet, la sécurisation l’aide humanitaire, de l’espace huma- Mme Fink-Hooijer nitaire est un enjeu s’est déclarée préoc- capital, et l’armée cupée par l’implica- a dans ce contexte Florika Fink-Hooijer tion habituelle de un rôle incontour- l’armée dans les réac- nable à jouer », a dit tions humanitaires civiles, en l’absence des Mme Fink-Hooijer. précautions nécessaires. « Dans certaines circonstances, brouiller les lignes [entre Il peut s’avérer nécessaire de s’appuyer réactions civile et militaire] peut s’avérer sur les militaires à un moment donné, y très dangereux, car nous savons qu’en réa- compris dans les cas où la sécurité semble lité il y a davantage de tués parmi les tra- ne poser aucun problème au départ, a vailleurs humanitaires que parmi les cas- affirmé le lieutenant-colonel Wagemans : ques bleus. » « Comme l’a montré la crise haïtienne, la sécurité peut se détériorer rapidement », et Cette idée a reçu le soutien franc du c’est la raison pour laquelle il faut maintenir lieutenant-colonel René Wagemans du les forces armées prêtes à intervenir même B-Fast, dispositif belge d’intervention si elles ne doivent pas nécessairement être humanitaire rapide, qui a reconnu que déployées. « les militaires doivent être conscients que leur présence est susceptible de menacer « Tout le monde ou presque en convient : l’espace humanitaire dont ont besoin à la dans les grandes catastrophes, l’armée est fois les organisations humanitaires et la seule à pouvoir être déployée rapidement population touchée ». pour faire face aux urgences comme le Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 80 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 transport, le soutien logistique, l’ingénierie souvent critiquée pour son manque d’effi- et les premiers secours, qui recouvrent les cacité. Pourquoi ? Parce que nous ne coor- besoins les plus criants de la communauté donnons pas le déploiement de tous ces humanitaire », a dit le lieutenant-colonel Wagemans. Il est clair, a-t-il néanmoins ajouté, que cela ne doit être fait que dans les cas où la population locale demande l’in- René Wagemans tervention de l’ar- mée, où le rôle de cette dernière est essentiel et ne crée pas moyens », a-t-il martelé. de dangers significatifs pour les travailleurs humanitaires. La meilleure coordination qu’il appelle de ses vœux, a-t-il précisé, doit être com- Cherchant à dépasser la traditionnelle prise ainsi : un sens plus aigu du rythme de dichotomie entre domaines civil et mili- déploiement des divers éléments de réac- taire, le général Manione a soutenu que, tion. « Je rêve de voir plein de personnel pour décider quels instruments combiner humanitaire [arriver sur le terrain], puis dans la réponse à une crise, il fallait aussi les soldats, qui montent la force, mènent prendre en compte l’évolution des besoins une opération, et repartent dès que possible dans le temps. « La question, ce n’est pas de en ne maintenant qu’une présence légère savoir si l’armée doit être sur place, en plus pour l’entraînement, enfin la police entre de la police ou des acteurs humanitaires. en scène et le développement commence », Ce qu’il faut, c’est savoir combien de temps a-t-il confié. chacune de ces forces doit demeurer sur le terrain », a-t-il déclaré. Pour le colonel Jorge Esteves, qui com- mande la Force de gendarmerie européenne Et le général Manione d’insister : tout (FGE), une plus forte implication de la cela constitue un plaidoyer pour une police européenne à l’étranger pourrait meilleure coordination. « Nous disposons fournir une solution plus nuancée au vieux de nombreux instruments, mais l’UE est débat sur le civil et le militaire. « Nous avons Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 81 une capacité de déploiement rapide qui et coûteux entre les initiatives, ont argu- inclut un état-major spécifique, l’aptitude à menté les délégués, l’absence de coordina- opérer sous chaîne de commandement civil tion risque également de créer des brèches ou militaire, et celle d’intervenir dans toute entre les réponses vitales que l’on apporte. une série d’environnements », a-t-il énu- Pour autant, Mme Fink-Hooijer a plaidé méré. Avant de signaler que la FGE avait contre la politisation de l’aide d’urgence : joué avec succès un rôle de premier plan « Il nous faut quoi qu’il en soit un débat en Bosnie-Herzégovine où, comme dans de plus stratégique avant tout déploiement, nombreuses autres situations de transition de façon à garantir que la remise en état post-conflit, sa contribution au maintien de et la reconstruction suivront après les l’ordre fut plutôt subtile et efficace. secours. » Dans le cadre de ce plaidoyer pour une Le général Manione a affiché son scep- coordination améliorée, vue comme fac- ticisme sur la possibilité de s’en remettre teur d’efficacité, le thème omniprésent aux États membres pour agir dans des de la crise financière mondiale s’est éga- régions auxquelles ils accordent tradition- lement invité dans les échanges. Le lieu- nellement une moindre priorité, et noté tenant-colonel Wagemans a rappelé que l’existence d’une volonté politique plus rien ne pouvait justifier aujourd’hui le forte d’intervenir sur des urgences plus gaspillage dû aux actions non concertées visibles. Malgré l’appel de la Commission des acteurs de l’UE. « Compte tenu des européenne à travailler sur les « crises oubliées », il redoute que des lacunes significatives subsistent dans la réponse globale tant que l’on n’aura pas pris l’engagement clair et unifié de fournir notre assistance partout où il y en a le plus besoin. « Tous les matins dans mon bureau, je regarde Jorge Esteves sur la carte Goma et les régions orientales du Congo, et je pense pressions budgétaires actuelles, il nous à ce que nous aurions pu faire avec un peu faut veiller à déployer avec efficacité les de volonté politique, pour éviter que des maigres ressources dont nous disposons », femmes soient violées et des enfants tués. a-t-il commenté. Nous manquons de volonté politique », a- En plus de causer des doublons inutiles t-il conclu. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 82 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 Michael Francis Les systèmes de défense aérienne de l’Europe pâtissent d’une « insuffisance stratégique », et l’industrie du continent doit consacrer ses efforts à innover plutôt qu’à imiter ses concurrents étrangers, selon les officiels de la défense et les experts industriels Systèmes de défense qui ont pris la parole au cours de cette session. aérienne : doter l’Europe Depuis des années, il est difficile d’obtenir d’une autonomie stratégique des avions de trans- port et des hélicoptères capables de convoyer en urgence des troupes vers les zones de combat et aux alentours. Le nombre d’appareils disponibles est tou- jours loin de pouvoir faire face aux besoins actuels, surtout à la lumière de la crise budgétaire. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 83 Il est par ailleurs notoire, selon les inter- (CTAE), tout juste de retour de Kaboul. venants, que l’Union européenne manque « Pour déclencher un engagement dans d’engins de surveillance aérienne sans le cadre de la FIAS (Force internationale pilote, capables de contrôler terrain et ins- d’assistance et de sécurité en Afghanistan), tallations, ou de drones qui puissent frap- l’on doit pouvoir disposer d’une évaluation per des cibles invisibles et indécelables claire de la situation en ce qui concerne depuis de hautes altitudes. l’ennemi, eu égard à l’impératif catégori- que d’éviter les victimes civiles et compte Les histoires de Reaper et Predator, ces tenu du risque que représentent les engins mystérieux drones volant sur des milliers explosifs improvisés (EEI) », a-t-il dit. de kilomètres pour procéder à des frappes c h i r u r g i c a l e s contre les mili- tants d’Al-Qaïda dans les zones tribales et sans loi du Pakistan, ont frappé les esprits et attiré Giles Merritt l ’ a t t e n t i o n sur les aéro- nefs automatiques (drones), mais ceux-ci Les avions sans pilote ont plusieurs constituent encore une sérieuse lacune avantages. Ils ne mettent pas d’équipage dans les capacités opérationnelles de l’Eu- en danger, et il n’est pas nécessaire de les rope. concevoir spécialement pour le confort ou la survie, ni de les équiper d’instruments « Il n’y a pas une opération conduite en de navigation. De plus, ils peuvent être de Afghanistan qui ne soit couverte par des taille bien plus réduite que les avions avec drones qui assurent vingt-quatre heures sur pilote. vingt-quatre et sept jours sur sept les mis- sions RSR (renseignements, surveillance « Il existe une grande différence entre et reconnaissance) », a dit le général de une machine et un homme », a affirmé le division Jochen Both, qui dirige le Com- général de division Carlo Magrassi, direc- mandement du transport aérien européen teur adjoint de l’Agence européenne pour Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 84 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 la défense (AED), au détour du débat sur Quoi qu’il en soit, l’un des principaux l’avenir des systèmes de défense aérienne problèmes pour les Européens – et leurs en Europe. alliés américains – est l’accès à l’espace. Avec tous les appareils civils qui sillonnent « Le problème avec les pilotes, c’est le ciel, la sûreté ainsi que la sécurité sont que chaque génération de pilotes doit tout des enjeux majeurs à prendre en compte réapprendre. Il ne s’agit pas seulement dans la réflexion sur l’introduction éven- d’apprendre à voler. Il s’agit d’apprendre tuelle de drones dans l’espace aérien. la prudence, ce genre de sentiment qui d’une manière ou d’une autre aide à survi- « Il est question d’autoriser trois fois plus vre dans les airs », a-t-il expliqué. d’appareils à circuler dans l’espace aérien « Les machines n’ont pas ce genre de européen. Une chose est sûre : il faudra problème. Quand elles apprennent quel- faire de plus en plus confiance aux machi- que chose, c’est pour toujours, et quand nes, pour les calculs, les trajectoires, tout vous résolvez un problème, il est résolu. ce qui est lié à la coordination et à la ges- Sans compter que les machines en vien- tion du trafic aérien. Il y aura sans doute nent à atteindre de tels niveaux de perfor- encore pendant quelque temps des pilotes assis dans les cockpits, mais ils vont peu à peu se contenter d’observer ce qui se passe », a dit le général Magrassi. « Le problème fonda- mental, c’est l’accès à l’espace aérien », a sou- ligné le colonel Michael Francis, à la tête des programmes avancés de l’United Technologies Research Center améri- Jochen Both cain. De fait, cela pour- rait valoir la peine de mance, que les êtres humains ne sont plus s’employer à sécuriser la circulation des en mesure de les concurrencer », a-t-il drones dans l’espace aérien de l’Europe. poursuivi. Grâce aux drones, il est possible de réa- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 85 liser d’importantes économies, ce qui ne réduction de la taille des appareils sans peut qu’intéresser tous les pays de l’UE, pilote offre des perspectives intéressantes. en pleine crise budgétaire. C’est pourquoi l’industrie européenne pourrait chercher à établir de nouveaux standards, plutôt que de copier ce que font ses rivaux d’outre- Atlantique. « Aujourd’hui, la ques- tion stratégique est : la base industrielle euro- péenne est-elle capable de faire mieux que le Reaper et le Predator ? Je préfère Peter Wagner acheter un Predator que de soutenir quelque chose qui sera tout « Si nous arrivons à produire des systè- juste capable de faire le même boulot, et mes automatiques moins chers, le rapport encore, pas avant cinq ou dix ans », a argu- capacité-coût va devenir difficile à battre. menté le général Both. Un drone de petite taille ne coûterait pas grand-chose par rapport au prix d’un gros Selon lui, « nous sommes en retard sur Predator ; il serait capable d’approcher à les drones, par rapport à d’autres program- moins de trois cents mètres de sa cible et mes plus vastes. Au lieu de nous efforcer de recueillir des images aussi bonnes que de copier le Predator ou le Reaper, qui lui, mais pour un prix nettement moin- sont des systèmes transformés pour servir dre », a-t-il fait valoir. d’armes, il faut qu’on avance, qu’on se lance directement dans les drones de L’un des problèmes principaux demeure combat, secteur où nos amis américains la réticence de l’industrie à se hasarder n’en sont qu’à la phase de développement. dans ce domaine. « Cerner les défis qui Il y a une opportunité, il faut exploiter les nous attendent, développer des program- opportunités ». mes, faire en sorte que la clientèle mili- taire soit à même de soutenir le dévelop- De son côté, le colonel Francis a estimé pement et la passation de marchés : tous que, dans la mesure où c’est réalisable, la les secteurs de l’industrie sont en retard. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 86 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 En Europe, c’est à une insuffisance stra- L’inquiétude des citoyens, qui craignent tégique que nous sommes confrontés », que l’emploi des drones donne lieu à des déplore le général Both. abus destinés à contrôler secrètement leurs mouve- ments, doit être prise très au sérieux », a- t-il déclaré à la conférence. De nom- breux inter- venants sont tombés d’ac- cord pour dire qu’il incombe Carlo Magrassi à la base indus- trielle militaire de s’emparer du dossier, comme cela a été Peter Wagner, chef du service Indus- le cas pour l’informatique et la navigation tries de défense, aéronautiques et mari- par satellite. times à la Commission européenne, a déclaré que le prestige militaire dont « Il faut se faire une place dans les tech- jouissent les drones explique en partie nologies militaires avancées, parce que la difficulté d’attirer des clients civils, c’est de cette manière qu’on peut amorcer en dépit des bénéfices évidents que ce la pompe de la recherche industrielle », a type d’appareils pourrait apporter sur des dit Giles Merritt, directeur du SDA, qui questions de sécurité civile comme la sur- animait le débat. veillance des frontières ou le travail de police, entre autres applications. Et le colonel Francis de noter : « Le Pentagone a soutenu IBM. Nous avons « Il n’est pas facile de communiquer sur créé un monstre qui a évolué vers l’uni- les drones. Ils ont tous une connotation vers commercial, et il est intéressant de afghano-pakistanaise, ce qui risque fort de constater que cette évolution bénéficie fermer des portes et de freiner les discus- à nous aussi, c’est un juste retour des sions sur l’usage civil qu’on peut en faire. choses. » Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Pub 88 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 La multiplication des actes de piraterie au large des côtes de Somalie a donné au monde une idée des dangers qui menacent les voies de navigation mondiales, par lesquelles transitent quatre-vingt-dix pour cent du commerce de l’UE, et l’opération Atalanta a démontré que l’UE peut apporter une réponse efficace à cette menace, selon les participants. Cependant l’inquiétude prédomine : les récentes restrictions, qui affectent notamment les budgets des marines nationales, montrent que les gouvernements persistent à sous-estimer l’importance de la sécurité en mer. « Les écoles de réflexion stratégique ne sont pas dirigées par des officiers de marine. Nous faisons de graves erreurs en démantelant la puis- L’UE, une sance navale de l’Europe. Regardez ce qu’a fait la Grande-Bretagne. Regardez ce que font les autres puissance pays de leurs forces armées. Un jour, on aura besoin de ces forces, et elles ne seront plus là. maritime Cela posera un problème », a déclaré le contre- amiral António Silva Ribeiro, numéro deux de l’état-major naval portugais. Ces préoccupations ont été reprises par les experts réunis autour de la table et les autres parti- cipants à la rencontre. Le vice-amiral Lutz Feldt, ancien chef d’état-major naval de l’Allemagne, a déploré que la réflexion stratégique soit « domi- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 89 née par [des idées] continentales » et que les propagation de la piraterie à d’autres régions de états-majors navals souffrent souvent d’« aveugle- l’océan Indien et vers l’Atlantique, l’éventualité ment maritime ». de voir des conflits éclater autour des ressources naturelles et des voies navigables en Arctique, la sécurité énergétique, le trafic d’êtres humains, d’armes et de drogues, et le terrorisme en mer. La récente fermeture par l’UE de sa mission de réforme du secteur de la sécurité en Guinée- Ana Maria Gomes Bissau, alors même que les pays d’Afrique occi- dentale continuent de servir de plaque tournante « Les gens n’ont pas vraiment idée de ce pour les trafiquants de drogue, et l’inaction de qui se passe en mer », a-t-il dit, ajoutant que la l’UE pour maîtriser le risque de propagation du planification maritime pouvait constituer une terrorisme depuis la région du Sahel, montrent pierre angulaire de la planification militaire dans que Bruxelles échoue à faire face aux enjeux l’Europe régie par le traité de Lisbonne, à la fois maritimes cruciaux, a reconnu la socialiste por- parce que cette question revêt une importance tugaise. croissante, et parce qu’il est relativement facile de mettre sur pied une stratégie maritime qui Membre de la sous-commission en charge constitue un exemple pour la planification dans de la sécurité et de la défense au Parlement d’autres domaines. européen, Mme Gomes s’est jointe au vice- amiral Feldt pour presser l’UE de se doter d’un Cependant, l’optimisme ne régnait pas vrai- espace maritime unifié, avec un système intégré ment chez les intervenants sur la question de de communications, de partage d’informations savoir si les décideurs politiques sont prêts à et de surveillance. Elle a également proposé la consentir aux investissements nécessaires dans création d’une plateforme commune de garde- les forces navales. « Il faudra une crise pour que côtes et une meilleure coopération navale sous les gens admettent la nécessité de faire quel- pavillon de l’Agence européenne pour la défense que chose », a dit le capitaine de corvette Kurt (AED). Engelen, de l’Association euro-atlantique de Belgique. Le vice-amiral Feldt a souligné que la politi- que maritime intégrée avait démarré par le ver- L’eurodéputée Ana Maria Gomes a déclaré sant civil – gestion des ressources et protection de que l’UE devait prendre ses responsabilités en l’environnement –, pour n’étendre ses activités tant que puissance navale pour affronter le défer- au domaine militaire que plus tard. Au début, lement des problèmes maritimes, qui incluent la l’armée a eu du mal à accepter d’être ainsi tenue Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 90 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 à l’écart, a-t-il rappelé. « J’ai compris ces dernières action terrestre afin de s’attaquer aux racines du années […] en tirant les leçons de tout cela, qu’il problème. est beaucoup plus facile de procéder en com- mençant par une approche civile pour ensuite y intégrer le militaire, plutôt que l’inverse. Dans le sillage de la Stratégie européenne de sécurité, il y a aussi besoin d’une « stratégie européenne de sécurité en mer ». Le processus nécessaire pour mettre en œuvre cette dernière, tout comme la Olivier Zajec Stratégie de sécurité […] elle-même, promou- Parmi les quelques officiers de marine qui vrait un haut degré de sensibilisation et clari- sont intervenus, le vice-amiral Denis Trioulaire, fierait les différents niveaux de responsabilité », de l’Agence européenne de défense (AED), a-t-il poursuivi. a exposé que l’UE doit renforcer son arsenal d’équipements navals, notamment parce que le L’amiral Silva Ribeiro a présenté les rouages risque de piraterie menace la circulation au large de la Force maritime européenne (Euromarfor) des côtes d’autres régions d’Afrique. qui regroupe plusieurs pays, à titre d’exemple de coopération entre unités navales de l’UE. La Selon le vice-amiral Feldt, le mandat de Force maritime européenne est actuellement l’Eunavfor (Force navale de l’UE) doit être commandée par le Portugal. renforcé pour permettre aux avions et aux navi- res européens d’agir de manière plus proactive Une discussion animée s’est tenue autour contre toutes les embarcations, de grande mais aussi de petite taille, des pirates. « Avec l’expérience dont nous disposons aujourd’hui, dans le cadre de l’opération en cours, il nous faut plus que de la simple dissua- sion […] il nous faut un mandat qui puisse porter aussi sur la prévention », a-t-il dit. Lutz Feld de l’opération Atalanta ; les intervenants sont « Cela n’a rien à voir avec l’argent, cela n’a tombés d’accord pour dire que la mission avait rien à voir avec la présence ou l’absence de été couronnée de succès en neutralisant partiel- financement. Ce qui fait défaut, c’est la volonté lement la piraterie, mais certains ont déploré les politique. Même si nous avions deux fois plus de limitations de son mandat, et insisté sur la néces- navires, nous ne remporterions pas beaucoup sité de soutenir les manœuvres navales par une plus de succès avec le mandat qui est le nôtre à Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 91 l’heure actuelle, et c’est là un élément qu’il nous réalité contreproductive. [Quant à la force de faut rappeler en toute occasion à nos dirigeants l’Union africaine à Mogadiscio,] nous ne l’avons politiques », a dit le président de l’Institut mari- pas vraiment soutenue, il y a beaucoup à faire en time allemand.. termes de construction d’un État, parce que sans cela l’ordre public continuera d’être menacé, et Le vice-amiral Feldt a fait l’éloge de l’articu- la piraterie perdurera », a dit Mme Gomes. lation opérée par l’UE entre la mission navale et une approche plus large des problèmes en Par ailleurs, l’eurodéputée portugaise a fait Somalie et dans la Corne de l’Afrique, incluant part de son inquiétude au sujet de la mission le renforcement des compétences des autorités européenne d’entraînement des troupes soma- maritimes au Yémen et à Djibouti, l’entraîne- liennes en Ouganda, qui pourrait se révéler ment des soldats somaliens, l’aide au gouverne- contreproductive si les soldats ne bénéficient pas ment fédéral de la Somalie jointe à des contacts d’un soutien suffisant lorsqu’ils retourneront à avec les autorités locales au Somaliland et dans Mogadiscio, afin de s’assurer qu’ils ne changent le Pount, ainsi que les accords juridiques grâce pas de camp pour rejoindre les militants du auxquels le Kenya, les Seychelles et peut-être groupe islamiste Al-Chabab. d’autres dans la région pourront tenter d’incarcé- rer les pirates capturés. Le vice-amiral Jacques Rosiers, président de l’Association euro-atlantique de Belgique, s’est « C’est une très bonne opération ; qui plus est, montré inquiet : selon lui, à moins que l’UE ou elle s’inscrit dans ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler d’autres acteurs internationaux fournissent une l’approche globale. De mon point de vue, l’UE protection suffisamment fiable à la navigation, est la seule institution capable de combiner les au large des côtes somaliennes et ailleurs, les responsabilités civile et militaire au sein d’une armateurs seront tentés de faire davantage appel même mission. Le problème de la piraterie ne à des sociétés de sécurité privées. Une perspec- pourra être résolu qu’à terre. Il ne sera jamais tive que les invités ont rejetée sans détours. réglé en mer », a-t-il dit. « Je ne crois pas que la solution passe par les Un large consensus s’est fait sur la nécessité sociétés de sécurité privées, que ce soit en mer d’adopter une approche globale de ce genre, ou ailleurs. Mon opinion sur la manière dont ces mais quelques personnes ont émis des réserves compagnies de sécurité privées se sont dévelop- sur l’efficacité des méthodes de l’UE. pées est très, très négative. Si nous choisissons de nous engager dans cette voie, cela ne pourra aller « Nous n’avons pas d’approche politique glo- qu’en s’empirant », a dit Mme Gomes. bale, ou plutôt la seule que nous ayons est en Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 92 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Speaker biographiesSpeaker CVs Maj. Gen. Jochen Both Command at Köln, from where he was deployed to the ISAF Joint Command as Deputy Chief of Major General Jochen Both Staff Air in Kabul from November 2009 to July is the First Commander of 2010. the European Air Transport Command (EATC) in Eind- hoven. As Commander of Simon Busuttil the EATC, he has been tasked by the four participat- Dr. Simon Busuttil, MEP, is a ing nations (Belgium, Ger- Member of the Committee many, France and the Neth- on Civil Liberties, Justice and erlands) to take operational Home Affairs in the Euro- control over their military airlift assets including pean Parliament. planning, tasking, mission controlling and report- ing. This means that the EATC will be in com- A lawyer by profession, mand of more than 170 aircrafts of various air- Busuttil has specialised in craft types and will manage more than 70.000 fly- European Affairs and fol- ing hours. In parallel, the EATC works on matters lowed EU affairs on a profes- such as harmonisation and standardisation of pro- sional basis since 1994. cedures as well as on operational doctrines, con- cepts and regulations. Initial operating capability is In 1999 he set up the Malta-EU Information Cen- expected to be achieved by the end of 2010, when tre and led the public communications campaign the EATC will exercise operational control and ahead of Malta's referendum on EU membership. defined levels of authority in the area of force During the EU accession negotiations, Busuttil generation over all participating nations’ air trans- was a member of Malta's Core Negotiating port assets. Group. Both joined the German Air Force in 1972. He In July 2004, Busuttil was elected to the European was trained as Fighter Pilot on F104G “Star Parliament and has since followed dossiers of par- fighter” and posted to the Fighter Bomber Wing ticular interest to Malta, notably budgetary affairs, 31 “Boelcke” in Kerpen/Nörvenich. There, he immigration policy, justice and home affairs and also served as Weapons Officer and Squadron Euro-Mediterranean policy. As an MEP, Busuttil Operations Officer. After attending the 31st Gen- is also an active campaigner for citizens' EU eral Staff Course, he was assigned to different rights. In June 2009, he was re-elected to the posts at the Military Staff of the Ministry of De- European Parliament with a record 68,792 votes fence. He was the spokesperson for air force af- or 28% of the national vote, the highest percent- fairs of the MoD and kept the flying group com- age score in the EU. mand in Cochem/Büchel. Following that, he was Base and Wing Commander of the Reconnais- sance Wing 51 “Immelmann”. During that time Gwenole Cozigou he was deployed as Commander of the Combat Wing 1 in Piacenza, Italy during the Allied Force Gwenole Cozigou is Director for Chemicals, Metals, Me- operation in 1999. He participated in the 97th chanical, Electrical and Con- Senior Course at the NATO Defence College in Rome, and was eventually promoted to Brigadier struction Industries; Raw Ma- terials in the European Com- General as commander of the Air Force Academy mission Enterprise and In- in Fürstenfeldbruck. From 2005 to 2009 he was dustry Directorate-General Deputy Chief of the Air Staff for concepts and operations at the MoD. In 2009 Both was nomi- since December 2008. nated Chief of Staff of the German Air force An economist by training, he Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 93 has been an official in the European Commission Pieter De Crem since 1985 in the fields of Enterprise and Indus- trial Policy and of External Relations. Pieter De Crem was ap- pointed Belgian Minister of A former Deputy Head of Cabinet of Commis- Defence in 2007. He began sioner Liikanen in charge of enterprise and indus- his political career in 1989 trial policy, he has occupied several management when he became Chairman positions in services dealing with food industry of the youth branch of the and biotechnology, coordination of the internal Christian People’s Party market legislation for goods, enterprise and indus- (CVP). trial police and defence, aerospace and maritime industries. Between May 2003 and De- cember 2007, De Crem was Chairman of the Christian Democratic and Flemish Party (CD&V) Willy De Backer in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives. From June to December 2007, he also served as Chair- Willy De Backer is Head of man of the CD&V-NVA parliamentary party in the Greening Europe Forum the Chamber of Representatives, and as Chairman of EU think tank Friends of of the Commission for the Interior. Europe. De Crem became a Member of the Belgian Parlia- He previously worked as an ment in 1995, when he was elected in the con- independent journalist and stituency of Ghent-Eeklo. He was re-elected in consultant specialised in 1999. In 2003, De Crem represented the CD&V global energy, environment in the constituency of Oost-Vlaanderen, where he and sustainability policies. De was again re-elected in 2007. Backer co-funded the EU online policy portal Euractiv.com in 1999 and was Following posts in the office of the Prime Minis- editor-in-chief until the end of May 2007. ter, the office of the Minister of Defence, and in the private sector, De Crem was elected Mayor of De Backer is a frequent speaker and moderator Aalter in 1995. He was subsequently re-elected in for conferences on EU policies (especially energy, 2000 and 2006. environment, climate change, sustainable develop- ment, transport and CSR) and on internet media De Crem has also served as a Member of the and citizens’ journalism. OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, and is an Officer of the Order of Leopold. Before getting into journalism and becoming an internet entrepreneur, he worked for nearly ten De Crem obtained a degree in Roman Philology at years as a parliamentary assistant and later staff the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL) fol- member of the Green group in the European Par- lowed by a degree in European and International liament. From 1984 until 1989, he was one of the Law at the Vrije Universieit Brussels (VUB). Secretary-Generals of the Federation of European Green Parties. Michel Hugues de Gliniasty In 2008 and 2009, De Backer was European di- rector of the US-based Global Footprint Network Michel Hugues de Gliniasty (GFN), the think tank behind the concept of the is Senior Advisor at the ecological footprint. He is still a senior policy ad- European Company for visor for this organisation. Strategic Intelligence (CEIS). Prior to joining CEIS, he was General Scientific Direc- tor at the French Aerospace Lab (ONERA) where he was in charge of the long term Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 94 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 research programme. Dougherty previously served as Legislative Coun- De Gliniasty has had a long career with the sel on the personal staff of Senator Jon Kyl and French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). He on the staff of the Subcommittee on Terrorism, started as Head of experiment in 1981 where he Technology, and Homeland Security within the conducted research on the implementation and Senate Judiciary Committee. His portfolio in- operation of heavy means or large pulsed power cluded border security technologies and strategies, generators and non-nuclear experiments. From interior enforcement, identity/travel documents, 1985 to 1987, he was Deputy Head of the weap- fraud prevention, employment verification, and ons design department. He then became Project guest worker programmes. Dougherty was among Manager designing and developing studies on new the team of senior staff who drafted and negoti- materials. Between 1992 and 1996, de Gliniasty ated the 2007 bipartisan immigration reform ef- was Research Programme Manager responsible fort in the Senate. for the CEA Military Applications Division re- search programme. In 1996, he assumed the role Before joining the Senate staff, Dougherty served of Operational Manager and in 1998 became its as Senior Policy Advisor for Immigration with the Director, in charge of engineering activities, non- Border and Transportation Security Directorate at proliferation and radiation protection. Department of Homeland Security headquarters. While there, Dougherty led efforts to expand the Before joining the CEA, between 1974 and 1981, Department’s legal authorities to curb illegal im- de Gliniasty was Research Engineer at the Direc- migration on the southern border of the United torate General for Armaments of the Gramat Re- States. search Centre, where he researched reactive flows and armour-plating. Dougherty has also served at the Department of Justice as Trial Attorney for the Office of Immi- De Gliniasty is a graduate of the Ecole Polytech- gration Litigation, where he litigated 100 immigra- nique and the Ecole Nationale Supérieure, special- tion cases in the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal. ised in engineering and advanced techniques. He also has litigation experience in immigration fraud cases as a Special Assistant U.S. Attorney in the Eastern District of Virginia. Dougherty initi- Michael T. Dougherty ated his immigration career at the Department of Justice as an Attorney Advisor to the Board of Michael T. Dougherty is Di- Immigration Appeals within the Executive Office rector of Immigration Control for Immigration Review. for Raytheon Homeland Secu- rity. Dougherty earned a Juris Doctor degree and a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature at Before joining Raytheon, the Catholic University of America in Washing- Dougherty served with the ton, D.C. Department of Homeland Security, where he was ap- pointed U.S. Citizenship and Axel Dyèvre Immigration Services Ombudsman in March 2008. In that office, Dougherty generated inde- Axel Dyèvre has been Direc- pendent, formal studies to Congress that analysed tor of CEIS’s European Of- systemic problems in the Department’s delivery of fice, the Brussels-based sub- immigration benefits and services to businesses sidiary of European Com- and individuals, and recommended solutions to pany for Strategic Intelli- mitigate those problems. His numerous studies gence since 2006. He has across the bandwidth of immigration services in- managed and contributed to cluded transformation of case management sys- projects in the fields of intel- tems; surge workforce strategies; employment ligence, security and defence verification; IT enhancements; foreign profes- for the EU institutions and sional workers; and best practices in customer member state ministries (reorganisation, capabili- service and outreach. ties analysis, technical and operational studies, Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 95 threat analysis, etc) as well as for the private sec- Col. Jorge Esteves tor. Colonel Jorge Esteves be- He is a co-founder and board member of the came the third Commander European Open Source Intelligence of the European Gendarme- (EUROSINT) Forum, a not-for-profit association rie Force on June 26th 2009, dedicated to fostering European cooperation and and will cover this position use of open source intelligence aimed at mitigat- until 2011. ing threats to peace and security. As a former sen- ior partner with an intelligence software company, He began his military career he spent ten years defining, managing and con- in 1979 at the Cavalry Army trolling projects on behalf of public and private School. He attended the sector organisations. Prior to joining CEIS, he Guarda Nacional Republicana Officer’s Training served as an officer in the French Army for seven Course in 1984, the Captain Promotional Course years. in 1990, and the Superior Officer Promotional Course in 1998. As a low-ranking officer he served as Cavalry Platoon Commander at the Christian Ehler GNR Cavalry Regiment between 1986 and 1990. As a Captain, he was Company Commander of Dr. Christian Ehler has been a GNR enlisted soldiers, Deputy Territorial Group Member of the European Par- Commander and Territorial Detachment Com- liament since 2004 and is a mander from 1991 until 1999. Member of the Bureau of the German CDU/CSU Group in As a high-ranking Officer he was Territorial the European Parliament. Group Commander, Head of the 3rd Territorial Brigade Operations and Information’s Office, He is a member of the Com- Head of the 3rd Territorial Brigade Criminal In- mittee on Industry, Research vestigation Office, 3rd Territorial Brigade Chief of and Energy, the Subcommit- Staff and 3rd Territorial Brigade Deputy Com- tee on Security and Defence (SEDE) and a substi- mander from 2000 to 2007. During 2006 he inte- tute member of the Committee on Foreign Af- grated the Working Group for the Reform of the fairs (AFET). Since 2009 he is also Chairman of Portuguese Internal Security System. the Delegation for relations with the Korean Pen- insula (DKOR). From 2004 to 2007 he was Assistant Lecturer of Military Sociology at the Military Academy in Lis- Ehler is the EP's rapporteur on the Security Re- bon. Between 2007 till 2009 he was Chief of Staff search Programme (within the framework of FP7) of the European Gendarmerie Force. and the rapporteur of the AFET/SEDE Initiative report on “Civilian-military cooperation and the He has attended several courses related to Crisis development of civilian-military capabilities”. Management Operations among them the United Nations Police Commander Course, the Strategic He has served as a parliamentary member of the Planning for European Union Police Mission European Security Research Advisory Board and Course, the European Security and Defence Pol- as parliamentary observer of the European Secu- icy Orientation Course, the NATO Staff Officer rity Research and Innovation Forum. Force Planning Course and the NATO Partner- ship for Peace Staff Officer Course. He holds a University degree and Master’s degree in Sociology. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 96 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 H.E. Mr. Jean-Louis Falconi Vice Adm. (ret.) Lutz Feldt Jean-Louis Falconi was nomi- Vice Admiral Lutz Feldt’s ini- nated French Ambassador and tial sea duty assignment was in Representative to the political the Mine Countermeasure and security committee of the Force as an Officer of the European Union (PSC) in No- Watch and as a Commanding vember 2009. Officer of FGS Weilheim. Subsequent squadron and sea He started his career at the duty assignments included French Foreign Ministry in FGS Braunschweig, a frigate; 1991, working on European Executive Officer of FGS and international economic law. Braunchweig and Commanding Officer, FGS Hessen, a destroyer; Communication, Command In 1995 he joined the Ministry of Economy and and Control Staff Officer in the 2nd Escort Squad- Finance, where he worked on the third phase of ron; Commander 2nd Frigate Squadron. the monetary union and introduction of the euro in the Europe department. He then moved to the Shore duty assignments included the 23rd Com- European Commission’s Directorate General for mand and General Staff Officer Course at the Economic and Monetary Affairs as counsellor of Bundeswehr Command and Staff College in the Director until 1999, before heading to the Hamburg, Assistant Branch Chief for Personnel French Permanent Representation to the EU, during the unification process of the two German where he worked on the French presidency and Armed Forces; Branch Chief for Personnel Policy on relations with the European Parliament, Matters in the Naval Staff; Chief of Division, Na- amongst others. val Officers. In 2002 Falconi was nominated Deputy Director Feldt was selected for flag rank in April 1993. His for European foreign relations in the French For- initial flag assignment was as Commander of the eign Ministry, in charge of enlargement, relations Destroyer Flotilla in 1995. In October 1996 he with the Balkans, Russia, Central and Eastern reported as Assistant Chief of Staff, Operations Europe, the Barcelona process, Asia, Latin Amer- and Logistic, NATO Headquarters Allied Forces ica, ACP and the World Trade Organisation. North West Europe, where he served until Sep- tember 1998. In October 1998 he reported as He became Head of the foreign and security pol- Commander Military District I, Coast, until March icy department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2000. Feldt assumed command of the German in 2005, before moving to the Foreign Minister’s Fleet in April 2000, and became the Chief of Ger- cabinet as his Counsellor for European affairs in man Naval Staff. 2007. Since retiring in April 2006, Feldt has taken over Falconi holds a degree in finance and economics several different posts of honour: he is President from the Ecole supérieure des sciences économi- of the German Maritime Institute; Spokesman of ques et commerciales (ESSEC). He then gradu- the Bonner Forum of the German Atlantic Asso- ated from the Institut d’études politiques de Paris ciation; from 2005 until March 2010 he was a and the Ecole Nationale d’Administration (ENA). member of the advisory board of the He lectures at both on European questions since “Evangelische Militärseelsorge” and he is still a 2001 and 2003 respectively. member of the advisory board of the publication “Schiff und Hafen”, an international publication for shipping and marine technology. From May 2008 to March 2009 he was contracted by the European Commission as Advisor for the “Instrument for Stability”, specifically “Critical Maritime Routes”. From July 2009 to March 2010 he again took over a task as a maritime expert, dealing with Maritime Surveillance as Coordinator Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 97 of a European “Wise Pens” group contracted by Florika Fink-Hooijer the European Defence Agency. The mandate has been extended with the focus of the implementa- Dr. Florika Fink-Hooijer be- tion of recommendations until December 2010. came Head of Cabinet of Com- missioner Kristalina Georgieva, EU Commissioner for Interna- Lt. Gen. Paul Fouilland tional Cooperation, Humanitar- ian Aid and Crisis Response in Lieutenant General Paul Fouil- February 2010. land was appointed Com- mander-in-Chief of the French She was previously Head for Strategic Air Forces in 2007 Unit of Strategic Objective Se- and was then promoted to curity and Justice in the Secretariat General respon- Lieutenant General in 2008. sible for "Strategic Objective Security and External Responsibility" between 2006 and 2010. The unit's He joined the Air Force in portfolio covered overall policy formulation for the 1975 upon entering the Ecole Commission and upstream coordination of the de l'Air (French Air Force College). After flight Relex family (RELEX/TRADE/ECHO/AIDCO/ training, he was posted to the "Touraine" Squad- DEV) and DG JLS as well as the secretariats for the ron in Orléans flying the C160. In 1982, he chose relevant Commissioners' Groups and the Kosovo to serve in the Strategic Air Forces as a tanker Steering Group. Her unit also assumed upstream pilot. Following his conversion to the C135F, he coordination for Health and Consumer policy and undertook two tours on the aircraft, "Aunis" managed the Commission's cooperate Inter-service Squadron in Istres and "Sologne" Squadron in system. Avord. In 1987, he commanded the "Landes" Squadron in Mont de Marsan. In 1991, he com- Before joining the Secretariat General she was Head manded 93 Air-to-Air Refuelling Wing in Istres. of Unit in DG External Relations responsible for Operational tours included many detachments in Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand. Between Africa: Chad, Gabon, the Central African Repub- 2000 and 2006 Fink-Hooijer set up the managerial lic and in the Middle East. and financial structures inside the Commission for CFSP and crisis management: Fink-Hooijer was He graduated from the Collège interarmées de Head of Unit in DG External Relations responsible défense (Joint Staff College) in 1994. From 1994 for institutional and legal matters, sanctions and the to 1998, he held staff appointments in the Central authorising officer for the CFSP-Budget. Her team Staff and in the Air Force Staff dealing with both was responsible inside the Commission for CFSP- nuclear forces and programmes. He attended the project identification/management and the creation 1999 Royal College of Defence Studies course. In and implementation of the Kimberley Process Cer- 2000, he was posted for three years to the French tification Scheme (EU certification instrument for Embassy in London as Air Attaché. In 2003, he trade in rough diamonds). She also acted as Relex went back to the Central Staff in Paris serving as Counsellor for the Commission and EC- deputy chief of the Nuclear Forces division. Pro- spokesperson/negotiator for the Kimberley Process moted to Brigadier General in June 2005, he was Certification Scheme. appointed as chief of the Nuclear Forces division (Central Staff Paris). Between 1999 and 2000 she was a Member of Cabi- net of Frits Bolkestein, Commissioner for Internal Market and Financial Services. She was responsible for the free movement of goods and regulated pro- fessions, industrial and intellectual property, e- commerce, data protection, enlargement of the EU, development and humanitarian aid, Justice and Home affairs, health and consumer protection, budget, financial control and fraud. From 1995 until 1999 she was a Member of Cabinet of Dr. M. Wulf-Mathies, Commissioner for Re- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 98 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 gional Policy and Cohesion. Fink-Hooijer was re- Francis holds BSc, MSc and Ph.D. degrees in sponsible for external political relations with third Aerospace Engineering from the University of countries, human rights, CFSP, Common Commer- Colorado, as well as an honorary doctoral degree. cial Policy, OECD, WTO, TACIS, PHARE, He has authored or co-authored more than 40 Agenda 2000 (enlargement, pre-accession instru- open literature publications and is an experienced ments, ISPA) Intergovernmental Conference, legal public speaker. He is a Fellow of the American and institutional questions, Justice and Home af- Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). fairs, infringements, intellectual and commercial property, e-commerce. Didier Gambier Fink-Hooijer started her career in the Commission Dr. Didier Gambier is Advisor in 1990 as an Administrator in DG Market, then as for strategic issues relating to an Administrator in the Secretariat General from industrial technologies at the 1992 until 1995. She is a lawyer by training, special- Directorate General of Research ised in Intellectual Property Rights and Public Inter- at the European Commission. national Law. Gambier, a French national, joined the non-proliferation Col. (ret.) Michael S. Francis community in the 90's through his involvement in the Interna- Colonel Michael S. Francis is tional Science and Technology centres in Moscow and Kiev. A Chief of Advanced Programs physicist and servant of the European Commission, he and a Senior Fellow at the managed the EU contribution to those centres and United Technologies Re- momentarily held the function of Executive Director search Center. He joined the of the ISTC. With many others he organised the evolu- organisation in February tion of the ISTC from a science centre to a science 2009. His current focus is on innovation centre through a partnership with industries developing capabilities and and laboratories in the donor Parties of ISTC, includ- major programme initiatives ing Russia. in autonomous and intelligent systems and providing strate- In addition, Gambier is well established in the manage- gic planning guidance and support to United ment of very large science projects, among which ITER, to which he contributed substantially, negotiat- Technologies Corporation businesses such as Si- ing the terms of the International agreement establish- korsky Aircraft, Pratt & Whitney Engines and ing ITER and managing the European contribution to Hamilton Sundstrand. ITER as Director of the European agency in Barce- lona. Prior to joining UTRC, Francis was the Chief Op- erating Officer, Photonics Division of General Atomics in San Diego. He also served as the com- Kristalina Georgieva pany’s Program Director for the High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense (HELLADS) ad- Kristalina Georgieva is Euro- vanced solid state laser programme. Francis joined pean Commissioner for In- General Atomics in October 2006. ternational Cooperation, Hu- manitarian Aid and Crisis Francis was appointed Director of the Joint Un- Response. manned Combat Air Systems (J-UCAS) Office at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Prior to joining the Commis- (DARPA) in October 2003. He led the $4B sion, Georgieva worked at DARPA-Air Force-Navy effort to demonstrate the World Bank Group. She the technology, feasibility, utility and operational held several positions within value of a networked joined Lockheed Martin at the Environment division, including Sector Man- its Corporate Headquarters and led an executive ager for environmental projects and programmes team that developed cross-corporation initiatives in East Asia and the Pacific region between 1997 oriented toward horizontal integration, as well as and 1998, Sector Director for Environment and other strategic technical planning efforts. Social Development responsible for social devel- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 99 opment operations and Director of the Environ- in Lisbon from 1995 to 1996. She coordinated ment Department between 2000 and 2004. She Portugal's delegation at the UN Security Council was subsequently appointed Director and Resi- in New York between 1997 and 1998. In 1999, dent Representative to the Russian Federation in Gomes was posted to Jakarta, where she played a 2004, a role she held until 2007 when she became role both in the process leading up to the inde- Director of Strategy and Operations, Sustainable pendence of East Timor and in the reestablish- Development. She was then appointed Vice Presi- ment of diplomatic relations between Portugal dent and Corporate Secretary from 2008 to 2010. and Indonesia. She was Ambassador to Indonesia from 1999 to 2003. Georgieva also has extensive experience in teach- ing, she started as Assistant Professor/Associate From 2003 to 2004, Gomes was Secretary for In- Professor at the Department of Economics at the ternational Relations of the Portuguese Socialist University of National and World Economy in Party. She has also been a member of its National Sofia in 1977, and later became a Research Fellow Committee since 2002. at the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1987. After having run for local elections in 2009 in Sin- tra, Portugal, Ana Gomes took up her seat in the She has written more than 100 publications, in- town's Municipal Council. cluding a textbook on Microeconomics, and is a Member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- Gomes has a degree in Law. sity of National and World Economy in Sofia, where she obtained her Ph.D. in 1986. Karel Kovanda Karel Kovanda has been Ana Maria Gomes Deputy Director General for External Relations in the Ana Maria Gomes, MEP, is a European Commission since member of the Subcommit- April 2005. This was his last tee on Security and Defence day on the job. As of De- and of the Foreign Affairs cember 1, Kovanda left the Committee; and she is also a European Commission for a member of the Delegation very active retirement. with Iraq relations, and sub- stitute member of the Com- His areas of responsibility included the Commis- mittee on Civil Liberties, Jus- sion’s contribution to the development of a Euro- tice and Home Affairs, the pean common foreign and security policy; multi- Delegation for relations with lateral relations, human rights and relations with the United States and the Delegation to the ACP- North America, East Asia, Australia and New EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly. She was a Zealand. Kovanda was also the Political Director member of the Temporary Committee on the for the European Commission in bilateral rela- alleged use of European countries by the CIA for tions and the G8 process. the transport and illegal detention of prisoners. From 1991 to 2005, Kovanda worked in senior Gomes has been a career diplomat since 1980. positions for the Czechoslovak and Czech foreign She served as diplomatic counsellor to the Presi- services. He served, among other, as the Czech dent of the Republic between 1982 and 1986, as Ambassador to NATO from 1998 to 2005 and to First Secretary at Portugal's Permanent Mission at the UN 1993 to 1997, including a stint on its Se- the UN in Geneva from 1986 until 1989 and as curity Council in 1994. Counsellor in Portugal's embassies in Tokyo and London between 1989 and 1994. She was a mem- During the previous 20 years, from 1970 to 1990, ber of the Portuguese delegation for the Middle Kovanda lived as an exile, mostly in the US. He East peace process during the Portuguese Presi- taught political science in Southern California and dency of the EU in 1992, and director of the of- from 1980 to 1990 worked as a manager with in- fice of the Secretary of State for European Affairs ternational responsibilities in the U.S. private sec- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 100 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 tor. 2005. He has also sat on the Finnish EU sub- committee on Immigration, Frontiers and Asylum Kovanda was active in the Czech student move- on two separate occasions. ment opposing the Communist regime from 1964 to 1969 when the national students´ union, of Maj. Gen. Carlo Magrassi which he was president at the time, was banned. Major General Carlo Ma- Kovanda holds an undergraduate degree from the grassi was Deputy Chief Ex- Prague School of Agriculture (1969), a Ph.D. in ecutive for Strategy of the political science from MIT (1975) and an MBA European Defence Agency from Pepperdine U., California (1985). in Brussels until December 2010. He is currently Gen- eral of the Aeronautic Divi- Brig. Gen. Ilkka Laitinen sion at the Italian Ministry of Defence. Brigade General Ilkka Laiti- nen has been a long-standing He enlisted in the Air Force Academy in 1974. figure within the border secu- During his early career he undertook operational rity departments of Finland, duties as a fighter pilot and later as a Test Pilot in as well as contributing exten- the Italian “Study, Research and Test Centre”. In sively to EU border control these duties he was deeply involved in the Re- initiatives. He is currently the search & Development and production phases of Executive Director of the the European aircraft Eurofighter and Tornado, European Agency for the and the EH 101 and NH 90 helicopters, amongst Management of Operational other projects. Cooperation at the External Borders (FRONTEX). Later, as Aide de Camp of the Italian Defence Secretary General/National Armaments Director, Obtaining a General Staff Officer’s Diploma in he participated in the full spectrum of interna- 1995, Laitinen’s national responsibilities included tional relations and activities pertaining to the Ital- the leadership of several regional border posts ian National Armaments Directorate. before becoming Co-ordinator of the Frontier Guard Headquarters on Schengen and EU affairs In 1993 he moved to the Air Force Staff as man- in 1998. Between 2000 and 2002, he was Counsel- ager of the Plans, Policy and Doctrine area where lor for Justice and Home Affairs at the Permanent he was in charge of defining the future opera- Representation of Finland to the European Un- tional structure and planning the capabilities of ion. His last national appointment was as Deputy the Air Force. In this position he was also re- Head of Division for the Frontier Guard HQ, a sponsible for the Italian Air Force contribution to post he occupied until 2005. the NATO planning process. During this period he was heavily involved in the restructuring of the Laitinen has sat on numerous EU border relations Italian Joint military structure. panels. These posts include Finnish Representa- tive in the Nordic Schengen Steering Group be- In 1996 he was appointed Commander of the Ital- tween 1999 and 2003, the Strategic Committee on ian Flight Test Centre. After this, he led the Air Immigration, Frontiers and Asylum from 1999 to Force International Cooperation Branch dealing 2002 and the Common Unit of External Border with international cooperation with NATO and Practitioners from 2002 to 2005. He was also an non-NATO Nations. advisor to the Belgian EU Presidency on the "EU/Schengen Catalogue" project in 2001. Magrassi became Deputy Chief of the Defence Armaments Policy Department in 2003; he was in Other important roles include Co-chairman of the charge of developing the policy on armaments Council Working Party Frontiers, co-managing acquisition and coordinating the governmental the joint Austrian, Belgian and Finnish project and industrial relations in national and interna- ”Police and Border Security” and acting as Direc- tional projects. tor of the EU Risk Analysis Centre from 2003 to Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 101 During that time he was also appointed as the Italian Representative to the Future Tasks & Pol- In 1993 he attended the Italian Army war college, icy Committee of the European procurement or- in 1995 the Command and Staff College and in ganization (OCCAR) and, additionally, chairman 1996 the Italian Joint Defence Staff College; he of the Executive Committee of the 6 Nations. graduated Doctor in International and Diplo- matic Sciences in 2005. Between 2004 and 2007 he was Armaments Di- His appointment encompasses, inter alia: Com- rector of the European Defence Agency (EDA), manding posts at Company, Battalion and Regi- responsible for defining the strategy and initiating mental level and staff duties as branch Chief in the activities of this Directorate in the newly cre- the Army General Staff (Force Planning) and in ated Agency. the Italian Military Representation to EU (Plans and Policy). In particular, concerning the EU Since 2007, as Deputy Chief Executive for Strat- Military Capabilities he has been the Italian dele- egy he is responsible for the strategic initiatives of gate to the EU Headline Goal Task Force (HTF) the Agency. He is in charge of the EDA’s rela- in which he followed the development of the tions with NATO, European Commission, LoI, Headline Goal from the beginning of the process OCCAR and the AeroSpace and Defence Indus- until his appointment as designed HTF chairman tries Association of Europe (ASD). Additionally in 2002 and then Officer in charge for all PolMil he follows several EDA programmes which have issues of the Italian Delegation until November an inter-institutional or inter-organisation dimen- 2005. sion. He oversees activities on the standardisation of European armaments and on education in ar- Manione participated in the NATO opera- maments cooperation which aims to create a new tions in Bosnia and Herzegovina as SFOR CJ2 generation of experts with a common understand- Plans and Policy branch Chief in 1996 and ing and awareness to tackle future European ini- 1997 and to Operation ISAF as Italian Battle tiatives more effectively. He is also the EDA rep- Group Commander in 2007. resentative in the Strategic Steering Committee of the industrial consortium EURONEC, which In October 2007 he was appointed Director provides expertise to the EDA initiative on Net- of the Civil Military Cell and in January 2010 work Enabled Capability (NEC), the key tool that he was appointed Deputy Director of Crisis will enable information exchange between de- Management and Planning Directorate. fence, security and civil actors in CSDP opera- tions. Maurizio Martellini Magrassi is a graduate of Aeronautical Sciences for Security and Defence and of Diplomacy and Dr. Maurizio Martellini is Sec- International Sciences. He also holds a Master of retary General of the Landau Sciences in National Security Strategy from the Network-Centro Volta and National War College in Washington. Scientific Director at the In- subria Center on International Security at the University of Brig. Gen. Giovanni Manione Insubria. Brigade General Giovanni Prior to this, Martellini was Team Leader of the Manione is Deputy Director European Commission Instrument for Stability of Crisis Management and Expert Group, which before that, he elaborated a Planning Directorate at the case study on the “Future direction for ISTC/ Council of the European Un- STCU and other activities for redirection of ion. WMD scientists in the framework of the IFS 2009-2013” European Co-operation Office He joined the Italian Army in (AidCo) . 1979, and graduated as a Doctor in Strategic Sciences Beyond his work at the Landau Network-Centro in 1984, after which started his active career as an Volta and the university, he has been an advisor to infantry (mountain) lieutenant. the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1999. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 102 Rapport de conférence Security and Defence Day 2010 He is also an Associate Professor in Theoretical sensus on key issues. It is published in partnership Physics at the University of Insubria. with a coalition of over 150 think-tanks and uni- versities worldwide, and has a readership of Martellini has been a visiting Professor at numer- 120,000 senior decision-makers and opinion- ous universities. He has written more than two formers. hundred publications in the fields of fundamental Merritt joined the Financial Times in 1968. From physics in national and international specialised 1972 he was successively FT correspondent in journals and has co-edited several books and re- Paris, Dublin, Belfast, and Brussels, until leaving ports. the newspaper in 1983. Since 1984 he has been a columnist for the International Herald Tribune He is also Executive Secretary of the International (IHT), and his articles on the editorial page of the Working Group for the European Nuclear Cities IHT range widely across EU political and eco- Initiative on behalf of the International Science nomic issues. and Technology Centre of Moscow, of the Inter- national Security and Non-proliferation Bureau of the US Department of State. Michel Rademaker Michel Rademaker is Deputy Giles Merritt Director for market and op- erations at The Hague Centre Giles Merritt is the Director for Strategic Studies, which of the Security & Defence he established together with Agenda (SDA), the only Rob de Wijk. Brussels-based security and defence think-tank. Rademaker has a wide experi- ence in defence and security With defence and security research, ranging from strat- now critical issues in Brussels, egy development to focused phenomena analyses. the SDA raises awareness by He is deeply involved in the design and realisation anticipating the political agenda and focusing at- of the Netherlands National Security Strategy. He tention on European and transatlantic security also chairs the Netherlands platform on materials and defence policies and challenges. The SDA’s scarcity and is currently participating in the EU Co-Presidents are Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, former project Polinaris (Policy on Natural Resources). Secretary General of NATO, and Javier Solana, former EU High Representative for the Common As study Director for the NATO RTO Task Foreign and Security Policy. Group on Disruptive Technology Assessment he leads an international research group developing A former Brussels Correspondent of the Financial assessment games. He is also Co-founder and Or- Times (FT), Giles Merritt is a journalist, author and ganiser of the World Foresight Forum. broadcaster who has specialised in the study and analysis of public policy issues since 1978. He was Rademaker was an officer in the Royal Nether- named one of the 30 most influential “Eurostars” lands Army for 15 years and worked for 10 years by the Financial Times, together with NATO Secre- at TNO Defence Security and Safety. He was also, tary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, European from 2003 until 2006, the secretary of the Commission President José Manuel Barroso and Clingendael Centre for Strategic Studies. European Commissioner Neelie Kroes. Merritt is also head of the SDA’s sister think-tank Friends of Europe, whose debates and reports cover the whole spectrum of non-defence topics, and Editor-in-Chief of the policy journal Europe’s World. Published three times a year, Europe’s World is the only pan-European publication that offers policymakers and opinion-formers across Europe a platform for presenting ideas and forging con- Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Rapport de conférence 103 Gen. Jean Rannou administrative boards of the French Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) and General Jean Rannou is Di- the Aéroclub de France. rector of Security and De- fence at CEIS. He has published numerous articles on strategy and the evolution of military doctrine. He entered the French Air Force Academy in 1963. At the end of his studies and Jamie Shea flight training, he received his jet fighter pilot wings at Dr. Jamie Shea is Deputy As- the Tour air base in 1966. sistant Secretary General for He was then posted to the Vosges 2/11 squadron Emerging Security Challenges in Bremgarten, Germany, before moving to Toul, at NATO. where from 1971 to 1973, he was responsible for training young pilots on the Supersabre F100D Prior to taking up this posi- and F100F. It was during this period that Rannou tion, he was Director of Pol- participated in the first air refueling exercises over icy Planning in the Private Africa. In 1973, he returned to the Air Force Aca- Office of the Secretary Gen- demy ‘Salon de Provence’ as an officer, then mo- eral from 2005 to 2010. ved to the Creil air force base in 1975. Serving as second commander of the fighter squadron Seine He was Director of the Office of Information and equipped with the Mirage III, after one year he Press of NATO from 2000 to 2003 and in May was promoted to commander, before being ap- 2003 was appointed to the position of Deputy pointed Chief of Operations for the 2nd Fighter Assistant Secretary General for External Relations Squadron of the French Air Force. in the new Public Diplomacy Division. He was also NATO Spokesman from 1993 to 2000. In 1980, he took command of the 2nd Squadron in Dijon and two years later, entered the Superior In addition to his NATO responsibilities, Shea School of Air Warfare in Paris. Rannou worked in also holds a number of academic positions, most the General Planning Office (BPG) of the Air notably with the Collège d’Europe in Bruges, the Force Military Staff from 1983 to 1986, where he Brussels School of International Studies of the headed the General Plans Division. University of Kent, and Sussex University where he is a visiting lecturer. In 1986, he was briefly appointed commander of the air force base at Colmar-Meyenheim, before Shea completed his doctoral studies in Philosophy returning to Paris as Director of the BPG where at Oxford University in 1981. He also holds a he oversaw studies, planning, organisation and Bachelor of Art from Sussex University in History infrastructure of the Air Force. and French. In 1990, he was promoted to Brigadier General and headed the Nuclear Forces Division of the Rear Adm. António Silva Ribeiro French Military Staff. He directed the military cabinet of the Minister of Defence from 1991 to Rear Admiral António Silva 1994, before being appointed Major General of Ribeiro was promoted to his the Army Military Staff. In September 1995, he current rank and appointed as was promoted to General and was appointed the Deputy Vice-Chief of the same day Chief of the French Air Force. He reti- Portuguese Naval Staff in red from this position on July 1, 2000. September 2008. In addition to his current role Rannou is President of the Security Committee of in the Naval Staff, he is also a Thales Raytheon Systems’ Advisory Board, Mem- Professor at the Naval Acad- ber of the Franco British Council, Member of the emy, the Political and Social Sciences Institute at Forum du futur, and of the French National Aca- the Technical University of Lisbon and at the In- demy of Air and Space. He is a member of the Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Bruxelles - 30 novembre 2010 104 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 formation and Administration Sciences Institute. Geoffrey Van Orden He is member of several military, scientific and cultural bodies, including the Strategic Research and Reflection Team advising the Portuguese Geoffrey Van Orden has been Navy Chief of Staff, the Observatory for Security, Conservative Member of Organized Crime and Terrorism; the Observatory European Parliament for the for Maritime Security; the Portuguese Geopolitics East of England since 1999. Centre, the journals “Nação e Defesa”; and He previously had a wide- “Segurança e Defesa”. ranging career as a British Army officer on operational As a senior officer, Silva Ribeiro was Head of duties in many parts of the Planning and Policy Division of the Navy Staff world starting in Borneo in and Coordinator and Professor in Strategic Stud- 1965. His last appointment, as a Brigadier, was at ies at the Naval War College. He was command- NATO Headquarters in Brussels, from 1991 to ing officer of the Fleet of Hydrographical Ships, 1994. His specialisation in counter-terrorism, having also commanded two hydro graphic ships, which he continues from a political standpoint, N.R.P. “Almeida Carvalho” and N.R.P. began during his years in Northern Ireland in the “Andrómeda”. Whilst on shore duties, he was early 1970s. seconded as Operations Director with the Portu- guese Strategic Defence and Military Intelligence He spent many years in Germany, including five Services and as an Advisor to the National De- in Berlin where in 1989 he was Chief of Staff and fence Institute. Chief G2 of the British Sector. He attended the Indian Defence Services Staff College and was a As a junior officer, his assignments at sea included member of the Directing Staff at the German the roles of Deputy Head of the Navigation Ser- General Staff College (Führungsakademie der vice in the fleet tanker “São Gabriel” and Head of Bundeswehr) from 1985 to 1988. He was a member the Navigation Service in “João Belo” frigate. He of the Cabinet Office Assessment Staff in 1990. also served as an expert in side-scanning sonar in While seeking a parliamentary seat, he was a sen- the Coastal Dynamics Division of the Portuguese ior official in the European Commission (External Navy Hydrographical Institute. Relations) dealing with foreign policy, security and defence issues. This included delivering counter- Throughout his career, Silva Ribeiro received sev- terrorist assistance to Arafat’s Palestine Authority eral military awards, including four Distinguished in 1996 and establishing the Commission as the Military Service Medals (silver), a Military Merit leading provider of assistance for anti-personnel Medal, two Exemplary Behaviour Medals (gold landmine clearance and for landmine victims. and silver) and two Naval Cross Medals. He is a former Vice Chairman and now member Silva Ribeiro has also received several cultural of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Euro- awards. He has published ten books, delivered pean Parliament, and of its Security and Defence more than 120 lectures and published over 300 subcommittee as well as its Delegations to Iran, to articles, in national and international publications, India, to Turkey, and to the NATO Parliamentary on the topics of Strategy, Military and Maritime Assembly. He chairs the Parliament’s Friends of Sri History, Hydrograph, International Politics and Lanka and is a Founder Member of Friends of India Military Sociology. and Friends of Turkey. He is Conservative Spokes- man on Defence and Security Policy. He has led He graduated in Military-Naval Sciences from the opposition in the European Parliament to EU Portuguese Naval Academy and specialised in defence policy, which he believes detrimental to Hydrograph and Coastal Oceanography from the NATO, and has spearheaded the Parliament's US Naval Oceanographic Office and Louisiana action against the Mugabe regime in Zimbabwe. State University. He has a Ph.D. in Political Sci- He was the Parliament's rapporteur for Bulgaria ence and a Masters in Strategy from the Technical until its EU accession in 2007. As part of his de- University of Lisbon. He has also completed the fence and security brief, he takes a close interest Senior Staff Course, the Complementary Naval in defence and security industries and issues of Warfare Course and the General Naval Warfare energy security. Course. Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 105 He read politics at the University of Sussex (1966- and Coordination (UNDAC) Expert, EU High 69); was a Research Associate at the International Level Coordinator and WFP Logistics Response Institute for Strategic Studies and Service Fellow Team. of King’s College, University of London. He trav- els to the United States, Middle East and South Asia. He speaks and writes on defence and secu- Peter M. Wagner rity policy issues as well as opposition to EU po- litical integration, including articles in the Wall Since September 2010, Dr. Street Journal, Turkish Policy Quarterly, The European Peter M. Wagner has been Journal, and Europe's World. He was instrumental in Head of Unit in charge of the creation of the new political group in the defence, aeronautic and European Parliament, the European Conservatives maritime industries as well and Reformists, and is a member of its Bureau, and the European Commis- is Founding President of its new think-tank, New sion's relations with the Direction; The Foundation for European Reform. European Defence Agency. In May 2005 he was ap- pointed Head of Unit in the Lt. Col. (ret.) René Wagemans Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry for General coordination, where he was in charge Lieutenant Colonel René of general policy coordination, relations with Wagemans retired on Novem- Member States and the Council, the Community st ber 1 2010 as Head of the Lisbon Programme and the Competitiveness and Civil Military Cooperation/ Innovation Framework programme. Responsibili- Humanitarian Crisis Response ties also included the setting up of the Executive Branch within the Division Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation. Plans of the Belgian Defence Staff. Before being appointed Assistant to the Secretary General in 2003, he worked in the European He joined the Belgian First Commission's Directorate General for Industry Aid and Support Team (B-FAST) in 2003 and on regulatory and policy coordination. participated in the rescue operation after the earthquake in Bam, Iran and co-ordinated opera- Between 1982 and 1986 he followed a trainee pro- tions in Morocco after the earthquake in 2004. gramme in journalism, worked as a journalist and That same year, he was seconded to the European completed his military service. Following gradua- Military Staff as a liaison officer towards OCHA tion from university in 1991 and work as an editor (Office for Co-Ordination of Humanitarian af- for several German newspapers, he joined the fairs-Thailand) and UNJLC (United Nation Joint Centre for Applied Policy Research (CAP) in Logistic Centre - Indonesia/Djakarta) during the Mainz in 1993 (as of 1995 in Munich). Where he tsunami. In 2008 he participated in the B-FAST worked on international affairs. mission to Myanmar in the aftermath of cyclone Nargis. In 2010 he was co-responsible for the B- He is the author and editor of four books and FAST deployment to Haiti. many articles on issues such as international poli- tics, foreign policy, and EU industrial policy. In 2007 he participated as UNDAC team member during the floods in Pakistan and in 2008 as UN- Wagner was educated at the Universities of DAC team leader during the hurricane season in Freiburg and Mainz (Germany) and Vienna Haiti. (Austria). He holds an M.A and a Ph.D. in politi- cal science, history and psychology from Freiburg He has participated in peace support operations in University. former Yugoslavia, in Bosnia-Herzegovina and in Kosovo. He is also qualified as UN Civil-Military Staff Co- ordinator, United Nation’s Disaster Assessment Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 106 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 L’intelligence de l’Information Olivier Zajec Olivier Zajec is Deputy Di- rector of the Strategic Fore- casting Department at the European Company for Stra- Négocier un contrat, • Défense & sécurité tegic Intelligence (CEIS) since 2002. He is a specialist nouer un partenariat, in defence forecasting work se développer à l’international, • Technologies de l’information and strategic studies. lancer un nouveau produit, Before joining CEIS, he racheter un concurrent… • Télécommunication served as an Officer in the French Army. Toutes ces actions Zajec obtained a Master’s degree in History from présentent des dangers. • Développement économique des territoires Paris-IV Sorbonne in 1999 and a Master’s from Sciences-Po Paris (IEP) in 2004. He started his Mais elles constituent aussi Ph.D. studies in 2009 at the Ecole Pratique des de formidable opportunités • Énergie & développement durable Hautes Etudes (EPHE) in history of strategic doc- trines. si elles sont précédées, en amont, In 2008, he published his first book “Les secrets par une perception adéquate • Santé & pharmacie de la Géopolitiques”. des risques liés à chaque situation. • Transports Au cœur de cette analyse, l’information joue un rôle capital : • Banque & assurance qu’il s’agisse de détecter des signes annonciateurs de rupture, • Matériaux de défendre son patrimoine face à des visées hostiles, de promouvoir ses intérêts dans la compétition mondiale, le succès de la capacité de chaque organisation à collecter, protéger, exploiter et valoriser l’information stratégique. C’est cette compétence que la Compagnie Européenne d’Intelligence Stratégique met, depuis 1997, au service de ses clients publics et privés. Avec une ferme volonté : proposer des solutions imaginatives, concrètes et opérationnelles. Olivier Darrason Président CEIS • la Compagnie Européenne d’Intelligence Stratégique 280, boulevard Saint-Germain • 75007 Paris • France Tél. : (+33) 1 45 55 00 20 • Fax : (+33) 1 45 55 00 60 Email : [email protected] • Site internet : www.ceis-strat.com Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 L’intelligence de l’Information Négocier un contrat, • Défense & sécurité nouer un partenariat, se développer à l’international, • Technologies de l’information lancer un nouveau produit, racheter un concurrent… • Télécommunication Toutes ces actions présentent des dangers. • Développement économique des territoires Mais elles constituent aussi de formidable opportunités • Énergie & développement durable si elles sont précédées, en amont, par une perception adéquate • Santé & pharmacie des risques liés à chaque situation. • Transports Au cœur de cette analyse, l’information joue un rôle capital : • Banque & assurance qu’il s’agisse de détecter des signes annonciateurs de rupture, • Matériaux de défendre son patrimoine face à des visées hostiles, de promouvoir ses intérêts dans la compétition mondiale, le succès de la capacité de chaque organisation à collecter, protéger, exploiter et valoriser l’information stratégique. C’est cette compétence que la Compagnie Européenne d’Intelligence Stratégique met, depuis 1997, au service de ses clients publics et privés. Avec une ferme volonté : proposer des solutions imaginatives, concrètes et opérationnelles. Olivier Darrason Président CEIS • la Compagnie Européenne d’Intelligence Stratégique 280, boulevard Saint-Germain • 75007 Paris • France Tél. : (+33) 1 45 55 00 20 • Fax : (+33) 1 45 55 00 60 Email : [email protected] • Site internet : www.ceis-strat.com 108 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 List of participants Sharon Abbas Tomas Baum Business Development Manager, EU Director Raytheon International Flemish Parliament Flemish Peace Institute Naser Abdallah Policy Officer Julien Béclard Permanent Representation of the African Union to FNRS Research Fellow the EU Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Institut d'Etudes Européennes (IEE) Gerhard Ahlbrecht Secretary General Sebastian Bloching European Organisation of Military Associations Programme Officer (EUROMIL) International Security Information Service Europe (ISIS Europe) Lt. Col. Saad Al-Huraiti Military Officer, Defence Attache Alain Bloedt Embassy of Kuwait to Belgium Head of Office Fondation Robert Schuman Paul Ames Freelance Journalist Danila Bochkarev Senior Fellow, Energy and Global Security Col. Johan Andries EastWest Institute Head of EU Presidency Task Force Ministry of Defence, Belgium Maj. Gen. Jochen Both Commander Marie-Charlotte Annez European Air Transport Command (EATC) Advisor Ministry of Defence, Belgium Thilo Botzenhardt National Expert Frank Asbeck European External Action Service (EEAS) Principle Counsellor for Security and Space Policy Joint Situation Centre European Commission Directorate General for External Relations Christian Bréant Director, R&T Pozdnyakova Axana European Defence Agency (EDA) President Young EU- Russia Laurens Jan Brinkhorst Member of the Praesidium Sebastien Babaud Friends of Europe EU Advocacy Coordinator Saferworld Laura Brunelli Assistant Paul Baes Global Governance Institute Former Official, Council of the European Union Hartmut Bühl Elfa Balina Publisher Communications and Programming Officer The European Security and Defence Union European Commission Directorate General for Home Affairs Simon Busuttil Member Martin Banks European Parliament Journalist Committee of Civil Liberties, Justice and Home The Parliament Magazine, DODS EU Affairs Mohamed-Raja'l Barakat Expert Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 109 Lt. Col. Leo Buzzerio Niels Dahlmann Assistant Army Attache Honorary Consul Embassy of the United States of America to Consulate of the Republic of Latvia to Belgium Belgium Oliver Dahms Geert Cami Armaments Counsellor Co-Founder & Director Permanent Representation of Germany to the EU Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Lt. Gen. Arne Bård Dalhaug Patrice Cardot Military Representative Conseiller Delegation of Norway to NATO Ministry of Defence, France Direction Générale de l'Armement (DGA) Geoffroy d'Aspremont Lynden Project Manager Marco Castagneto European Institute for Research on Mediterranean Assistant & Euro-Arab Cooperation (MEDEA) Permanent Representation of Italy to the EU Willy De Backer Alina Christova Head of Greening Europe Forum Researcher, E-learning and Training Friends of Europe Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Institute for European Studies (IES) Cdr. (N) Philippe De Cock Military Representative Col. Cyrille Claver Delegation of Belgium to NATO Deputy Director for Euro-Atlantic Affairs Ministry of Defence, France Pieter De Crem Délégation aux Affaires Stratégiques Minister Ministry of Defence, Belgium Brig. Gen. Jo Coelmont Senior Associate Fellow, Security and Global Governance Michel de Gliniasty EGMONT, Royal Institute for International Senior Advisor Relations European Company for Strategic Intelligence (CEIS) Lorne Cook Defence Correspondent Pierre De Luca Europolitics Defence Networks Architect Cisco Robert Cox Trustee Kristin de Peyron Friends of Europe Head of Unit, Multilateral relations: UN, OSCE, Council of Europe Gwenole Cozigou European Commission Director, Chemicals, Metals, Mechnical, Electrical and Directorate General for External Relations Construction Industries; Raw materials European Commission Pierre De Solages Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry Representative to the EUMC Permanent Representation of France to the EU Marcin Dabkowski Assistant to Jacek Saryusz-Wolski, MEP Patrick de Vries European Parliament Policy Advisor Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands H.E. Mr. Benoît d'Aboville Conseil de Politique Etrangère Min. Affaires Etrangèrs Hélène Debuire Cour des Comptes Assistant CEIS European Office Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 110 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Lt. Col. Manfred Delaere Marianne Ebertowski Assistant to the Military Representative Director Common Foreign and Security Policy Permanent Representation of Belgium to the EU Heinrich Böll Stiftung European Union Office Joan Delaney Independent Consultant Radka Edererova Counsellor Hervé Delphin Permanent Representation of the Czech Republic to Deputy Head of Cabinet, Humanitarian Assistance, the EU Development Policy Fisheries & Maritime Policy, Agriculture & Rural Development Pavlos Efthymiou Cabinet of EU Commissioner for International MPhil Candidate, International Relations Cooperation & Humanitarian Aid Kristalina University of Cambridge Georgieva Christian Ehler Andrew B. Denison Member Director European Parliament Transatlantic Networks Subcommittee on Security and Defence Sara Depauw Estelle Emeriau Researcher Independant Consultant Flemish Parliament EEE Flemish Peace Institute Lt. Cdr. Kurt Engelen Ekaterina Svetoslavova Doncheva Member Assistant to Evgeni Kirilov, MEP Euro-Atlantic Association of Belgium European Parliament Andrei Enghis Michael T. Dougherty Former Official, European Commission Directorate General Director of Immigration Control for Trade Raytheon Col. Jorge Esteves Jonathan Dowdall Commander Project Assistant European Gendarmerie Force Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Capt. Sandro Fabiani Latini Col. Jeremy Drage Chief, NATO Permanent Liaison Team to the EU Defence Adviser Military Staff Permanent Representation of the United Kingdom North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) to the EU H.E. Mr. Jean-Louis Falconi Robert Draper PSC Ambassador President Permanent Representation of France to the EU AeroStrategies Col. Corinne Faut H.E. Mr. Dumitru Sorin Ducaru Director General Ambassador Royal High Institute for Defence, Belgium Delegation of Romania to NATO Patsy Faynsztein Axel Dyèvre Manager, EU Business Development Director Raytheon International, Europe CEIS European Office Vice Adm. Lutz Feldt Caterine Ebah-Moussa President Policy Desk Officer for the Aerospace and Defence Industries German Maritime Institute (DMI) European Commission Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 111 Andrea Filipova Kristalina Georgieva Programme Assistant Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Aid & Crisis Response European Commission Tsolmon Finch Assistant to Peter Stastny, MEP Andrea Ghianda European Parliament Project Manager Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Florika Fink-Hooijer Head of Cabinet Daniel Giorev Cabinet of EU Commissioner for International Member of Cabinet Cooperation & Humanitarian Aid Kristalina Cabinet of EU Commissioner for International Georgieva Cooperation & Humanitarian Aid Kristalina Georgieva Commodore Mike Finney Deputy UK Military Representative Laurent Giquello Permanent Representation of the United Kingdom French National Expert to the EU NATO - Air Command and Control System Management Agency (NACMA) Lt. Col. Connor Fitzsimons Deputy Military Representative Annette Godart-van der Kroon Permanent Representation of Ireland to the EU President Ludwig von Mises Institute Europe Gen. Paul Fouilland Commander, Strategic Air Force Pierre Goetz Ministry of Defence, France Consultant European Company for Strategic Intelligence Jean Fournet (CEIS) Former Assistant Secretary General, NATO Ana Maria Gomes Col. Michael S. Francis Member Chief Advanced Programs, United Technologies Research European Parliament Center Committee on Foreign Affairs United Technologies Corporation (UTC) Thomas Gottschild Yoshinori Fukushima Director for EU & NATO Policies Bureau Chief Cassidian Mainichi Shimbun Brussels Office Lucie Goubert Cristina Gallach Officer Head of Unit, Communications Médecins Sans Frontières Council of the European Union Directorate General for Press, Communication & Elvira Grassi Transparency Programme Assistant, Promotion of Agricultural Products European Commission Didier Gambier Directorate General for Agriculture and Rural Adviser for strategic issues relating to industrial technologies Development European Commission Directorate General for Research Nicolas Gros-Verheyde Editor Michel Gari Bruxelles2 Manager DMG Consult Julijus Grubliauskas Officer, Emerging Security Challenges Division Gérard Gaudin North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Journalist Belgian News Agency (BELGA) Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 112 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Peter Grunditz Farzana Islam Brigadier (retired), Swedish Armed Forces Communications and policy assistant Save the Children, Belgium Anne Guichard Deputy Director David Itier Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Public Affairs Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Tatiana Hachimi Freelance Journalist Olivier Jehin Head of Office Edward Hanlon Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI) President Raytheon International, Europe Karli Johnston Strategic Intelligence Analyst, Intelligence Unit of the Office Beatriçe Hasani of Security Project Assistant North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Nick Jones Robert Havas Communication Associate VP Strategy & Business Development Security The World Bank European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) Ana Cristina Jorge Liaison Officer Louis Haynes European Agency for the Management of Communications Assistant Operational Cooperationat the External Borders Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) (FRONTEX) Jessica Henderson Gideon Joubert Senior Account Manager First Secretary Fleishman-Hillard Mission of South Africa to the EU Caroline Henrion Jana Kalimonova Liaison Officer, Belgian EU Presidency First Secretary, CFSP, CSDP Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Belgium Permanent Representation of the Czech Republic to the EU Ernest J. Herold Account Manager, NATO Capt. Oguz Karaman IBM Belgium Staff Officer, Plans and Policy Division North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Henna Hopia International Military Staff (IMS) Brussels Correspondent Nykypäivä Toshi Kawaguchi Second Secretary Brig. Gen. Gabor Horvath Embassy of Australia to Italy Director, Concepts and Capabilities European External Action Service (EEAS) Gabriela Keseberg Davalos European Union Military Staff (EUMS) Senior Communication Officer International Crisis Group (ICG) Kanako Ida Chief Correspondent Albert W. Klein Jr. Asahi Shimbun Attorney Advisor United States Mission to NATO Begoña Iñarra Executive Secretary Lina Kolesnikova Africa-Europe Faith and Justice Network (AEFJN) Advisory Board Crisis Response Journal Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 113 Joachim Koops Alix Leclainche Academic Director, European Peace and Security Studies Assistant Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Ministry of Defence, France Délégation aux Affaires Stratégiques H.E. Mrs. Nata Koridze Counsellor Suvi Leinonen Embassy of Georgia to Belgium Assistant to MEP Anneli Jäätteenmäki European Parliament Karel Kovanda Consultant Mika-Markus Leinonen Director Maj. Gen. Borys Kremenetskyi Council of the European Union Defence and Military Adviser Crisis Management and Planning Directorate Mission of Ukraine to the EU (CMPD) Peter Christian Krogsgaard Pierre Lemoine Assistant Defence Advisor Editor-in-Chief Permanent Representation of Denmark to the EU Europolitics Marek Kuberski Bartosz Lercel Minister Counsellor Administrator Embassy of Poland to Belgium Council of the European Union Civil Protection Office Oleksii Kuropiatnyk Counsellor Bruno Lete Mission of Ukraine to the EU Program Associate The German Marshall Fund of the United States Eric Labourdette Chief of Staff, Military Representation Ioana Lung Permanent Representation of France to the EU Project Officer Centre for European Studies (CES) Jean Labrique Secretary General Isabelle Maelcamp d'Opstaele Western Defense Studies Institute Commercial Specialist Mission of the United States of America to the EU Yves Lagoude European Affairs Director for Transport and Civil Security, Maj. Gen. Carlo Magrassi Thales Security Solutions and Services Deputy Chief Executive for Strategy Thales European Defence Agency (EDA) Karen Laino Sami Makki Director Intelligence Division, IMS Senior Researcher and Lecturer North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Lille Brig. Gen. Ilkka Laitinen Jacques Malache Executive Director Senior Director European Agency for the Management of International Press Agency Operational Cooperation Cooperation at the External Borders (FRONTEX) Manon Malhère Journalist Marc Laplasse Europolitics Advisor VLD Studiedienst, Belgium Pascal Mallet NATO and EU Defence Correspondent Maj. Jose Latorre Agence France Presse (AFP) Director, Technical Office SEGENPOL Ministry of Defence, Spain Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 114 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Petya Mandazhieva Arnaud Migoux Assistant Desk Officer European Commission Ministry of Defence, France Directorate General for Home Affairs Délégation aux Affaires Stratégiques Brig. Gen. Giovanni Manione Andrea Mogni Deputy Director-General for Crisis Management Policy Officer, Coordination and Analysis Council of the European Union European Commission Directorate General for External Relations Lorenzo Marchese Reporter Gabriel Moldoveanu CafeBabel.com Bruxelles Counsellor Delegation of Romania to NATO Maurizio Martellini Secretary General Georgina Mombo Rasero Landau Network - Centro Volta Journalist Periodismo Humano John Martin Independent Health and Development Consultant Tom Monballiu Public Affairs Officer Jean-Youri Marty North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Deputy Armament Counselor Permanent Representation of France to the EU Valentina Morselli PhD Candidate, Teaching Assistant Pauline Massart Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Senior Manager Institut d'Etudes Européennes (IEE) Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Denis Moskalenko Alexander Mattelaer Second Secretary Researcher Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) NATO Institute for European Studies (IES) Isabelle Muller John Mattiussi Secretary General Principal Officer, Industry and Market Directorate European Petroleum Industry Association European Defence Agency (EDA) (EUROPIA) Col. Michael McLaughlin Sergiy Muzychenko Air Attaché Defence Attaché Embassy of the United States of America to Mission of Ukraine to the EU Belgium Jennifer Navarro Giles Merritt Civil Crisis Management Assistant, Military Representation Director Permanent Representation of France to the EU Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Milica Neacsu Vincent Mertens de Wilmars First Secretary Head of Cabinet of the Minister Permanent Representation of Romania to the EU Ministry of Defence, Belgium George Vlad Niculescu Capt. Alain Messager Former NATO staff officer Deputy Chief of Staff, Military Representation Permanent Representation of France to the EU Kasper Borg Nielsen Counsellor Ignace Michaux Permanent Representation of Denmark to the EU Secretary Ministry of Defence, Belgium Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 115 Antonio Nogueras Rudy Priem Air Traffic Management Security Unit Senior Government Affairs Manager for Security and EUROCONTROL Defense, Europe United Technologies Corporation (UTC) Adam Nyman Publication Director Christoph Prössl Europe's World Correspondent German Radio WDR/NDR Studio Brüssel Chiade O’Shea Journalist Rebecca Pugh Europolitics Desk Officer, USA, Canada European Commission James O'Dowd Directorate General for External Relations Political Assistant European Parliament Michel Rademaker Deputy Director, market and operations Navy Capt. Gustav Oller The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies Chief of Intelligence Branch European External Action Service (EEAS) Gen. Jean Rannou European Union Military Staff (EUMS) Director of Security & Defence European Company for Strategic Intelligence Alia Papageorgiou (CEIS) European Affairs Editor New Europe Mariin Ratnik Ambassador Col. Philippe Percier Embassy of Estonia to Belgium Africa Desk Coordinator, OPS/MAP European External Action Service (EEAS) Giulia Reccardini European Union Military Staff (EUMS) Policy Assistant Open Society Institute (OSI) Isabelle Pernot du Breuil Associate Pierre Reuland Conseil Clime Developpement Special Representative of Interpol to the EU International Criminal Police Organization Jasmina Petrovic (INTERPOL) First Secretary Mission of Serbia to the EU Delphine Reuter Freelance Journalist Jérôme Piodi CafeBabel.com Bruxelles Research Fellow Institut de Recherche et Strategie de l'Ecole Thomas Reynaert Militaire (IRSEM) President, International Operations, Europe United Technologies Corporation (UTC) Victoria Pirker Assistant H.E. Mr. Magnus Robach Council of the European Union Ambassador Embassy of Sweden to Belgium David Plas Photographer Rear Adm. Jacques Rosiers President Iulia Platona Euro-Atlantic Association of Belgium President Chief Executive Officer Pivex Platform Black Sea Forum Lt. Col. Fernand Rouvroi R&T Domain Manager Royal High Institute for Defence, Belgium Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 116 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Laszlo Salgo Apar Sidhu Assistant Director, Operations Political-Military Affairs Officer European Police Office (Europol) Mission of the United States of America to the EU Margarite Sandler Alexander Siedschlag Correspondent in Europe Director IMA Press News Agency Sigmund Freud Private University Vienna Donatella Scatamacchia Capt. Matthias Siegemund Journalist Military Assistant to the Commander Greennews European Air Transport Command (EATC) Kai Schaefer Rear Adm. António Silva Ribeiro Programme Manager Deputy Vice Chief of Portuguese Naval Staff, Portuguese European Commission Navy EuropeAid Cooperation Office (AIDCO) Ministry of Defence, Portugal Gerrit Schlomach Zbigniew Skrzyński Assistant to Michael Gahler MEP Senior specialist European Parliament Ministry of Economy and Labour, Poland Martin Schmidt Lt. Col. Roger Solli Counsellor Liaison Officer Delegation of Germany to NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Col. (res) Thomas H. A. Schneider Lt. Col. Alain Spoiden Head of International Affairs Military Advisor European Association for Coal and Lignite Permanent Representation of Belgium to the EU (EURACOAL) Mircea Stana H.E. Mr. Karl Schramek Senior IT Manager Ambassador Pivex Platform Black Sea Forum Mission of Austria to NATO Matus Stankovic Frederik Schumann Engineering student (Security Management) Consultant Zilinska University CEIS European Office Bart Stoelinga Pierre Seailles Senior Officer for Maritime Programmes, Armaments Desk officer for CSDP Directorate European Commission European Defence Agency (EDA) Directorate General for External Relations Martin Stoussavljewitsch Asinetta Serban Principal Officer Armaments Consultant European Defence Agency (EDA) CEIS European Office Paul Sturm Emanuele Sgherri Programme Officer Former European Commission official, DG Budget and International Security Information Service Europe Financial Affairs (ISIS Europe) Jamie Shea Christof Tatschl Deputy Assistant Secretary General Chief of Staff and Military Counselor North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Mission of Austria to NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Security and Defence Day 2010 Conference Report 117 Bryony Taylor Irini Tseminidou Action Officer Program Assistant, Energy & Climate Security North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) EastWest Institute Public Diplomacy Division Leendert Van Bochoven Dilarde Teilane Global Business Services, NATO Account Executive, Policy Officer - Co-desk military ESDP - END, Security Defence Leader Europe/Network Centric Operations Policy IBM Nederland B.V. European Commission Directorate General for External Relations Maj. Serge Van Camp Military Advisor, EU Presidency Task Force Hafsa Temsamani Ministry of Defence, Belgium Assistant Defence Attaché, Military Office Embassy of Kuwait to Belgium Geoffrey Van Orden Member Olivia ten Horn European Parliament Assistant, Unit for the Subcommittee on Security and Subcommittee on Security and Defence Defence European Parliament Karim Van Overmeire Member Pierre Thibaudat Flemish Parliament Liaison Officer Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Belgium Jelena Von Helldorff Vice-President Barbara Thomas Institute for International Assistance and Solidarity First Secretary, Migration Policy and Refugee Affairs (IFIAS) Mission of the United States of America to the EU Wolf-Heinrich von Leipzig Irina Tica-Diaconu Foreign News and Defence Editor Second Secretary Das Luxemburger Wort Permanent Representation of Romania to the EU Alexander von Lingen John Tod Chair Retired Officer EquipEuropa asbl British Council Kostyantyn Voytovsky Col. Branko Toman Counsellor Branch Chief, Intelligence Production Mission of Ukraine to NATO NATO International Military Staff (IMS) Anna Vvedenskaia Oana Topala Correspondent Programme Associate Voice of America International Security Information Service Europe (ISIS Europe) Lt. Col. René Wagemans Former Head of CIMIC/Humanitarian Crisis Response Shogo Toyota Branch First Secretary Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Belgium Mission of Japan to the EU Belgian First Aid & Support Team (B-FAST) Denis Trioulaire Peter Wagner Cap Manager Head of Unit for Defence, Aeronautic and Maritime European Defence Agency (EDA) Industries European Commission David A. Trissell Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry Attaché, Federal Emergency Management Agency/DHS Mission of the United States of America to the EU Natacha Waksman Former Executive Assistant to Claude-France Arnould Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 118 Conference Report Security and Defence Day 2010 Mike Walpole Director Global Governance Institute Yiwei Wang Special Advisor to the Ambassador Mission of the People's Republic of China to the EU Clément Williamson Policy Officer, GMES European Commission Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry Maj. Gen. Wolfgang Wosolsobe Austrian Military Representative to EUMC and EAPMC Mission of Austria to NATO Paul Yuzapavik Senior Executive Cross Functional Political Advisor for European Engagement NATO - Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) Olivier Zajec Defence and Security Consultant European Company for Strategic Intelligence (CEIS) Julia Zalutskaja Assistant to the Secretary for External Relations European People's Party (EPP) Wei Zhang Correspondent Xinhua News Agency European Regional Bureau Security and Defence Day Palais d’Egmont - Brussels - 30 November 2010 Homeland Security The most direct deterrent against security threats is understanding. Threats to our homeland can come from anywhere. Raytheon’s innovative, comprehensive, modeling- and simulation-based approach is designed to help customers address current and emerging threats across every front, including cybersecurity, identity management, border security, transportation security, and critical infrastructure protection. Customers count on Raytheon to deliver proven, integrated solutions that meet the broadest range of potential threats — protecting our infrastructures, economies and way of life. INNOVATION IN ALL DOMAINS Visit www.raytheon.com Keyword: HLS-ENT © 2010 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved. “Customer Success Is Our Mission” is a registered trademark of Raytheon Company. 46 30 NOVEMBER 2010 PALAIS D’EGMONT SECURITY AND DEFENCE DAY Going global: Europe’s security policy challenge Security and Defence Day– 30 November 2010 Palais d’Egmont, Brussels Co-organised by: Institutional Partners: Partners: Media Partners: