Tbr1 Regulates Differentiation of the Preplate and Layer 6
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Legends for Supplemental Figures and Tables Figure S1. Expression of Tlx during retinogenesis. (A) Staged embryos were stained for β- galactosidase knocked into the Tlx locus to indicate Tlx expression. Tlx was expressed in the neural blast layer in the early phase of neural retina development (blue signal). (B) Expression of Tlx in neural retina was quantified using Q-PCR at multiple developmental stages. Figure S2. Expression of p27kip1 and cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) at various developmental stages in wild-type or Tlx-/- retinas. (A) Q-PCR analysis of p27kip1 mRNA expression. (B) Western blotting analysis of p27kip1 protein expression. (C) Q-PCR analysis of cyclin D1 mRNA expression. Figure S3. Q-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of Sf1 (A), Lrh1 (B), and Atn1 (C) in wild-type mouse retinas. RNAs from testis and liver were used as controls. Table S1. List of genes dysregulated both at E15.5 and P0 Tlx-/- retinas. Gene E15.5 P0 Cluste Gene Title Fold Fold r Name p-value p-value Change Change nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, Nr0b1 1.65 0.0024 2.99 0.0035 member 1 1 Pou4f3 1.91 0.0162 2.39 0.0031 POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 3 1 Tcfap2d 2.18 0.0000 2.37 0.0001 transcription factor AP-2, delta 1 Zic5 1.66 0.0002 2.02 0.0218 zinc finger protein of the cerebellum 5 1 Zfpm1 1.85 0.0030 1.88 0.0025 zinc finger protein, multitype 1 1 Pten 1.60 0.0155 1.82 0.0131 phospatase and tensin homolog 2 Itgb5 -1.85 0.0063 -1.85 0.0007 integrin beta 5 2 Gpr49 6.86 0.0001 15.16 0.0001 G protein-coupled receptor 49 3 Cmkor1 2.60 0.0007 2.72 0.0013 -
A Bilateral Cortico-Striate Projection
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.1.71 on 1 February 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 71 A bilateral cortico-striate projection J. B. CARMAN, W. M. COWAN, T. P. S. POWELL, AND K. E. WEBSTER From the Departments of Anatomy, University of Oxford, and University College, London During the course of studies on the projection of the ined, and evidence for a bilateral projection has been cerebral cortex upon the striatum in the rabbit found in 20 animals. The evidence for this projec- (Carman, Cowan, and Powell, 1963) and the cat tion depends upon the collective findings in several (Webster, 1964) degeneration was seen bilaterally in brains, but only a few typical examples will be Nauta preparations of the striatum in some, but not described in full. The findings in the remaining all, animals. For two main reasons this observation experiments will be summarized in composite was not included in the earlier study. First, because figures. of the difficulty of interpreting any findings of Experiment R30 is representative of the rabbit bilateral degeneration in silver preparations, and, brains in which a projection to the contralateral particularly as it is well known that the striatum striatum was found after a lesion involving the sen- commonly shows pseudo-degeneration, it was im- sori-motor cortex. The cortical damage in this brain perative to exclude this possibility by the prepara- is in the form of a broad strip along the dorsal guest. Protected by copyright. tion of further material using both the frozen and surface of the hemisphere from just behind the paraffin Nauta methods. -
T-Brain Regulates Archenteron Induction Signal 5207 Range of Amplification
Development 129, 5205-5216 (2002) 5205 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2002 DEV5034 T-brain homologue (HpTb) is involved in the archenteron induction signals of micromere descendant cells in the sea urchin embryo Takuya Fuchikami1, Keiko Mitsunaga-Nakatsubo1, Shonan Amemiya2, Toshiya Hosomi1, Takashi Watanabe1, Daisuke Kurokawa1,*, Miho Kataoka1, Yoshito Harada3, Nori Satoh3, Shinichiro Kusunoki4, Kazuko Takata1, Taishin Shimotori1, Takashi Yamamoto1, Naoaki Sakamoto1, Hiraku Shimada1 and Koji Akasaka1,† 1Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan 2Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 3Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan 4LSL, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 178-0061, Japan *Present address: Evolutionary Regeneration Biology Group, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan †Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 30 July 2002 SUMMARY Signals from micromere descendants play a crucial role in cells, the initial specification of primary mesenchyme cells, sea urchin development. In this study, we demonstrate that or the specification of endoderm. HpTb expression is these micromere descendants express HpTb, a T-brain controlled by nuclear localization of β-catenin, suggesting homolog of Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. HpTb is expressed that -
Accompanies CD8 T Cell Effector Function Global DNA Methylation
Global DNA Methylation Remodeling Accompanies CD8 T Cell Effector Function Christopher D. Scharer, Benjamin G. Barwick, Benjamin A. Youngblood, Rafi Ahmed and Jeremy M. Boss This information is current as of October 1, 2021. J Immunol 2013; 191:3419-3429; Prepublished online 16 August 2013; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301395 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/6/3419 Downloaded from Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2013/08/20/jimmunol.130139 Material 5.DC1 References This article cites 81 articles, 25 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/191/6/3419.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on October 1, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2013 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Global DNA Methylation Remodeling Accompanies CD8 T Cell Effector Function Christopher D. Scharer,* Benjamin G. Barwick,* Benjamin A. Youngblood,*,† Rafi Ahmed,*,† and Jeremy M. -
Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas Subcortical Gray Structures
Rhesus Monkey Brain Atlas: Subcortical Gray Structures Manual Tracing for Hippocampus, Amygdala, Caudate, and Putamen Overview of Tracing Guidelines A) Tracing is done in a combination of the three orthogonal planes, as specified in the detailed methods that follow. B) Each region of interest was originally defined in the right hemisphere. The labels were then reflected onto the left hemisphere and all borders checked and adjusted manually when necessary. C) For the initial parcellation, the user used the “paint over function” of IRIS/SNAP on the T1 template of the atlas. I. Hippocampus Major Boundaries Superior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn in the majority of slices. At its most lateral extent (subiculum) the superior boundary is white matter. The inferior boundary is white matter. The anterior boundary is the lateral ventricle/temporal horn and the amygdala; the posterior boundary is lateral ventricle or white matter. The medial boundary is CSF at the center of the brain in all but the most posterior slices (where the medial boundary is white matter). The lateral boundary is white matter. The hippocampal trace includes dentate gyrus, the CA3 through CA1 regions of the hippocamopus, subiculum, parasubiculum, and presubiculum. Tracing A) Tracing is done primarily in the sagittal plane, working lateral to medial a. Locate the most lateral extent of the subiculum, which is bounded on all sides by white matter, and trace. b. As you page medially, tracing the hippocampus in each slice, the superior, anterior, and posterior boundaries of the hippocampus become the lateral ventricle/temporal horn. c. Even further medially, the anterior boundary becomes amygdala and the posterior boundary white matter. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Investigations Into The
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Investigations into the Role of TAF1-mediated Phosphorylation in Gene Regulation A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology by Brian James Gadd December 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Xuan Liu, Chairperson Dr. Frank Sauer Dr. Frances M. Sladek Copyright by Brian James Gadd 2012 The Dissertation of Brian James Gadd is approved Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgments I am thankful to Dr. Liu for her patience and support over the last eight years. I am deeply indebted to my committee members, Dr. Frank Sauer and Dr. Frances Sladek for the insightful comments on my research and this dissertation. Thanks goes out to CMDB, especially Dr. Bachant, Dr. Springer and Kathy Redd for their support. Thanks to all the members of the Liu lab both past and present. A very special thanks to the members of the Sauer lab, including Silvia, Stephane, David, Matt, Stephen, Ninuo, Toby, Josh, Alice, Alex and Flora. You have made all the years here fly by and made them so enjoyable. From the Sladek lab I want to thank Eugene, John, Linh and Karthi. Special thanks go out to all the friends I’ve made over the years here. Chris, Amber, Stephane and David, thank you so much for feeding me, encouraging me and keeping me sane. Thanks to the brothers for all your encouragement and prayers. To any I haven’t mentioned by name, I promise I haven’t forgotten all you’ve done for me during my graduate years. -
The Embryology and Fiber Tract Connections of the Corpus Striatum in the Albino Rat
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1935 The Embryology and Fiber Tract Connections of the Corpus Striatum in the Albino Rat James K. L. Choy Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Choy, James K. L., "The Embryology and Fiber Tract Connections of the Corpus Striatum in the Albino Rat" (1935). Master's Theses. 22. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/22 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1935 James K. L. Choy LOYOLA UNIVERSITY SCHOOl, OF MEDICINE THE EMBRYOLOGY AND FIBER TRACT CONNECTIONS OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM IN THE ALBINO RAT. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY of the GRADUATE SCHOOL of LOYOLA UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE by James K.L. Choy, B.S.M. 1935 THE EMBRYOLOGY AND FIBER TRACT CONNECTIONS OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM IN THE ALBINO RAT. I. PREFACE Before entering upon a discussion of the problem itself, I would lil{e to take this opportunity to acknowledge the assis tance and encouragement I received in the preparation of this paper. To Dr. R. M. Strong, who suggested the problem, I am deeply obligated for his encouragement, practical guidance, and helpful suggestions in the procedure of this work. -
Marrow Stromal Cells Migrate Throughout Forebrain and Cerebellum, and They Differentiate Into Astrocytes After Injection Into Neonatal Mouse Brains
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, pp. 10711–10716, September 1999 Cell Biology Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains GENE C. KOPEN,DARWIN J. PROCKOP, AND DONALD G. PHINNEY* Center for Gene Therapy, MCP Hahnemann University, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192 Contributed by Darwin J. Prockop, July 16, 1999 ABSTRACT Stem cells are a valuable resource for treat- cell lineages after transplantation into the hematopoietic ing disease, but limited access to stem cells from tissues such system of irradiated hosts (11). Together, these findings sug- as brain restricts their utility. Here, we injected marrow gest that it may be possible to reconstitute a tissue by using stromal cells (MSCs) into the lateral ventricle of neonatal stem cells from a separate dermal origin. To determine mice and asked whether these multipotential mesenchymal whether mesenchymal stem cells can adopt neural cell fates, we progenitors from bone marrow can adopt neural cell fates injected a purified population of murine MSCs into the lateral when exposed to the brain microenvironment. By 12 days ventricles of neonatal mice and examined the fate of these cells postinjection, MSCs migrated throughout the forebrain and by immunohistochemistry. cerebellum without disruption to the host brain architecture. Some MSCs within the striatum and the molecular layer of the MATERIALS AND METHODS hippocampus expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein and, therefore, differentiated into mature astrocytes. MSCs also Isolation and Purification of MSCs. Murine MSC cultures populated neuron rich regions including the Islands of were established from the bone marrow of FVB͞N mice (The Calleja, the olfactory bulb, and the internal granular layer of Jackson Laboratory) and were cultured for 7 days (12). -
Features of the Cerebral Vascular Pattern That Predict Vulnerability to Perfusion Or Oxygenation Deficiency: an Anatomic Study
431 Features of the Cerebral Vascular Pattern That Predict Vulnerability to Perfusion or Oxygenation Deficiency: An Anatomic Study D. M. Moody1 In an ongoing study of brain microvasculature in humans at autopsy, we had the 1 2 M.A. Bell · opportunity to analyze the overall scheme of this vascular supply. The native endothelial V. R. Challa3 membrane enzyme, alkaline phosphatase, is used to precipitate black lead sulfide salt in the vessel wall, rendering the brain microvasculature visible by both light microscopy and microradiography. There are six distinct patterns of intraparenchymal afferent blood supply to the supratentorial brain: short arterioles from a single source (e.g., those in the cortex); short- to intermediate-length arterioles, single source (anterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum); short- to intermediate-length arterioles and arteries, dual source (subcortical U fibers); intermediate-length arterioles and arteries, triple source (extreme/ external capsule and claustrum); long arteries and arterioles, single source (centrum semiovale); and large, long muscular arteries, single source (thalamus and basal ganglia). The nature of this arrangement offers some protection to certain regions of the cerebrum from circulatory challenges such as hypotension, while leaving other areas vulnerable. The distal arterioles supplying two of these protected regions, the U-fiber area and the extreme/external capsule and claustrum area, also exhibit the feature of interdigitation, which can offer additional collateral potential from one arteriolar territory to the next. Aging, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis can have a significant impact on brain microcirculation. The way in which vascular patterns dictate the distribution of these effects is discussed. The ability to stain the cerebral microvessels and demonstrate the finer points of their patterns in sections and microradiographs has enabled us to resolve some long-standing questions about vascular connections and directions. -
Neuroprotection of the Hypoxic-Ischemic Mouse Brain By
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Neuroprotection of the hypoxic- ischemic mouse brain by human CD117+CD90+CD105+ amniotic Received: 14 November 2017 Accepted: 23 January 2018 fuid stem cells Published: xx xx xxxx Michelangelo Corcelli1, Kate Hawkins1, Filipa Vlahova1, Avina Hunjan1, Kate Dowding1, Paolo De Coppi2, Anna L. David 1,3, Donald Peebles1, Pierre Gressens4, Henrik Hagberg4,5, Mariya Hristova1 & Pascale V. Guillot1 Human amniotic fuid contains two morphologically-distinct sub-populations of stem cells with regenerative potential, spindle-shaped (SS-hAFSCs) and round-shaped human amniotic fuid stem cells (RS-hAFSCs). However, it is unclear whether morphological diferences correlate with functionality, and this lack of knowledge limits their translational applications. Here, we show that SS-hAFSCs and RS-hAFSCs difer in their neuro-protective ability, demonstrating that a single contralateral injection of SS-hAFSCs into hypoxic-ischemic P7 mice conferred a 47% reduction in hippocampal tissue loss and 43–45% reduction in TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampus and striatum 48 hours after the insult, decreased microglial activation and TGFβ1 levels, and prevented demyelination. On the other hand, RS-hAFSCs failed to show such neuro-protective efects. It is possible that SS-hAFSCs exert their neuroprotection via endoglin-dependent inhibition of TGFβ1 signaling in target cells. These fndings identify a sub-population of CD117+CD90+CD105+ stem cells as a promising source for the neuro- protection of the developing brain. Human fetal stem cells present a number of advantageous characteristics over their adult counterparts, such as faster growth kinetics, longer telomeres and higher diferentiation potential1, thus presenting an intermediate phenotype between adult mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells2. -
Apoptotic Cells Inflammasome Activity During the Uptake of Macrophage
Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on September 29, 2021 is online at: average * The Journal of Immunology , 26 of which you can access for free at: 2012; 188:5682-5693; Prepublished online 20 from submission to initial decision 4 weeks from acceptance to publication April 2012; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103760 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/188/11/5682 Complement Protein C1q Directs Macrophage Polarization and Limits Inflammasome Activity during the Uptake of Apoptotic Cells Marie E. Benoit, Elizabeth V. Clarke, Pedro Morgado, Deborah A. Fraser and Andrea J. Tenner J Immunol cites 56 articles Submit online. Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists ? is published twice each month by Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts http://jimmunol.org/subscription http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2012/04/20/jimmunol.110376 0.DC1 This article http://www.jimmunol.org/content/188/11/5682.full#ref-list-1 Information about subscribing to The JI No Triage! Fast Publication! Rapid Reviews! 30 days* Why • • • Material References Permissions Email Alerts Subscription Supplementary The Journal of Immunology The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2012 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. This information is current as of September 29, 2021. The Journal of Immunology Complement Protein C1q Directs Macrophage Polarization and Limits Inflammasome Activity during the Uptake of Apoptotic Cells Marie E. -
Unusual Lesion in the Bilateral External Capsule Following Status Epilepticus: a Case Report
Unusual Lesion in the Bilateral External Capsule Following Status Epilepticus: A Case Report Case Report Kyoung Jin Hwang, Key-Chung Park, Sung Sang Yoon, Tae-Beom Ahn Journal of Epilepsy Research pISSN 2233-6249 / eISSN 2233-6257 Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential tool for determining the underlying cause of status epilepticus and can exhibit a variety of unpredictable findings. A 28-year-old woman presented with Received October 24, 2014 status epilepticus of unknown etiology. She had been recovered from status epilepticus twenty days Accepted December 4, 2014 later, but afterwards developed transient postural instability and cognitive impairment. Initial MRI Corresponding author: Tae-Beom Ahn Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee showed no abnormalities. Follow-up MRI after cessation of status epilepticus demonstrated hyper- University Medical Center, intensities lesions in the right claustrum and bilateral external capsular areas on T2 fluid attenuated 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, inversion recovery images. As the external capsule is a route for cholinergic and corticostriatal fibers, Seoul 130-872, Korea Tel. +82-2-958-8499 cognitive dysfunction and postural instability might be related to these fibers. (2014;4:88-90) Fax. +82-2-958-8490 E-mail; [email protected] Key words: Magnetic resonance imaging, Status epilepticus, External capsule Introduction Complete blood counts were normal. Cerebrospinal fluid was clean and contained no leukocytes, with normal glucose (73 mg/dL) Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency that may result and protein (41.5 mg/dL). The results of serologic analysis of blood in serious morbidity and mortality.1 Magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including polymerase chain reaction (MRI) is an essential tool for determining the underlying cause of SE for herpes viruses, were within normal range.