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Jom FTEKNIK Volume 4 No. 2 Oktober 2017 1 IDENTIFIKASI LAHAN

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Jom FTEKNIK Volume 4 No. 2 Oktober 2017 1 IDENTIFIKASI LAHAN IDENTIFIKASI LAHAN GAMBUT MENGGUNAKAN CITRA SATELIT LANDSAT 8 OLI TIRS BERBASIS SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS (SIG) STUDI KASUS PULAU TEBING TINGGI Akhbar Putra 1), Sigit Sutikno 2), Rinaldi 2) 1) Mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Riau 2) Dosen Jurusan Teknk Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Riau Kampus Bina Widya J. HR Soebrantas KM 12,5 Pekanbaru, Kode Pos 28293 Email: [email protected] Abstract This paper presents the application of satellite remote sensing techniques to detect and identify peatland cover types in Riau Province, Indonesia. Mapping the spatial distribution of organic soils is important for decision making in land management and mitigation of peatland forest fires. Organic soil types have a strong effect on carbon storage, water availability and quality, biodiversity and many other ecosystem services. This study uses GIS software and Landsat-8 satellite data to identify the type of peat land cover in Tebing Tinggi island. This area were picked up as pilot project areas for this research, because these areas historically had many fire spots on last few years. The results show how this approach can be used to land cover classification and for predicting mineral and organic soils in locations within the map unit quickly and cost-effectively. The identification of Peatland was done using composites of band ratios and single band variables. The best composite band ratio that can be used is a 7-5-3 band combination. This combination consists of band 7 (Shortwave Infrared 2), band 5 (Near Infrared) and band 3 (Green). This combination is selected because it can classify land cover of peatland into 5 classes, there are primary peat swamp forest, disturbed / regrowth peat swamp forest, agriculture mosaic, burn scars or urban areas, missing data or water. The result of data processing of Landsat 8 Satellite image shows that 95% of Tebing Tinggi island area is composed of peatland. Based on the results of data processing Citra Landsat 8 can be seen some areas of Tebing Tinggi islands indicate red color means the area of burn scars or burn earth. The result of fire point processing shows the largest number of hotspots existed throughout the year 2014 with the number of fire points as much as 1351 points. In the year 2013 with the number of hotspots as much as 110 points and the smallest occurred throughout the year 2015 with the number of points of fire as much as 79 points. The result map peatlands will be useful for land management and carbon storage decisions in the soil in an effort to prevent land and forest fires. Keywords: GIS, remote sensing, peat, land cover, hotspot. A. PENDAHULUAN 1998).Riau, merupakan provinsi dengan Lahan gambut di Indonesia seluas 20 lahan gambut terluas di Pulau Sumatera juta hektar atau menduduki urutan ke empat yaitu ± 4,04 juta Ha atau 56,1% dari luas dalam kategori lahan gambut terluas di total lahan gambut di Sumatera (Wahyunto dunia setelah Kanada, Uni Soviet dan et.al, 2003.). Setelah Siak, Kepulauan Amerika. Lahan gambut tersebut sebagian Meranti merupakan lahan gambut kelima besar terdapat di empat Pulau besar yaitu terluas dan terdalam di Provinsi Riau Sumatera 35%, Kalimantan 32%, Sulawesi (Mubekti, 2011). 3% dan Papua 30% (Wibowo dan Suyatno, Jom FTEKNIK Volume 4 No. 2 Oktober 2017 1 Lahan gambut merupakan suatu Tinggi Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti, ekosistem yang unik dan rapuh, karena Provinsi Riau dengan menggunakan Citra lahan ini berada dalam suatu lingkungan Landsat 8. rawa. Gambut sangat berperan penting dalam menjaga keanekaragaman hayati dan B. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA pengaturan iklim. Pembukaan lahan gambut 1. Keadaan Umum Lokasi Penelitian melalui penebangan hutan (land clearing) Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti dan drainase yang tidak hati-hati akan merupakan kabupaten baru, dari pemekaran menyebabkan penurunan permukaan Kabupaten Bengkalis. Kabupaten (subsiden) permukaan yang cepat, Kepulauan Meranti terdiri dari tiga pulau pengeringan yang tak dapat balik utama yaitu Pulau Rangsang, Pulau Tebing (irreversible drying), dan menyebabkan Tinggi, Pulau Padang. Pulau Tebing Tinggi gambut mudah terbakar. terdiri dari 3 Kecamatan, yaitu Kecamatan Kebakaran hutan dan lahan gambut Tebing Tinggi Timur, Kecamatan Tebing mengakibatkan bencana asap yang Tinggi dan Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Barat. mengancam aspek-aspek kehidupan Kondisi topografi Pulau Tebing Tinggi manusia pada tingkat lokal, nasional, merupakan wilayah di Pesisir Timur Pulau regional, bahkan global. Hilangnya vegetasi Sumatera yang merupakan dataran rendah dan terbukanya hutan rawa gambut dengan mayoritas berupa lahan gambut menyebabkan banjir pada musim hujan, sehingga air bersih sangat sulit untuk mengurangi penyerapan karbon sehingga didapatkan. Sumber air bersih yang utama meningkatkan efek rumah kaca, serta hutan daerah ini adalah air hujan. akan kehilangan fungsi pengaturan Bencana alam yang sering terjadi setiap iklimnya. Indonesia merupakan transmitor tahunnya di Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti utama gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang sebagaimana halnya di Provinsi Riau adalah berkontribusi terhadap perubahan iklim. banjir dan kebakaran lahan sehingga Faktor utama penyebab emisi GRK di berakibat kepada kabut asap. Kebakaran Indonesia adalah terjadinya deforestasi hutan dan lahan ini berakibat kepada (penggundulan) dan degradasi hutan dan menurunnya kualitas udara di Kepulauan lahan gambut akibat kebakaran. Meranti dan Provinsi Riau menjadi sangat Peta luasan lahan gambut yang ada saat tidak sehat hingga berbahaya sehingga ini ialah Peta Lahan Gambut Indonesia berdampak kepada kesehatan. Oleh karena dengan skala 1:250.000 (Kementrian itu, upaya meminimalisir kebakaran hutan Pertanian, 2011). Peta tersebut masih terlalu dan lahan perlu menjadi prioritas kasar dan belum memadai untuk penanganan bencana di Kepulauan Meranti pengelolaan gambut secara terintegrasi, dan Provinsi Riau (RKPD Meranti,2016). oleh karena itu perlunya Pemetaan lahan gambut secara lebih detail yang 2. Mitigasi Bencana diprioritaskan pada kawasan yang Mitigasi merupakan segala upaya yang diindikasikan pada wilayah-wilayah gambut dilakukan untuk mengurangi dan yang terlantar. Penelitian ini akan memperkecil dampak bencana alam. menampilkan informasi dalam bentuk Sedangkan bencana adalah peristiwa yang pemetaan lahan gambut serta melakukan mengancam dan mengganggu kehidupan identifikasi lahan gambut di Pulau Tebing masyarakat yang disebabkan, baik oleh Jom FTEKNIK Volume 4 No. 2 Oktober 2017 2 faktor alam / non alam maupun faktor 4. Kebakaran Lahan Gambut manusia sehingga mengakibatkan Kebakaran lahan gambut yaitu sebuah timbulnya korban jiwa manusia, kerusakan peristiwa kebakaran yang terjadi pada area lingkungan, kerugian harta, dan dampak gambut yang disebabkan karena perbuatan psikologis. Mitigasi meliputi beberapa manusia maupun karena faktor alam yaitu kegiatan, diantaranya menerbitkan peta kekeringan atau musim kemarau. Pada lahan gambut seperti pada penelitian ini. kondisi alami, lahan gambut tidak mudah terbakar karena sifatnya yang menyerupai 3. Pengertian Lahan Gambut spons, yakni menyerap dan menahan air Lahan gambut didefinisikan sebagai secara maksimal sehingga pada musim lahan dengan tanah jenuh air, terbentuk dari hujan dan musim kemarau tidak ada endapan yang berasal dari penumpukkan perbedaan kondisi yang ekstrim. sisa-sisa (residu) jaringan tumbuhan masa Namun, apabila kondisi lahan gambut lampau yang melapuk, dengan ketebalan tersebut sudah mulai terganggu akibat lebih dari 50 cm (Rancangan Standar adanya konversi lahan. Maka keseimbangan Nasional Indonesia-R-SNI, Badan ekologisnya akan terganggu. Pada musim Sertifikasi Nasional, 2013). Kandungan C kemarau, lahan gambut akan sangat kering organik yang tinggi (≥ 18%) dan dominan sampai kedalaman tertentu dan mudah berada dalam kondisi tergenang (an-aerob). terbakar. Gambut mengandung bahan bakar Kandungan karbon yang relatif tinggi (sisa tumbuhan) sampai di bawah berarti lahan gambut dapat berperan sebagai permukaan tanah secara lambat dan sulit penyimpan karbon. Namun demikian, dideteksi, dan menimbulkan asap tebal. Api cadangan karbon dalam tanah gambut di lahan gambut sulit dipadamkan sehingga bersifat labil, jika kondisi alami lahan bisa berlangsung lama. (WWF, 2010). gambut mengalami perubahan atau terusik maka gambut sangat mudah rusak. 5. Perkembangan dan Karakteristik Landsat Satelit Landsat pada untuk pertama kalinya disebut ERTS (Earth Resources Technology Satellite), kemudian namanya diubah menjadi Landsat pada tahun 1974. Ada delapan satelit yang telah diluncurkan, Landsat-1 diluncurkan pada tanggal 22 Juli 1972 yang dihentikan operasinya pada tanggal 6 Januari 1978. Landsat-2 diluncurkan pada tanggal tanggal 22 Januari 1975, kemudian pengoperasiannya dihentikan pada tanggal 22 Januari 1980, kemudian dikembalikan ke bumi sebagai satelit sumber utama bumi pada tanggal 21 Juni 1990 atas dasar stabilisasi Gambar 1. Proses Terbentuknya Lahan magnetiknya. Landsat-3 diluncurkan pada Gambut tanggal 03 Maret 1978, kemudian dikembangkan masalah di dalam sensor Jom FTEKNIK Volume 4 No. 2 Oktober 2017 3 Tabel 1. Perkembangan Satelit Landsat berhubungan dengan posisi-posisi di Nama Jenis Diluncurkan Dihentikan permukaan bumi. SIG atau GIS satelit Sensor (Geographic Information System) 6 Januari RBV Landsat-1 22 Juni 1972 dan merupakan suatu bentuk sistem informasi 1978 MSS yang menyajikan informasi dalam bentuk 22 Januari 22 januari RBV Landsat-2 dan 1975 1980 grafis dengan menggunakan peta sebagai MSS antar muka. 03 Maret 31 maret RBV Landsat-3 dan 1978
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