brain sciences Article Brain Plasticity Mechanisms Underlying Motor Control Reorganization: Pilot Longitudinal Study on Post-Stroke Subjects Marta Gandolla 1,2,* , Lorenzo Niero 1, Franco Molteni 3, Elenora Guanziroli 3 , Nick S. Ward 4,5 and Alessandra Pedrocchi 1,6 1 NearLab@Lecco, Polo Territoriale di Lecco, Politecnico di Milano, Via Gaetano Previati, 1/c, 23900 Lecco, Italy;
[email protected] (L.N.);
[email protected] (A.P.) 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Privata Giuseppe La Masa, 1, 20156 Milano, Italy 3 Villa Beretta Rehabilitation Center, Valduce Hospital, Via N. Sauro, 17, 23845 Costa Masnaga, Italy;
[email protected] (F.M.);
[email protected] (E.G.) 4 Department of Movement and Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK;
[email protected] 5 The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK 6 NearLab, Department of Electronic Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio, 34/5, 20133 Milano, Italy * Correspondence:
[email protected] Citation: Gandolla, M.; Niero, L.; Abstract: Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has demonstrated to improve walking ability Molteni, F.; Guanziroli, E.; Ward, N.S.; and to induce the carryover effect, long-lasting persisting improvement. Functional magnetic Pedrocchi, A. Brain Plasticity resonance imaging has been used to investigate effective connectivity differences and longitudinal Mechanisms Underlying Motor changes in a group of chronic stroke patients that attended a FES-based rehabilitation program Control Reorganization: Pilot for foot-drop correction, distinguishing between carryover effect responders and non-responders, Longitudinal Study on Post-Stroke and in comparison with a healthy control group.