ICTP FULL TECHNICAL REPORT

2018

INTRODUCTION

This document is the full technical report of ICTP for the year 2018. For the non-technical description of 2018 highlights, please see the printed “ICTP: A Year in Review” publication.

2 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 CONTENTS

Research High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (HECAP) ...... 7 Director's Research Group – String Phenomenology and Cosmology ...... 30 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP)...... 32 Sustainable Energy Synchrotron Radiation Related Theory Mathematics ...... 63 Earth System Physics (ESP) ...... 71 Applied Physics Multidisciplinary Laboratory (MLab) ...... 97 Telecommunications/ICT for Development Laboratory (T/ICT4D) ...... 108 Medical Physics ...... 113 Fluid Dynamics ...... 116 Anchor Optics Research (AOR) Programme ...... 117 Quantitative Life Sciences ...... 118

Training and Education Programmes Postgraduate Diploma Programme ...... 128 ICTP-IAEA Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP) ...... 131 Master's in Physics ...... 135 PhD Programme in Earth Science, Fluid Dynamics and Mathematics: Interactions and Methods...... 136 Joint International ICTP/SISSA PhD (JIISP) Programme in Physics and Mathematics ...... 138 Master’s in the Physics of Complex Systems ...... 139 Joint Master’s in High Performance Computing ………………………………………………………………… 140 Joint ICTP-UNITS Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics ……………………………………… 141

Career Support Associates Programme ...... 144 Federated Institutes Programme ...... 148 Training and Research in Italian Laboratories (TRIL) ...... 150 ICTP-Elettra Users Programme ...... 153 SESAME Programme ...... 155

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 3

Activities in Developing Countries Office of External Activities (OEA) ...... 157 ICTP-South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ...... 163 Mesoamerican Centre for Theoretical Physics …………………………………………………………………… 164 ICTP-East African Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-EAIFR)………………………………….. 166 ICTP-Asia Pacific ...... 167 Physics Without Frontiers…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 168

Prizes and Awards ICTP Dirac Medal ...... 169 ICTP Prize ...... 169 ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award ...... 169 Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians from Developing Countries...... 169

Scientific Support Services Marie Curie Library ...... 170 Information and Communication Technology Section (ICTS) ...... 172 The African Review of Physics ...... 172 Science Dissemination Unit ...... 174

Appendices ICTP Statistics 2018 ...... 179

4 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 5 RESEARCH

6 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 HIGH ENERGY, COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

There are four broad research areas in the High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics Section: I. Phenomenology of Particle Physics II. Cosmology III. The ICTP ATLAS Experimental group at the CERN Large Hadron Collider IV. String and Quantum field theories

I. Phenomenology of Particle Physics

In 2018 the group has been active in different aspects of particle phenomenology, ranging from collider physics to studies of flavor anomalies, lepton masses and mixing, neutrino, QCD axion, dark matter, and theoretical developments.

1. LHC phenomenology

In a recent study an updated analysis of the LHC possibilities for the measurements of the triple gauge couplings was performed. In particular W-Z and W-gamma final states were studied. The power of the exclusive observables was carefully estimated taking into account NLO QCD effects and carefully following the present experimental analysis.

2. Flavor Anomalies

On the front of the flavour anomalies scientists at ICTP performed several studies.

A model independent analysis of the R_D-R_D* anomalies was done which explicitly specified the requirements on new physics models needed to simultaneously explain the anomalies and pass all the other low and high energy constraints. Implications from R_D-R_D* anomalies on the Composite Higgs models have been studied, finding inevitable tensions with the electroweak precision observables in a model independent way.

In another model independent study constraints on new physics models were analyzed where the R_D-R_D* anomalies are explained by processes with right-handed neutrinos in the final state. Constraints from cosmology as well as from the LHC experiments were also analyzed reducing to a very narrow window the allowed parameter space.

In a third study a model-independent description of the flavour anomalies was studied in terms of the so-called SM effective field theory with the motivated assumption that the coefficients of the effective operators are determined by a single vector in flavour space.

3. Origin of the SM flavour structure

Several studies have been performed at ICTP in order to uncover the origin of the flavour structure in the Standard Model both in model dependent and independent ways.

A clue for understanding the neutrino masses and mixing could be the relation between the mixing matrices of leptons and quarks. Such relation implies grand unification and existence of a hidden (dark) sector with certain symmetry that leads to the smallness of neutrino masses. The residual symmetries of both the visible and hidden sectors are Z(2)√óZ(2). Their embedding in a unified flavor group leads to several possible structures, including BM mixing.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 7 A realization based on the SO(10) grand unified theory with S4 flavor group is elaborated. The value of the leptonic CP phase in the interval 144°- 210° is predicted.

A study was performed about the conditions under which a symmetry constraining lepton matrices and observables gives the same results when discussed in the context of a high-scale see-saw Lagrangian as when discussed in the context of the low-scale effective Lagrangian (Weinberg operator). It was found that the constraints obtained in the two cases are not necessarily equivalent. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the equivalence have been found. The main implication is that a normal hierarchical spectrum for the neutrinos can only be predicted in the symmetric limit when the equivalence between the two descriptions does not hold.

In a natural way the Dirac masses of neutrinos are similar to the masses of charged leptons and quarks (the quark-lepton similarity). In low (10 - 100 TeV) scale left-right (LR) symmetric models, the similarity can be realized if small neutrino masses are generated through the inverse seesaw mechanism. The latter requires the existence of Higgs doublets and fermion singlets with Majorana mass terms. The inverse seesaw allows to realize a scenario in which the large lepton mixing originates from the Majorana mass matrix. The model contains heavy pseudo-Dirac fermions which have masses in the 1 GeV - 100 TeV range and can be searched for at current and future colliders such as LHC and FCC-ee as well as in SHiP and DUNE experiments.

4. Neutrino Phenomenology

Two studies performed by scientists at ICTP focus on the characterization of the phenomenology of neutrinos in non-trivial backgrounds.

In the first a new effective approach describing collective neutrino oscillations in collapsing stars is developed. It is based on evolution of individual neutrinos in external potentials with non-trivial time dependence. In this approach strong flavor transformations can be interpreted as parametric resonance effects induced by periodic modulations of the potentials. A simplified and solvable example has been presented. The model reproduces such collective effects as the bi-polar oscillations and spectral splits.

In the second integration over the neutrino production region is considered in the model of two intersecting beams -- the simplest model where neutrino-neutrino interactions are taken into account in the background. The integration leads to delay in developments of strong flavor transitions due to collective effects.

5. QCD Axion abundance from string evolution

Besides solving the strong CP problem of the Standard Model, the QCD Axion could also explain another open question of modern physics, the nature of dark matter. Depending on the primordial evolution of our Universe, axion particles could be created in different ways. In particular for high-scale inflationary scenarios the underlying symmetry associated to the axion field is expected to undergo a transition from an unbroken to a broken phase. In this scenario configurations of so-called axionic strings form and evolve in the expanding Universe until, at the QCD cross-over scale when the axions gets a mass, strings eventually decay producing axions which would contribute the current dark matter abundance. The computation of the corresponding abundance of axions is very challenging and no agreement is currently present in the literature. Our group made extensive studies of the string evolution, performing simulations using the available computer clusters (the ICTP, the joint ICTP-SISSA and the Italian CINECA) which helped understanding several properties of the dynamics axion strings previously unknown. In particular the existence of an attractor in the evolution of the

8 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 string network has been established, finding also small scaling violations with important implications for the relic axion abundance. A careful study revealed a very ultraviolet spectrum of axion produced by the strings. Ongoing studies are testing whether such behavior would remain through the whole evolution or scaling violations might affect the shape of the spectrum with profound implication for the QCD axion abundance.

6. High Precision computation of the QCD Axion mass

Several experiments looking for the QCD axion could measure its mass with very high accuracy. The theoretical computation of such quantity has therefore important phenomenological implications. In a separate work subleading corrections to the QCD axion mass from electromagnetic and strong interactions have been computed, improving the precision of the estimate of such quantity and increasing the reliability of the previous estimate, also performed at ICTP.

7. Non perturbative effects from perturbation theory

Most of the computations performed in phenomenology to compare theories to experiments rely on perturbation theory. In some relevant cases, most notably low-energy QCD, standard perturbation theory is outside its regime of validity. The interesting question of how much of the non-perturbative dynamics could be recovered from the perturbative expansion and how such information could be encoded in the coefficients of the perturbative series has been lacking a definite answer for a long time. Recently the group has performed advanced studies in non-trivial lower dimensional quantum field theories, where a method developed at ICTP has proven to allow to extract quantities in the non-perturbative regime using only perturbation theory. In particular perturbative computations of phi^4 theory in two dimensions have been extended up to the world record nine-loop order, allowing the determination of several non-perturbative quantities at the percent precision, also testing for the first time a weak-strong duality completely within perturbation theory.

II. Cosmology

In 2018 the primary research activities of the Cosmology group were in the following directions:

1. Constraints on Dark Energy by Gravitational Wave observations (Creminelli and PhD students Tambalo and Yingcharoenrat). The observation of the coalescence of two neutron stars both through the Gravitational Wave (GW) signal and its electromagnetic counterpart allowed a very precise measurement of the speed of GWs and put severe bounds on the decay of GWs as they travel. If Dark Energy is not simply a cosmological constant, GWs propagate through some sort of medium, like light in a material. The experimental results put stringent bounds on Dark Energy models, which were explored in detail.

2. Initial Conditions for Inflation (Creminelli and Mirbabayi). An outstanding open problem in cosmology is to show under which assumptions the Universe starts inflating. Substantial progress has been made in proving a quite general theorem about this, with mild assumptions about the initial conditions of the Universe.

3. Light particle with spin in inflation (Creminelli, Khmelnitsky and PhD student Bordin). Particles with spin during inflation can lead to typical signatures in the cosmological observables. The group explored the possibility of having particles lighter than the Hubble scale, avoiding the so-called Higuchi bound, and studied in detail their phenomenology.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 9 4. Quasinormal Modes of Black Holes ((Mirbabayi). Quasinormal modes describe the excitation of Black Holes and leave their imprint in GW observations. The modification of these modes due to the change of the geometry close to the horizon was studied.

5. Massive gravity for Condensed Matter (Alberte). EFT techniques were used to study the dynamics of phonons, which appear in any condensed matter system due to the spontaneous breaking of Lorentz invariance. In particular general bounds on the elasticity of the material were found.

III. The ICTP ATLAS Experimental group at the CERN Large Hadron Collider

The year 2018 saw the completion of Run II of the CERN LHC, which ended in December. Run II delivered an unprecedented 150 inverse femtobarns of proton collision data to the ATLAS experiment at a centre of mass energy of 13 TeV. Most of this data was collected in 2017 and 2018. Results from this huge data set will become available throughout 2019 and for years beyond that will shape the future of particle physics.

2018 was an extremely successful year for the ICTP-Udine ATLAS group also since several results, which our group have been working on for the past five years, were finalised and published by the ATLAS collaboration. These papers are all in the area of top quarks and Higgs boson physics.

"Search for the standard model Higgs boson produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a $b\bar{b}$ pair in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector", which was released at the end of 2017 was published in PRD. But more importantly, this result went from a search for Higgs bosons produced with top quarks to an actual observation! "Observation of Higgs boson production in association with a top quark pair at the LHC with the ATLAS detector", was published in Phys. Lett. B784 (2018) 173. The ICTP- Udine ATLAS group has been working on this very difficult measurement for more than five years so to actually verify that this important production process exists was a real achievement.

Similarly, "Search for four-top-quark production in the single-lepton and opposite-sign dilepton final states in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector", was released by the collaboration in November. The idea for this measurement was conceived here at the ICTP in 2012 so this was paper was really a milestone, especially since it involves measuring final states with at least 12 Standard Model fermions per event.

Finally, we mention "Search for Higgs boson decays to beyond-the-Standard-Model light bosons in four-lepton events with the ATLAS detector at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV", which includes looking for Higgs decays into new hidden sector gauge bosons.

The group also continued to contribute to various technical aspects of the ATLAS experiment such as validation of Monte Carlo simulation samples, Monte Carlo production, the development of new statistical tools and the monitoring of the luminosity measurements in ATLAS.

The group's two PhD students Mohamed Faraj, from Palestine, a former ICTP Diploma student and Jacopo Magro from Italy, completed a significant fraction of their service work to the experiment in order for them to qualify as authors. This work involves studying the future charged particle tracking capabilities of the ATLAS inner detector, which will eventually replace the current one.

10 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 The group also organised several particle physics masterclasses for high school and university students as well as visits of school students to CERN.

The presence of the ICTP ATLAS group continues to provide an added visibility of the ICTP at CERN which has helped catalyse other activities such as the African School in Fundamental Physics and particle physics masterclasses worldwide.

IV. String and Quantum Field Theories

In 2018, the activities in String Theory and Quantum Field Theory were centered around the following topics:

1. Localization in AdS spaces

In AdS spaces, square-integrability condition could be in conflict with supersymmetric boundary conditions in certain regions of the parameter space. In 2017, this problem was elucidated by studying matter multiplets in AdS2 × S1. A variational approach using Greens function was used where the effect of the boundary conditions is manifest. In 2018, this study was extended for vector multiplets in AdS2 × S1 as well as AdS2 × S2 with and without graviphoton backgrounds. A general formalism is developed to solve vector multiplet case in this approach. It is shown that when supersymmetric boundary conditions are imposed, the variation of one loop free energy around saddle points, gives a total derivative which in turn can be related to the index of a particular operator. These results will appear in the near future.

2. Soft Gravitino Theorem

In a scattering event, a particle whose momentum in the centre of mass frame is much lower than other particles is called a soft particle and relation between the S-matrix of hard particles with and without the soft particles is known as the soft theorem. The leading soft theorem for multiple gravitinos (and graviton) in an arbitrary theory of supergravity was considered. The approach introduced by Sen was extended for computing the soft factor for a fermionic symmetry. In four and five dimensions the supergravity theories contain IR divergences. The effect of these IR divergences on the soft gravitino theorem was analyzed.

3. Primordial Magnetic Fields from Weyl Anomalies

The quantum effective action for the electromagnetic field in an expanding universe has an anomalous dependence on the scale factor of the metric arising from virtual charged particles in the loops. It has been argued that this Weyl anomaly of quantum electrodynamics sources cosmological magnetic fields in the early universe. This long-standing claim was examined by using the effective action beyond the weak gravitational field limit which was determined in our earlier work in 2017. A general criteria for assessing the quantumness of field fluctuations was introduced, and it was shown that the Weyl anomaly is not able to convert vacuum fluctuations of the gauge field into classical fluctuations. In conclusion, there is no production of coherent magnetic fields in the universe from the Weyl anomaly of quantum electrodynamics, irrespective of the number of massless charged particles in the theory.

Training Activities Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics 14-22 March Organizers: E. Gava, V. Hubeny, Z. Komargodski, K.S. Narain, Local Organiser: A. Dabholkar

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 11

Advanced Workshop on Physics of Atmospheric Neutrinos 28 May-1 June Organizers: S.K. Agarwalla, B. Dev, A. Palazzo, A. Smirnov, Local Organiser: A. Dabholkar

Summer School on Cosmology 18-29 June Organizers: R. Sheth, M. Mirbabayi, Local Organiser: P. Creminelli

School on Supersymmetric Localization And Holography: Black Hole Entropy And Wilson Loops 2-13 July Organizers: F. Benini, S. Murthy, L. Pando Zayas, A. Zaffaroni, Local Organiser: A. Dabholkar

Conference on Shedding Light On The Dark Universe With Extremely Large Telescopes 2-6 July Organizers: S. Borgani, R. Sheth, T. Treu, A.A. Sen, M. Viel, M. Bernardi, Local Organiser: P. Creminelli

Outside Activities

1st Joint ICTP-SAIFR School on Particle Physics (Sao Paulo, Brasil) 18-29 June 2018 Organizers: E. Bertuzzo, E. Ponton, A. Romanino, ICTP Scientific Contact: G. Villadoro

The 5th Biennial African School of Fundamental Physics and Applications (Windhoek, Namibia) 25 June - 13 July 2018 Organizers: B. Acharya et al.

The 1st International School in High Energy Physics in Western China (Lanzhou, China) 1-10 August 2018 Organizers: S. Dulat, C.-P. Yuan, T.-J. Hou, Q.-H. Cao, ICTP Scientific Contact: B. Acharya

Services

B.S. Acharya • Organizer of three separate week Workshops for the Simons Collaboration on Special Holonomy in Geometry, Analysis and Physics, Imperial College (January and June) and Stony Brook, USA (September) • "Hull Fest", Imperial College (April) • 1st Moroccan HEP Meeting, Morocco, (October) • 2nd Colombian HEP Meeting, Bogota' (December) • Invited talks: o Cambridge theory seminar, “Generic Predictions for Dark Matter from String/M theory,” DAMTP, Cambridge, UK (February). o Paris-wide theory seminar, “Generic Predictions from String/M theory,” IHP Paris, France, May. o “Two Generic String/M theory Predictions for Dark Matter,” From Strings2LHC Chalsa, India, March.

12 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 o “Hidden Sectors, Strings and Dark Matter,” o Plenary Talk at SUSY 2017, TATA Institute for Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India, December. • “M-theory/heterotic/type IIA duality”, Imperial College London, March. • “M-theorists’ fantasy shopping list for singular G2 manifolds,” Imperial College London, June. • “M theory and Type IIA superstring theory: Six-dimensional limits of G2 Manifolds,” Imperial College London, September. • Supervisor of one Diploma Programme student. • Supervisor of 1 Postdoc. • Supervisor of 3 PhD students. • 30-hour particle physics course at King's College London. • Coordinated and taught in particle physics course at Birzeit University, West Bank Palestine. • Supervised undergraduate projects at King's College London. • Selection Committee for P3 HECAP research scientist. • Coordinated and developed “Physics Without Frontiers” programme with Kate Shaw. • Advisory role to HEP community in Morocco. • Advisory role to HEP community in Colombia. • Coordination of Simons Collaboration as Steering Committee member. • Site Visit to Namibia to prepare for the ASP2018 summer school there.

L. Alberte • Tutorials on Quantum Electrodynamics for the Diploma Programme. • Organization of the Joint ICTP/SISSA Astroparticle-Cosmology Journal Club.

A. Benevides Feitosa Tutorials on Quantum Field Theory for the Diploma Programme.

P. Creminelli • Head of the Postgraduate Diploma Programme. • Coordinator of the Postgraduate Diploma in High Energy Physics. • Organizer of the ICTP Trieste/SAIFR School and Workshop "Open Problems in Cosmology: from Early Universe to Large-Scale Structures", Sao Paulo (Brazil). • Invited talks: o Seminar, Saclay, Paris, Jan. 2017 o Seminar, Max Planck, Ringberg Castle, Feb. 2017 o Seminar, Oxford, UK, March 2017 o Seminar, Orsay, Paris, Oct. 2017 o Seminar, DESY, Hamburg, Oct. 2017 o Seminar, Stanford (USA) Nov. 2017 o Seminar, UC Santa Cruz (USA) Nov. 2017 • Lectured on General Relativity for the Diploma Programme. • Course on Inflation at SISSA. • Course on Inflation" at ICTP-SAIFR School, July 2017. • Supervisor of one Diploma Programme student. • Supervisor of one PhD student from SISSA. • Supervision of two HECAP Postdocs. • Member of the Committe for the selection of HECAP P3 String Theory position. • Member of the Galileo Galilei Institute Scientific Committee.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 13

A. Dabholkar • Head of the High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics Section (from 1 Feb. 2017). • Organizer of the Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics. • Organizer of the Ninth Crete Regional Meeting on String Theory (Kolymbari, Greece). • Invited talks: - International Center for Theoretical Sciences, Bengaluru, India - Crete meeting, Kolymbari, Greece - Conference on Modular forms in honor of Don Zagier, Bonn, Germany - Confernce on String theory in honor of Chris Hull, London, UK - Many faces of AdS/CFT, Princeton, USA - Lectures on Black Holes at SEENET School, Sofia, Bulgaria • Lectured on Quantum Field Theory and Mathematical Techniques for the Diploma Programme. • Supervisor of one Diploma Programme student. • Supervisor of three PhD students. • Supervision and collaboration with two HECAP Post-docs. • Scientific collaboration with visitors invited to the HECAP section. - Member, Academic Committee. - Member, delegation to Department of Science of Technology, New Delhi, India. - Member, delegation to Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Mumbai for ICTP-IIT collaborations. - Chair, P3 selection committee. - Member, Scientific Council of Les Houches International School, France.

E. Gava • Organizer of the Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics. • Lectured on Relativistic Quantum Mechanics for the Diploma Programme. • Participation in selection process of High Energy Diploma Programme Students, Associates and Postdocs.

D. Ghosh • Participation in Workshop on Collider Physics, Florence. • Gave Invited Talk at Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland. • Tutorials on Particle Physics for the Diploma Programme. • Organization of the Phenomenology and Particle Physics group seminars. • Organization of the Joint ICTP/SISSA Phenomenology Journal Club.

S. Giacomelli • Gave Invited talks/seminars at Univ. Padova, Rome, Pisa, DESY, Aspen Winter College, Univ. Milano-Bicocca, Univ. Perugia. • Organizer of the Conference Physics and Geometry of F-theory 2017. • Co-supervision of one master student at Physics Department, Univ. Trieste.

A. Grassi • Gave Invited Talks at LPTENS (Paris), Weizman Institute (Rehovot, Israel), SISSA, Kyoto University, ULB (Belgium) and Durham (UK). • Arranged String Theory group geminars.

E. Hardy

14 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 • Arranged Phenomenology and Particle Physics group seminars. • Tutorials on The Standard Model for the Diploma Programme.

J.U. Kang Gave Invited Talk at Univ. Bologna.

A. Khmelnitsky • Gave Invited Talk at TH Institute, CERN. • Tutorials on General Relativity for the Diploma Programme. • Organization of the Cosmology group seminars. • Supervision of one PhD student from SISSA.

M. Mirbabayi • Gave Invited talks at EPFL, Lausanne and NYU, New York.

• Supervisor of one Diploma Programme student. • Lectured on General Relativity for the Diploma Programme. • Supervisor of two postdocs. • Visiting professor at Stanford University, June-December 2017.

K.S. Narain • Head of the High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics Section (up to 31 Jan. 2017). • Lectured on Lie Groups & Lie Algebras for the Diploma Programme. • Organizer of the Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics. • Organizer of the Ninth Crete Regional Meeting in String Theory (Kolymbari, Greece). • Organizer of the Conference Physics and Geometry of F-theory 2017. • Supervisor of one PhD student. • Supervision and collaboration with one HECAP post-doc.

S. Randjbar-Daemi Lectured on SUSY Field Theory and Mathematical Techniques for the Diploma Programme.

A. Romanino • Organizer of the Summer School on Particle Physics. • Started organization of the 1st ICTP-SAIFR School on Particlers Physics to take place in Sao Paulo in 2018. • Organization of IFAE 2017 (Trieste) and DaMESyFla in the Higgs ERa (SISSA). • Gave Invited talks at 2017 CDPIHEP Workshop (Colima, Mexico) and Workshop on the Standard Model and Beyond (Corfu, Greece). • Supervisor of one ICTP-SISSA Joint PhD student. • Teaching Beyond the Standard Model 70h course within the SISSA and Joint ICTP- SISSA PhD. • Supervisor of three post-docs. • Supervisor of the Joint ICTP-SISSA Journal Club seminars on High Energy Physics Phenomenology (JCP). • Awarded External research grant: PRIN 2015 project 2015P5SBHT_002.

A. Rudra • Organization of the String Theory group geminars. • Organization of the Joint ICTP/SISSA HEP Journal Club.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 15 G. Senjanovic • Lectured on The Standard Model for the Diploma Programme. • Supervisor of one Diploma Programme student.

L. Serkin • "Hands on particle physics" contact, organizer and tutor in the "International Masterclass" held at the University of Udine. • Special lecture on LHC to the Diploma Programme students. • Tutor of the CODATA-RDA Research Data Science Applied Workshop, ICTP.

K. Shaw • Researcher, Experimental Particle Physics, HECAP. • Associate project officer - coordinator of the Physics Without Frontiers Programme. • Organizer of two conference sessions, European Physical Society, Venice and LHCP, Shanghai, China. • Invited talk at ICIS17, Geneva. • Organizer for International Particle Physics masterclasses at ICTP. • Invited speaker: o CERN International teachers programme, August. o Understanding the Universe with ATLAS, Moogfest, Durham, USA, May. Asking the Big questions: A journey into Particle Physics, University of Liverpool, January. o Physics without Frontiers; A physics adventure story, WOMAD Festival, UK, July. o ICTP Physics without Frontiers, April. o An introduction to science communication, ICTP, March. o Women in physics in developing countries, CERN, February. o Organizer and tutor for 'The Palestinian Advanced Physics School', Palestine, July.

A. Smirnov • Lectured on Particle Physics for the Diploma Programme. • Contribution to the HECAP visiting programme.

G. Thompson • Supervisor of two PhD students. • Continued with a new on-line application scheme for the ICTP. • Together with Uli Singe continuously involved in the introduction of the portal concept. • Chairman of ICTS Board. • Chairman of Outreach Strategy Committee. • Member of Fundraising Committee. • Member of Committee to consider the UNESCO Steps, Perfoweb and Tulip systems. • Member of Academic Committee. • Chairman of the Budinich Lecture Hall Committee. • Co-Director of EAIFR and member of the Rwandan Committee. • Member of the Director's Management Committee. • Visit to Rwanda to discuss with Vice Chancellor of the University of Rwanda and its relationship with EAIFR.

G. Villadoro

16 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 • Organizer of the Summer School on Particle Physics. • Invited talks: – “The QCD Axion, Precisely”, APC - Paris, France - Jan. 2017. – “The QCD Axion, Precisely”, ETH - Zurich, Switzerland, Feb. 2017. – “The QCD Axion, Precisely”, LNF - Frascati, March 2017. – “The Power of Series”, Padova, April 2017. – “The Power of Series”, ICTP, May 2017. – “Phenomenology of the QCD Axion”, Firenze, July 2017. – “Phenomenology of the QCD Axion”, TUM - Munich, Germany, July 2017. – “The Power of Series”, Perimeter Institute - Waterloo, Canada, Sept. 2017. – “The Power of Series”, New York University, USA, Sept. 2017. – “The QCD Axion, Precisely”, New York University, USA, Sept. 2017. – “QCD Axion Phenomenology”, GGI - Florence, Oct. 2017. – “The QCD Axion”, ECT - Trento, Oct. 2017. • Supervisor of one Diploma Programme student. • Supervisor to two PhD students. • Supervision of three High Energy Postdocs. • Lectured on Quantum Electrodynamics for the Diploma Programme. • Lectured on Axion Phenomenology, Waidhofen an der Ybbs, DKPI, Austria • Organization of ICTP Colloquium. • Member of preselection committee for new P3 High Energy staff member. • Member of selection committee for new P2 High Energy staff member. • Member of ICTP Prize Committee. • Referee for OEA Scientific Meetings. • Selection of Postdocs, Visitors and Associates for the High Energy section.

A. Zein Assi • Part of the ALTAS outreach project in particle physics carried out in Lebanon. Organized a training programme for high school teachers from Lebanon at CERN: 19 teachers were invited to be scientifically trained on top-notch topics in high energy physics, visit several facilities at CERN and discover tools to transmit the newly- acquired knowledge to their own students. After having successfully fund-raised, the activity took place in April 2017. • Tutorials on Lie Groups & Lie Algebras for the Diploma Programme.

Staff and Long-Term Visitors Professional Staff ACHARYA, Bobby (UK) - Senior Research Scientist CREMINELLI, Paolo (Italy) - Senior Research Scientist and Head, Postgraduate Diploma Programme and Coordinator Diploma in High Energy Physics DABHOLKAR, Atish (India) - Senior Research Scientist and Section Head MIRBABAYI, Mehrdad (Iran) - Research Scientist THOMPSON, George (Australia) - Senior Research Scientist and Head, Office of Assoc. & Fed. Inst. VILLADORO, Giovanni (Italy) - Senior Research Scientist

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 17 Emeritus Scientists NARAIN, Kumar S. (India) - Senior Research Scientist RANDJBAR-DAEMI, Seifallah (Iran) - Emeritus Staff Associate SENJANOVIC, Goran (Croatia) - Emeritus Staff Associate SMIRNOV, Alexei Yu. (Russia) - Emeritus Staff Associate

Research Staff Associates MINWALLA, Shiraz (India) PANDO ZAYAS, Leopoldo (USA) SHETH, Ravi (USA)

Scientific Consultants BENINI, Francesco (Italy) GAVA, Edi (Italy) ROMANINO, Andrea (Italy)

Visiting Professor COBAL, Marina (Italy)

Visiting Scientists (2 months or more) AKHMEDOV, Evgeny (Russia) AZATOV, Aleksandr (Georgia) FODA, Omar (Australia) KAKONA, Tony (Congo) KEITA, Kaniba Mady (Mali) PINAMONTI, Michele (Italy) SEN, Anjan A. (India) SINGH, Gurbir (India) TAPIA, Victor (Chile) TELLO, Vladimir (Venezuela) SHAW, Kate (UK) - Outreach and ATLAS Group

Post-doctoral Fellows ALBERTE, Lasma (Latvia) CELORIA, Marco (Italy) GHOSH, Diptimoy (India) GIACOMELLI, Simone (Italy) KANG, Jin U (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) KHMELNITSKY, Andrei (Russia) KOBAYASHI, Takeshi (Japan) PANIZZO, Giancarlo (Italy) PAPADOULAKI, Olga (Greece) RUDRA, Arnab (India) SANCHEZ PINEDA, Arturo R. (Venezuela) SVANES, Eirik Eik (Norway) ZADEH, Ida (Iran/Canada)

PhD Students BENEVIDES, Andre Feitosa (Brazil) BORDIN, Lorenzo (Italy) FARAJ, Mohammed Imad (Palestine)

18 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 GONZALEZ LEZCANO, Alfredo (Cuba) GORGHETTO, Marco (Italy) JAIN, Diksha (India) MAGRO, Jacopo (Italy) NAJJAR, Marwan (Jordan) NIETO GUERRERO, Carlos (Colombia) REYIMUAJI, Yakefu (China) SPADA, Gabriele (Italy) TAMBALO, Giovanni (Italy) YINGCHAROENRAT, Vicharit (Thailand)

Funding Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related Topics Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics (APCTP)

Advanced Workshop on Physics of Atmospheric Neutrinos Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

Summer School on Cosmology Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

School on Supersymmetric Localization and Holography: Black Hole Entropy and Wilson Loops Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) European Research Council (ERC) Scientific Independence of Young Researchers (SIR)

Conference on Shedding Light on the Dark Universe with Extremely Large Telescopes Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

Postdocs S. Giacomelli and M. Celoria Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)

Publications

Acharya, B.S.; Braun, A.P.; Svanes, E.E.; Valandro, R. 2018. Counting Associatives in Compact $G_2$ Orbifolds, e-print: arXiv:1812.04008 [hep-th]. Acharya, B.S.; Maharana, A.; Muia, F. 2018. Hidden Sectors in String Theory: Kinetic Mixings, Fifth Forces and Quintessence, e-print: arXiv:1811.10633 [hep-th]. Acharya, B.S. et al. (by MoEDAL Collaboration). 2018. Search for magnetic monopoles with the MoEDAL forward trapping detector in 2.11 fb$^{-1}$ of 13 TeV proton-proton collisions at the LHC. 10.1016/j.physletb.2018.05.069, Phys.Lett. B782 (2018) 510-516. Alberte, L.; Baggioli, M.; Cancer Castillo, V.; Pujolas, O. 2018. Elasticity bounds from effective field theory, e-Print: arXiv:1807.07474 [hep-th]. Alberte, L.; Ammon, M.; Baggioli, M.; Jimenez, A.; Pujolas, O. 2018. Holographic Phonons, e- print: arXiv:1711.03100, Phys.Rev.Lett. 120 (2018), no. 17, 171602.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 19 Alberte, L.; Ammon, M.; Baggioli, M.; Jimenez, A.; Pujolas, O. 2018. Black hole elasticity and gapped transverse phonons in holography, e-print: arXiv:1708.08477, JHEP 1801 (2018) 129.

Azatov, A.; Bardhan, D.; Ghosh, D.; Sgarlata, F.; Venturini, E. 2018. Anatomy of b − c τ ν anomalies, arXiv: 1805.03209 [hep-ph], JHEP 1811 (2018) 187. Azatov, A.; Barducci, D.; Ghosh, D.; Marzocca, D.; Ubaldi, L. 2018. Combined explanations of B- physics anomalies: the sterile neutrino solution, arXiv:1807.10745 [hep-ph], JHEP 1810 (2018) 092. Bautista, T.; Benevides, A.; Dabholkar, A. 2018. Nonlocal quantum effective actions in Weyl- flat spacetimes, JHEP 1806 (2018) 055, [arXiv:1711.00135 [hep-th]]. Benevides, A.; Dabholkar, A.; Kobayashi, T. 2018. To B or not to B: Primordial magnetic fields from Weyl anomaly, JHEP 1811, 039 (2018), [arXiv:1808.08237 [hep-th]]. Creminelli, P.; Lewandowski, M.; Tambalo, G.; Vernizzi, F. 2018. Gravitational wave decay into dark energy, arXiv:1809.03484 [astro-ph.CO], JCAP 1812 (2018) no. 12, 025. Bordin, L.; Creminelli, P.; Khmelnitski, A.; Senatore, L. 2018. Light particles with spin in inflation, arXiv:1806.10587 [hep-th], JCAP 1810 (2018), n. 10, 013. Benevides, A.; Dabholkar, A.; Kobayashi, T. 2018. To B or not to B: Primordial magnetic fields from Weyl anomaly, JHEP 1811, 039 (2018), [arXiv:1808.08237 [hep-th]]. Bautista, T.; Benevides, A.; Dabholkar, A. 2018. Nonlocal quantum effective actions in Weyl- flat spacetimes, JHEP 1806 (2018) 055, [arXiv:1711.00135 [hep-th]]. David, J.R.; Gava, E.; Gupta, R.K.; Narain, K.S. 2018. Boundary conditions and localization on AdS. Part I. JHEP 1809 (2018) 063. Ghosh, D.; Sato, R. 2018. Lepton Electric Dipole Moment and Strong CP Violation, Phys.Lett. B777 (2018) 335-339.

Azatov, A.; Bardhan, D.; Ghosh, D.; Sgarlata, F.; Venturini, E. 2018. Anatomy of b − c τ ν anomalies, arXiv: 1805.03209 [hep-ph], JHEP 1811 (2018) 187. Azatov, A.; Barducci, D.; Ghosh, D.; Marzocca, D.; Ubaldi, L. 2018. Combined explanations of B- physics anomalies: the sterile neutrino solution, arXiv:1807.10745 [hep-ph], JHEP 1810 (2018) 092. Carta, F.; Giacomelli, S.; Savelli, R. 2018. SUSY enhancement from T-branes, arXiv:1809.04906 [hep-th], JHEP 1812 (2018) 127. Giacomelli, S. 2018. Infrared enhancement of supersymmetry in four dimensions, arXiv:1808.00592 [hep-th], JHEP1810(2018)041. Giacomelli, S.; Mekareeya, N. 2018. Mirror theories of 3d N = 2 SQCD, arXiv:1711.11525 [hep- th], JHEP 1803 (2018) 126. Giacomelli, S. 2018. RG flows with supersymmetry enhancement and geometric engineering, arXiv:1710.06469 [hep-th], JHEP 1806 (2018) 156. Haack, M.; Kang, J.U. 2018. Field redefinitions and Kahler potential in string theory at 1-loop, JHEP 1808 (2018) 019. Bordin, L.; Creminelli, P.; Khmelnitski, A.; Senatore, L. 2018. Light particles with spin in inflation, JCAP 1810 (2018), n. 10, 013. Benevides, A.; Dabholkar, A.; Kobayashi, T. 2018. To B or not to B: Primordial magnetic fields from Weyl anomaly, JHEP 1811, 039 (2018), [arXiv:1808.08237 [hep-th]].

20 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Mirbabayi, M. 2018. Topology of cosmological black holes, arXiv:1810.01431 [hep-th]. Mirbabayi, M. 2018. The quasi normal modes of quasinormal modes, arXiv:1807.04843 [gr- qc]. David, J.R.; Gava, E.; Gupta, R.; Narain, K.S. 2018. Boundary conditions and localization on AdS. Part I. JHEP 1809 (2018) 063.

Narain, K.S.; Zein-Assi, A. (2018). The decoupling of Ω¯ in string theory, Nucl.Phys. B938 (2019) 762-774, arXiv:1807.11432 [hep-th]. Blau, M.; Kaniba-Mady, K.; Narain, K.S.; Thompson, G. 2018. Chern-Simons theory on a general Seifert 2-manifold, arXiv:1812.10966 [hep-th]. Guo, M.; Putrov, P.; Wang, J. 2018. Time Reversal, SU(N) Yang-Mills and Cobordisms: Interacting Topological Superconductors/Insulators and Quantum Spin Liquids in 3+1D, Annals Phys. 394 (2018) 244-293, [arXiv:1711.11587 [cond-mat.str-el]]. Wang, J.; Ohmori, K.; Putrov, P.; Zheng, Y.; Wan, Z.; Guo, M.; Lin, H.; Gao, P.; S.-T. Yau, S.-T. 2018. Tunneling topological vacua via extended operators: (Spin-)TQFT spectra and boundary deconfinement in various dimensions, PTEP 2018 (2018) no.5, 053A01, [arXiv:1801.05416 [cond-mat.str-el]]. Guo, M.; Putrov P.; Wang, J. 2018. Time Reversal, SU(N) Yang-Mills and Cobordisms: Interacting Topological Superconductors/Insulators and Quantum Spin Liquids in 3+1D, Annals Phys. 394 (2018) 244-293, [arXiv:1711.11587 [cond-mat.str-el]]. Gukov, S.; Pei, D.; Putrov, P.; Vafa, C. 2018. 4-manifolds and topological modular forms, arXiv:1811.07884 [hep-th]. Guo, M.; Ohmori, K.; Putrov, P.; Wan, Z.; Wang, J. 2018. Fermionic Finite-Group Gauge Theories and Interacting Symmetric/Crystalline Orders via Cobordisms, arXiv:1812.11959 [hep-th]. Reyimuaji, Y.; Romanino, A. 2018. General considerations on lepton mass matrices, PoS CORFU2017 (2018) 024. Reyimuaji, Y.; Romanino, A. 2018. Can an unbroken flavour symmetry provide an approximate description of lepton masses and mixing?, JHEP 1803 (2018) 067. Jain, D.; Rudra, A. 2018. Leading soft theorem for multiple gravitinos, arXiV:1811.01804. Senjanovic, G.; Tello, V. 2018. Disentangling Seesaw in the minimal left-right symmetric model, arXiv:1812.03790 [hep-ph]. Shaw, K. 2018. Contributed towards papers published within the ATLAS Experiment (see full list below). Smirnov, A. 2018. Solar Neutrinos and Matter Effects, Adv. Ser. Direct. High Energy Phys. 28 (2018) 149-209. Hansen, R.S.L.; Smirnov, A. 2018. Neutrino conversion in a neutrino flux: Towards an effective theory of collective oscillations, JCAP 1804 (2018) no.04, 057. Smirnov, A.; Xu, X-.J. 2018. Neutrino mixing in SO(10) GUTs with a non-Abelian flavor symmetry in the hidden sector, Phys.Rev. D97 (2018) no.9, 095030. Brdar, V.; Smirnov, A. 2018. Low Scale Left-Right Symmetry and Naturally Small Neutrino Mass, e-Print: arXiv:1809.09115 [hep-ph], to be published in JHEP.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 21 Smirnov, A. 2018. The MSW effect, Solar neutrinos and searches for new physics, Proceedings of the 5th International Solar Neutrino Conference, 11-14 June Dresden, Germany, to be published. Acharya, B.S.; Braun, A.P.; Svanes, E.E.; Valandro, R. 2018. Counting Associatives in Compact $G_2$ Orbifolds, e-print: arXiv:1812.04008 [hep-th]. Ashmore, A.; De La Ossa, X.; Minasian, R.; Strickland-Constable, C.; Svanes, E.E. 2018. Finite deformations from a heterotic superpotential: holomorphic Chern-Simons and an L∞ algebra, JHEP 10, 179 (2018). Blau, M.; Kaniba-Mady, K.; Narain, K.S.; Thompson, G. (2018). Chern-Simons theory on a general Seifert 2-manifold, arXiv:1812.10966 [hep-th].

Serone, M.; Spada, G.; Villadoro, G. 2018. λφ4 Theory I: the symmetric phase beyond NNNNNNNNLO, JHEP 1808 (2018) 148. Gorghetto, M.; Hardy, E.; Villadoro, G. 2018. Axions from strings: the attractive solution, JHEP 1807 (2018) 151. Gorghetto, M.; Villadoro, G. 2018. Topological susceptibility and QCD axion mass: QED and NNLO corrections, arXiv:1812.01008 [hep-ph], submitted to JHEP.

The following papers were published within the ATLAS Collaboration:

ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for top-quark decays $t \rightarrow Hq$ with 36 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collision data at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1812.11568 [hep-ex]. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for chargino and neutralino production in final states with a Higgs boson and missing transverse momentum at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1812.09432 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Phys.Rev. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for large missing transverse momentum in association with one top-quark in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1812.09743 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: JHEP. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Observation of electroweak $W^{\pm}Z$ boson pair production in association with two jets in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1812.09740 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Phys.Lett. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Properties of $g\rightarrow b\bar{b}$ at small opening angles in $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV, arXiv:1812.09283 [hep-ex]. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for single production of vector- like quarks decaying into $Wb$ in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1812.07343 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: JHEP. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Electron and photon energy calibration with the ATLAS detector using 2015-2016 LHC proton-proton collision data, arXiv:1812.03848 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: JINST. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for heavy long-lived multi- charged particles in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV using the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1812.03673 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Phys.Rev.

22 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Study of the rare decays of $B^0_s$ and $B^0$ mesons into muon pairs using data collected during 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1812.03017 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: JHEP. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurements of inclusive and differential fiducial cross-sections of $t\bar{t}\gamma$ production in leptonic final states at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV in ATLAS, arXiv:1812.01697 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Eur.Phys.J. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurements of fiducial and differential cross-sections of $t\bar{t}$ production with additional heavy-flavour jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1811.12113 [hep-ex]. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for Higgs boson pair production in the $WW^{(*)}WW^{(*)}$ decay channel using ATLAS data recorded at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV, arXiv:1811.11028 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: JHEP. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Study of the hard double-parton scattering contribution to inclusive four-lepton production in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1811.11094 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Phys.Lett. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Cross-section measurements of the Higgs boson decaying into a pair of $\tau$-leptons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1811.08856 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Phys.Rev. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for long-lived particles produced in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV that decay into displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS muon spectrometer, arXiv:1811.07370 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Phys.Rev. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for Higgs boson pair production in the $b\bar{b}WW^{*}$ decay mode at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1811.04671 [hep-ex]. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for four-top-quark production in the single-lepton and opposite-sign dilepton final states in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1811.02305 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Phys.Rev. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for the production of a long- lived neutral particle decaying within the ATLAS hadronic calorimeter in association with a $Z$ boson from $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV, arXiv:1811.02542 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Phys.Rev.Lett. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurements of $W$ and $Z$ boson production in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1810.08424 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Eur.Phys.J. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of the photon identification efficiencies with the ATLAS detector using LHC Run 2 data collected in 2015 and 2016, arXiv:1810.05087 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Eur.Phys.J. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of the $Z\gamma\rightarrow\nu\bar{\nu}\gamma$ production cross section in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector and limits on anomalous triple gauge-boson couplings, arXiv:1810.04995 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: JHEP. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Comparison between simulated and observed LHC beam backgrounds in the ATLAS experiment at ${E_{\textrm {beam}}}$ = 4 TeV, arXiv:1810.04450 [hep-ex], JINST 13 (2018) no.12, P12006.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 23 ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of the top quark mass in the $t\bar{t}\to$ lepton+jets channel from $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV ATLAS data and combination with previous results, arXiv:1810.01772 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Eur.Phys.J. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for invisible Higgs boson decays in vector boson fusion at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1809.06682 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Phys.Lett. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Observation of $H \rightarrow b\bar{b}$ decays and $VH$ production with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1808.08238 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B786 (2018) 59-86. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Performance of top-quark and $W$- boson tagging with ATLAS in Run 2 of the LHC, arXiv:1808.07858 [hep-ex]. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles produced in $\sqrt{s_{_\text {NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV Pb+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1808.03951 [nucl-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.12, 997. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for charged Higgs bosons decaying into top and bottom quarks at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1808.03599 [hep-ex], JHEP 1811 (2018) 085. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Combination of the searches for pair- produced vector-like partners of the third-generation quarks at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1808.02343 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev.Lett. 121 (2018) no.21, 211801. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Combination of searches for heavy resonances decaying into bosonic and leptonic final states using 36 fb$^{-1}$ of proton- proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1808.02380 [hep- ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.5, 052008. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for doubly charged scalar bosons decaying into same-sign $W$ boson pairs with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1808.01899 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Eur.Phys.J. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for pair production of heavy vector-like quarks decaying into hadronic final states in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1808.01771 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.9, 092005. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Constraints on off-shell Higgs boson production and the Higgs boson total width in $ZZ\to4\ell$ and $ZZ\to2\ell2\nu$ final states with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1808.01191 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B786 (2018) 223-244. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for resonant and non-resonant Higgs boson pair production in the ${b\bar{b}\tau^+\tau^-}$ decay channel in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1808.00336 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev.Lett. 121 (2018) no.19, 191801. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for new phenomena in events with same-charge leptons and $b$-jets in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}= 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1807.11883 [hep-ex], JHEP 1812 (2018) 039. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for dark matter in events with a hadronically decaying vector boson and missing transverse momentum in $pp$ collisions at

24 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1807.11471 [hep-ex], JHEP 1810 (2018) 180. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. In situ calibration of large-$R$ jet energy and mass in 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1807.09477 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Eur.Phys.J. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for Higgs bosons produced via vector-boson fusion and decaying into bottom quark pairs in $\sqrt{s} = 13$ $\mathrm{TeV}$ $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1807.08639 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.5, 052003. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for Higgs boson pair production in the $\gamma\gamma WW^{*}$ channel using $pp$ collision data recorded at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1807.08567 [hep-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.12, 1007. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for charged Higgs bosons decaying via $H^{\pm} \to \tau^{\pm}\nu_{\tau}$ in the $\tau$+jets and $\tau$+lepton final states with 36 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collision data recorded at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS experiment, arXiv:1807.07915 [hep-ex], JHEP 1809 (2018) 139. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. A strategy for a general search for new phenomena using data-derived signal regions and its application within the ATLAS experiment, arXiv:1807.07447 [hep-ex]. Submitted to: Eur.Phys.J. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for lepton-flavor violation in different-flavor, high-mass final states in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt s=13 $ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1807.06573 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev.D98 (2018) no.9, 092008. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for Higgs boson pair production in the $\gamma\gamma b\bar{b}$ final state with 13 TeV $pp$ collision data collected by the ATLAS experiment, arXiv:1807.04873 [hep-ex], JHEP 1811 (2018) 040. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Prompt and non-prompt $J/\psi $ elliptic flow in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_\text {NN}}} = 5.02$ Tev with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1807.05198 [nucl-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.9, 784. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Searches for exclusive Higgs and $Z$ boson decays into $J/\psi\gamma$, $\psi(2S)\gamma$, and $\Upsilon(nS)\gamma$ at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1807.00802 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B786 (2018) 134-155. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for pair- and single-production of vector-like quarks in final states with at least one $Z$ boson decaying into a pair of electrons or muons in $pp$ collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV, arXiv:1806.10555 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.11, 112010. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Observation of centrality-dependent acoplanarity for muon pairs produced via two-photon scattering in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1806.08708 [nucl-ex], Phys.Rev.Lett. 121 (2018) no.21, 212301. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for the Higgs boson produced in association with a vector boson and decaying into two spin-zero particles in the $H \rightarrow aa \rightarrow 4b$ channel in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1806.07355 [hep-ex], JHEP 1810 (2018) 031.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 25 ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Probing the quantum interference between singly and doubly resonant top-quark production in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1806.04667 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev.Lett. 121 (2018) no.15, 152002. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for pair production of higgsinos in final states with at least three $b$-tagged jets in $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV $pp$ collisions using the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1806.04030 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.9, 092002. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Operation and performance of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter in Run 1, arXiv:1806.02129 [hep-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.12, 987. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for chargino-neutralino production using recursive jigsaw reconstruction in final states with two or three charged leptons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1806.02293 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.9, 092012. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for pair production of heavy vector-like quarks decaying into high-$p_T$ $W$ bosons and top quarks in the lepton-plus- jets final state in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1806.01762 [hep-ex], JHEP 1808 (2018) 048. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for resonant $WZ$ production in the fully leptonic final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1806.01532 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B787 (2018) 68-88. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Observation of Higgs boson production in association with a top quark pair at the LHC with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1806.00425 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B784 (2018) 173-191. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of the Higgs boson mass in the $H\rightarrow ZZ^* \rightarrow 4\ell$ and $H \rightarrow \gamma\gamma$ channels with $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV $pp$ collisions using the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1806.00242 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B784 (2018) 345-366. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for new phenomena using the invariant mass distribution of same-flavour opposite-sign dilepton pairs in events with missing transverse momentum in $\sqrt{s}=13$ $\text {Te}\text {V}$ pp collisions with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.11381 [hep-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.8, 625. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Combined measurement of differential and total cross sections in the $H \rightarrow \gamma \gamma$ and the $H \rightarrow ZZ^* \rightarrow 4\ell$ decay channels at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.10197 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B786 (2018) 114-133. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for resonances in the mass distribution of jet pairs with one or two jets identified as $b$-jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.09299 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) 032016. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of the nuclear modification factor for inclusive jets in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}=5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.05635 [nucl-ex], 10.1016/J.Phys.LetB .2018.10.076. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of jet fragmentation in Pb+Pb and $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.05424 [nucl-ex], Phys.Rev. C98 (2018) no.2, 024908.

26 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of dijet azimuthal decorrelations in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector and determination of the strong coupling, arXiv:1805.04691 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.9, 092004. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of the suppression and azimuthal anisotropy of muons from heavy-flavor decays in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 2.76$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.05220 [nucl-ex], Phys.Rev. C98 (2018) no.4, 044905. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for flavor-changing neutral currents in top quark decays $t\to Hc$ and $t \to Hu$ in multilepton final states in proton- proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}= 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.03483 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.3, 032002. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Angular analysis of $B^0_d \rightarrow K^{*}\mu^+\mu^-$ decays in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}= 8$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.04000 [hep-ex], JHEP 1810 (2018) 047. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Prompt and non-prompt $J/\psi $ and $\psi (2\mathrm {S})$ suppression at high transverse momentum in $5.02~\mathrm {TeV}$ Pb+Pb collisions with the ATLAS experiment, arXiv:1805.04077 [nucl-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.9, 762. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of colour flow using jet- pull observables in $t\bar{t}$ events with the ATLAS experiment at $\sqrt{s} = 13\,\hbox {TeV}$, arXiv:1805.02935 [hep-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.10, 847. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for supersymmetry in final states with charm jets and missing transverse momentum in 13 TeV $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.01649 [hep-ex], JHEP 1809 (2018) 050. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for heavy resonances decaying to a photon and a hadronically decaying $Z/W/H$ boson in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ $\mathrm{TeV}$ with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1805.01908 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.3, 032015. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurements of b-jet tagging efficiency with the ATLAS detector using $ t\overline{t} $ events at $ \sqrt{s}=13 $ TeV, arXiv:1805.01845 [hep-ex], JHEP 1808 (2018) 089. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for heavy particles decaying into top-quark pairs using lepton-plus-jets events in proton–proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ $\text {TeV}$ with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1804.10823 [hep-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.7, 565. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. A search for lepton-flavor-violating decays of the $Z$ boson into a $\tau$-lepton and a light lepton with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1804.09568 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) 092010. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for R-parity-violating supersymmetric particles in multi-jet final states produced in $p$-$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =13$ TeV using the ATLAS detector at the LHC, arXiv:1804.03568 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B785 (2018) 136-158. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for supersymmetry in events with four or more leptons in $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV $pp$ collisions with ATLAS, arXiv:1804.03602 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.3, 032009.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 27 ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for low-mass dijet resonances using trigger-level jets with the ATLAS detector in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV, arXiv:1804.03496 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev.Lett. 121 (2018) no.8, 081801. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for a heavy Higgs boson decaying into a $Z$ boson and another heavy Higgs boson in the $\ell\ell bb$ final state in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1804.01126 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B783 (2018) 392-414. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for Higgs boson decays into pairs of light (pseudo)scalar particles in the $\gamma\gamma jj$ final state in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1803.11145 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B782 (2018) 750-767. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for top squarks decaying to tau sleptons in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}= 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1803.10178 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.3, 032008. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for flavour-changing neutral current top-quark decays $t\to qZ$ in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1803.09923 [hep-ex], JHEP 1807 (2018) 176. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for pair production of up-type vector-like quarks and for four-top-quark events in final states with multiple $b$-jets with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1803.09678 [hep-ex], JHEP 1807 (2018) 089. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for electroweak production of supersymmetric particles in final states with two or three leptons at $\sqrt{s}=13\,$TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1803.02762 [hep-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.12, 995. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Performance of missing transverse momentum reconstruction with the ATLAS detector using proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV, arXiv:1802.08168 [hep-ex], Eur.Phys.J. C78 (2018) no.11, 903. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurements of differential cross sections of top quark pair production in association with jets in ${pp}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1802.06572 [hep-ex], JHEP 1810 (2018) 159. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for the Decay of the Higgs Boson to Charm Quarks with the ATLAS Experiment, arXiv:1802.04329 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev.Lett. 120 (2018) no.21, 211802. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurements of Higgs boson properties in the diphoton decay channel with 36 fb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ collision data at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1802.04146 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) 052005. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for Higgs boson decays to beyond-the-Standard-Model light bosons in four-lepton events with the ATLAS detector at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV, arXiv:1802.03388 [hep-ex], JHEP 1806 (2018) 166. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for photonic signatures of gauge-mediated supersymmetry in 13 TeV $pp$ collisions with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1802.03158 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D97 (2018) no.9, 092006. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for a Structure in the $B^0_s \pi^\pm$ Invariant Mass Spectrum with the ATLAS Experiment, arXiv:1802.01840 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev.Lett. 120 (2018) no.20, 202007.

28 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for $W' \rightarrow tb$ decays in the hadronic final state using pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1801.07893 [hep-ex], Phys.Lett. B781 (2018) 327-348. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Search for High-Mass Resonances Decaying to $\tau\nu$ in pp Collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector, arXiv:1801.06992 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev.Lett. 120 (2018) no.16, 161802. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurements of $t\bar{t}$ differential cross-sections of highly boosted top quarks decaying to all-hadronic final states in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13\,$ TeV using the ATLAS detector, arXiv:1801.02052 [hep-ex], Phys.Rev. D98 (2018) no.1, 012003. ATLAS Collaboration incl. Acharya, B.S.; Shaw, K. 2018. Measurement of the cross-section for producing a W boson in association with a single top quark in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s}=13 $ TeV with ATLAS, arXiv:1612.07231 [hep-ex], JHEP 1801 (2018) 063.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 29 DIRECTOR'S RESEARCH GROUP: STRING PHENOMENOLOGY AND COSMOLOGY

The main motivation to study string theory is because it promises to provide a framework to unify all matter and interactions, including gravity, in a consistent theory. Despite the intrinsic difficulty of dealing with a theory that manifests itself at scales as high as the Planck mass, for more than 25 years there has been continuous progress in order to make contact of string theory and low-energy physics. This refers to extensions of the standard model of particle physics and cosmology that could lead to some observable implications. The big challenges: finding chiral models close to the standard model, breaking supersymmetry, fixing dynamically the size and shape of the extra dimensions are being overcome over the years and several scenarios are emerging in which model independent physical implications can be extracted. Despite the large number of potential models, the current experimental constraints, both from particle physics (gauge unification, proton stability, fermion masses) and cosmology (density perturbations, dark matter, dark energy, baryogenesis) are strong enough to eliminate most of the models and despite great progress, there is not at present a fully realistic model or scenario derived from string theory that satisfies all the constraints justifying strong efforts in this direction.

Research Activities A general formalism was developed to construct consistent string vacua in Calabi-Yau orientifolds. Previous studies were done only for local models in which the observable matter sector was in D-brane configurations corresponding to orientifolded quiver. The progress made following previous techniques developed by the principal investigator and collaborators, to embed these local models in proper global compactifications corresponding to compact Calabi-Yau orientifolds. The formalism allows to stabilize all the Calabi-Yau moduli fields and in simple examples give rise to a period of cosmological inflation consistent with current observations. In a different direction the study of post-inflationary string cosmology was implemented in which perturbations of the moduli fields of string theory can give rise to early universe inhomogeneities corresponding to configurations known as 'oscillons'. The formation of oscillons was studied including parametric resonance and tachyonic oscillations. These inhomogeneities produce a spectrum of gravitational waves for which the amplitude and frequency was computed. They are beyond the range of observability by LIGO and planned extensions but may be subject to be tested in future facilities Other research includes the work of M. Serone with G. Villadoro on nonperturbative effects in quantum mechanics, the work of M. Cicoli on string cosmology (including string theory realizations of the 3.5 keV axion line and general bounds on string inflation), R. Valandro and D. Mayorga-Pena on quasi-realistic F-Theory compactifications, and the work on conformal manifolds and renormalization group flow and (2,2) and (0,2) hybrid models by M. Bertolini and collaborators.

Publications Journal articles:

Riccardo Argurio, Matteo Bertolini. Orientifolds and duality cascades: confinement before the wall arXiv:1711.08983 [hep-th]. 10.1007/JHEP02(2018)149. JHEP 1802 (2018) 149.

30 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Riccardo Argurio, Matteo Bertolini, Francesco Bigazzi, Aldo L. Cotrone, Pierluigi Niro. QCD domain walls, Chern-Simons theories and holography arXiv:1806.08292 [hep-th]. 10.1007/JHEP09(2018)090. JHEP 1809 (2018) 090.

Articles in print (journal articles and conference proceedings):

M. Serone, G. Spada and G.Villadoro, ``$\lambda \phi^4$ Theory I: The Symmetric Phase Beyond NNNNNNNNLO,'' JHEP 1808(2018) 148 doi:10.1007/JHEP08(2018)148

Journal articles under consideration:

Vladimir Bashmakov, Francesco Benini, Sergio Benvenuti, Matteo Bertolini. Living on the walls of super-QCD arXiv:1812.04645 [hep-th]. Submitted to SciPost

Staff and Long-Term Visitors during 2018

Fernando Quevedo, Head of section

Distinguished Staff Associate: Cumrun Vafa

Scientific Consultants: Matteo Bertolini Marco Serone

Long-Term Visiting Scientists: Michele Cicoli Rodrigo de Leon Ardon Anamaria Font Veronica Pasquarella Pramod Kumar Shukla

Post-doctoral Fellows: Sebastian Miguel Cespedes Castillo Francesco Muia

Visiting Scientist: Roberto Valandro

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 31 CONDENSED MATTER AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

Research in the CMSP Section spans some of the most exciting areas of theoretical condensed matter physics: the physics of nanostructures, interacting many-body quantum systems (at or far from equilibrium), quantum computation and quantum simulations, the computer simulations of fluids and solids with atomistic, molecular and electronic structure methods, the design of new materials for renewable energy applications and synchrotron-radiation related physics.

Research Activities

The research in

• The physics of nanostructures • The properties of many-body quantum systems • Simulations of molecular and electronic structures • The investigation of materials for renewable energy applications constitute the backbone of the activity in the CMSP Section.

Understanding the physics of nanodevices offers a fascinating opportunity to explore quantum properties of matter at the mesoscopic level. Besides their fundamental impact on modern technology, quantum coherence and strong interactions play a fundamental role in these systems. CMSP research topics include charge and heat transport, thermoelectric effects, nanoelectromechanical systems, quantum coherent electronics and spintronics, solid-state quantum information processing, nano-friction, and low-dimensional systems with interactions.

The investigations of quantum many-body systems at CMSP bridge different aspects of condensed matter, statistical mechanics, and quantum information. The wide spectrum of topics covered includes the study of superconductivity and magnetism in strongly-correlated systems, superfluids, cold atoms in optical lattices, localization in disordered systems, many- body physics with light, dynamics and relaxation in complex systems, quantum simulators, and quantum information processing with many-body quantum systems.

A very important part of the section’s research activity was devoted to simulations of molecular and electronic systems. Work at CMSP in this area focuses on simulations of systems under a variety of different conditions. All of these areas have a strong interdisciplinary nature, ranging from condensed matter physics to computational chemistry. On the condensed matter side, this includes studying materials under high pressure, the physics of friction and lubrication, multiferroic materials, and surface physics. For soft-matter systems, this includes bulk liquid water, ions and small organic molecules in water, water at interfaces and finally biological systems such as proteins and DNA. Simulation methods include classical and ab- initio molecular dynamics, path-integral molecular dynamics and electronic structure calculations.

CMSP scientists have also devoted substantial efforts also in renewable energies. The efficient collection and storage of renewable forms of energy, such as solar radiation or wind, requires the development of advanced functional materials. CMSP research in the field of sustainable energy focuses on this materials-related aspect. Using modern computer simulation techniques, conversion and storage processes are investigated on the atomic scale. The research topics include nanostructured solar cells, battery materials, and photocatalytic water splitting.

32 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 In addition to close collaborations with local scientific institutions such as SISSA, Elettra, and the University of Trieste, the research activities in the CMSP Section benefits of numerous collaborations worldwide that include: Princeton University, University of Oxford, Centre for Quantum Technologies - National University of Singapore, Ludwig-Maximillians-University (LMU) Munich, German, Ecole Normale Superior (ENS), Paris, France, Universitè Paris Diderot, Paris, Aalto University - Helsinki, Max Plank Institute for the physics of Complex Systems - Dresden , IQOQI Innsbruck, Max Plank Institute for Quantum Optics - Garching, Scuola Normale Superiore - Pisa, and Departamento de Fısica, Universidad Nacional del Sur & IFISUR.

The intense efforts of the CMSP scientists are witnessed by 92 publications in peer reviewed printed in 2018. In addition to these publications, there are already more than 20 already accepted for publication or in the middle of the reviewing process. Among the published papers 19 of them were published in high impact journals (PNAS, Phys. Rev. Lett., Phys. Rev. X, Nano Letters, JACS, J. Chem. Phys. Lett., Science and Nature publishing groups).

The impact of CMSP work can be summarised in the table below showing the number of citations that members and affiliated to CMSP have received in the last years. In 2017 the Section has received almost 6800 citations. [Source Web of Science].

Training Activities The staff members and senior postdocs of CMSP supervised numerous Postdocs, PhD, Diploma and Master students.

Ph. D. students supervised or co-supervised Claudia Artiaco (SISSA), Bibek Bandhari (SNS Pisa), Giacomo Catto (Univ. Trieste), Philip C. Cruz (SISSA), Paola Delcompare Rodriguez (Univ. di Trieste), Youness Diouane (SISSA), Paolo Erdmann (SNS Pisa), Giuliano Giudici (SISSA), Eduardo Gonzalez (SISSA), Estelle Inack (SISSA), Kwang Hyok Jong (Jong), Deepak Karki (SISSA), Giuseppe Magnifico (Univ. Bologna), G.Mossi (SISSA) Fatema Yahya Mohamed (Univ. Trieste), Simone Notarnicola (SISSA), Adu Offei-Danso (SISSA), Silvia Pappalardi (SISSA), Muhammad Qaisrani (SISSA), Mariami Rusishvili (SISSA), Anam Sara (SISSA), Yusuf Shaidu (SISSA), Federica Surace (SISSA) and Xhek Turkeshi (SISSA).

Diploma or Master students supervised or co-supervised ICTP Diploma - Jesus ARAUJO LOPEZ from Colombia, Luis Andrés COLMENÁREZ GOMEZ from Venezuela, Philip Christopher CRUZ from Philippines (now PhD student), Paola Andrea DELCOMPARE RODRÍGUEZ from Guatemala (now PhD student), Youness DIOUANE from Morocco (now PhD student), Muhammad Maikudi ISAH from Nigeria, Natasia MAKKI from

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 33 Lebanon, Linda Sheila MEDONDJIO from Cameroon, Anam SARA from Pakistan (now PhD student), Michele Fava (SNS Pisa) ICTP-MHPC - Rajat Panda, M.Brenes-Navarro

STEP Visiting Scientists and Students

Sara Abass - Rep. Sudan Gervais Chendjou Beukam - Rep. Cameroon Beatrice Cogollo-Olivo - Colombia Kenza Hammam - Morocco Victor Kirui Meng'wa - Kenya Wycliffe O. Omwansu - Kenya Kulsom Rahim - Pakistan Alexandra Santos Putungan - Philippines Lodvert Tchiboata Poaty - Congo

The staff and senior postdocs of CMSP taught the following courses for the ICTP Diploma program and at Master and PhD programs in other universities.

- Course on Simulation at SISSA - Course on parallel Fast Fourier Transformations, ICTP-SISSA Master in High Performance Computations - Course on Electronic Structure Theory: Quantum Chemical Methods in SISSA PhD programme in Condensed Matter Physics - Advanced Statistical Mechanics (Diploma) - Advanced Quantum Mechanics (Diploma) - Theory of classical and quantum computation for SISSA PhD program - Biological Physics (Diploma) - Numerical Methods I (Diploma) - Numerical Methods II (Diploma) - Many-Body Phenomenology (Diploma) - Electrons and Phonons in Solids (Diploma)

CMSP scientists participated to the organisation of International Conferences both within and outside ICTP.

Schools/Workshops/Conferences (total 13) :

1) 19 February - 16 March 2018 @ ICTP, Kastler Lecture Hall Spring College on the Physics of Complex Systems (smr3189) Organizer(s): Andrea Gambassi (SISSA), Silvio Franz (LPTMS Orsay), Alessandro Pelizzola (Politecnico di Torino), Local Organiser: Matteo Marsili Cosponsor(s): International Master, Physics of Complex Systems (i-PCS), Politecnico di Torino, SISSA, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Laboratory of excellence Physics: Atoms, Light, Matter, Université Franco Italienne, Université Paris-Saclay

2)19 - 23 March 2018@ ICTP, Kastler Lecture Hall School on Electron-Phonon Physics from First Principles (smr3191) Organizer(s): Samuel Poncé (University of Oxford), Feliciano Giustino (University of Oxford), Elena Roxana Margine (Binghamton University-SUNY), Local Organisers: Ralph Gebauer, Nicola Seriani Cosponsor(s): Psi-k, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire

3)7 - 18 May 2018 @ICTP, Kastler Lecture Hall

34 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 School on Synchrotron and Free-Electron-Laser Methods for Multidisciplinary Applications | (smr 3202) Organizer(s): Maya Kiskinova (ELETTRA, Sincrotrone Trieste), Jan Luning (UPMC, Paris), Local Organiser: Nadia Binggeli Cosponsor(s): GDRi XFEL-Science, EUCALL

4)14 - 18 May 2018 @ICTP, Budinich Lecture Hall International Conference on Multi-Condensate Superconductivity and Superfluidity in Solids and Ultra-cold Gases | (smr 3204) Organizer(s): Massimo Capone (SISSA, Trieste, Italy), Milorad Milosevic (University of Antwerp, Belgium), Andrea Perali (University of Camerino, Italy), Local Organiser: Rosario Fazio Cosponsor(s): MultiSuper Network, Universita' di Camerino, Research Foundation - Flanders FWO, Universiteit Antwerpen, International School for Advanced Studies, Condensed Matter Journal Sponsors the Best Poster Award

5)14 - 25 May 2018 @ICTP, Giambiagi Lecture Hall Advanced Workshop on Nonequilibrium Systems in Physics, Geosciences, and Life Sciences | (smr3203) Organizer(s): Freddy Bouchet (ENS-Lyon), Giovanni Gallavotti (Uni La Sapienza Rome), Andrea Gambassi (SISSA), Valerio Lucarini (Uni Reading/Uni Hamburg), Stefano Ruffo (SISSA), Local Organiser: Matteo Marsili Cosponsor(s): University of Reading, SISSA

6)21 - 25 May @ICTP, Kastler Lecture Hall Conference on the Complex Interactions of Light and Biological Matter: Experiments meet Theory | (smr3120) Organizer(s): Luca Grisanti (ICTP), Gabi Kaminski (Cambridge University), Anna Painelli (University of Parma), Local Organiser: Ali Hassanali

7)11 - 15 June 2018 @ICTP, Kastler Lecture Hall Conference on Quantum Dynamics of Disordered Interacting Systems | (smr 3212) Organizer(s): Alexander Mirlin (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology), Felix von Oppen (Freie Universität Berlin), Local Organiser: Marcello Dalmonte

8)9 - 13 July 2018 @ICTP, Kastler Lecture Hall Conference on Physics of Defects in Solids: Quantum Mechanics Meets Topology | (smr 3221) Organizer(s): Carla Bittencourt (University of Mons, Belgium), Chris Ewels (Institut des Matériaux, Nantes, France), Stefan Facsko (Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden- Rossendorf, Germany), Arkady Krasheninnikov (Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany and Aalto University, Finland), Local Organiser: Mikhail Kiselev Cosponsor(s): Aalto University, Fund for Scientific Research-FNRS, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Scienta Omicron, Zurich Instruments

9)6 - 17 August 2018 @ICTP, Budinich Lecture Hall Advanced School and Workshop on Correlations in Electron Systems – from Quantum Criticality to Topology | (smr 3232) Organizer(s): Andrey Chubukov (University of Minnesota), Piers Coleman (Rutgers University), Hide Takagi (MPI Stuttgart), Naoto Nagaosa (RIKEN Tokyo), Dmitrii L. Maslov (University of Florida), Andy Schofield (University of Birmingham), Local Organiser: Rosario Fazio Cosponsor(s): Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter, University of Florida, The National High Magnetic Field

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 35 10)27 August 2018 - 14 September 2018 @ICTP, Budinich Lecture Hall Summer School on Collective Behaviour in Quantum Matter | (smr 3235) Organizer(s): Claudio Castelnovo (University of Cambridge), Paul Fendley (University of Oxford), Roderich Moessner (MPIPKS Dresden), Marcello Dalmonte (ICTP), Local Organiser: Antonello Scardicchio Cosponsor(s): ICAM, MPIPKS

11)15 - 19 October 2018 @ Addis Ababa - Ethiopia Ethiopian Regional Workshop on Solar Energy and Energy Storage Technologies: Materials, System Design, and Applications | (smr 3149) Organizer(s): Teketel Yohannes (Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (AASTU), Nicola Seriani (ICTP), ICTP Scientific Contact: Ralph Gebauer, Nicola Seriani Cosponsor(s): Ministry of Water & Energy, Addis Ababa Science & Technology University, Ministry of Science & Technology, Joint Undertaking for an African Materials Institute

12) 22 October - 2 November 2018@ Addis Ababa - Ethiopia 5th African School on Electronic Structure Methods and Applications(smr3234) Organizer(s): N. Chetty (University of Pretoria, South Africa), R. Martin (Stanford University, USA), S. Narasimhan (JNCASR, Bangalore, India), S. Scandolo (ICTP, Trieste, Italy), N. Seriani (ICTP, Trieste, Italy), T. Yohannes (AASTU, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), ICTP Scientific Contact: S. Scandolo, N. Seriani Cosponsor(s): Addis Ababa Science & Technology, Ministry of Science & Technology, International Union of Pure & Applied Physcs, US Liaison Committee for IUPAP, Swiss National Center for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (NCCR MARVEL), Quantum Espresso Foundation, Joint Undertaking for an African Materials Institute, National Academy of Science

13)5 - 15 November 2018 @ Montevideo - Uruguay Conference on Latin American Initiative for Molecular Simulations | (smr 3245) Organizer(s): Sergio Pantano (Institut Pasteur de Montevideo), Hugo Verli (UFRGS, Porto Alegre), Julio Caballero (University of Talca), Adrian Turjanski (University of Buenos Aires), ICTP Scientific Contact: Ali Hassanali

SEMINARS and SPECIAL SERIES OF LECTURES (total 63): 1) 9 January 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 a.m. Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar - Topological Order and Tensor Networks: A Local Perspective on Global Entanglement Norbert SCHUCH (MPI fuer Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany)

2) 16 January 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 a.m. Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Quantum Many-body Scars and Non-ergodic Dynamics in the Fibonacci Chain Zlatko PAPIC (University of Leeds, School of Physics & Astronomy, Leeds, U.K.)

3)18 January 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 10:00 a.m. ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: "Haldane" Phases with Ultracold Fermionic Atoms in Double-Well Optical Lattices Pierre M.A. FROMHOLZ (Dept. de Physique, Univ. de Cergy-Pontoise, France)

4)23 January 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 a.m. Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: SU(N) Quantum Magnetism in 1D and 2D Andreas LAUCHLI (Inst. for Theoretical Physics, Univ. Innsbruck, Austria)

5)25 January 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room, at 11:00 a.m.

36 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: A New Efficient Time Dependent Density Functional Algorithm for Large Systems: Theory, Implementation and Plasmonics Applications Mauro STENER (Dipt. Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Univ. di Trieste)

6)25 January 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265 at 14:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis in Two- Dimensional Large Central Charge CFT Jia-Ju ZHANG (University of Milano Bicocca, Italy)

7) 30 January 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265 at 11:00 a.m. Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Entanglement Entropies of 1d Critical Systems, Orbifold and Null-vectors Benoit ESTIENNE (UPMC Paris, France)

8)6 Feburary 2018@ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265 at 11:00 a.m. Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Measures of Irreversibility in Quantum Phase Space G. LANDI (University of Sao Paulo, Brazil)

9)9 February 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:30 Condensed Matter Seminar: Self-Oscillations in Photovoltaic/Thermoelectric/Fuel Cells and Biological Engines Robert ALICKI (Institute of. Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Univ. of Gdansk, Poland)

10)13 February 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265 at 11:00 a.m. Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: 'Driven Tracer in Quiescent Baths: Anomalous Diffusion and Induced-Interaction' Carlos MEJIA MONASTERIO (Univ. Politecnica de Madrid, Spain)

11)19 February 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Tan's Contact for a Strongly Interacting One- dimensional Bose Gas in Harmonic Confinement: Universal Properties and Scaling Functions Anna MINGUZZI (LPMMC, Univ. Grenoble-Alpes and CNRS, Grenoble, France)

12)22 February 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Seminar: Engineering Synthetic Gauge Fields, Weyl Semimetals, and Anyons Hrvoje BULJAN (Dept. of Physics, University of Zagreb, Croatia)

13)27 Feb 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Entanglement in the XXZ Chain with a Gradient Viktor EISLER (Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, TU Graz, Austria)

14)28 Feb 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, rm 128 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: The Riemann Conjecture Giuseppe MUSSARDO (SISSA, Trieste, Italy)

15)8 March 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Pumping Spin-Chain Materials and the Emergence of Generalized Gibbs Ensembles Achim ROSCH (University of Cologne, Germany)

16)13 March 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, room 128 at 11:00

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 37 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: On the Complex Behavior of Disordered Models in a Field Federico RICCI-TERSENGHI (Theoretical and Computational Physics, Univ. of Rome 'La Sapienza')

17)15 March 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Multi-orbital Mott Physics and the Iron-based Superconductors Massimo CAPONE (SISSA, Trieste, Italy)

18)27 March 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Matrix Product States for Relativistic Quantum Gauge Field Theories Karel VAN ACOLEYEN (University of Gent, Belgium)

19)5 April 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: "Many-Electron Quantum Simulation of Matter: Insight from Exact Time-Dependent Real-Space Model Systems" Rex GODBY (Department of Physics, University of York, U.K.)

20)17 April 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Microcanonical and Resource-Theoretic Derivations of the Gran Canonical Thermal State of a System with Non-Commuting Charges Andreas J. WINTER (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Experimental Sciences & Mathematics, Dept. of Physics, Bellaterra, Spain)

21)19 April 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Computational Studies of Biological Systems Related to Human Diseases Alessandra MAGISTRATO (CNR-IOM & SISSA, Trieste, Italy)

22)24 April 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Large Conformal Goldstone Mode Fluctuations in the SYK Model Alexander ALTLAND (THP Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Germany)

23)3 May 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Entanglement Beyond Two Qubits Marcus HUBER (IQOQI Vienna, AAS, University of Vienna, Austria)

24)8 May 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, room 128 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Dynamical Phase Transitions Frédéric van WIJLAND (Univ. Paris Diderot, Paris, France)

25)23 May 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Seminar: Possible Manifestations of Quantum Disordered Dynamics in the Arrested Relaxation of a Molecular Ultracold Plasma Edward GRANT (Univ. of British Columbia, Dept. of Chemistry, Vancouver, Canada)

26)29 May 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, room 128 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Edge Behaviour of the Periodic and the Free Boundary Schur Processes Jeremie BOUTTIER (IPhT Saclay/ENS Lyon, France)

38 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

27)7 June 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Inducing Superconductivity in Two Dimensional Materials Ali GHORBAN ZADEH MOGHADDAM (IASBS Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran)

28)7 June 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:45 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Gauge-Field-Induced Anomalous Interference Effects in Graphene SNS Junctions Hadi KHANJANI (IASBS Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran)

29)8 June 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:30 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Quantum Non-Local Effects in Graphene Plasmonics Reza ASGARI (Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences IPM, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran

30)18 June 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, rm 128 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Partial Time-reversal Transformation and Entanglement Negativity in Fermionic System Hassan SHAPOURIAN (Univ. of Chicago, U.S.A.)

31)19 June 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 263, room 128 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar - Nanomotors: Symmetry, Chemotaxis, Sedimentation and Anisotropy Pierre de BUYL (KU Leuven, Belgium)

32)27 June 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Atomistic Simulation Theory Seminar CMSP - Electronic Stopping from Non-Equilibrium Real- Time TDDFT Simulation: Development and Applications Yosuke KANAI (Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, U.S.A.)

33)28 June 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Condensed Matter Seminar - Strongly Correlated Systems of Bosons and Fermions: Many-Body Phenomena and Numerical Methods Adriano ANGELONE (Lab. de Physique Quantique, ISIS, IPCMS, Strasbourg, France)

34)3 July 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Coherence Generating Power of Quantum Processes Paolo ZANARDI (USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA)

35) 3 July 2018 @ ICTP, Euler Lecture Hall at 14:00 Condensed Matter Seminar: Ultracold Atoms with SU(N) Symmetry Francesco SCAZZA (LENS, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze)

36)5 July 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Condensed Matter Seminar: Interplay of Charge and Spin Degrees of Freedom in Pnictides and Dichalcogenides Dmitry EFREMOV (IFW, Dresden, Germany)

37)26 July 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Seminar: From Skyrmions to Z2 Vortices in Frustrated Chiral Magnets Daniel CABRA (Univ.Nacional de La Plata, Argentina)

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 39

38)31 July 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Area-Law and Universality in the Statistics of the Subsystem Energy Mohammad Ali RAJABPOUR (Instituto de Fisica, Univ. Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil)

39)9 August 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:30 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Further Evidence for Quasi- Phases and Pseudo-Transitions in One-Dimensional Models Onofre ROJAS SANTOS (Federal University of Lavras, Brazil)

40)12 September 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Electrocatalytic Conversion of Organic Compounds at Solid/Liquid Interface from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation Mal-Soon LEE (Institute of Integrated Catalysis, PNNL, Richland, WA, U.S.A.)

41)18 September 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 263, Room 128 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Glueing together Modular Flows with Free Fermions G. WONG (SISSA, Trieste)

42)20 September 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics 'SYK Model with Quadratic Perturbations: The Route to a Non-Fermi-Liquid' Mikhail V. FEIGELMAN (Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russia)

43)27 September 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Light Scattering in Cavity Optomagnonics Yaroslav M. BLANTER (Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)

44)4 October 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Transport and Photochemistry from Multiscale Quantum Dynamics Simulations Damian A. SCHERLIS PEREL (Univ. Buenos Aires, Quimica Inorganica Analitica y Quimica Fisica, Buenos Aires, Argentina

45)5 October 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:30 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Seminar: Amplitude Tuning of Steady State Entanglement in Strongly Driven Coupled Qubits Daniel DOMINGUEZ (CAB CNEA, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina)

46)11 October 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Landau-Zener-Stueckelberg- Majorana Interference" Sigmund KOHLER (Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid CSIR, Spain)

47)16 October 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, room 004 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Walking, Weakly First Order Phase Transitions and Complex CFTs B. ZAN (EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland)

48)18 October 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 14:00

40 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Condensed Matter & Statistical Physics SPECIAL SERIES OF TUTORIALS: Evolving Quantum States with Matrix Product Ansatz- Part I Marko ZNIDARIC (Dept. of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)

49)19 October 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 10:30 Condensed Matter & Statistical Physics SPECIAL SERIES OF TUTORIALS: Evolving Quantum States with Matrix Product Ansatz - Part II Marko ZNIDARIC (Dept. of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)

50)25 October 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 10:30 Condensed Matter & Statistical Physics SPECIAL SERIES OF TUTORIALS: Evolving Quantum States with Matrix Product Ansatz- Part III Marko ZNIDARIC (Dept. of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia)

51)6 November 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, Room 004 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar 'The Frustration in Being Odd: Area Law Violation in Local Systems' Fabio FRANCHINI (Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia)

52)15 November 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Simulating Higher Spatial Dimensions with Atoms and Photons Hannah PRICE (School of Physics & Astronomy, Univ. Birmingham, U.K.)

53)15 November 2018 @ ICTP, Central Area, 2nd floor, old SISSA Building at 14:00 Joint CMSP/QLS Seminar: The Quantum Boltzmann Machine Bert KAPPEN (Donders Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit UCL London)

54)20 November 2018 @ SISSA Via Bonomea 265, rm 128 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: A Study of a Non-Unitary Statistical Model: Super Spin Chains and Intersecting Loops P. GRANET (CEA Saclay, France)

55)27 November 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, Room 128 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Role of the Effective Central Charge in Non- unitary Conformal Field Theories Romain COUVREUR (CEA Saclay, LPT-ENS, Paris, France))

56)29 November 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:30 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics - A Tale of Two Systems: How Fluorination Affects Amino Acid Solvation, and How Oligomerization Influences the Mechanical Response of Protein Coil Coils Ana VILA VERDE (MPI of Colloids & Interfaces, Potsdam Germany)

57)30 November 2018 @ SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, room 131 at 11:30 Joint ICTP/SISSA Informal Condensed Matter Seminar: AA to AB via Twist in Bilayer Graphene: Moire' is Different G. BASKARAN (Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, ON, Canada and The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, India)

58)6 December 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics - Warm Dense Matter: Investigating Planets and Stars in the Laboratory

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 41 Dominik KRAUS (HZDR, Dresden, Germany)

59)11 December 2018 @ SISSA Via Bonomea 265, room 128 at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Graphene and Boundary Conformal Field Theory Christopher HERZOG (King's College, London, U.K.)

60)13 December 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 14:00 ICTP Seminar Series in Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics: Interplay Between Spin and Dipolar Degrees of Freedom Silvia PICOZZI (CNR-SPIN, Univ.'G.D'Annunzio, Chieti-Pescara, Italy)

61)14 December 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:30 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Seminar: Anyonic Statistics from Time-of-flight Measurements Elia MACALUSO (INO-CNR BEC Center, Dept. Physics, Univ. of Trento, Povo, Italy)

62)18 December 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:00 Joint ICTP/SISSA Statistical Physics Seminar: Ultracold Atoms in Periodcially-Driven Optical Lattices" Monika AIDELSBURGER (LMU, Munich, Germany)

63)19 December 2018 @ ICTP, Luigi Stasi Seminar Room at 11:30 Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics Seminar: Introduction to Mutual Information in Quantum Matter Pierre FROMHOLZ (ICTP, CMSP Division, Trieste, Italy)

Other Events:

--Ljubljiana Trieste CMSP Meeting on 6 March 2018, held at the ICTP, Giambiagi lecture hall --Workshop on Fundamental Concepts of Quantum Mechanics to Solving Basic Problems in Computational and Communication (one day event on 13 March, in honour of, and prior to the Dirac Medal Ceremony held on 14 March at ICTP, Budinich Lecture Hall) --CMSP Annual Two-Day Spring Meeting, held from 17 to 18 May at ICTP, Euler Lecture Hall

Participation in International Programmes:

Members of the CMSP Sections gave more than 40 invited talks at international conferences and workshops and numerous seminars at various Universities all over the world.

Services

All the faculty members of the CMSP fulfill various institutional roles and responsibilities inside and outside ICTP:

Inside ICTP: STEP programme coordinator (Binggeli), ICTP-Elettra users programme Coordinator (Binggeli), Head of the CMSP Section (Fazio), Member of the Academic Committee (Fazio, Scandolo), Member of Committee on Advance on End-of-Service Allowance (Fazio), ICTP representative of ICTP-SAIFR (Fazio), Faculty Board representative (Binggeli, Hassanali), Coordinator of ICTP Initiative on Renewable Energy (Gebauer), Coordinator of ICTP Initiative on Renewable Energy (Gebauer), ICTP Representative of the EAIFR-ICTP Scientific Council (Hassanali), SESAME Council ICTP representative (Binggeli), - Elettra proposal review panel, ICTP representative (Binggeli), Executive committee of the African School on Electronic Structure Methods and Applications (Seriani).

42 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

Outside ICTP: CMSP members have participated to PhD evaluation panels and PhD committees in many different universities. They serve as referees and/or in the editorial board of scientific journals and in several different funding agencies.

Funding:

In addition to the ICTP support, the members of the section have attracted addition funding through:

ERC Grants (MODAPHYFRIST and AGEnTh), EU Grants (QUIC, SoFiA, PASQUANS), UNICREDIT, Google, Elettra, Italian Minister of Education (QUANTRA)

Staff and Long-Term Visitors, 2018

Professional Staff (total 9) BINGGELI, Nadia (Switzerland, responsible Synchrotron Group) DALMONTE, Marcello (Italy) FAZIO, Rosario (Italy, CMSP Division Coordinator) GEBAUER, Ralph (Germany, responsible Energy Group) HASSANALI, Ali (Tanzania) KISELEV, Mikhail (Russia) SCANDOLO, Sandro (Italy) SCARDICCHIO, Antonello (Italy) SERIANI, Nicola(Italy)

Scientific Consultants (total 5) CALABRESE, Pasquale (Italy) LAIO, Alessandro (Italy) SANTORO, Giuseppe (Italy) TOSATTI, Erio (Italy) ZNIDARIC, Marko(Slovenia)

Emeritus Scientist KRAVSTOV, Vladimir (Russian Federation/Italy)

Distinguished Staff Associate ALTSHULER, Boris (U.S.A.)

CM Research Staff Associate NERSESYAN, Alexander (Georgia)

Boltzman Fellows and Long-Term Visiting Fellow Scientists GOOLD, John (Ireland, left July 2018)

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 43 RODRIGUEZ GARCIA, Alejandro (Spain) STOJIC, Natasa (Croatia)

Scientific Collaborators: MUSSARDO, Giuseppe (Italy) SELLITTO, Mauro (Italy) SILVA, Alessandro (Italy)

Post-doctoral Fellows ANGELONE, Adriano (Italy) ANSARI, Narjes (Iran) FASSIOLI OLSEN, Francesca (Chile, left September 2018) FAYE, Jean Paul (Senegal) FROMHOLZ, Pierre Martin (France) GHOSH, Sukanya (India, Synchrotron Fellow) IEMINI De Rezende Aguilar, Fernando (Brazil, left September 2018) MAIMBOURG, Thibaud (France, left October 2018) MANZANO PAULE, Gonzalo (Spain) MENDES SANTOS, Tiago (Brazil) NADEN ROBINSON, Victor (U.K.) PARAFILO, Anton (Ukraine, left August 2018) POLI, Emiliano (Italy) RUSSOMANNO, Angelo (Italy) SCHULZ, Maximilian (Germany) TAYLOR, Scott (U.K.) VELANKANNI, Nandhakumar (India, Energy Fellow)

Ph.D and Master Students ARTIACO, Claudia (Italy) CATTO, Giacomo (Italy) CRUZ, Philip C.(Philippines, former Diploma Student) DELCOMPARE RODRIGUEZ, Paola (Guatemala, former Diploma Student) DIOUANE, Youness (Morocco, former Diploma Student) FAVA,Michele(Italy, left March 2018) GIUDICI, Giuliano (Italy) GONZALEZ, Eduardo (Cuba) INACK, Estelle (Cameroon) KARKI, Deepak (Nepal) MAGNIFICO, Giuseppe (Italy) MOHAMED, Fatema Yahya (Sudan) NOTARNICOLA, Simone (Italy, left November 2018) OFFEI-DANSO, Adu (Ghana)

44 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 PAPPALARDI, Silvia(Italy) QAISRANI, Muhammad Nawaz (Pakistan) SARA, Anam (Pakistan, former Diploma Student) SHAIDU, Yusuf (Nigeria) SURACE, Federica (Italy) TURKESHI, Xhek (Albania/Italy)

Longer-term Visiting Scientists (12) CRESPO HERANDEZ, Yavier (Cuba) ESHAQI SANI, Najmeh (Iran) JAMSHIDI FARSANI, Marzie (Iran) KHASSEH, Reyhaneh (Iran) KHOSRAVI, Ali (Iran) LI, Chuang (China) LUDOVICO, Florencia (Argentina/now at SISSA) MUKHERJEE, Rajnandini (India) RAFIEIOLHOSSEINI, Neda (Iran) SHADRACK, Daniel Madulu (Tanzania) SHANKAR, Swaminathan (India) VANCE, James (Philippines) ZENG, Zhongda (China)

CM STEP Fellows (total 9) ABASS, Sara (Sudan) CHENDJOU BEUKAM, Gervais (Cameroon) COGOLLO-OLIVO, Beatrice (Colombia) HAMMAM Kenza (Morocco) MENG'WA, Victor Kirul (Kenya) OMWANSU, Wycliffe O. (Kenya) RAHIM, Kulsoom (Pakistan) SANTOS-PUTUNGAN, Alexandra (Philippines) TCHIBOTA POATY, Lodvert (Congo)

2018 CM Diploma Students (total 9) ARAUJO LOPEZ Jesus E. (Colombia) COLMENÁREZ GOMEZ Luis Andrés (Venezuela) CRUZ Philip Christopher (Philippines, then moved to PhD student as above) DELCOMPARE RODRÍGUEZ Paola A (Guatemala, then moved to PhD student as above) DIOUANE Youness (Morocco, then moved to PhD student as above) ISAH Muhammad Maikudi (Nigeria) MAKKI Nastasia (Lebanon) MEDONDJIO Linda Sheila (Cameroon)

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 45 SARA, Anam (Pakistan, then moved to PhD student as above)

Short-term Visitors, including Seminar Speakers

ABANIN, Dmitry Russian AHAMED, Imran Russian AIDELSBURGER, Monika Germany AKDENIZ, Zehra Turkey ALICKI, Robert Poland ALTLAND, Alexandre Germany APOLLARO, Tony Italy ARRACHEA, Liliana Argentina ASGARI, Reza Iran Senior Associate BASKARAN, Ganapathy India BENJAMIN, Colin India BERTINI, Bruno Italy BHANDARI, Bibek India BISWAS, Sananda India BLANTER, Yaroslav Russia BOGOMOLNYI, Augene France BOTTARO, Sanro Italy BOTZUNG, Thomas Italy BRAGA FERREIRA, Diego Brazil BROVKO, Oleg Russia BULJAN, Hrvoje Croatia CABRA, Daniel ArgeninaSenior Associate CAROLLO, Angelo Italy CELEBONOVIC, Vladan Serbia CERDEIRA, Hilda Brazil CHAKRABARTI Barnali India Regular Associate CHERAGHCHI Hossein Iran Regular Assoicate CHESI, Stefano Italy CHIKA Khouloud Tunisia Simons Visitor CILLUFFO, Dario Italy CORTES PAEZ, Henry Argentina COUNTS, Ian U.S.A. CUNY, Jerome France DE PASQUALE, Antonella Italy DOMINGUEZ Daniel Argentina Senior Associate DUTTA, Arijit India EFREMOV, Dmitri Russia EL ALLATI, Abderrahim Morocco Junior Associate

46 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 EL BAZ Morad Morocco Regular Associate EL-KHOZONDAR Hala J. PSE Senior Associate ERCOLESSI, Elisa Italy ERDMAN, Paolo Andrea Italy FALCI, Giuseppe Antonio Italy FALLANI, Leonardo Italy FANCHINI, Felipe Brazil Simons Associate FEIGELMAN, Mikhail Russia FRANCHINI, Fabio Italy GHORBAN ZADEH Moghaddam Ali Iran Simons Associate GIOVANNETTI, Vittorio Italy GODBY, Rex U.K. GORELIK, Leonid Sweden GRANT, Edward U.K. GURYANOVA, Yelena U.K. HABIBALLAH, Nabil Morocco HADDAD Sonia Tunisia Simons Associate HENCHMAN, Richard U.K. HUBER, Marcus Austria HUR, JoonseokRep. Korea ILLUMINATI, Fabrizio Italy IORIO, Alfredo Czech Republic JAFARI, Seyed Akbar Iran JIN, Jiasen China Junior Associate KARIMIPOUR, Vahid Iran Simons Associate KECK, Maximilian Germany KENMOE, Stephane Cameroon KHANJANI, Hadi Iran Simons Visitor KLOBAS, Katja Cameroon KOHLER, Sigmund Germany KOS, Pavel Slovenia KRAUS, DOMINIK Germany KUKULJAN, Ivan Slovenia LASAVE, Jorge Argentina Regular Associate LAUCHLI, Andreas Austria LEE, Mai-Soon Rep. Korea LJUBOTINA, Marko Slovenia LOMBARDO Fernando Argentina Simons Associate LORENZ, Heribert Germany LOZADO y CASSOU, Marcelo Mexico LUDWIG, STefan Germany MACALUSO, Elia Italy

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 47 MACCHIAVELLO, Chiara Italy MAGISTRATO, Alessandra Italy MAMMINO, Liliana South Africa MANDILARA AIKATERINI Greece Regular Associate MANNAI Marwa Tunisia Simons Visitor MARLETTO, Chiara U.K. MARTONAK, Roman Slovakia MAZZOLA, Guglielmo Italy McCANNA, Ben U.K. MEDENJAK, Marko Slovenia MELLIT Adel Slovenia Simons Associate MEMARZADEH ISFAHANI Laleh Iran Junior Associate MINGUZZI, Anna Italy MOHAMMADI Gholamreza Iran Simons Visitor MONTOYA MARTINEZ, A. Colombia NARASIMHAN, Shobhana India NDAO Pr Ababacar Senegal PALMA, Massimo G. Italy PAPIC, Zlatko Serbia PARIS, Matteo Italy PARISI, Giorgio Italy PASCAZIO, Saverio Italy PELLEGRINI, Franco Italy PICOZZI, Silvia Italy PRELOVSEK, Peter Slovenia PRICE, Hannah Hong Kong PROSEN, Tomaz Slovenia PROTOPOPOV, Ivan Russia QIU, Haibo China RAJABPOUR, Ali Mohammad Iran Junior Associate RAJI, Abdulrafiu Tunde Nigeria RAMANAN, Sunethra India RAMSAK, Anton Slovenia RAO, Sumathi India REILY ROCHA, Alexandre Brazil Simons Associate ROJAS SANTOS Onofre Peru Simons Associate ROSCH, Achim Germany ROSSINI, Davide Italy SAKHEL Asaad Raji Jordan Regular Associate SAKHEL, RogerJordan SAPPATI, Subrahmanyam India SCHERLIS, Damian Argentina

48 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 SCHIRO', Marco Italy SCHUCH, Norbert Germany SCIARRINO, Fabio Italy SENOUCI, Khaled Algeria SEYDI, Iran Iran SHARMA, Priya U.K. SHEKHTER, Robert Sweden SINGH ROY, Monalisa India SIRIA, Alessandro Italy SOTIRIADIS, Spyros Greece STENER, Mauro Italy TADDEI, Fabio Italy TAGHIPOUR AZAR, Yavar Iran TAGLIACOZZO, Arturo Italy TERREN ALONSO, Pablo Argentina Affiliate TSITSISHVILI, Mikheil Georgia VAHEDI AGHMASHHADI, Javad Iran VAN ACOLEYEN, Karel Belgium VANICAT, Matthieu Slovenia VAEZ ALLAEI Seyed Mehdi Iran Regular Associate VEDRAL, Vlatko U.K. VEGA REDONDO, Fernando Spain VILA VERDE, Ana Portugese WANG, Banghai China WANG, Pei China Junior Associate WANG, Yingdan China WINTER, Andreas Germany YAYA, Abu Ghana YEVTUSHENKO, Oleg Ukraine YUDSON, Vladimir Russia ZADNIK, Lenart Slovenia ZANARDI, Paolo Italy ZNIDARIC, Marco Slovenia ZUNKOVIC, Bojan Slovenia

Publications:

1. M. Dalmonte, B. Vermersch and P. Zoller, Quantum simulation and spectroscopy of entanglement Hamiltonians, Nature Physics 2018, 14, 827 (2018). 2. A. Nava, C. Giannetti, A. Georges, E. Tosatti and M. Fabrizio, Cooling quasiparticles in A3C60 fullerides by excitonic mid-infrared absorption, Nature Physics 14, 154 (2018) 3. Y. Gao, T. Cao, F. Cellini, C. Berger, W. de Heer, E. Tosatti, E. Riedo and A. Bongiorno, Ultra-hard carbon film from epitaxial two-layer graphene, Nature Nanotechnology 13, 133 (2018)

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 49 4. Monet, G.; Amara, M. S.; Rouzière, S.; Paineau, E.; Chai, Z.; Elliott, J. D.; Poli, E.; Liu, L. M.; Teobaldi, G.; Launois P. 2018. Structural resolution of inorganic nanotubes with complex stoichiometry, Nature Communications. 9 2033. (2018) 5. Corva, M.; Ferrari, A.; Rinaldi, M.; Feng, Z.; Roiaz, M.; Rameshan, C.; Rupprechter, G.; Pastore, G.; Comelli, G.; Seriani, N.; Vesselli, E., Vibrational fingerprint of localized spin excitons in a 2D metalorganic crystal Nat. Commun. 9, 4703 (2018) 6. M. Kisiel, O.O. Brovko, D. Yildiz, R. Pawlak,U. Gysin, E. Tosatti and E. Meyer, Mechanical dissipation from charge and spin transitions in oxygen-deficient SrTiO3 surfaces, Nature Communications 9, 2946 (2018) 7. T. Zanca, F. Pellegrini, G. E. Santoro and E. Tosatti, Frictional lubricity enhanced by quantum mechanics, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 3547 (2018) 8. G. Manzano, J. M. Horowitz and J. M. R. Parrondo, Quantum Fluctuation Theorems for Arbitrary Environments: Adiabatic and Nonadiabatic Entropy Production, Phys. Rev. X 8, 031037 (2018) 9. T. Brazda, A. Silva, N. Manini, A. Vanossi, R. Guerra, E. Tosatti and C. Bechinger, Experimental Observation of the Aubry Transition in Two-Dimensional Colloidal Monolayers, Phys. Rev. X 8, 011050 (2018). (Featured in Physics) 10. F. Anza, C. Gogolin and M. Huber, Eigenstate Thermalization for Degenerate Observables, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 150603 (2018) 11. S. Sonar, M. Hajdušek, M. Mukherjee, R. Fazio, V. Vedral, S. Vinjanampathy and L-C. Kwek, Squeezing Enhances Quantum Synchronization, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 163601 (2018), selected as Editors’ Suggestion 12. M. Brenes, M. Dalmonte, M. Heyl and A. Scardicchio, Many-Body Localization Dynamics from Gauge Invariance, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 030601 (2018), selected as PRL Editors' suggestion 13. Privitera, L.; Russomanno, A.; Citro, R.; Santoro, G.E., Nonadiabatic Breaking of Topological Pumping, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 106601 (2018) 14. A. Elben, B. Vermersch, M. Dalmonte, J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Rényi Entropies from Random Quenches in Atomic Hubbard and Spin Models, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 050406 (2018) 15. Iemini, F.; Russomanno, A.; Keeling, J.; Schirò, M.; Dalmonte, M.; Fazio, R., Boundary time crystals Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 035301 (2018) 16. X. Deng, V. E. Kravtsov, G. V. Shlyapnikov, and L. Santos, Duality in Power-Law Localization in Disordered One-Dimensional Systems, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 110602 (2018) 17. G. Manzano, F. Plastina and Roberta Zambrini, Optimal Work Extraction and Thermodynamics of Quantum Measurements and Correlations Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 120602 (2018) 18. S. Sorella, K. Seki, O. O. Brovko, T. Shirakawa, S. Miyakoshi, S. Yunoki and E. Tosatti , Correlation-Driven Dimerization and Topological Gap Opening in Isotropically Strained Graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 066402 (2018) 19. Y. A. P. Sirkin, A. A. Hassanali and D. A. Scherlis, One-Dimensional Confinement Inhibits Water Dissociation in Carbon Nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9, 5029-5033 (2018) 20. K. Ulman, S. Busch, and A. A. Hassanali, Quantum mechanical effects in zwitterionic amino acids: The case of proline, hydroxyproline, and alanine in water, Journal of Chemical Physics 148, 22 (2018) 21. Y. K. Law and A. A. Hassanali, The importance of nuclear quantum effects in spectral line broadening of optical spectra and electrostatic properties in aromatic chromophores, The Journal of Chemical Physics 148, 102331 (2018) 22. Jong, KH.; Ansari, N.; Grisanti, L,; Hassanali, A. Understanding the quantum mechanical properties of hydrogen bonds in solvated biomolecules from cluster calculations, J. Mol. Liq. 263, 501 (2018)

50 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 23. Ansari, N.; Dandekar, R.; Caravati, S.; Sosso, GC.; Hassanali, A. High and low density patches in simulated liquid water, J. Chem. Phys. 149, 204507 (2018) 24. Ahamed, I.; Ulman, K.; Seriani, N.; Gebauer, R.; Kashyap, A. , Magnetoelectric epsilon- Fe2O3: DFT study of a potential candidate for electrode material in photoelectrochemical cells, J. Chem. Phys. 148, 214707(2018) 25. G. Vladilo and A. A. Hassanali , Hydrogen Bonds and Life in the Universe, Life 8, 1 (2018) 26. Giudici, G.; Mendes-Santos, T.; Calabrese, P.; Dalmonte, M., Entanglement Hamiltonians of lattice models via the Bisognano-Wichmann theorem Phys. Rev. B 98, 134403 (2018) 27. Mestyan, M.; Alba, V.; Calabrese, P., Renyi entropies of generic thermodynamic macrostates in integrable systems, J. Stat. Mech. 083104 (2018) 28. Ruggiero, P.; Tonni, E.; Calabrese, P., Entanglement entropy of two disjoint intervals and the recursion formula for conformal blocks, J. Stat. Mech 113101 (2018) 29. Bertini, B.; Fagotti, M.; Piroli, L.; Calabrese, P., Entanglement evolution and generalised hydrodynamics: noninteracting systems, J. Phys. A 51, 39LT01 (2018) 30. B. Bertini, E. Tartaglia and P. Calabrese Entanglement and diagonal entropies after a quench with no pair structure J. Stat. Mech. 063104 (2018) 31. Groha, S.; Essler, F.H.L.; Calabrese, P., Full Counting Statistics in the Transverse Field Ising Chain, SciPost Phys. 4, 043 (2018) 32. Bastianello, A.; Calabrese, P. , Spreading of entanglement and correlations after a quench with intertwined quasiparticles , SciPost Phys. 5, 033 (2018) 33. J. C. P. Barros, M. Dalmonte and A. Trombettoni Long-range interactions from U (1) gauge fields via dimensional mismatch, J. Stat. Mech. 103103 (2018) 34. E. Rico, M. Dalmonte, P. Zoller, D. Banerjee, M. Bogli, P. Stebler and U.-J. Wiese, SO(3) "Nuclear Physics" with ultracold Gases, Annals of Phys. 393, 466 (2018) 35. B. Vermersch, A. Elben, M. Dalmonte, J. I. Cirac and P. Zoller, Unitary n-designs via random quenches in atomic Hubbard and spin models: Application to the measurement of Rényi entropies, Phys. Rev. A 97, 023604 (2018) 36. Faye, J. P. L. ; Kiselev M.; Ram P. ; Kumar B.; Sénéchal D., Phase diagram of the Hubbard-Kondo lattice from variational cluster approximation, Phys. Rev. B 97, 235151(2018). 37. L. Ferro, R. Fazio, F. Illuminati, G. Marmo, S. Pascazio and V. Vedral Measuring quantumness: from theory to observability in interferometric setups,The European Physical Journal D 72 (12), 219 (2018) 38. J. Jin, A. Biella, O. Viyuela, C. Ciuti, R. Fazio, and D. Rossini, Phase diagram of the dissipative quantum Ising model on a square lattice, Phys. Rev. B 98, 241108 (2018) 39. M. Keck, D. Rossini, and R. Fazio, Persistent currents by reservoir engineering, Phys. Rev. A 98, 053812 (2018) 40. B. Bhandari, G. Chiriacò, P. A. Erdman, R. Fazio and F. Taddei, Thermal drag in electronic conductors, Phys. Rev. B 98, 035415 (2018) 41. L. Amico, D. M. Basko, F. S. Bergeret, O. Buisson, H. Courtois, R. Fazio, W. Guichard, A. Minguzzi , J. Pekola, G. Schön, S. Bergeret, Mesoscopic electron transport and atomic gases, a review of Frank W. J. Hekking's scientific work, SciPost Phys. 5, 009 (2018) 42. P. A. Erdman, B. Bhandari, R. Fazio, J. P. Pekola, and F. Taddei, Absorption refrigerators based on Coulomb-coupled single-electron systems, Phys. Rev. B 98, 045433 (2018) 43. E. T. Owen, J. Jin, D. Rossini, R. Fazio and M. J. Hartmann, Quantum correlations and limit cycles in the driven-dissipative Heisenberg lattice, New J. Phys. 20, 045004 (2018) 44. A. Biella, J. Jin, O. Viyuela, C. Ciuti, R. Fazio and D. Rossini, Linked cluster expansions for open quantum systems on a lattice, Phys. Rev. B 97, 035103 (2018)

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 51 45. R. Gebauer, M. H. Cohen, R Car, Occupation probabilities as variables in electronic structure theory: cooper pairing, OP-NSOFT-Cs, t, and the homogeneous electron liquid, The European Physical Journal B 91 (10), 244 (2018) 46. K. Jong and A. A. Hassanali, A Data Science Approach to Understanding Water Networks Around Biomolecules: The Case of Tri-Alanine in Liquid Water, J. Phys. Chem. B 122 (32), 7895 (2018) 47. R. Dandekar and A. A. Hassanali, Hierarchical lattice models of hydrogen-bond networks in water, Phys. Rev. E 97, 062113 (2018) 48. S. Venkatesan, R. P. Vivek-Ananth, R. P. Sreejith, P. Mangalapandi, A. A. Hassanali and A. Samal, Network approach towards understanding the crazing in glassy amorphous polymers, J. Stat. Mech. 043305 (2018) 49. Notarnicola, S.; Iemini, F.; Rossini, D.; Fazio, R.; Silva, A.; Russomanno, A. , From localization to anomalous diffusion in the dynamics of coupled kicked rotors Phys. Rev. E 97, 022202. (2018) 50. Mazza, L.; Iemini, F.; Dalmonte, M.; Mora, C., Non-topological parafermions in a one dimensional fermionic model with even multiplet pairing, Phys. Rev. B 98, 201109 (2018) 51. Pappalardi S.; Russomanno A.; Žunkovič B.; Iemini F., Silva A.; Fazio R., Scrambling and entanglement spreading in long-range spin chains, Phys. Rev. B 98, 134303 (2018) 52. Karki D.B; Kiselev M.N., Full Counting Statistics of Two-Stage Kondo Effect , Physical Review B 98, 165443 (2018) 53. Parafilo A.V.; Kiselev M.N. , Tunable RKKY interaction in a double quantum dot nanoelectromechanical device, Physical Review B 97, 035418 (2018) 54. Parafilo A.V.; Kiselev M.N. , Landau-Zener Transitions and Rabi Oscillations in a Cooper-Pair Box: Beyond Two-Level Models, Low Temperature Physics 44 (12), 1692. (2018) 55. Faye J.P.L.; Kiselev M.N.; Ram P.; Kumar B.; Senechal D., Phase diagram of the Hubbard-Kondo lattice model from variational cluster approximation, Physical Review B 97, 235151.(2018) 56. V. E. Kravtsov, B. L. Altshuler and L. B. Ioffe, Non-ergodic delocalized phase in Anderson model on Bethe lattice and regular graph, Annals of Physics 389, 148-191 (2018) 57. Battisti, A.; Zamuner, S.; Sarti, E.; Laio A., Toward a unified scoring function for native state discrimination and drug-binding pocket recognition, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 20, 17148 (2018) 58. B. Bertini, E. Tartaglia and P. Calabrese, Entanglement and diagonal entropies after a quench with no pair structure, J. Stat. Mech. 063104 (2018) 59. Bussi G.; Laio A.; Tiwary P., M Metadynamics: A Unified Framework for Accelerating Rare Events and Sampling Thermodynamics and Kinetics, Handbook of Materials Modeling: Methods: Theory and Modeling, 1, 31 (2018) 60. Laio A.; Panagiotopoulos, A.Z.; Zuckerman, D.M., Preface: Special Topic on Enhanced Sampling for Molecular Systems, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 149, 072001 (2018) 61. Napolitano, L.M.R.; Marchesi, A.; Rodriguez A.; De March, M.; Onesti, S.; Laio A.; Torre V. 2018 The permeation mechanism of organic cations through a CNG mimic channel PLoS computational biology 14, e1006295 (2018) 62. Ochoa, R.; Soler, M.; Laio, A.; Cossio, P., Assessing the capability of in silico mutation protocols for predicting the finite temperature conformation of amino acids Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, 25901(2018) 63. Rodriguez, A.; d’Errico, M.; Facco, E.; Laio, A., Computing the Free Energy without Collective Variables, Journal of chemical theory and computation 14, 1206 (2018)

52 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 64. M. F. Ludovico, L. Arrachea, M. Moskalets and D. Sánchez, Probing the energy reactance with adiabatically driven quantum dots", Phys. Rev. B 97, 041416(R) (2018) 65. Maimbourg, T.; Sellitto, M.; Semerjian, G.; Zamponi, F., Generating dense packings of hard spheres by soft interaction design, SciPost Physics 4, 039 arXiv: (2018) 66. G. Manzano, The squeezed thermal reservoir as a generalized equilibrium reservoir, Phys. Rev. E 98, 042123 (2018) 67. G. Manzano, Entropy production and fluctuations in a Maxwell's refrigerator with squeezing, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 227, 285 (2018) 68. Manzano, G.2018. Thermodynamics and Synchronization in Open Quantum Systems. Springer (Book) (2018) 69. G. Giudici, T. Mendes-Santos, P. Calabrese, and M. Dalmonte, Entanglement Hamiltonians of lattice models via the Bisognano-Wichmann theorem, Physical Review B 98, 134403 (2018) 70. S. Bera, G. De Tomasi, I. M. Khaymovich and A. Scardicchio, Return probability for the Anderson model on the random regular graph, Phys. Rev. B 98, 134205 (2018) 71. M. Schulz, S. R. Taylor, C. A. Hooley, and A. Scardicchio, Energy transport in a disordered spin chain with broken U(1) symmetry: Diffusion, subdiffusion, and many- body localization, Phys. Rev. B 98, 180201 (2018) 72. F. Cosco, M. Borrelli, E. Laine, S. Pascazio, A. Scardicchio and S. Maniscalco, Statistics of orthogonality catastrophe events in localised disordered lattices, New J. Phys. 20, 073041 (2018) 73. Abass, S. A. H.; Seriani, N., Structural and electronic properties of Na2Ti3O7 and H2Ti3O7, Phys. Status Solidi B 218, 1700612 (2018) 74. Corva, M.; Mohamed, F.; Tomsic, E.; Feng, Z.; Skala, T.; Comelli, G.; Seriani, N.; Peressi, M.; Vesselli, E., Substrate- to laterally-driven self-assembly steered by Cu nanoclusters: the case of FePcs on an ultrathin alumina film, ACS Nano 12, 10755 (2018) 75. Meng'wa, V.; Makau, N.; Amolo, G.; Scandolo, S.; Seriani, N., A Density Functional Theory Study of Water Photo-oxidation at Copper Oxide Nanostructures on the Anatase (101) Surface. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 16765 (2018) 76. Tchibota Poaty, L.; Ulman, K.; Seriani, N.; M'Passi Mabiala, B.; Gebauer, R., Characterization of peroxo reaction intermediates in the water oxidation process on hematite surfaces, J. Mol. Model. 24 (10), 284 (2018) 77. Bhattacharya, B.; Seriani, N.; Sarkar, U., Raman and IR signature of pristine and BN- doped gamma-graphyne from first-principle Carbon 141,652 (2018) 78. Schulz, M.; Taylor, S.R.; Hooley, C.A.; Scardicchio, A., Energy transport in a disordered spin chain with broken U(1) symmetry: diffusion, subdiffusion, and many-body localization Phys. Rev. B 98 180201(R) (2018) 79. J. Hašík, E. Tosatti and R. Martoňák, Quantum and classical ripples in graphene, Phys. Rev. B 97, 140301(R) (2018), selected as Editors’ Suggestion 80. E. Panizon, G. E. Santoro, E. Tosatti, G. Riva and N. Maninim, Analytic understanding and control of dynamical friction, Phys. Rev. B 97, 104104 (2018), selected as Editors' suggestion 81. E. Panizon, T. Marx, D. Dietzel, F. Pellegrini, G.E. Santoro, A. Schirmeisen and E. Tosatti, Friction anomalies at first-order transition spinodals: 1T-TaS2, New J. Phys. 20, 023033 (2018) 82. L. Gigli, N. Manini, E. Tosatti, R. Guerra and A. Vanossi, Lifted graphene nanoribbons on gold: from smooth sliding to multiple stick-slip regimes, Nanoscale, 10, 2073 (2018) 83. Y. Wang, S.-Q. Jiang, A. F. Goncharov, F. A. Gorelli, X.-J. Chen, D. Plasienka, R. Martonak, E. Tosatti and M. Santoro, Synthesis and Raman spectroscopy of a layered SiS2 phase at high pressures J. Chem. Phys. 148, 014503 (2018)

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 53 84. E. Tosatti, "The renaissance of friction: from empirism to physics – at the nanoscale” Istituto Lombardo - Accademia Di Scienze E Lettere (2018) 85. Arceci, L.; Barbarino, S.; Rossini, D.; Santoro, G.E., Optimal working point in dissipative quantum annealing, Phys. Rev. B 98, 064307 (2018) 86. Inack, E.M.; Santoro, G.E.; Dell'Anna, L.; Pilati, S., Projective quantum Monte Carlo simulations guided by unrestricted neural network states, Phys. Rev. B 98, 235145 (2018) 87. Inack, E.M.; Giudici, G.; Parolini, T.; Santoro, G.E.; Pilati, S., Understanding quantum tunneling using diffusion Monte Carlo simulations, Phys. Rev. A 97, (2018) 88. Wauters, M.M.; Santoro, G.E. 2018. Quantization of the Hall conductivity in the Harper-Hofstadter model. Phys. Rev. B 98, 205112. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.98.205112 89. Barbarino, S.; Dalmonte, M.; Fazio, R.; Santoro, G., Topological phases in frustrated synthetic ladders with an odd number of legs, Phys. Rev. A 97, 013634 (2018) 90. Panizon, E.; Santoro, G.E.; Tosatti, E.; Riva, G.; Manini, N., Analytic understanding and control of dynamical friction Phys. Rev. B 97, 104104 (2018) 91. Panizon, E.; Marx, T.; Dietzel, D.; Pellegrini, F.; Santoro, G.E.; Schirmeisen, A.; Tosatti, E. 2018. Friction anomalies at first-order transition spinodals: 1T-TaS2. New J. Phys. 20, 023033. DOI:10.1088/1367-2630/aaac00 92. M. Angeli, D. Mandelli, A. Valli, A. Amaricci, M. Capone, E. Tosatti, M. Fabrizio, Emergent D6 symmetry in fully-relaxed magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene, Phys. Rev. B 98, 235137 (2018)

In press

- Van Dong Pham, Sukanya Ghosh, F Joucken, M Pelaez-Fernandez, V. Repain, C. Chacon, A. Bellec, Y. Girard, R. Sporken, S. Rousset, Y. J. Dappe, Shobhana Narasimhan and Jerome Lagoute Selective Control of molecule charge state on graphene using tip-induced electric field and nitrogen doping, npj 2D Materials (2018). In Press.

- Santos-Putungan, A. B.; Stojic N.; Binggeli N., Paraan F. N. C. Strong chemisorption of CO2 on B10-B13 planar-type clusters. To appear in J. Phys.: Condens. Matter.

- Silva Souza L.; Debarba T.; Braga Ferreira D; Iemini F.; Vianna R.O. 2018. Completely Positive Maps for Reduced States of Indistinguishable Particles, Arxiv:1807.07175. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. A.

- Out-of-equilibrium equations of infinite-dimensional particle systems. I. The isotropic case. E. Agoritsas, T. Maimbourg, F. Zamponi submitted to Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical | arXiv: 1808.00236

- Low-temperature anomalies in structural glasses: impact of jamming criticality S. Franz, T. Maimbourg, G. Parisi, A. Scardicchio submitted to PNAS | arXiv: 1811.11719

- Japaridze G.I., Nersesyan A.A. Ground state phases and quantum criticalities of one- dimensional Peierls model with spin-dependent sign-alternating potentials. arXiv:1811.05839, to appear in Phys.Rev.B.

- Ulman, K.; Poli, E.; Seriani, N.; Piccinin, S.; Gebauer R.

54 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Understanding the electrochemical double layer at the hematite/water interface: A first principles molecular dynamics study, to appear in J. Chem. Phys.

- E. Tosatti, “Nanofriction: new physics for old problems” Il Nuovo Saggiatore ( 2018, in press)

- Lorenzo Gigli, Shigeki Kawai, Roberto Guerra, Nicola Manini, Remy Pawlak, Xinliang Feng, Klaus Mullen, Pascal Ruffieux, Roman Fasel, Erio Tosatti, Ernst Meyer, Andrea Vanossi Detachment dynamics of graphene nanoribbons on gold ACS Nano (2018, in press)

- Mbeng, G.B.; Privitera, L.; Arceci, L.; Santoro, G.E. On the dynamics of Simulated Quantum Annealing in random Ising chains. arXiv:1809.02124, to appear in PRB.

- Imam, M.; Stojic, N.; Binggeli, N. Mechanism for reversible electrical switching of spin polarization in Co/PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 tunnel junctions. To appear in Phys. Rev. Applied.

- Pham, V. D.; Ghosh, S.; Joucken F.; Pelaez-Fernandez, M.; Repain, V.; Chacon, C.; Bellec, A.; Girard, Y.; Sporken, R.; Rousset, S.; Dappe, Y. j.; Narasimhan, S.; Lagoute, J. Selective control of molecule charge state on graphene using tip-induced electric field and nitrogen doping. To appear in npj 2D Materials.

SUBMITTED

- F. Tschirsich, S. Montangero, and M. Dalmonte, Phase Diagram and Conformal String Excitations of Square Ice using Gauge Invariant Tensor Networks, arxiv.1807.00826.

- Joao C. Pinto Barros, Marcello Dalmonte, Andrea Trombettoni, String tension and robustness of confinement properties of in the Schwinger- Thirring model, arxiv.1808.00444.

- S. Barbarino, D. Rossini, M. Rizzi, R. Fazio, G. E. Santoro, M. Dalmonte, Topological Devil’s staircase in atomic two-leg ladders, arxiv.1810.02337.

- Panighel, M.; Di Santo, M.; Caputo, M.; Fanetti, M.; Castellarin-Cudia, C.; Magnano, E.; Bondino, F.; Stojic, N.; Binggeli, N.; Goldoni, A. Designing nanoscale magnetic materials by selected supramolecular metallo-porphyrin arrays. Materialia.

- Sukanya Ghosh, Natasa Stojic and Nadia Binggeli Structural and magnetic response of CrI3 monolayer to electric field Materials Letters, submitted.

- Santos-Putungan, A. B.; Stojic N., Binggeli N., Paraan F. N. C. Selective capture of CO2 over N2 and CH4: B clusters and their size effects. J. Chem. Phys..

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 55 - Ghosh, S.; Stojic N., Binggeli N. Structural and magnetic response of CrI3 monolayer to electric field. Materials Letters.

- P Piroli, L.; Vernier, E.; Calabrese, P.; Pozsgay, B. Integrable quenches in nested spin chains I: the exact steady states, arxiv:1811.00432.

- P Piroli, L.; Vernier, E.; Calabrese, P.; Pozsgay, B. Integrable quenches in nested spin chains II: the Quantum Transfer Matrix approach, arxiv:1812.05330.

- Murciano, S.; Ruggiero, P.; Calabrese, P. Entanglement and relative entropies for low-lying excited states in inhomogeneous one- dimensional quantum systems, arxiv:1810.02287.

- Mestyan, M.; Bertini, B.; Piroli, L.; Calabrese, P. Spin-charge separation effects in the low- temperature transport of 1D Fermi gases, arxiv:1810.01089.

- Alba, V.; Calabrese, P. Quantum information dynamics in multipartite integrable systems, arviv:1809.09119.

- Alba, V.; Santalla, S.N.; Ruggiero, P.; Rodriguez-Laguna, J.; Calabrese, P.; Sierra, G. Unusual area-law violation in random inhomogeneous systems, arxiv:1807.04179.

- Maria Surace F.; Russomanno A.; Dalmonte M.; Silva A.; Fazio. R.; Iemini F. 2018. Floquetime crystals in clock models. arXiv:1811.12426 Submitted to Phys, Rev. B.

- d'Errico, M.; Facco, E.; Laio, A.; Rodriguez, A. 2018, Automatic topography of high-dimensional data sets by non-parametric Density Peak clustering arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.10549

- Allegra, M.; Allaei, S.S.; Shuck, N.W.; Amati, D.; Laio, A.; Reverberi C. 2018 Brain network dynamics during spontaneous strategy shifts and incremental task optimization bioRxiv, 481838

- NC Costa, T Mendes-Santos, T Paiva, NJ Curro, RR dos Santos, RT Scalettar, 2018. The Coherence Temperature in the Diluted Periodic Anderson Model. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.09426. Submitted to Physical Review Letters. - X Turkeshi, T Mendes-Santos, G Giudici, M Dalmonte. 2018. Entanglement guided search for parent Hamiltonians. arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.06113. Submitted to Physical Review Letters.

- Pinamonti, G.; Paul, F.; Noé, F.; Rodriguez, A.; Bussi, G.; 2018. The mechanism of RNA base fraying: molecular dynamics simulations analyzed with core-set Markov state models. J. Chem. Phys.

- Corva, M.; Mohamed, F.; Tomsic, E.; Rinaldi, M.; Cepek, C.; Seriani, N.; Peressi, M.; Vesselli, E. V. Learning from biology: biomimetic tuning of carbon dioxide activation. J. Phys. Chem. C

56 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

- Franco Pellegrini, Emanuele Panizon, Giuseppe E. Santoro, Erio Tosatti Thermolubricity and the Jarzynski equality (2018, submitted)

- Iadecola, T; Znidaric, M. 2018. Exact localized and ballistic eigenstates in disordered chaotic spin ladders and the Fermi- Hubbard model. ArXiv:1811.07903

- Znidaric, M., 2018. Nonequilibrium steady-state Kubo formula: equality of transport coefficients. ArXiv:1806.11050

- Pellegrini, F.; Panizon, E.; Santoro, G.E.; Tosatti, E. 2018. Thermally assisted lubricity and negative work tails in sliding friction. arXiv:1809.01609. Submitted to PRB.

- Manzano, G.; Silva, R.; Parrondo, J. M. R 2018. Autonomous thermal machine for amplification and control of energetic coherence. New. J. Phys.

In Preparation / Under Review

- Out-of-equilibrium equations of infinite-dimensional particle systems. II. The anisotropic case under shear strain. E. Agoritsas, T. Maimbourg, F. Zamponi to be submitted to Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical

- Lennard-Jones type systems and their simplicity from the virial expansion L. Costigliola, J. Dyre, T. Maimbourg to be submitted to Journal of Chemical Physics

- Poli, E.; Elliot, J. D.; Chulkov, S. K.; Watkins, M. B.; Teobaldi, G. 2018. The role of cation- vacancies for the electronic and optical properties of aluminosilicate imogolite nanotubes: a non-local, linear-response TDDFT study. Frontiers of Chemistry. Under review.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 57 CONDENSED MATTER & STATISTICAL PHYSICS: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

1. Introduction:

Providing cheap and clean energy to the world is one of the most important societal challenges. Especially for the developing world, which is often blessed by abundant natural resources (wind and sunshine), sustainable energy conversion can play a pivotal role in the economic development. Some of the most serious issues still hampering a more widespread use of solar or wind energy are related to materials: better and more robust solar cells, cheaper batteries or affordable fuel cells are just some examples of technologies which might make a big difference in this regard. For this reason, ICTP has decided to focus its activities in the area of renewable energy in the area of materials science. The research group, which ICTP has established, is applying state-of-the art atomistic computer simulation techniques to problems related to the conversion and storage of energy. In this way, the traditional strengths and expertise of ICTP, which is working since many decades in the general area of atomistic simulations, is applied to the challenges of renewable energy conversion.

2. Research: In 2018, most of the research has been devoted to the investigation, by ab-initio simulations, of functional materials of relevance for solar-energy conversion. Two main research lines have been followed: on one side, the investigation of the electrochemical interface at the boundary between a semiconducting photocatalyst and the electrolyte; on the other, the detailed atomistic investigation of CO2 activation on molecular model systems. Regarding the electrochemical interface, a model has been created for the interface between hematite (α-Fe2O3) and water, in presence of charges and ions. First-principles simulations have made it possible to characterize the structure of the interface, the positions of the ions and the arrangement of water molecules. The calculation of the capacitance of the interface is one of the first examples of the extraction of typical electrochemical quantities from ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations, providing at the same time atomistic detail on nature and dynamics of the interface. This work is the result of a collaboration involving Kanchan Ulman (National University of Singapore), Simone Piccinin (CNR-IOM), Emiliano Poli, Nicola Seriani and Ralph Gebauer (all ICTP). Activation of the rather unreactive CO2 is a crucial step in its reduction, and re-utilization for the production of hydrocarbons using water and solar energy. The work on CO2 activation is the result of a collaboration involving partners at the University of Trieste and at CNR-IOM. They have experimentally shown that CO2 activation at an iron center of a phthalocyanine molecule can be chemically controlled in a reversible way. Simulations have contributed to interpret spectra from sum frequency generation experiments, and to provide an atomistic understanding of the underlying processes. In this research, the long-term goal is to understand relations between atomic and electronic structure, photoabsorption and photoelectrochemical behaviour. Understanding how important materials for energy conversion and storage work might open the venue for a more systematic approach to materials development in this field. All these projects are designed to be long-term projects, allowing the creation of sub-projects to facilitate the involvement of collaborators among ICTP postdocs, visitors and associates. 3. Training activities: Workshops and conferences:

58 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 • MaX Conference on the Materials Design Ecosystem at the Exascale: High-Performance and High-Throughput Computing, ICTP, Trieste, January 29-31, 2018 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8004/ • School on Electron-Phonon Physics from First Principles, ICTP, Trieste, March 19-23, 2018 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8301/ • Ethiopian Regional Workshop on Solar Energy and Energy Storage Technologies: Materials, System Design, and Applications, Addis Ababa - Ethiopia, October 15-19, 2018 http://indico.ictp.it/event/8352/

Students and postdocs supervised:

Kanchan Ulman (ICTP postdoc, India) Emiliano Poli (ICTP postdoc, Italy) Narjes Ansari (ICTP postdoc, Iran) Samaneh Ataei (STEP, Iran) Sara Abbas (STEP, Sudan) Victor Meng'wa (STEP, Kenya) Lodvert Poaty-Tchibota (STEP, Congo) Luis Alcala Varilla (TRIL, Colombia) Javier Montoya (Associate, Colombia) Omolulu Akin-Ojo (Associate, Nigeria) Utpal Sarkar (Associate, India) Arti Kashyap (Associate, India) Estefania German (Associate, Argentina) Nicholas Wambua Makau (Associate, Kenya) Rajdeep Banerjee (short visit, India) Muhammad Nawaz Qaisrani (ICTP-SISSA PhD student, Pakistan) Alberto Ferrari (M.Sc. student of the Uni Trieste, Italy) Matteo Rinaldi (M.Sc. student of the Uni Trieste, Italy) Nandhakumar Velankanni (India), Postdoctoral fellow

4. Staff:

1) Ralph Gebauer, Coordinator of the renewable energy programme, ICTP senior research scientist, Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics section. 2) Nicola Seriani, ICTP Associate Research Scientist, Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics section. 3) Nandhakumar Velankanni (India), Postdoctoral fellow

5. Publications:

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 59 (1) Ulman, K.; Poli, E.; Seriani, N.; Piccinin, S.; Gebauer, R. Understanding the electrochemical double layer at the hematite/water interface: A first principles molecular dynamics study. J. Chem. Phys. 2019, 150, 041707. (2) Gebauer, R.; Cohen, M. H.; Car, R. Occupation probabilities as variables in electronic structure theory: cooper pairing, OP-NSOFT-Cs,t, and the homogeneous electron liquid. Eur. Phys. J. B 2018, 91, 244. (3) Poaty, L. T.; Ulman, K.; Seriani, N.; M’Passi-Mabiala, B.; Gebauer, R. Characterization of peroxo reaction intermediates in the water oxidation process on hematite surfaces. J. Mol. Model. 2018, 24, 284. (4) Ahamed, I.; Ulman, K.; Seriani, N.; Gebauer, R.; Kashyap, A. Magnetoelectric ϵ -Fe 2 O 3 : DFT study of a potential candidate for electrode material in photoelectrochemical cells. J. Chem. Phys. 2018, 148, 214707. (5) Abass, S. A. H.; Seriani, N. Structural and electronic properties of Na2Ti3O7 and H2Ti3O7. Phys. Status Solidi B 2018, 255, 1700612 (6) Corva, M.; Ferrari, A.; Rinaldi, M.; Feng, Z.; Roiaz, M.; Rameshan, C.; Rupprechter, G.; Pastore, G.; Comelli, G.; Seriani, N.; Vesselli, E. Vibrational fingerprint of localized spin excitons in a 2D metalorganic crystal. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 4703 (7) Corva, M.; Mohamed, F.; Tomsic, E.; Feng, Z.; Skala, T.; Comelli, G.; Seriani, N.; Peressi, M.; Vesselli, E. Substrate- to laterally-driven self-assembly steered by Cu nanoclusters: the case of FePcs on an ultrathin alumina film. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 10755 (8) Meng'wa, V.; Makau, N.; Amolo, G.; Scandolo, S.; Seriani, N. A Density Functional Theory Study of Water Photo-oxidation at Copper Oxide Nanostructures on the Anatase (101) Surface. J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 16765.

6. Representative graphical figure:

Iron oxide (Fe2O3)-water interface with surface-adsorbed fluorine ions (in green).

7. Editorial work:

Ralph Gebauer serves as member of the editorial board of "Solid State Communications" (Elsevier) and of “Scientific Reports” (Nature Publishing Group)

60 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 CONDENSED MATTER & STATISTICAL PHYSICS: SYNCHROTRON RADIATION RELATED THEORY

The aim of the group is to perform theoretical research and training in areas of condensed matter and applied physics that are experimentally investigated by synchrotron radiation (SR). There is close collaboration with experimentalists at the nearby SR source Elettra and at other similar facilities.

Within the relatively large scope of problems that fall under this description, the group has two main focuses of activities. The first field of activities is the investigation of electronic, magnetic, and structural properties of systems with strong electron correlations, including transition-metal oxides and related materials. The second main area of interest is the physics of low-dimensional systems and nanostructures.

Research Activities

The main activities in 2018 include:

MECHANISM FOR REVERSIBLE ELECTRICAL SWITCHING OF SPIN POLARIZATION IN MULITIFERROIC JUNCTIONS The possibility of switching the sign of the tunneling electrons’ spin polarization by an electric field could introduce dramatic and technologically-promising changes in the ways spin transport is controlled in spintronic devices. Recently, such a switching has been observed experimentally in Co/PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 (Co/PZT/LSMO) multiferroic tunnel junctions. Using ab initio calculations, we have identified a microscopic mechanism which can explain this effect. Following an extensive search, we have singled out an interface Co/PZT atomic configuration, including an oxygen-related defect complex, which can account for the experimental spin-polarization switching trend. For this configuration, we find that inversion of the PZT ferroelectric polarization induces drastic reversible changes in the chemical binding of the interfacial O with the Co, which leads to a switchable spin polarization in the PZT barrier.

TAILORING MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SUPRAMOLECULAR METALLO-PORPHYRIN ARRAYS There is considerable interest in using self-assembling of metal-organic monolayers on metal substrates to develop molecular materials for spintronics. One class of good candidates for switchable elements in molecular spintronics are metallo-porphyrins, with 3d-metal-ion molecular centers, on ferromagnetic surfaces. In order to stabilize the magnetic moments of the paramagnetic metallo-porphyrins molecules against thermal fluctuations, the deposition on ferromagnetic substrates is required to efficiently allow magnetic-moment coupling of the metal molecular centers with the surface magnetization. The group carried out an ab initio computational study to explore the molecular configurations and determine the electronic structure and the molecule-substrate and molecule-molecule magnetic interlayer couplings of Fe- and Mn-porphyrin layers on ferromagnetic substrates, in a joint theory-experiment activity in which the formation of the metallo-porphyrin layers and magnetic moments were investigated experimentally by photoemission, absorption spectroscopy and x-ray circular dichroism experiments at Elettra. The results showed how one can effectively manipulate the orientation of the magnetic moments of the metallo-porphyrin layers with the choice of 3d- metal ions and layer number relative to the metal-surface magnetization.

CARBON DIOXIDE BINDING TO NANOCLUSTERS Nanoclusters have large surface-to-volume ratios, making them good potential candidates for surface reactivity and catalytic performances. Boron forms crystalline phases and clusters

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 61 with very peculiar atomic structures and polymorphisms, including the occurrence of bulk phases with icosahedral-cluster units, and clusters with planar-type as well as ring-type structures. A study based on first-principles computations was carried out in the group to investigate the adsorption of CO2 molecules on planar-type Boron clusters. The ab initio study showed that the contour-edge sites of the B clusters are reactive to CO2, resulting in remarkably large CO2 chemisorption energies for these clusters. The behavior was explained based of a molecular-orbital analysis of the Boron clusters. The results of this study are highlighting potentially interesting properties of these clusters for CO2 capture.

Training Activities

• Coordination of the ICTP-Elettra users programme and of the ICTP-IAEA sandwich training and educational programme (N. Binggeli) • Participation in the teaching of the ICTP Diploma programme in condensed matter physics (N. Stojic, N. Binggeli) • Forum on New International Research Facilities for South East Europe; Organizing Committee: Herwig Schopper (Chairman, former DG of CERN), Fernando Ferroni (President of INFN), Christoph Quitmann (Director of MAXIV, Sweden), Nicholas Sammut (Deputy Dean, University of Malta), Hans J. Specht (Heidelberg Univ., former DG of GSI), Ruediger Voss (President of EPS), Local Organisers: Nadia Binggeli (ICTP), Saša Ivanovic (MNA); 25-26 January 2018; ICTP. • School on Synchrotron and Free-Electron-Laser Methods for Multidisciplinary Applications; Organisers: Nadia Binggeli (ICTP), Maya Kiskinova (Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste), Jan Lü ning (Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris); 7-18 May 2018; ICTP.

Staff and Long-Term Visitors

Professional Staff N. Binggeli, Switzerland

Long-term visiting scientist N. Stojic, Croatia

Post-doctoral Fellow S. Ghosh, India

Ph.D student A. B. Santos-Putungan, Philippines, STEP student

62 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 MATHEMATICS

During 2018 the ICTP Mathematics Section has grown in size and breadth of its research and outreach objectives.

The position left vacant by the departure of F. Maggi has been filled, and E. Carneiro from IMPA has joined the section as a permanent faculty, bringing important expertise in analysis, especially harmonic analysis, and a significant experience in research and training in South America. Jointly with the High Energy Section, P. Putrov from Princeton has been hired and closer collaborations between the two sections on a variety of research topics and outreach programmes have started.

The internal life of the Section has become even more active than usual. A clear involvement of postdocs and Associates in the everyday activities, such as inviting visitors and planning seminars, has resulted in an increase in quantity but, more significantly, in efforts more directly related to the research themes of our scientists.

Our postdoc group, made of 6 young mathematicians per academic year (3 of which female), has become very present in the scientific planning of our activities. For example, two bi-weekly "working groups", one on Motives and the other in Kahler Geometry, have been organized by V. Cantoral-Farfan, K. Corrales and Z. Sjostrom, in collaboration with postdocs and PhD students from SISSA and the University of Trieste.

During 2018, the Math Section organized two very important visits in order to enlarge its outreach programmes. Firstly, Ngo Bau Chau (Chicago and VIASM, Hanoi, Fields Medallist 2010) visited ICTP for a week to discuss future plans of interactions between us and the Vietnamese mathematcial community. We have set up a few joint plans, which seems particularly relevant also in light of the new UNESCO Category 2 Institute in Mathematics at Hanoi.

Secondly, Shigefumi Mori, IMU President and 1990 Fields Medallist, visited ICTP, to discuss new interaction between ICTP and IMU. Despite the fact that his mandate finished with this calendar year, it is clear that this visit will have a significant impact on our interaction with IMU and specifically with its Committee for Developing Countries. Both Ngo Bau Chau and Mori gave colloquium lectures which are now available on the Math Section YouTube channel.

Two important cooperation agreements are in a very advanced stage. One is with the Ministry of Higher Education and the Academy of Science of Uzbekistan to co-fund Diploma, postdocs and visitors from Uzbekistan. The MoU regulating such agreement already has the approval of all parties involved and it will be finalized shortly. The second agreement concerns a similar programme co-funded with a network of Chinese scientific institutions, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing University and Hefei's USTC. Again, the related MoU has been informally approved by its parties and should be finalized well inside 2019.

We have a new edition of the "research in pairs" programme with INDAM via the University of Trieste node. This programme is inspired by the original one at MFO Oberwolfach in Germany. A small number of groups or individuals from developing countries will be selected to visit an Italian institution to work on a collaborative project. The costs are shared equally by INDAM and ICTP. The applications are typically strong and we hope to increase the budget and hence the reach of the programme in the future.

We are in conversation with MUIR on this topic. We feel the programme plays an important role not quite covered by existing ICTP programmes in Mathematics. As for the activities organized by the members of the Math Section, on top of consolidating our interactions with

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 63 EAUMP, a consortium of five East African universities, with a two-week school in Tanzania, and with CIMPA, we have co-organized two schools of very high scientific quality with all women directors and lecturers, one on Moduli of Curves and one on Dynamics.

Co-organizing a workshop in AIMS Senegal on differential geometry, we have opened a very promising line of collaboration with DFG Germany, which has a huge potential for the future.

An extremely important event for ICTP's outreach mission has been the opening in October of the new ICTP-EAIFR in Kigali, Rwanda. Arezzo and Villegas have been collaborating with the various local scientific entities and the external organizations operating in the region such as SIDA and EAUMP, to plan activities in mathematics in the new institute that should lead to the opening of a formal programme and the appointment of permanent faculty in mathematics in the future. Villegas is coordinating all such activities.

We continue to co-organize the Campionato Matematico del Mediterraneo taking place every summer. This activity is a joint venture of INDAM, MUIR and ICTP and brings to Rome or ICTP teams of two boys and two girls (plus a chaperon) for a mathematics competition. All 22 countries of the Mediterranean are invited to participate. ICTP helps finance the participation of students from countries on the African side.

We continue to administer the selection and award of the Ramanujan Prize for a mathematician under the age of 45 from a developing country through an agreement with IMU and DST from India.

Finally, we should point out that, as ever, the section has the great fortune to have three wonderful secretaries: Mabilo Koutou (full time), Margherita Di Giovannantonio (part time, up to August) and Monica Ancuta (part time, since August), without whom we would not have been able to achieve any of the above.

Staff and Long-Term Visitors

Professional Staff Postdoctoral Fellows Claudio Arezzo (Italy) Tarig Abdelgadir (Sudan) Emanuel Carneiro (Brazil) Oliver James Butterley (UK) Lothar Göttsche (Germany) Victoria Cantoral-Farfan (Mexico) Stefano Luzzatto (Italy) Karen Corrales Escalona (Chile) Pavel Putrov (Russia) Gouveia Da Silva Wagner Ranter (Brazil) Fernando Rodriguez Villegas (Argentina) José Ramón Madrid Padilla (Honduras) Shehryar Sikander (Pakistan) Distinguished Staff Associate Sjostrom Dyrefelt Zakarias Jon (Sweden) Don B. Zagier (USA) Lucia Dora Simonelli (USA)

Consultants ICTP/SISSA joint PhD programme Giovanni Bellettini (Italy) Rizal Afgani (Indonesia) Francesco Pappalardi (Italy) Alaa Elshorbagy (Egypt) Dhyan Aranha (USA) Diploma Tutors Runako Abdalla Williams (Bahamas) Adriana Sofer (USA) William Daniel Montoya Catano (Colombia) Samreen Samreena (Pakistan)

64 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

Visitors

There were a total of 61 visitors (11 female and 50 male) to the section in 2018 from 31 countries (Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkin Faso, Chile, China, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, The Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Russia, Senegal, Slovenia, Spain, Soudan, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam).

Courses

Don B. Zagier: 2 Lectures on " Mock modular forms"

Mathematics Seminars (50)

Basic Notions Seminars (6)

1. Hochschild (co)homology and geometric regularity, Andrea Solotar (Universidad de Buenos Aires) 2. Gravitational waves as predicted by Einstein: signals from black holes collisions in the distant universe, Ramy Brustein (Ben-Gurion University, Israel) 3. Introduction to Quantum Computation, Antonello Scardicchio (ICTP) 4. The Geometry of Tensors, Carolina Araujo (IMPA) 5. The Poincaré disk and non-euclidean geometry, Alberto Verjovsky (Instituto de Matemáticas, UNAM, Mexico) 6. Blet, a mathematical puzzle, Fernando Rodriguez Villegas (ICTP)

Specialized Seminars

1. Joint MATH-QLS Seminar - A simple tool for complex problems: The adaptive interpolation method for the Wigner spiked model, Jean Barbier (EPFL, Lausanne) 2. Finite determinacy of matrices of power series, Pham Thuy Huong (Quy Nhon University) 3. Exceptional splitting of reductions of abelian surfaces with real multiplication, Yunqing Tang (Princeton University)

Training

At ICTP

4 Jun 2018 - 15 Jun 2018 International School on Extrinsic Curvature Flows | (smr 3209) Organizer(s): Giovanni Bellettini (University of Siena & ICTP), Francesco Maggi (University of Texas at Austin), Carlo Sinestrari (Tor Vergata Roma University), Local Organiser: Claudio Arezzo Cosponsor(s): Clay Mathematics Institute

18 Jun 2018 - 22 Jun 2018 Summer School on Geometry of Moduli Spaces of Curves | (smr 3215) Organizer(s): Valentina Beorchia (Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Trieste), Ada Boralevi (Politecnico di Torino), Barbara Fantechi (SISSA, Trieste), Local Organiser: Fernando Rodriguez Villegas Cosponsor(s): SISSA, GNSAGA INdAM, Foundation Compositio Mathematica

16 Jul 2018 - 27 Jul 2018

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 65 Summer School in Dynamics (Introductory and Advanced) | (smr 3226) Organizer(s): Jana Rodriguez-Hertz (Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China), Corinna Ulcigrai (University of Bristol), Amie Wilkinson (University of Chicago), Local Organiser: Stefano Luzzatto

23 Jul 2018 - 27 Jul 2018 Summer School in Dynamics (Advanced | (smr 3253) Organizer(s): Jana Rodriguez-Hertz (Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China), Corinna Ulcigrai (University of Bristol), Amie Wilkinson (University of Chicago), Local Organiser: Stefano Luzzatto

Outside Activities (6)

TMU-ICTP School and Conference on Dynamical Systems and Ergodic Theory | (smr 3200) Organizer(s): Khosro Tajbakhsh (Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran), Stefano Luzzatto (ICTP) Cosponsor(s): Tarbiat Modares University, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IMU-CDC

21 May 2018 - 25 May 2018 Mbour - Senegal Workshop on Global Differential Geometry | (smr 3205) Organizer(s): Hamidou Dathe (Mathematics Institute, Dakar University), Bernhard Hanke (Mathematics Institute, Augsburg University), Aissa Wade (Department of Mathematics, Penn State University, and AIMS Senegal, Mbour), Katrin Wendland (Mathematics Institute, Freiburg University), ICTP Scientific Contact: Claudio Arezzo Cosponsor(s): DFG, AIMS Sénégal

9 Jul 2018 - 20 Jul 2018 Cordoba - Argentina ICTP-CIMPA School: AGRA III (Aritmética, Grupos y Analisis III) | (smr 3222)Organizer(s): Roberto Jorge Miatello (Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Harald Andres Helfgot (University of Goettingen), Michael Harris (Columbia University), Nuria Vila (Universitat de Barcelona), Ariel Pacetti (Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), ICTP Scientific Contact: Fernando Rodriguez Villegas Cosponsor(s): Humboldt, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Facultad de Matematica, Astronomia, Fi•sica y Computacion, Centre International de Mathematiques Pures et Appliques, Foundation Compositio Mathematica

9 Jul 2018 - 28 Jul 2018 Dar-es-Salaam - United Republic of Tanzania EAUMP-ICTP School and Workshop on Homological Methods in Algebra and Geometry II | (smr 3219) Organizer(s): Tarig Abdelgadir (UNSW Sydney), Ulrich Kraehmer (TU Dresden), Eunice Mureithi (University of Dar-es-Salaam), Mark Roberts (AIMS Tanzania), Balazs Szendroi (University of Oxford), ICTP Scientific Contact: Fernando Rodriguez Villegas, Lothar Göttsche Cosponsor(s): EAUMP, London Mathematical Society, CIMPA, Foundation Compositio Mathematica

18 Jul 2018 - 21 Jul 2018 Roma - Italy Mediterranean Youth Mathematical Championship 2018 | (smr 3254) Organizer(s): ICTP Scientific Contact: Claudio Arezzo

66 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Cosponsor(s): MIUR, INdAM, UMI, UNINT, Piano Nazionale Lauree Scientifiche, Sapienza Universita di Roma, Universita Roma Tre, Universita Tor Vergata

13 Aug 2018 - 17 Aug 2018 Rio de Janeiro - Brazil Workshop on Tropical Geometry and Moduli Spaces | (smr 3233) Organizer(s): Oliver Lorscheid (IMPA - Rio de Janeiro), Margarida Melo (University of Coimbra), Johannes Nicaise (Imperial College - London), Sam Payne (Yale University), ICTP Scientific Contact: Lothar Goettsche

Activities Co-Sponsors

Academia Nacional de Ciencias, Argentina AIMS Sénégal (The African Institute for Mathematical Sciences) CMI (Chennai Mathematical Institute) CIMPA (Centre International de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées) CLAY Mathematics Institute COMPOSITIO (Foundation Compositio Mathematica) CONACYT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología) DFG (German Research Foundation) EAUMP (Eastern Africa Universities Mathematics Programme) EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) GNSAGA (Gruppo Nazionale per le Strutture Algebriche, Geometriche e le loro Applicazioni) IAC (Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone") IMU (International Mathematical Union) IMU-CDC (IMU-Commission for Developing Countries) INdAM (Istituto Nazionale di Alta Matematica "Fabio Severi”) IPM (Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences) Humboldt London Mathematical Society MIUR (Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della ricerca) PLS (Piano nazionale Lauree Scientifiche) SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies) Tarbiat Modares University University of Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) UNINT (Università degli Studi Internazionali di Roma) Unione Matematica Italiana Universidad Nacional de Cordoba Università Roma Tre Università La Sapienza (Roma) Università Tor Vergata (Roma) Università di Trieste Uppsala Universitet

Publications

CLAUDIO AREZZO

Articles in print (journal articles and conference proceedings):

C. Arezzo, A. Della Vedova, R. Lena and L. Mazzieri, On the Kummer construction for KCSC metrics, to appear in the special volume of Bollettino Unione Matematica Italiana, in memory of Paolo De Bartolomeis.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 67

Journal articles under consideration:

1)C. Arezzo, K. Corrales, Existence of CMC-foliations in asymptotically cuspidal manifolds, arXiv:1811.12054, submitted.

2) C. Arezzo, A. Della Vedova, Big and nef classes, Futaki Invariant and resolutions of cubic threefolds, arXiv:1810.08592, to appear in the Birkhauser volume in honor of G. Tian.

3) C. Arezzo, A. Della Vedova, L. Mazzieri, K-stability, Futaki invariants and cscK metrics on orbifold resolutions, arXiv:1808.08420, submitted.

EMANUEL CARNEIRO

Journal articles:

1) E. Carneiro, R. Finder and M. Sousa, On the variation of maximal operators of convolution type, II, Revista Matematica Iberoamericana 34 (2018), 739-766. 2) E. Carneiro and A. Chirre, Bounding Sn(t) on the Riemann hypothesis, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 164 (2018), 259-283.

Articles in print (journal articles and conference proceedings):

1) E. Carneiro, D. Oliveira e Silva and M. Sousa, Sharp mixed norm spherical restriction, to appear in Advances of Mathematics. 2) E. Carneiro, D. Oliveira e Silva and M. Sousa, Extremizers for Fourier restriction on hyperboloids, to appear in Annales de l’Institute Henri Poincaré Analyse Non Linéaire. 3) E. Carneiro, M. Milinovich and K. Soudararajan, Fourier optimization and prime gaps, to appear in Commentarii Mathematici Helveciti. 4) E. Carneiro, A. Chirre and M. Milinovich, Bandlimited approximations and estimates for the Riemann zeta-function, to appear in Publicacions Mathemàtiques.

Journal articles under consideration:

1) E. Carneiro, D. Oliveira e Silva, M. Sousa and B. Stovall, Extremizers for adjoint Fourier restriction on hyperboloids: the higher dimensional case, preprint.

LOTHAR GOETTSCHE

Articles in print (journal articles and conference proceedings):

(1) Lothar Goettsche, Yuan Yao, Generating functions for K-theoretic Donaldson invariants and Le Potier’s strange duality, to appear in Journal of Algebraic Geometry.

(2) Lothar Goettsche, Verlinde type formulas for rational surfaces, to appear in Journal of the European Mathematical Society.

(3) Lothar Goettsche, Franziska Schroeter, Refined Broccoli invariants, to appear in Journal of Algebraic Geometry.

(4) Lothar Goettsche, Martijn Kool, A rank 2 Dijkgraaf-Moore-Verlinde-Verlinde formula, to appear in Communications in Number Theory and Physics.

Journal articles under consideration:

68 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

(1) Lothar Goettsche, Martijn Kool, Virtual refinements of the Vafa-Witten formula.

(2) Lothar Goettsche, Martijn Kool, Refined SU(3) Vafa-Witten invariants and modularity.

STEFANO LUZZATTO

Articles in print (journal articles and conference proceedings):

S. Luzzatto, S. Tureli, K. War. Integrability of Continuous Bundles Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelle's Journal) To appear

PAVEL PUTROV

Journal articles:

1) M. Guo, P. Putrov and J. Wang, “Time Reversal, SU(N) Yang-Mills and Cobordisms: Interacting Topological Superconductors/Insulators and Quantum Spin Liquids in 3+1D,” Annals Phys. 394 (2018) 244-293, [arXiv:1711.11587 [cond-mat.str-el]] 2) J. Wang, K. Ohmori, P. Putrov, Y. Zheng, Z. Wan, M. Guo, H. Lin, P. Gao, S.-T. Yau, “Tunneling topological vacua via extended operators: (Spin-)TQFT spectra and boundary deconfinement in various dimensions,” PTEP 2018 (2018) no.5, 053A01, [arXiv:1801.05416 [cond-mat.str- el]]

Articles in print (journal articles and conference proceedings):

1) M. Guo, P. Putrov and J. Wang, “Time Reversal, SU(N) Yang-Mills and Cobordisms: Interacting Topological Superconductors/Insulators and Quantum Spin Liquids in 3+1D,” Annals Phys. 394 (2018) 244-293, [arXiv:1711.11587 [cond-mat.str-el]] 2) J. Wang, K. Ohmori, P. Putrov, Y. Zheng, Z. Wan, M. Guo, H. Lin, P. Gao, S.-T. Yau, “Tunneling topological vacua via extended operators: (Spin-)TQFT spectra and boundary deconfinement in various dimensions,” PTEP 2018 (2018) no.5, 053A01, [arXiv:1801.05416 [cond-mat.str- el]]

Journal articles under consideration:

1) S. Gukov, D. Pei, P. Putrov and C. Vafa, “4-manifolds and topological modular forms,” arXiv:1811.07884 [hep-th]. 2) M. Guo, K. Ohmori, P. Putrov, Z. Wan and J. Wang, “Fermionic Finite-Group Gauge Theories and Interacting Symmetric/Crystalline Orders via Cobordisms,” arXiv:1812.11959 [hep-th].

FERNANDO RODRIGUEZ VILLEGAS

Journal articles:

(with Danylo Radchenko) Goursat rigid local systems of rank four , volume in honor of Don Zagier 65th birthday, Res. Math. Sci. 5 (2018), no. 4, Paper No. 38, 34 pp, Springer Verlag

(with E. Carlsson) Vertex operators and character varieties, arXiv:1603.09267v1, Adv. Math. 330 (2018), 38–60

(with P. Gunnels and E. Letellier) Torus orbits on homogeneous varieties and Kac polynomials of supernova quivers arXiv:1309.0545v1 Math. Z. 290 (2018), no. 1-2, 445–467

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 69

(with David Roberts) Hypergeometric supercongruences. In Book series, MAThematical Research Institute (MATRIX), University of Melbourne (in print) p-adic hypergeometrics. In Book series, MAThematical Research Institute (MATRIX), University of Melbourne (in print)

Journal articles under consideration:

(with Tamas Hausel and Emmanuel Letllier) Locally free representations of quivers over commutative Frobenius algebras

70 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

EARTH SYSTEM PHYSICS SECTION (ESP)

The ESP section conducts research and organizes educational and outreach activities in fluid (atmosphere and ocean) and solid Earth Sciences. The section's main research lines are: Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC), Natural Climate Variability and Predictability (NCVP), Climate Impacts (CI), Aerosols, Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (AACC), Oceanography (OCE) and Solid Earth Geophysics (SEG). The ESP section currently includes 6 scientific staff members, F. Giorgi, F. Kucharski, K. Aoudia, A. Tompkins, E. Coppola and R. Farneti, one software engineer (PA, G. Giuliani), one consultant (Solidoro from OGS), three staff associates (J. Shukla, I.-S. Kang and F. Solmon) and additional 25-30 members on term contracts (post-doctoral fellows and long term scientific visitors).

The position of F. Solmon, who left the ICTP in 2017, was re-advertized and it was filled by Andrea Pozzer, a top atmospheric chemist, who will start in September 2019. For this reason, many activities in the AACC area were not carried out during 2018 and thus an update on this research line is not presented in this report. External funding, an important component of the ESP budget, continued to grow in 2018, with the addition of a grant from ENEL and the continuation of various external projects (Allianz, EUCP, KAU, GENERALI and the tohers in the list below). In addition, a Marie Curie fellowship was awarded to a post- doctoral fellow of the section (Susanna Strada). S. Henningtsen provides the administrative support to the section concerning external grants.

The ESP research lines can be briefly described as follows:

The ESP section conducts research and organizes educational and outreach activities in fluid (atmosphere and ocean) and solid Earth Sciences. The section's main research lines are: Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC), Natural Climate Variability and Predictability (NCVP), Climate Impacts (CI), Aerosols, Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (AACC), Oceanography (OCE) and Solid Earth Geophysics (SEG). The ESP section currently includes 6 scientific staff members, F. Giorgi, F. Kucharski, K. Aoudia, A. Tompkins, E. Coppola and R. Farneti, one software engineer (PA, G. Giuliani), one consultant (Solidoro from OGS), three staff associates (J. Shukla, I.-S. Kang and F. Solmon) and additional 25-30 members on term contracts (post-doctoral fellows and long term scientific visitors).

The position of F. Solmon, who left the ICTP in 2017, was re-advertized and it was filled by Andrea Pozzer, a top atmospheric chemist, who will start in September 2019. For this reason, many activities in the AACC area were not carried out during 2018 and thus an update on this research line is not presented in this report. External funding, an important component of the ESP budget, continued to grow in 2018, with the addition of a grant from ENEL and the continuation of various external projects (Allianz, EUCP, KAU, GENERALI and the tohers in the list below). In addition, a Marie Curie fellowship was awarded to a post- doctoral fellow of the section (Susanna Strada). S. Henningtsen provides the administrative support to the section concerning external grants.

The ESP research lines can be briefly described as follows:

The ACC research line aims at improving the understanding of anthropogenic climate change. Within this area, the section investigates the global and regional climate response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and the effects of land use modifications. These issues are addressed with a range of modeling tools, the central one being the regional climate modeling system RegCM (currently version RegCM4), which has been developed for over a decade and is maintained for community use. The ESP section also coordinates the Regional Climate Research NETwork, or RegCNET, a network of

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 71 scientists mostly from developing countries involved in regional climate research, which includes more than 800 participants.

The NCVP research line focuses on fundamental research on natural climate variability and predictability at temporal scales from intra-seasonal/seasonal to multi-year/multi- decadal. Particular attention is devoted to tropical variability processes, such as the El- Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the monsoon systems, and how they interact with extratropical variability and flow regimes (e.g. the North Atlantic Oscillation, or NAO). To study climate variability and predictability, the section utilizes a range of modeling and observational tools and products (e.g. the SPEEDY intermediate complexity global model and ECHAM5 global climate model). Activities in this area also focus on physical process studies, such as for clouds and tropical convection.

The CI research line investigates the effects of climate variability and anthropogenic climate change on human activities and natural ecosystems. In particular, currently the focus is on human health, agricultural productivity, water resources and forest response. The issue of climate impacts is addressed via the use of different impact models: the hydrological model CHYM, the crop model GLAM, the malaria model VECTRI and the forest model FOREST-SAGE. These impact models take as input climate information and can be used for a wide variety of applications and regional settings, from studies of disease outbursts to the investigation of the hydrological effects of long-term climate change. They are also made available for use by the outside scientific community.

The AACC research line investigates the interactions between atmospheric aerosols, air quality and climate, including pollutants of both anthropogenic and natural sources. This is accomplished through the development and use of coupled climate/aerosol/chemistry models, with particular emphasis on the regional scale. This research line also aims at a better understanding of the Earth’s bio-geochemical cycles and how they are affected by and influence global and regional environmental changes.

The Oceanography (OCE) research line is devoted to understanding the role played by the ocean in the mechanisms behind natural variability and predictability of the climate system at interannual, decadal and centennial time scales, and how this might change under future climate conditions. A special interest is placed on the role played by the ocean in shaping the earth’s climate, in both present and future climate conditions, with a close collaboration with NCVP activities. To carry out its research, OCE uses theory, a hierarchy of physical ocean models at both global and regional scales and their coupling with global and regional atmospheric models. Research interests span a wide range of topics, from the low frequency variability of the global meridional overturning circulation, to the energy transport in the climate system, tropical-extratropical interactions and regional ocean studies. In collaboration with C. Solidoro of OGS (consultant), this line also carries out research on marine biogeochemistry modeling.

The solid-Earth Geophysics research line investigates the way earthquake faults develop in time and how the Earth Interior deforms. It relies on geophysical methods blending space geodesy, seismology and tectonics, tied through realistic physical numerical modeling using High Performance Computing. This contributes to the physical understanding of the length and time scales of active deformation processes and to a more realistic assessment of the earthquake hazard. Specifically, we study the following topics:

• Mechanics of earthquakes and faulting • Structure and rheology of the lithosphere in active earthquake and volcanic regions • Physics of transient deformation • Active tectonics and earthquake hazard

72 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

Specific Research Activities during 2018

A. Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC; Giorgi, Coppola, Giuliani + post-docs and visitors)

A1. Regional climate modeling (Giorgi, Coppola, Farneti, Giuliani + post-docs and visitors) Work has continued in the development and testing of a non-hydrostatic version of the ESP regional climate model RegCM4 (RegCM4-NH) capable of running at convection- permitting resolutions (1-3 km). RegCM4-NH is now being run over domains covering a range of climate settings, such as Europe, different areas of the continental U.S., and central Africa. The model is being used within the context of different international projects, such as the CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study on convection permitting modeling and the EUCP European project.

Development work has also continued on the fully coupled regional earsth system model RegCM-ES, including atmosphere, ocean, hydrology and chemistry/aerosol components. During the year the coupling of the BFM marine biogeochemistry model was completed as part of a collaboration with OGS, making the RegCM-ES one of the most advanced regional coupled modeling systems in the world. The model is being applied over various ocean basins and Figure A1 shows an example of how the air-sea interactions considerably improve the simulation of the eastward propagation of tropical convection over the Indian Ocean compared to the uncoupled atmosphere-only model, i.e. using prescribed sea surface temperatures (see also D5).

Discussions have also started on the strategy to adopt to move to a more advanced and computationally efficient dynamical model core towards the development of the next generation of the RegCM system. This step will be necessary as very expensive convection permitting simulations will soon become the benchmark for regional climate modeling.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 73

A2 Applications, including the international CORDEX program (Coppola, Giorgi, Giuliani + post-docs and visitors) The RegCM system is currently being used within the framework of two major international programs. The first is the CORDEX-CORE initiative, which consists of the production of a set of 21st century climate projections at 25 km resolution over 10 domains covering most land areas of the world under a high end (RCP8.5) and a low end (RCP2.6) greenhouse gas concentration scenario. This major effort is being conducted in collaboration with institutes in the USA, China, India, Africa, South-east Asia, South America and Central America. During 2018 scenario simulations driven by three global models have been completed for South and Central America, Australia, Europe, South and East Asia and Africa. The computational resources necessary to complete these massive simulations were provided through an agreement betweenICTP and the CINECA supercomputing center. Over the next few years, this project will lead to a unique set of high-resolution scenarios over regions worldwide, which will allow the RegCNET community to be at the forefront of regional modeling research. It is also expected that it will provide a strong input into the next report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and into studies of climate change impacts and vulnerabilities.

The second major area in which the RegCM4 system is being applied is the production of high resolution (3 km) scenarios with the convection permitting version of the model. Four areas are currently being simulated as part of the CORDEX program as well as the EUCP European project: the greater Alpine region, southeastern Europe, central-east Europe and the Lake Victoria region. These simulations also require massive computational resources, which will also be provided thorugh the agreement with the CINECA supercomputing center. Another problem posed by these large experiments is the production of very large datasets, up to order of a petabyte. Currently this data is being stored at CINECA, but the issue of how to manage these large datasets will have to be addressed in future years.

A3 Effects of climate change on the Earth's hydrologic cycle (Giorgi, Coppola, Raffaele + post-docs and visitors) One of the areas of particular focus of the ESP section within the context of climate change studies is the effect of global warming on the Earth's hydrologic cycle. This is being carried out through the analysis of both global and regional climate model projections. During 2018 a study was conducted on the effects of global warming on the potential stress associated with increases in wet and dry extremes (Giorgi et al. 2018). In the study, a new Cumulative Hydroclimatic Stress index was devised, measured in equivalent hydroclimatic stress years (ERSY), which can be considered as a measure of the potential damage associated with extremes. The change in this index was calculated for an ensemble of global warming projections (RCP8.5 scenario) over land regions worlwide. The index can be computed with or without the inclusion of socio-economic variables, such as population growth (as a measure of exposure). Figure A2 illustrates the results of this work, showing that by the end of the century (2100) the increase of wet and dry extremes, along with foressen population growth scenarios, can more than quadruple the hydroclimatic stress (or potential damage) over most of Africa, Europe and North America, thus posing a significant threat to sustainable development.

74 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

B. Natural Climate Variability and Predictability (NCVP; Kucharski, Farneti, Tompkins + post-docs and visitors)

B1 Interannual to decadal variability of the tropical ocean-atmosphere system (Kucharski, Farneti, Molteni, Kang+ collaborators) The main research and development activity in 2018 was related to the coupling and testing of an interactive vegetation model (VEGAS) to various versions of the ICTP General Circulation Model (ICTPGCM). In particular, in the Atmospheric GCM version the effect of building large- scale wind and solar farms in the Sahara, in order to reduce Carbon Dioxide emissions, has been investigated. The results of such experiments show that the climate impacts would be beneficial for the Saharan and Sahel regions (Figure B1), because of a substantial increase in rainfall and vegetation which remind of a 'green desert' state. The results of this study are published in the Science Journal and have received a lot of media attention (https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-climate-papers-most-featured-in-media-2018). The interactive dynamic vegetation model has been also combined with the coupled atmosphere- ocean version of the ICTPGCM (SPEEDY-NEMO), and the results previously obtained with the ICTPAGCM were reproduced (Figure B2). Furthermore, the dynamic vegetation coupling has been also used in idealized experiments in order to re-investigate basic monsoon properties. Here, the aquaplanet ICTPGCM set-up has been combined with the interactive vegetation model approach. The work on this topic is going to be submitted in 2019 (Abid et al.).

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 75

Also, research on the modulation of the regional global warming signals by natural multidecadal variability, in particularly the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) and its teleconnection to the western Pacific, has continued, with focus on the Saudi Arabian region (Ehsan et al., to be submitted) and northern Indian Ocean region (Sun et al., submitted to GRL). In Ehsan et al., a new 'ocean-desert' mechanism involving forcing from AMV together with moisture transport from the Indian Ocean has been proposed to explain the enhanced warming in the Arabian Peninsula in the recent decades. In Sun et al., the AMV induced warming in the western Pacific has been shown to act in concert with the AMV itself to explain the recent observed accelerated northern Indian Ocean warming.

B2 Clouds and convective processes. (Tompkins + collaborators) The second activity has continued to research aspects of the convection-organisational feedback and the impact of climate. Long term simulations at convection permitting resolutions have been carried out to example how convective clustering is impacted by increasing surface temperatures over both fixed temperature surfaces and also swamp oceans

76 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 that allow surface-atmosphere coupling in a simple approach. An example simulation is shown in Figure B3 which summarizes the atmosphere in terms of moist-dry columns and low-high cloud amounts. By day 60 of the simulation, with this particular set of boundary conditions, the convection contracts to cover a small area of the domain, surrounded by a very dry subsiding atmosphere (see also fig 3). Like the iris of an eye, this contraction-lead drying of the atmosphere allow more heat to escape to space through infra-red emission, and thus changing the degree of organization could act as a missing feedback on climate. Following on from a high-impact study on turbulence published in JAMES in 2017, the group at ICTP is currently in the process of submitting work that shows how the interaction with the sea surface can act against this organizational feedback.

Recognition of the importance of this area in the improved understanding of cloud feedbacks on the climate has led this topic to be chosen as the focus for the 2nd ICTP Summer School on Theory, Mechanisms and Hierarchical Modelling of Climate Dynamics, to be held at ICTP in July 2019. The school has attracted over 20 of the leading names in the field, who, in recognition of the exciting nature of ICTP events, are all financially self-supporting in addition to contributing their time in order to maximize the opportunities for developing country participants to attend.

C. Climate Impacts (CI; Tompkins, Coppola + post-docs and visitors)

C1. Climate impacts on Health (Tompkins + post-docs and visitors) The latest version of the new malaria early warning system, which uses the state-of-the-art extended range ensemble prediction system of ECMWF for the first 48 days, coupled with the seasonal forecast system to drive the ICTP malaria modeling system to provide early warning forecasts out to 4 months ahead. The final version of the system has been re-evaluated in Uganda, and the resulting analysis will soon appear in a new interdisciplinary journal

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 77 published by the American Geophysical Union called Geohealth. The analysis used a novel, cost-loss economic analysis to assess the forecasts in terms of their real benefit for decision making (Fig 1***). This analysis, frequently applied to meteorological forecasts assesses how often the system manages to correctly predict the occurrence of potential events of varying return-times (i.e. how rare an event is, from frequent to extremes). The value of the system is then numerically defined assuming that an unmitigated event (in this case a disease outbreak in an epidemic region) would lead to a loss of L, would would be mitigated by a fixed percentage if a mitigation action of cost C is taken on the basis of the forecast. Thus, a forecast “false alarm” (a forecasted event that doesn’t occur) leads to an overall loss of C, while a forecast miss instead results in a loss of L. This analysis allows decision makers to determine at what range of event rarity and cost-loss ratios (C/L) to base an intervention strategy on the forecast system for a given location. For example, even a highly accurate forecasting system may not be useful if the cost-loss ratio is very low, since it is likely that intervening every season is the better strategy to avoid a rare but costly forecast miss.

In the past year, significant model development has occurred with the goal of introducing an agent-based treatment of human population movements into linked models of climate-driven impacts of health. Using an agent-based approach implies that differences in host mobility movements and longer term migration decisions can be discerned, along with disparities and heterogeneities in host vulnerability and immune profiles. Aspects of co-infection can also be modeled. As always, the difficulty with an agent-based approach is the dearth of data available with which to set the parameters, and the movement statistics in the research investigations conducted were set from mobile phone datasets that were available for Senegal.

C2. Climate interactions with hydrology and water resources (Coppola + post-docs and visitors) Activities in climate-hydrology interactions continued as part of a project funded by the Allianz insurance company, in which the CHYM hydrology model is driven by precipitation data, either

78 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 from observations or model simulation, to calculate river discharge, which is in turn fed into the LISFLOOD-ACC hydraulic model to produce flood area maps. In 2018 the first scenario simulation of river discharge for the full period 1970-2100 (RCP8.5 scenario) was completed with CHYM driven by precipitation from a RegCM4 simulation forced by the HadGEM global model. The CHYM domain covered the full Italian territory, divided into 9 areas, at 1 km resolution. As an example of the output produced by this simulaiton, Figure C2 shows the average discharge for the reference period 1976-2005 and the four seasons, along with the corresponding change for the near future, 2020-2049, and the far future, 2070-2099, time slices.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 79

D. Oceanography (OCE; Farneti, Solidoro, Kucharski + post-docs and visitors)

D1. Global ocean and coupled model development: Global and regional (Farneti, Kucharski, Sitz, Reale) OCE develops and maintains several ocean and ocean-atmosphere coupled models, participating in international collaborations and multi-model intercomparisons. The models are also used by associates, visitors and students on different projects.

We continued to develop and use an ICTP version of the ocean climate model MOM at two different horizontal resolutions. The coarse resolution version of the model is used in the local ICTP HPC cluster, whereas the fine resolution version runs on the Italian HPC Centre CINECA through competitive resource allocations. The global ocean model has been used extensively to explore mechanistic understandings of the ocean climate system, both as part of internationally coordinated activities and as independent research studies often conducted together with students, postdocs and ICTP visiting scientists. Modelling activities have recently focussed on assessing regional and global sea level changes, Atlantic Ocean interannual and decadal variability, mechanisms of Southern Ocean changes and Pacific decadal variability.

Within the framework of the international project FAFMIP, the group has developed a new framework for studying sea-level and ocean heat uptake in ocean models. The novel technique that separates the heat added, redistributed and the resulting heat uptake within the ocean subject to realistic surface heat and momentum forcing anomalies, has been implemented and is presently analysed. The experiments will help quantifiy future sea level rise, patterns of ocean heat uptake and stability of the global ocean circulation. The experiments carried out at ICTP are being reproduced by other modelling groups worldwide. The code development is now part of the open-source MOM repository so that the global ocean modelling community can benefit and further improve the method.

As part of an international collaboration, we are also developing a new ocean-atmosphere coupled model of intermediate complexity, based on the ISCA atmospheric model and the MOM ocean model. The model builds on a previous version developed by Farneti, and it will be targeted particularly to scientists from developing countries with little access to large-scale supercomputers.

D2. Regional Earth System Model development (Farneti, Solidoro, Reale, + postdocs, Associates) Part of our research activities were focused on the further development of a high resolution regional earth system model (RegCM-ES; Sitz et al., 2017) using the ICTP atmospheric model RegCM and the ocean model MITgcm. The initiative is being coordinated in close collaboration with post-docs, PhD students and associates of the ESP section. So far, the model has been configured for several regions, and it will serve as a valuable tool for the existing large network of scientists from developing countries performing regional earth system modelling studies.

A recent development is the inclusion of a marine biogeochemistry component (BFM; Reale et al, 2019), which has been successfully tested in the Mediterranean Sea and it will soon be used to study air-sea interactions and biogeochemical feedbacks in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems. These are extremely important regions affecting the simulation of global scale climate and also have large regional impacts both climatically and socio-economically.

A suite of experiments, performed with different parameterizations, showed that the earth system model is able to reproduce the major features of Mediterranean biogeochemistry, both spatially and temporally, such as phytoplankton and nutrients dynamics (Reale et al, 2019). The model highlights the importance of physical forcing in influencing the dynamics of marine

80 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 ecosystems. Analysis of multi-annual model simulations showed that the intensity of vertical mixing plays a major role in defining the timing and intensity of plankton blooms, mainly because of its impact on vertical distribution of nutrients during the prebloom phase. Analysis of model simulations also emphasized the existence of teleconnections among major climatic signals and the structure of marine communities in the Mediterranean region in present and future climate scenarios.

D3. Interannual to decadal variability (Farneti, Kucharski) OCE has continued to work on several aspects of variability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system at interannual, decadal and longer time scales, in collaboration with NCVP activities.

As part of a PhD thesis, in Graffino et al. (2018) the importance of subtropical and extratropical zonal wind stress anomalies on Pacific Subtropical Cells (STCs) strength was assessed through several idealized and realistic numerical experiments with the ICTP global ocean model (Fig.1). Subtropical zonal wind stress anomalies where shown to significantly modify STCs meridional mass and energy transport. Upwelling of subsurface water into the tropics is also affected, resulting in significant tropical sea surface temperature anomalies. The use of realistic wind stress anomalies also suggested a potential impact of mid-latitude atmospheric modes of variability on tropical climate through STC dynamics.

D4. Atlantic air-sea interaction and its effects on South American climate (Farneti, Barreiro)

Barreiro et al. (2018) addressed the role of Atlantic air-sea interaction in the remote influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) on eastern South American climate. Several experiments were performed with the regional earth system model RegCM-ES. Model simulations and reanalysis data sets supported the hypothesis that air-sea interaction is important to set up the strength of the rainfall response in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. The coupled model represents more adequately the remotely forced MJO temperature signal over eastern Brazil, highlighting the importance of using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model when simulating the atmospheric teleconnections associated with the MJO in South America.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 81 D5. Air-sea interaction and the Indian Summer Monsoon (Farneti and ESP members))

The regional earth system model RegCM-ES was also applied over the South Asia CORDEX domain (Fig.2) to improve the simulation of the variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Di Sante et al. (2019) coupled a new hydrological component, the Cetemps Hydrological Model (CHyM), in the RegCM-ES. They showed how the two way air-sea feedback simulated by the coupled system largely improves the representation of intraseasonal and interannual modes of variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall. A comparison with the previous hydrological component HD showed large improvements of the amount of simulated river discharge, which constitutes an important source of freshwater contributing to the formation of the shallow barrier layer over the Bay of Bengal.

D6. Marine ecosystem and biogeochemical cycles modeling (Solidoro)

In 2018 this activity was focused on impact of climate change in coastal areas and coastal lagoons, ecosystem dynamics, developments and application of ecosystem models and machine learning techniques to predict and assess marine ecosystem health and ecosystem capabilities to provide ecosystem services, modeling impacts of alternative fishing strategies on ecosystem state and economic yield, development of operational oceanography methodologies to marine biogeochemistry. Finally, a new model for mercury cycling in marine water and sediment has been developed and applied to coastal and open sea area, including the Black Sea. This area is of particular interest because the permanent stratification of the water column gives rise to a vertical distribution of water properties, including redox potential, that resemble those observed in the sediment interstitial water, and permit to study biogeochemical transformations that occurs in the mercury cycle from another perspective. Analysis of model simulations and field data highlighted novel mechanism in mercury cycling, emphasizing the role of oxygen availability in the mercury metilation and de-metilation process.

E. Solid Earth Geophysics (SEG; Aoudia + post-docs and visitors)

E1. Seismic anisotropy and geodynamics of the Arabia-Eurasia collision (Sadeghi- Bagherabadi, Aoudia) In this study (Figure E1), we use the results of seismic anisotropy as inferred from shear wave splitting analyses of SKS phases to propose a geodynamical model of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. A detailed analysis of the 202 non-null splitting and 196 null splitting

82 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 measurements obtained from a dense temporary network are utilized to investigate the possibility of lateral and vertical variations in the anisotropic parameters and the hypothesis of a dipping anisotropic layer. A 2-D geodynamical model of the western part of the collision zone is constructed. The preferred 2-D model suggests that the belt-parallel orientation of fast axes in the western Zagros originates from a lithospheric transpressional deformation. The plate motion-parallel pattern in central Iran and western Alborz coincides with the decrease in the lithospheric thickness. Thus, we believe this trend has its origin in the asthenosphere. A combination of the keel effect of the thickened Zagros lithosphere, the asthenospheric edge- driven convection flow and the lithospheric deformation in the shear zones can cause the NW- SE-oriented splitting pattern reported in some parts of central Iran. The asthenospheric flow beneath the thinner lithosphere to the south of the Bitlis suture in northern Iraq is likely the causative mechanism for our observed plate motion- arallel splittings there. The variation of the convergence obliquity along the Alborz and Zagros inferred from analysis of geodetic data implies that a change in the pattern of lithospheric deformation and the consequent anisotropy is expected.

E2. Geometry and mechanics of the active fault system in south-Eastern Alps (Vičič, Aoudia) South-Eastern Alps is part of an actively deforming region accommodating the anticlockwise rotation of Adria and its continuous collision with Eurasia. The geometry of the active faulting system in this plate boundary is not well defined. In this study, detailed analysis of earthquake activity was performed with relocation of earthquakes in the period between 2006 and 2017. With an inspection of the waveform data, slight temporal clustering of activity was observed. To increase the detection rate of microearthquakes we used a matched filter detection algorithm method. Templates of earthquakes were created and a database of continuous

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 83 waveform data within the period 2006-2017 was investigated. As a result, high temporal correlation allowed us to identify swarms and earthquake sequences that affected the active fault system in the study region. The relocated seismicity allowed us to constrain the geometry of 5 nearly parallel faults, namely: Ravne, Idrija, Predjama, Selce and Raša faults. All these faults do have an expression in the geomorphology and reach a seismogenic depth of up to 20 km. The vertical and along strike extents of these active faults can favour earthquakes of moment magnitude equal to 7 or larger. The most recent large earthquake that occurred in this region is the 1511 earthquake with a magnitude 6.9. The leading fault in the system being the Idrija right-lateral strike-slip fault, experiences earthquake activity from 5 to 20 km on its northern segment, while on its southern segment no earthquake activity is detected over the decade of observations. We show that the interseismic loading on the southern segment of Idrija fault is likely unclamping the locked adjacent faults promoting the observed burst of seismicity. Moreover, in 2009 the Predjama fault accommodated a sudden increase of the surface deformation at the extensometer accompanied by a simultaneous swarm activity at its seismogenic depth. This behaviour might correspond to velocity strengthening and weakening processes taking place at both the surface and depth terminations of a locked vertical fault. These processes can be driven by a slow-slip event on the deeper part of Idrija fault that would generate a temporary acceleration of the interseismic loading rate along with a change within the fluid circulation.

E3. Creeping at mid-crustal depths and its implications on earthquake generation processes in the Central Apennines (Vičič, Aoudia, Vuan, Borghi, Momeni) The 2009 and 2016-2017 Central Italy earthquakes highlighted complex fault geometries and two different main styles of faulting in the region. Shallow seismic activity is attributed to the W verging normal faults generating the main earthquakes, while diffuse lower magnitude earthquakes at depths between 8-12 km delineate an almost sub-horizontal shear zone

84 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 deepening toward E. Using waveform matching for the detection of earthquakes similar to well-recorded templates we investigate spatial and temporal evolution of the seismicity in Central Italy in the last 10 years. We focus on the earthquakes deeper than 8 km observing in the 150 km along-strike region different behaviours in the seismicity patterns. Seismicity at depth is characterized by a continuous recurrence of creeping portions, as in the Campotosto or Alto Tiberina faults, with locked portions corresponding to the 1997 Colfiorito, 2009 L’Áquila and 2016 Mt earthquakes.

E4. Three-dimensional shear wave velocity model beneath the Central Mediterranean Basin and adjacent margins (Manu-Marfo, Aoudia) The Central Mediterranean region is known for its complex geodynamic evolution which is primarily the result of the convergence between the African and European tectonic plates. This convergence motion has resulted in geological features like the Alps, the Apennines and the Tyrrhenian basin which continue to capture the attention of Earth scientists. In particular, many studies concentrated on the Tyrrhenian basin are attracted by the challenging problems related to its tectonic, geodynamic and evolutionary relationships with the Calabrian arc. Such complex evolution has definitely contributed to shape the structure of lithosphere beneath the Tyrrhenian basin. This makes the knowledge of the seismic velocity structure of the lithosphere of paramount importance for the understanding of the geodynamics and associated magmatism in the Tyrrhenian area, as it provides constraints to the geodynamic models and corroborates other geophysical and geological studies. Yet, little is known about the crust-upper mantle velocity structure beneath the basin and adjacent margins. In this study, we implement a highly efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling approach to provide a high-resolution 3D shear-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Tyrrhenian basin and adjacent margins using data from Rayleigh wave ambient noise tomography. We show the presence of a very high velocity structure at a shallow crustal depth below the Vavilov basin which supports an exhumed mantle basement rather than an oceanic basement as was previously thought. Our result also provides the first comprehensive seismological evidence of the 41° Parallel Line which is a regional magnetic and free-air gravity anomaly conventionally regarded as separating the northern and southern Tyrrhenian basin. In the uppermost mantle, we see a pronounced low velocity zone affecting much of the Tyrrhenian basin. We suggest that the low velocities below the Vavilov basin feed the Vavilov– Magnaghi shallow structures and may perhaps be the source of Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts- and Ocean Island Basalts- type magmatic rocks found in the Vavilov basin. The Trans-dimensional Bayesian inversion technique employed here provide probable discontinuity depths which we used to constrain the Moho discontinuities. The Moho separates the chemically highly differentiated crust from upper mantle. Thus, it is strongly correlated to tectonic processes and geodynamical evolution. In this study, we provide a high-resolution Moho topography map for the study area which has been elusive until now due to data scarcity. Our results provide new insights in terms of the shallow structure, magmatism and geodynamics of the Tyrrhenian basin.

E5. Analytical expressions of the fundamental peak frequency and the amplication factor of S wave transfer function in viscoelastic layered model (Tuan Tran, Aoudia) It is well-known that the resonance frequency and amplification factor of soft-soil could be explained in terms of S-wave transfer function. The paper concerns the propagation of vertical incident SII wave from the viscoelastic bed rock overlaid by a stack of viscoelastic soft layers. The layers and the bed rock are assumed of isotropic and homogeneous. First, the exact formula of the SII wave transfer function is obtained using the transfer matrix method. Then approximate expressions of the fundamental peak frequency of the SII wave transfer function and the corresponding amplification factor are derived. The fundamental peak frequency expression has the similar form of the quarter wave length law for the model of one layer only but it has two additional factors. The first factor shows the coupling effect between the soft layers and the bed rock through the impedance contrast. The second factor shows the effect of

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 85 the viscosity of the layers and bed rock. The expression of the amplification is also expressed in the similar way. Some illustrative numerical calculations are carried out to compare results from synthetic data and from the obtained expressions. The illustrations show that the prediction from the expressions is an underestimation of the synthetic data but it reacts very well the change of peak frequency and amplication factor to the viscosity.

E6. Explicit secular equations of Rayleigh waves in orthotropic fluid saturated porous half spaces (Pham, Aoudia) In this paper, the propagation of Rayleigh waves in orthotropic non-viscous fluid-saturated porous half-spaces with sealed surface-pores and with impervious surface is investigated. The main aim of the investigation is to derive explicit secular equations and based on them to examine the effect of the material parameters and the boundary conditions on the propagation of Rayleigh waves. By employing the method of polarization vector the explicit secular equations have been derived. These equations recover the ones corresponding to Rayleigh waves propagating in purely elastic half-spaces. It is shown from numerical examples that the Rayleigh wave velocity depends strongly on the porosity, the elastic constants, the anisotropy, the boundary conditions and it differs considerably from the one corresponding to purely elastic half-spaces. Remarkably that, in the fluid saturated porous half-spaces, Rayleigh waves can travel with velocity that may be larger, even much larger than the shear wave velocity, the fact that is impossible for the purely elastic half-spaces.

E7. Detecting tectonic tremor sequence preceeding continental earthquakes: application the Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake using a single-station frequency scanning approach (Ramirez, Vuan, Aoudia) We have developed a code for frequency scanning method and applied it to Japan and Cascadia data, wherein there is a prominent tectonic tremor sequence occurring in both subduction zones. The frequency scanning method was able to detect the tectonic tremor sequence in the aforementioned subduction zones, coincident with what had been detected by the other employed network-wide method/s. However, in the case of continental regions and specifically affected by extensional fault systems like Central Italy, there is difficulty in detecting the tectonic tremors because of its different tectonic setting with shallow earthquakes that potentially mask the tectonic tremors. We are still in the process of understanding the (preliminary) results and the corresponding mechanism.

Training Activities

At ICTP

Diploma Course in Earth System Physics (R. Farneti, coordinator)

Activities

Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment (IEHIA) of Air Pollution and Climate Change in Mediterranean Areas | (smr 3250) 23 - 27 April 2018 Organizers: Organizer(s): Carla Ancona (Dept. of Epidemiology, Lazio Reg. Health Service, Rome, Italy), François Dulac (CEA LSCE, France), Eric Hamonou (CNRS LSCE, France), Konstantinos Makris (Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus), Local Organiser: Filippo Giorgi Cosponsors: Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean eXperiment, ENVI-MED, ARCHIMEDES, The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

Ninth ICTP Workshop on the Theory and Use of Regional Climate Models | (smr 3208) 28 May - 8 June 2018

86 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Organizers: Filippo Giorgi (ICTP, Italy), Erika Coppola (ICTP, Italy), Marta Llopart (UNESP, Brazil), Mouhamadou B. Sylla (WASCAL, Burkina Faso),

The Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development - OpTIMUS | (smr 3210) 4 - 29 June 2018 Organizers: Mark Howells (KTH), Local Organiser: Adrian Tompkins Cosponsors: University of Cambridge, The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, UNDP, UNDESA, KTH, The World Bank, OpTIMUS, DFID

ICTP Summer School on Theory, Mechanisms and Hierarchical Modelling of Climate Dynamics: Multiple Equilibria in the Climate System | (smr 3214) 25 Jun - 5 July 2018 Organizers: Fred Kucharski (ICTP), Anna Pirani (Universite' Paris-Saclay), Adrian Tompkins (ICTP), Michela Biasutti (Columbia University), Aiko Voigt (KIT), Riccardo Farneti (ICTP) Co-Sponsors: US Climate Variability and Predictability Programme, European Geosciences Union, The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics

WCRP Grand Challenge on Clouds, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity: 2nd Meeting on Monsoons and Tropical Rain Belts | (smr 3252) 2 - 5 July 2018 Organizers: Fred Kucharski (ICTP), Anna Pirani (Universite' Paris-Saclay), Adrian Tompkins (ICTP), Michela Biasutti (Columbia University), Aiko Voigt (KIT), Mike Byrne (Imperial College), Riccardo Farneti (ICTP) Cosponsor(s): US Climate Variability and Predictability Programme, European Geosciences Union, The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, World Climate Research Programme

Outside Activities

The Coastal Ocean Environment Summer School in Ghana | (smr 3230) 30 July - 5 August 2018 University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana Organizers: Prof. Kwasi Appeaning-Addo (University of Ghana), Prof. Brian K. Arbic (University of Michigan, USA), Dr. Edem Mahu (University of Ghana), ICTP Scientific Contact: Dr. Riccardo Farneti Cosponsors: Coastal Ocean Environment Summer School Ghana, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, National Science Foundation, University of Michigan

Second Training Workshop on Regional Climate Modeling for Southeast Asia | (smr 3166) 22 - 26 October 2018 VNU University of Science, Hanoi - Viet Nam Organizers: Phan Van Tan (Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam), ICTP Scientific Contact: Filippo Giorgi Cosponsors: VNU Asia Research Center, VNU Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change (IMHEN)

Second Workshop on Regional Climate Modeling and Extreme Events over South America | (smr 3195) 5 - 9 November 2018 São Paulo - Brazil Organizers: Rosmeri Porfírio da Rocha (IAG/University of São Paulo/Brazil), Marta Llopart (São Paulo State University/Brazil), Silvina Solman (University of Buenos Aires/CIMA-

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 87 CONICET/Argentina), Maria Laura Bettolli (University of Buenos Aires/CONICET/Argentina), Marcelo Barreiro (University of the Republic/Uruguay), ICTP Scientific Contact: Erika Coppola Cosponsor: The São Paulo Research Foundation, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa – Mudancas Climaticas

Earthquakes and Tsunami: Modeling and Observations | (smr 3211) 19 - 30 November 2018 Tunis - Tunisia Organizers: Najla Bouden Romdhane (Ecole Nationale des Ingénieurs de Tunis), Ahmed Ksentini (Ecole Nationale des Ingénieurs de Tunis), Sihem Louati (Ecole Nationale des Ingénieurs de Tunis), Assia Harbi (North African Group for Earthquake and Tsunami studies), ICTP Scientific Contact: Abdelkrim Aoudia Cosponsors: The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis, North African Group for Earthquake and Tsunami studies, Université de Tunis El Manar

Central American and Caribbean Workshop on Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Predictability of the Mid-Summer Drought | (smr 3342) 3 - 7 December 2018 Antigua - Guatemala Organizers: Angel Munoz (IRI), Koen Verbist (UNESCO), ICTP Scientific Contact: Adrian Tompkins Cosponsors: UNESCO, AECID, IRI

International Projects and External Funding

Cooperation Research Project agreement funded by Allianz S.p.A., 2015 - 2018. (Coppola)

ICTP - Generali Earthquake Hazard Programme, funded by Generali Group, 2015 - 2018. (Aoudia)

Sostegno all’Educazione e alla Ricerca nell’ambito della prevenzione del rischio sismico in Iran, Tunisia e Algeria, funded by Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia (2015-2018). (Aoudia)

Climate Change and Resilience funded by ENEL Italia S. r. l, 2018- 2020 (Giorgi)

European Climate Prediction System - EUCP, funded by the EU, 2017 - 2021 (Giorgi, Coppola)

Unravelling the role of water stress in Mediterranean isoprene emissions to better project future regional climate-air quality interactions - IDIOM2 funded by the EU, 2018 - 2021 (Strada, Giorgi)

Program HPC-TRES co-sponsored with OGS (Giorgi, Coppola).

Participation in International Programmes

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (Coppola)

World Climate Research program (WCRP) (Giorgi)

Co-chair of International CLIVAR Southern Ocean Regional Panel (Farneti)

International Collaborator of SOCCOM project, Princeton University (Farneti)

88 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

CMIP6-endorsed FAFMIP project (Farneti)

Coordinated regional climate Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) – WCRP (Giorgi, Coppola)

International Union of Geophysics and Geodesy (Aoudia)

Earthquakes Without Frontiers, UK’s Natural Environment Research Council and Economic and Social Research Council (Aoudia)

North African Group for Earthquake and Tsunami studies, naget.ictp.it (Aoudia)

South Asia Earthquake Network, shake.ictp.it (Aoudia)

Member of World Climate Research Programme’s Working group on seasonal to interannual prediction (WGSIP) (Tompkins)

Member of Science Advisory Committee of West African based WASCAL competence centre (Tompkins)

International collaborator of NERC DOCCOP project (2017-2022) (Tompkins)

Climate of the 20th Century (C20C) Project, CLIVAR (Kucharski)

Staff and long-term visitors (3 months or more)

Professional Staff F. Giorgi, Italy, Senior Research Scientist (head) A. Tompkins, U.K., Research Scientist K. Aoudia, Algeria, Research Scientist F. Kucharski, Germany, Research Scientist E. Coppola, Italy, Research Scientist R. Farneti, Italy, Research Scientist G. Giuliani, Italy, Scientific Staff Scientific Consultants A. Pirani, Italy C. Solidoro, Italy A. Vuan, Italy Staff Associates J. Shukla, USA I.-S. Kang, Korea

Post-doctoral Fellows S. Das, India L. Foundotos, France R. Glazer, USA R. Nogherotto, Italy E. Pichelli, Italy F. Raffaele, Italy T. Sines, USA P. Stocchi, Italy S. Strada, Italy A. Torres Alavez, Mexico G. Tumolo, Italy

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 89 B. Vicic, Slovenia

Visiting Scientists M. A. Abid, Pakistan J. Ciarlo, Malta F. Di Sante, Italy M. A. Ehsan, Pakistan A. Faye, Senegal S. Ghosh, India T. Kalmar, Hungary M. Marro, Italy S. Momeni, Iran M. Namvaran, Iran A. M. Rahman, Bangladesh M. Reale, Italy A. Sadeghi Bagherabadi, Iran F. Sioni, Italy M. Stefanelli, Italy N. Stefanuto, Italy Z. Zarunizadeh, Iran

PhD Students D. Bou-Rabee, Kuwait C. Del Gobbo, Italy A. Fantini, Italy G. Graffino, Italy D. Manu-Marfo, Ghana H.R. Thapa, Nepal

PhD STEP Students S. Alemayehu Angere, Ethiopia S. A. Anwar Rateb, Egypt A. Corrales Suastegui, Mexico A. Mbouna Djouda, Cameroon S. Narayanasetti, India A. Ngoc Vu Thi, Vietnam D. Truong Thi, Vietnam A. Vichot Llano, Cuba

Publications

Published:

Abid MA, et al. (including Kucharski), 2018. ENSO relationship to summer rainfall variability and its potential predictability over Arabian Peninsula region. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1: 20171, DOI: 10.1038/s41612-017-0003-7.

Ajay P, Pathak B, Solmon F, Kumar Bhuyan P, Giorgi F, 2018. Obtaining best parameterization schemes of RegCM4.4 for aerosols and chemistry simulatiosn over the CORDEX South Asia. Climate Dynamics, doi: 10.1007/s00382-018-4587-3.

Amador JA, Giorgi F, et al., 2018. Putting into action the RegCM4 regional climate model for the study of climate change, variability and modeling over Central America dn Mexico. Atmosfera, 31:185-188.

90 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

Aslan Z, Erdemir G, Feoli E., Giorgi F, Kocu D, 2018. Effects of climate change on soil erosion risk assessed by clustering and artificial neural networks. Pure and Applied Geophysics, doi: 10.1007/s0024-018-2010-y.

Beniston M, et al. (including Coppola), 2018. The European mountain cryosphere: A review of past, current and future issues. The Cryosphere Discussions, doi: 10.5194/tc-12-759-2018.

Barreiro M, Sitz L, de Mello S, Fuentes-Franco R, Renom M, Farneti R, 2018. Role of air-sea interaction in the impact of the MJO on summertime South American climate. Int. J. Climatology, 1-13, doi:10.1002/joc.5865 .

Bechir B, Ottaviani E, Barelli E, Ziadi B, Dhib A, Lavoie M, Coidessa G, Turki S, Solidoro C, Aleya L, 2018. Machine learning predictions of trophic status indicators and plankton dynamic in coastal lagoons. Ecological Indicators, 95, 765-774

Beljaars A, et al. (including Tompkins), 2018. The numerics of physical parametrizations in the ecmwf model. Frontiers, 6, doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00137.

Carlucci R, Bandelj, V, Ricci P, Capezzuto F, Sion L, Maiorano, P, Tursi A, Solidoro C, Libralato S, 2018. Exploring spatio-temporal changes in the demersal and benthopelagic assemblages of the north-western Ionian Sea (central Mediterranean Sea). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 598, 1-19

Cassou C, Kushnir Y, Hawkins E, Pirani A, Kucharski F, Kang I-S, Caltabiano N, 2018. Decadal Climate Variability and Predictability: Challenges and opportunities. BAMS, 99, 479-490, DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0286.1.

Celic I, Libralato S, Scarcella G, Raicevich S, Bojan M, Solidoro C, 2018. Ecological and economic effects of the landing obligation evaluated using a quantitative ecosystem approach: a Mediterranean case study. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 75(6), 1992-2003

Cherchi, A, Kucharski F, Colleoni F, 2018. Remote SST forcing on Indian summer monsoon extreme years in AGCM experiments. International Journal of Climatology, 38, E169-E177, DOI:10.1002/joc.5360.

Coppola E, Raffaele F, Giorgi F, 2018. Impact of climate change on runoff timing over the Alpine region. Climate Dynamics, 51, 1259-1273.

Coppola E, et al. (including Giorgi), 2018. A first-of-its-kind multi-model convection permitting ensemble for investigating convective phenomena ove Europe and the Mediterranean. Climate Dynamics, doi:10.1007/s00382-018-4521-8.

Diallo I, Giorgi F, Stordal F, 2018. Influence of Lake Malawi on regional climate from a double nested regional climate model experiment. Climate Dynamics, 50:3397-3411 .

Di Sante F, Coppola E, Farneti R, Giorgi F. Indian summer monsoon as simulated by the regional Earth System Model RegCM-ES: the role of local air-sea interaction. Climate Dynamics doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04612-8.

Dogar, MD et al. (including Kucharski), 2018. Towards understanding the global and regional climatic impacts of Modoki magnitude. Global and Planetary Change, 172, 223-241, DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.10.004.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 91 Drobinski P, Giorgi F, et al, 2018. Temperature-precipitation extremes relationship in the Mediterranean: past climate assessment and projections in anthropogenic scenarios. Climate Dynamics, 51, 1237-1257.

Fantini A, Raffaele F, Torma C, Bacer S, Coppola E, Giorgi F, Ahrens B, Dubois C, Sanchez E, 2018. Assessment of multiple daily precipitaiton statistics in ERA-Interim driven med-CORDEX and EURO-CORDEX experiments against high resolution observations. Climate Dynamics, 51: 877-900.

Feng, J et al. (including Kucharski), 2018. Modulation of the Meridional Structures of the Indo- Pacific Warm Pool on the Response of the Hadley Circulation to Tropical SST. J. Climate, 31, 8971-8984, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-017-4004-3.

Fernandez Lorenzo G, Santis d’Avila M P, Deschamps A, Bertrand E, Mercerat D, Foundotos L, Courboulex F. 2018. Numerical and empirical simulation of linear elastic seismic response of a building: the case of Nice prefecture. Earthquake Spectra, 34(1),169-196.

Fuentes-Franco R, Giorgi F, Pavia EG, Graef F, Coppola E, 2018. Seasonal precipitation forecast over mexico based on a hybrid statistical-dynamical approach. International Journal of Climatology, 38, 4051-4065.

Galli G, Solidoro C, 2018. ATP Supply May Contribute to Light-Enhanced Calcification in Corals More Than Abiotic Mechanisms. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 68.

Gao XJ, Giorgi F, et al., 2018. Future changes of thermal comfort conditions over China. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 11:291-299.

Giorgi F, Gao XJ, 2018. Regional Earth System modeling: review and future directions. Atmospheric and oceanic Science Letters, 11:189-197.

Giorgi F, Coppola E, Raffaele F, 2018. Threatening levels of cumulative stress due to hydroclimatic extremes in the 21st century. NPJ Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1:18.

Graffino G, Farneti R, Kucharski F, Molteni F, 2018. The effect of wind stress anomalies and their location in driving Pacific Subtropical cells and tropical climate. J. Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0071.1.

Harrison R and Kucharski F, 2018. Climate and atmospheric science: raising the temperature. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1, 20176, DOI:10.1038/s41612-017-0011-7.

Hollender F, et al. (incldding Foundotos), 2018. Characterization of site conditions (soil class, VS30, velocity profiles) for 33 stations from the French permanent accelerometric network (RAP) using surface-wave methods. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16(6), 2337-2365.

King MP, Herceg-Bulic I, Kucharski F, et al., 2018. Interannual tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies teleconnection to Northern Hemisphere atmosphere in November. Climate Dynamics, 50, 1881-1899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382- 017-3727-5.

King MP, et al. (including Kucharski), 2018. Importance of late fall ENSO teleconnection in the Euro- Atlantic sector. BAMS, 99, 1337-1344, DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0020.1.

Kone B. Giorgi F, et al., 2018. Sensitivity study of the regional climate model RegCM4 to different convective schemes over West Africa. Earth System Dynamics, 9: 1261-1278.

92 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Laurendeau A, Bard P-Y, Hollender F, Perron V, Foundotos L, Ktenidou O-J, Hernandez B. 2018. Derivation of consistent hard rock (1000 < Vs < 3000 m/s) GMPEs from surface and down-hole recordings: analysis of KiK-net data. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16, 2253-2284.

Lessin G, et al. (including Solidoro), 2018. Modelling marine sediment biogeochemistry: current knowledge gaps, challenges and some methodological advice for advancement. Frontiers in Marine Science, 5, 19.

Li Y, et al. (including Kucharski), 2018. Climate model shows large-scale wind and solar farms in the Sahara increase rain and vegetation. Science, 361, 1019-1022, DOI:10.1126/science.aar5629.

Li, YJ et al. (including Kucharski), 2018. Two leading modes of the interannual variability in South American surface air temperature during austral winter. Climate Dynamics, 51, 2141- 2156, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-017-4004-3.

Llopart M, Reboita MS, Coppola E, Giorgi F, da Rocha RP, de Souza DO, 2018. Land use change over the Amazon forest and its impact on the local climate. Water, 10:149; doi:10,3390/w10020149.

Martinez-Castro D, Vichot-Llano A, Bezanilla-Morlot A, Centella-Artola A, Campbell J, Giorgi F, Viloria-Holguin, C, 2018. The performance of RegCM4.3 over the Central America and Caribbean region using different cumulus parameterizations. Climate Dynamics, 50:4103- 4126.

Molteni F, Kucharski F. A heuristic dynamical model of the North Atlantic Oscillation with a Lorenz-type chaotic attractor, Climate Dynamics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4509- 4

Newton A, and others (including Solidoro) 2018. Assessing, quantifying and valuing the ecosystem services of coastal lagoons. Journal for Nature Conservation, 44, 50-65.

Peck M A, et al. (including Solidoro), 2018. Projecting changes in the distribution and productivity of living marine resources: a critical review of the suite of modelling approaches used in the large European project VECTORS. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 201, 40-55

Sadeghi-Bagherabadi A, Sobouti F, Ghods A, Motaghi K, Talebian M, Chen L, Jiang M, Ai Y, He Y.; 2018. Upper mantle anisotropy and deformation beneath the major thrust-and-fold belts of Zagros and Alborz and the Iranian Plateau. Geophysical Journal International, 214, 1913-1918

Sadeghi-Bagherabadi A, Margheriti L, Aoudia A, Sobouti F.; 2018. Seismic Anisotropy and Its Geodynamic Implications in Iran, the Easternmost Part of the Tethyan Belt. Tectonics, 37, 4377- 4395

Sadeghi-Bagherabadi A, Aoudia A, Mohammadi N, 2018. Spatial correlation analysis using Iranina strong motion dataset, Proceedings of the 80th EAGE Conference.

Sugan M, Vuan A, Kato A, Massa M, Amati G. 2018. Seismic evidence of an early afterslip during the 2012 sequence in Emilia (Italy). Geophysical Research Letters, 10.1029/2018GL079617.

Sun C, Li J, Kucharski F et al. Contrasting spatial structures of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation between observations and slab ocean model simulations. Climate Dynamics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4201-8.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 93 Sylla MB, Faye A, Giorgi F, Diedhiou A, Kunstmann H, 2018. Projected heat stress under 1.5 and 2 c global warming scenarios creates unprecedented discomfort for humans in West Africa. Earth's Future, 6:1029-1044.

Teruzzi A, Bolzon G, Salon S, Lazzari P, Solidoro C, Cossarini G, 2018. Assimilation of coastal and open sea biogeochemical data to improve phytoplankton simulation in the Mediterranean Sea. Ocean Modelling ,132, 46-60

Tompkins AM, Lowe R, Nissan H, Martiny N, Roucou P, Thomson MC, Nakazawa T, 2018. Predicting climate impacts on health at sub-seasonal to seasonal timescales. In A. W. Robertson and F. Vitart, editors, The gap between weather and climate forecasting: sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction, pp455-477. Elsevier.

Tompkins AM, Thomson MC, 2018. Uncertainty in malaria simulations due to initial condition, climate and malaria model parameter settings investigated using a constrained genetic algorithm. Plos One, 13, 0.1371/journal.pone.0200638

Tondi R, Vuan A, Borghi A, Argnani A, 2018. Intergrated crustal model beneath the Po Plain (Northern Italy) from surface wave tomography and Bouguer ravity data. Tectonophysics, 750, 262-279.

Tuan T, Pham CV, Aoudia A, Dung TTT, Manu-Marfo D. 2018. Approximate Analytical Expressions of the Fundamental Peak Frequency and the Amplification Factor of S-wave Transfer Function in a Viscoelastic Layered Model. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 10.1007/s00024-018-2064-x.

Vinh PC, Aoudia A, Anh VTN. 2018. Rayleigh waves in anisoptropic porous media and the polarization vector method. Wave Motion, 83, 202-213.

Vuan A, Sugan M, Amati G, Kato A. 2018. Improving the detection of low-magnitude seismicity preceding the Mw 6.3 L’Aquila earthquake: development of a scalabale code based on the cross-correlation of template earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seimsological Society of America, 108, 471-480. von Schuckmann, K and others (including Solidoro C), 2018. Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report. Journal of Operational Oceanography, 11, sup1,S1-S142

Xu Y, Gao XJ, Giorgi F, Zhou A, Yao Y, Wu J, Zhang Y, 2018. Projected changes in temperature and precipitation extremes over China as measured by 50-year return values and periods based on the CMIP5 ensemble. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 35, 376-388.

Zheng, F, et al. (including Kucharski), 2018. Dominant SST Mode in the Southern Hemisphere Extratropics and Its Influence on Atmospheric Circulation. Advances in Atmospheric Science, 35, 881-895, DOI: 10.1007/s00376-017-7162-7.

In print:

Graffino G, Farneti R, Kucharski F, Molteni F,.The effect of wind stress anomalies and location in driving Pacific Subtropical cells and tropical climate. Journal of Climate, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0071.1.

Giorgi F, Raffaele F, Coppola E. The response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from climate projections. Earth System Dynamics.

94 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Hamouda EM and Kucharski F. Ekman pumping mechanism driving pre- cipitation anomalies in response to equatorial heating. Climate Dynamics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018- 4169-4.

Kumar N, Aoudia A, Guidarelli M. Delineation of lithosphere structure and characterization of the Moho geometry under the Himalaya-Karakouroum-Tibet collision zone using sirface wave tomography. The Geological Society Special Publications

Manu-Marfo D, Aoudia D, Pachhai S, Kherchouche R. 3-D shear-wave velocity structure beneath the Tyrrhenian basin using ambient noise. Scientific Reports

Momeni S, Aoudia A, Tatar M. et al. Kinematics of the 2012 Ahar-Varzaghan complex earthquake doublet (Mw6.5 and Mw6.3. Geophysical Journal International

Newmann L, et al. (including Farneti) Delivering sustained, coordinated and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for global impact. Proceedings of OceanObs'19, Frontiers in Marine Science.

Stammer D, et al. ( including Farneti). Ocean climate observing requirements in support of climate research and climate information. Proceedings of OceanObs'19. Frontiers in Marine Science.

Tompkins AM, Colón-González FJ, Di Giuseppe F, Namanya DB, 2018. Dynamical malaria forecasts are skillful at regional and local scales in Uganda up to four months ahead. GeoHealth. Vičič B, Aoudia A, Javed F, Foroutan M, Costa G. Geometry and mechanics of the active fault system in western Slovenia. Geophysical Journal International

Under consideration:

Das S, Giorgi F, Giuliani G, Dey S, Coppola E. Heterogeneity in regional responses of Indian summer monsoon to short-lived anthropogenic aerosol emission scenarios. Climate Dynamics.

Ehsan MA, et al. (including Kucharski). Potential Predictability of Arabian Peninsula summer surface air-temperature (AP-SAT) in the North American Multimodel Ensemble, Climate Dynamics.

Giorgi F. 30 years of regional climate modeling. Where are we and where are we going next? Journal of Geophysical Research.

Gutowski WJ, Giorgi F. Coordination of regional climate downscaling. The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science.

Jacob D, ... Giorgi F, et al. Regional climate downscaling over Europe: perspectives from the EURO-CORDEX community. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.

Kamil, S et al. (including Kucharski). Long-term ENSO relationship to precipitation and storm frequency over Central Southwest Asian region during winter season, Climate Dynamics

McGlynn G, Lejju J, Dalton C, Mooney SD, Rose NL, Tompkins AM, Bannister W, Taylor D, 2018. Remotely-driven environmental changes in a global biodiversity hotspot: evidence from the Albertine Rift, central Africa. Journal of Biogeography.

Nair VS, Giorgi F. Amplification of South Asia haze by water vapor and aerosol feedback.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 95 Geophysical Research Letters.

Reale M, Giorgi F, Solidoro C, Di Biagio V, Di Sante F, Mariotti L, Farneti R, Sannino G. The Regional Earth System Model RegCM-ES: Evaluation of the Mediterranean climate and biogeochemistry. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst.

Ruggieri et al. (including Kucharski). Polar-midlatitudes teleconnections in a simple climate, Journal of Climate.

Sadeghi-Bagherabadi A, Margheriti L, Aoudia A, Baccheschi P, Lucente F P, Sobouti F,; 2018. Variation of Seismic anisotropy across the Western Arabia-Eurasia Collision Zone as Seen by Quasi-Love Observations. Geophysical Research Letters.

Sadeghi-Bagherabadi A, Sobouti F, Pachhai S, Aoudia A, 2018. Estimation of Kappa, Geometrical Spreading and Quality Factor in the Zagros Region: Effect of S-wave Window Selection. Geophysical Journal International.

Sun C et al. (including Kucharski). Recent acceleration of Arabian Sea warming induced by Atlantic-western Pacific trans-basin multidecadal variability. Geophysical Research Letters. Torma C, Giorgi F. On the evidence of orographical modulation of regional fine scale seasonal precipitation change signals: the Carpathians. Atmospheric Science Letters. Vičič B, Aoudia A, Vuan A, Borghi A, Momeni S.; 2019. Creeping at mid-crustal depths and its enrolment in large shallow earthquakes in the Central Apennines. Geophysical Research Letters.

96 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 APPLIED PHYSICS

ICTP MULTIDISCIPLINARY LABORATORY (ICTP MLAB)

The MLAB, formerly named the Microprocessor Laboratory, was created in 1985 as a joint venture between ICTP and INFN, represented respectively by Professors Abdus Salam and Nicola Cabibbo, with the aim of having a laboratory for training, research and development in the field of microelectronics, and open to scientists from developing countries.

Since its creation, the MLAB has been involved in research and training activities related to instrumental aspects of frontier high energy physics experiments in collaboration with important research institutions such as CERN, INFN, IAEA, and Synchrotron Trieste (Elettra). Most of these experiments are characterized by an increasingly huge number of channels operating at high working frequencies. Thus, it has been natural for the MLAB to master cutting edge technologies in order to efficiently deal with the corresponding extreme data rate production. These data usually need to be acquired, processed on line and transmitted at high speeds, and for these activities it is essential to efficiently exploit the latest and most powerful electronic technologies. Following this trend, the MLAB started working on microprocessor, and since then it had progressively continued with digital signal processors, real time systems, mixed signal integrated circuits design, and programmable logic devices such as FPGA. The MLAB is presently working with the recently available electronic devices for full programmable systems on chip based on FPGA fabrics tightly interconnected with multicore embedded processors.

In the last several years the traditional activities have been expanded to include multidisciplinary projects such as development of X-ray non-destructive analytical instrumentation and techniques for cultural heritage and material science in collaboration with several universities, museums and research centers. By working on advanced projects, the MLAB gains precious experience and knowledge that can later be transferred to larger communities of researchers, engineers and teachers from developing countries who can apply the acquired knowledge in a vast variety of fields.

An important role of the MLAB is the organization of international training activities for research and development of advanced scientific instrumentation. The training subjects are selected by taking into account not only its scientific relevance but also its potential socioeconomic impact for most developing countries. Hands-on activities are the rule at the MLAB. The knowledge obtained through experimental training strengthens the ability of developing country scientists to propose and autonomously conduct research under the prevailing conditions in their home countries.

Research Activities

(1) Advanced scientific instrumentation based on systems-on-chip for particle detectors and related applications

This activity includes research and development of particle detection systems focusing on modern technology for multichannel data acquisition, online processing, and high-speed transmission. The development of advanced scientific instrumentation based on modern System-on-Chip (SoC) technology usually implies numerical studies and design of suitable hardware and software algorithms that take into account the peculiarities of the target applications and its experimental conditions.

1.1 Compass Experiment at CERN with INFN

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 97 The MLAB continued its participation in the COMPASS experiment at CERN. The scientific program of the experiment provides a wide spectrum of physics results related to hadronic structure. In 2018, the MLAB group in COMPASS participated to the experiment annual run shifts for monitoring and operation of its spectrometer and data acquisition system, and coauthored several articles published by the collaboration in prestigious journals of Physics. During 2018, the MLAB group has also taken part in several meeting regarding the possible participation of the group in the upgrade of the data acquisition (DAQ) system of the COMPASS spectrometer to a new generation Trigger-less DAQ architecture based on FPGA for “COMPASS beyond 2020” Experiment. a) SoC based DAQ system for novel MPGD single photon detectors In the context of COMPASS, MLAB and INFN are collaborating in a new R&D project regarding large area photon detection based on multi pattern gaseous photomultipliers (MPGD). This project aims at the development of a distributed network of HV systems for Thick-GEM gaseous detectors of single UV photons. This advanced system, based on programmable SoC and fast analog to digital conversion, foresees complex features such as automatic local control, dynamic adaptation, remote access and high performance data acquisition capabilities for monitoring picoampere currents at high voltage, and high time-resolution to study electrical discharges in real time. To reach these goals, a custom data acquisition board (8-bits, 500MS/s) has been designed and produced by ICTP MLAB and INFN Trieste. In 2018, a complete system prototype has been developed at MLAB with the active involvement of the TRIL fellow Luis Guillermo García Ordoñez. The system includes data reading at 500MS/s, on-line data decimation, packing and Ethernet transmission to a remote control computer; as well as sensors of pressure and temperature which values are periodically acquired and processed to dynamically adjust critical high voltages for optimal operation of gaseous photomultipliers. The main features of a first working prototype have been successfully tested in October 2018 on a dedicated beam line at CERN with high-intensity muon and pion beams. The prototype has been able to measures currents as low as 30 picoamperes as well as detecting and time stamping electrical discharges with a resolution of 2 nanoseconds. In November 2018, a replica of the system prototype developed at the MLAB has been given on loan to the University of San Carlos, Guatemala, where is being used as a data acquisition platform for high resolution time stamping in cosmic ray detection in the context of the Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) project.

1.2 ReDSoX Collaboration with INFN and Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste The MLAB continued its participation in the INFN R&D project ReDSoX (Research Drift for Soft X-ray) that focuses on the development of novel solid state detectors based on silicon drift chamber technology for high-resolution spectroscopy of low-energy X-ray photons. This kind of silicon drift detectors (SDD) provide spatial, timing, and spectroscopic information for applications in various fields such as soft X-ray astrophysics, environment monitoring, and advanced light sources (e.g. synchrotrons and free electron lasers).

The MLAB group has collaborated in the development of digital pulse processing methods based on FPGA for on-line single X-ray photon detection and energy measurement at high flux rates; with the main goal of dealing with high input photon rates while preserving a good energy resolution.

In 2018, the MLAB personnel with the active involvement of the PhD student Kasun S. Mannatunga have contributed to the characterization and testing of the XAFS Fluorescence Detector System based on 64 SDDs for the SESAME Synchrotron Light Source (Amman, Jordan) to be completed and delivered to SESAME in 2019.

98 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 1.3 Other research activities with short-term visitors

Other activities carried out in 2018 include collaboration with short-term visitors and associates, such as:

• Dr. Massimiliano Antonelli (guest scientist, Argentina), July-August 2018, under Federation Agreement. Research collaboration project on FPGA implementation of asynchronous chaotic cellular automata networks. • Mr. Rodrigo Melo and Mr Bruno Valinoti (guest scientists, Argentina), January-February 2018 and October-December 2018 respectively. Research collaboration project on open hardware/software architecture based on SoC-FPGA for reconfigurable virtual instrumentation • Dr. Jose Lipovetzky (Junior Associate, Argentina). Research collaboration project on experimental comparative studies among BSI CMOS image sensors and Medipix detectors applied to radiation measurement and particle identification. • Prof. Dr. Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz (Senior Associate, Malaysia), November-December 2018. Research collaboration project on power consumption studies and low-cost electrophysiology instrumentation based on SoC-FPGA technology.

(2) X-ray imaging and other scientific analyses for cultural heritage

The EXACT (Elemental X-ray Analysis and Computed Tomography) project was funded by the Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia during 2010-2014. The aim of the project, a collaborative effort with Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, was to develop a set of advanced X-ray analytical instruments for the non-invasive characterisation of cultural heritage objects and materials. The research activity on the application of advanced physical methods in the study of archaeological, paleontological, geological and artistic materials continued with the financial support of the Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi" (Rome) in the framework of a project entitled "Microtomography for Archaeology and Palaeoanthropology" (2014-2016). The project is mainly based on the EXACT instruments, but also on other facilities that provide complementary capabilities to characterise microstructure, composition and age of the materials of interest. The project was extended (2016-2019) with the name S.A.P.I.E.N.S (Scienze per l'Archeologia e la Paleoantropologia: InterpretareE la Nostra Storia).

In addition, a new research programme for the study of ancient cultural landscapes through geophysical and remote sensing techniques has been developed in collaboration with the University of Trieste and the Soprintendenza Archeologica del Friuli Venezia Giulia. In particular, the ICTP research group is the coordinator of the triennial collaborative agreement to develop advanced scientific technologies for the study, protection and enhancement of archaeological evidence and ancient landscape of the FVG region; signed by the above-mentioned institutions on 18 March 2016.

In 2018, a Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste (SYRMEP group) and the ICTP (MLAB Imaging group) to establish an interim framework to facilitate a cooperative exchange of technical requirements, science and technology information in the field of the non-destructive characterization of paleontological, paleoanthropological, archaeological materials and cultural heritage in general.

The MLAB Imaging group has also been involved as partner in the project titled “Living history on the edge of the Lagoon: le oscillazioni del margine lagunare con tecnologie immersive per la fruizione del patrimonio cultural”. The project, coordinated by Ca’ Foscari University, has been funded by Fondo Sociale Europeo (Regione Veneto) with about Euro 50.000.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 99 During 2018, several specimens have been analyzed in the context of different international projects; and short-term visitors have also analyzed archaeological artifacts from Africa and other developing countries at MLAB. The group has also given talks and seminars in several national and international events; and has published an important number of peer-reviewed articles in prestigious journals.

2.1 Main Scientific collaborations

• University of California, Irvine (US); paleo-neurological studies, combining morphological analysis of microCT-derived virtual brains and ancient DNA sequencing (since 2014). • Università degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'Ambiente, U.R. Preistoria e Antropologia (Italy); zooarchaeological applications of X-ray microCT such as study of dog domestication (since 2014). • National Research Centre on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Burgos (Spain); acquisition of X- ray microCT data sets of reference human dental samples (since 2014). • Institute of Human Origin of Arizona State University (US); study of 8- to 12-million-year-old fossil remains of proto-apes from Pakistan and India (since 2014). (http://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/media-centre/news/2014/12/fossil-findings.aspx). • Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (Spain); taxonomic and phylogenetic study of Spanish hominoids from the Middle and Upper Miocene through the analysis of the structural properties of dentognathic remains; structural characterization of dinosaur teeth to assess their paleobiodiversity in the late Cretaceous (since 2014). • Neutron imaging laboratories ANTARES of the Technische Universität München (Germany) and DINGO of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO, Australia); development of analytical protocols for the study of fossil paleontological material by neutron microtomography (n-microCT); analysis of fossil and extant hominid teeth (since 2013). • Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del FVG (Italy) and Centre for Archaeological Science of the University of Wollongong (Australia); high-resolution virtual study of the Middle Pleistocene dentognathic assemblage of Visogliano and its dating by Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) (since 2012). • Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici and Protezione Civile of FVG (Italy); study of the archaeological landscape of FVG by means of LiDAR remote sensing (since 2013). • Nuclear Analysis and Radiography Department, MTA Centre for Energy Research (Budapest, Hungary) in the frame of CHARISMA project (Cultural Heritage Advanced Research Infrastructures: Synergy for a Multidisciplinary Approach to Conservation/Restoration); study of prehistoric stone artefacts by non-destructive Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) (since 2012). • Exploration Geophysics Group of Trieste University (Italy); geophysical investigation of archaeological sites of Trieste Province (since 2013). • Department of Mathematics and Geosciences of Trieste University (Italy) and Institute of Archaeology of the Slovenian Academy of Science (Slovenia); study of lithic Neolithic and Copper Age stone artifacts (since 2009). • Museo paleoantropologico del Po at San Daniele del Po (Cremona, Italy), Soprintendenza della Lombardia, University of Rome "La Sapienza" and GeoScience Southern Cross University, Australia; study of the “Pàus” Neanderthal frontal bone by X-ray microCT and U-Th dating (since 2013). • University of Rome "La Sapienza" and Soprintendenza per I Beni Archeologici del Lazio (Italy), Centre for Archaeological Science of the University of Wollongong (Australia) and

100 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 GeoScience Southern Cross University, Australia; study of the Ceprano (H. heidelbergensis) skull by X-ray microCT, OSL and U-Th dating (since 2011). • Natural History Museum of Trieste and MUSE, Science Museum of Trento, Italy; microCT study of paleontological fossil remains. • UNIMORE/ICTP Project – ROSAE 2016 (Relazioni Organismo-Sedimenti in Ambienti Estremi) (since 2016). • Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia; microCT scanning and analyses of the human skeletal/dental remains for the purposes of the research project Reconstructing prehistoric (Neolithic to Bronze Age) lifestyles on the territory of Croatia – a multidisciplinary approach (since 2017). • University of Bologna, Laboratory of Physical Anthropology and ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage; and University of Ferrara (since 2017).

(3) Laser and Spectroscopy Facility for Training and Research at MLAB

The Laser and Spectroscopy Facility (LSF), housed at MLAB, is part of the SPIE-ICTP Anchor Research in Optics Program and supported by the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE). It is based on optical and spectroscopy techniques that provide modern photon-based analytical capabilities for materials science. The LSF explores the applications of continuous wave, pulse lasers and incoherent sources in the areas of material characterization and environmental research emphasizing the development of novel ultrasensitive laser-based analytical methods, study of pollutants in terrestrial, aquatic and air environments, as well as studies on low dimensional materials such as plasmonic nanostructures and graphene.

In 2018, research activities have been mainly directed to the development of new capabilities of the LSF thermal lens setup, as a highly sensitive technique for environmental research. The thermal lens spectroscopy method to follow up the photocatalytic degradation kinetics of very small concentrations of RB19 dye has been applied; and new photothermal lens method based on self-mixing effect to reliably measure metallic trace in water has been developed.

Additional research activities based on the Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) experimental setup, also housed at MLAB, have been carried out in 2018 with active involvement of the TRIL fellow Dr. Komlan Gadedjisso-Tossou such as: Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer (CRDS) implementation using distributed feedback QCL for atmospheric trace gas detection. The QCL setup with an emission capacity of around 6.8 µm has been also used for measuring optical fiber transmission for FAMU experiment.

During 2018, the MLAB Optics group has provided training and collaborated with the research activities of short-term visitors such as: Dr. Jehan Akbar (Regular Associate, Pakistan), Dr. John Fredy Barrera Ramírez (Regular Associate, Colombia), Dr. Zeinab Ebrahimpour (TRIL, Iran), Mr Mahmoud Abdelhamid (TRIL, Egypt), Ms Fatima Matroodi (TRIL, Iran), Dr Imrana Ashraf (TRIL, Pakistan); and has also published several peer-reviewed articles.

Lastly, in 2018 two proposals presented by the MLAB Optics group for the creation of new photothermal labs in Pakistan and Togo have been accepted with the support of TWAS and High Educational Committee of Pakistan.

Training activities

The MLAB promotes training for research through research and hands-on activities. Advanced experimental setups based on novel particle detectors, modern electronics devices and

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 101 development boards; and X-ray, laser and optics instruments are available at MLAB for training and research.

In 2018: • The MLAB personnel has provided training, supervised and collaborated with the scientific activities of students and researchers such as: Ms Marie Bali Balador (TRIL, Cuba), Mr Luis Guillermo Garc√≠a Ordo√±ez (TRIL, Guatemala), Dr. Massimiliano Antonelli (Federation Scheme, Argentina), Mr. Rodrigo Melo (guest scientist, Argentina), Mr Bruno Valinoti (guest scientist, Argentina), Dr. Jos√© Lipovetzky (Junior Associate, Argentina) and Dr. Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz (Senior Associate, Bangladesh/Malaysia). • The PhD student MSc. Kasun Sameera Mannatunga (STEP, Sri Lanka) completed his third visit of six months under the OFID/ICTP Postgraduate Scheme. With the supervision of MLAB personnel, he is carrying out training and research towards his PhD Thesis titled "Real Time Reconfigurable System-on-Chip Architecture for Massive Multichannel Data Processing". • The PhD student Mr. Jerome Folla Kamdem (STEP, Cameroon) completed his first visit of three months under the STEP programme. With the supervision of MLAB personnel, he is carrying out training towards his PhD project on "Microelectronics for the readout of particle detectors". • A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between ICTP (MLAB group) and the University of Castilla - La Mancha (Technology and Information Systems Department), Spain, with the aim of formalizing ongoing training and research collaborations including joint PhD projects in the frame of their International PhD programme on Advanced Technologies and Computing Systems open to students from developing countries. • The MLAB Imaging group has provided and facilitated the training of short-term visitors such as: Dr. Nuviadenu Christian Kwasi (Junior Associate, Ghana), Godwin Chigaekwu Ezeh (Junior Associate, Nigeria) and David Prokop (Erasmus+ student, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic); and has also offered lessons to degree and master students of the University of Trieste and of the Erasmus Mundus ARCHMAT in Rome.

ICTP training activities organized by the MLAB group in 2018 • Advanced Workshop on FPGA based Systems-On-Chip for Scientific Instrumentation and Reconfigurable Computing, held at ICTP from 26 November to 7 December 2018. Organizers: Pirouz Bazargan Sabet (University Pierre Et Marie Curie), Nizar Abdallah (Microsemi Corp.), Andres Cicuttin (ICTP), Maria Liz Crespo (ICTP) • Hands-on Research in Complex Systems School, held at ICTP from 15 to 27 July 2018. Organizers: Michael F. Schatz (Georgia Institute of Technology), Mark Shattuck (The City College of New York), Harry L. Swinney (University of Texas), Joseph Niemela (ICTP), Maria Liz Crespo (ICTP). The school provided interactive experiences with hands-on research involving several table-top experiments carried out at MLAB. • Joint ICTP-IAEA School on LoRa Enabled Radiation and Environmental Monitoring Sensors, held at ICTP from 23 April to 11 May 2018. Organizers: Iain Darby (IAEA), Marco Zennaro (ICTP T/ICT4D), Maria Liz Crespo (ICTP MLAB). • Winter College on Extreme Non-linear Optics, Attosecond Science and High-field Physics, held at ICTP from 29 January to 16 February 2018. Organizers: Francesca Calegari (IFN-CNR and DESY), David Blaschke (University of Wroclaw, JINR and NRNU), Miltcho Danailov (Sincrotrone, Trieste), Zhiyi Wei (Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Joseph Niemela (ICTP). The school included background tutorials and demonstrative table-top experiments implemented at MLAB.

102 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 • Joint ICTP-IAEA International School on Nuclear Security, held at ICTP from 9 to 20 April 2018. Organizers: D. Nikonov (IAEA), C. Tuniz (ICTP). The activity included practical exercises carried out at MLAB. • 14th Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Nuclear Knowledge Management, 30 July to 3 August 2018, Organizers: M. Chudakov (IAEA), M.E. Urso (IAEA), C. Tuniz (ICTP). • Joint ICTP-IAEA School of Nuclear Energy Management, 8 to 19 October 2018, Organizers: M. Chudakov (IAEA), D. Drury (IAEA), A. Ganesan (IAEA) and C. Tuniz (ICTP). • Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Nuclear Structure and Decay Data: Theory, Experiment and Evaluation, 15 to 26 October, 2018, Organizers: Paraskevi Dimitriou (IAEA), Elisabeth McCutchan (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Claudio Tuniz (ICTP).

Participation in International Programmes

• M.L. Crespo has participated as Chair in the area of Digital Signal Processing of the 2018 Argentine Symposium and Conference on Embedded Systems (SASE/CASE 2018) held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 15 to 17 August 2018. • M.L. Crespo and A. Cicuttin are respectively Program Co-Chair and Member of Technical Committee of the X Southern Programmable Logic Conference (SPL 2019) to be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 10 to 12 April 2019. • M.L. Crespo has composed the Evaluation Committee of the Ph.D. Thesis titled "Functional and timing in-hardware verification of FPGA-based designs using unit testing frameworks" by Juli√°n Caba Jim√©nez, University of Castilla - La Mancha (UCLM), Spain. Dissertation defense held at the UCLM on February 27, 2018. • A. Cicuttin has participated as judge for the EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa) regional final of the 2018 InnovateFPGA, a world FPGA design contest. • F. Bernardini has co-organized, as director and member of the scientific advisory committee, the "XVIII International Conference on Science, Arts and Culture, TRANSNATIONAL COOPERATION IN CULTURAL HERITAGE SCIENCE" (Veli Lo≈°inj, Croatia, 23-27 September 2018).

Services • Hardware Loan Programme: ICTP-MLAB hardware platforms based on FPGA are given on loan to external collaborators through a simple written agreement for research and education purposes. Among the beneficiaries of this program there are teachers, researchers, and students from Argentina, Bangladesh, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Sri Lanka and Ukraine.

Staff and Long-Term Visitors

Professional Staff Maria Liz Crespo, Argentina

Technical Staff Andres Cicuttin, Italy

Scientific Consultants Claudio Tuniz, Italy (part-time) Joseph Niemela, USA (part-time)

Visiting Scientists Federico Bernardini, Italy Luis Guillermo García Ordoñez, Guatemala Marie Bali Balador, Cuba

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 103 Komlan S. Gadedjisso-Tossou, Togo Humberto Cabrera, Cuba (part-time) Giacomo Vinci, Italy (part-time)

Ph.D. students (under STEP programme) Kasun Sameera Mannatunga, Sri Lanka Jerome Folla Kamdem, Cameroon Administrative Staff Federica Delconte, Italy

Funding The Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi" (Rome) supports the X-ray imaging research activities and in particular with the salary of Dr. Federico Bernardini from 2017, within the framework of the project S.A.P.I.E.N.S devoted to the study of human past.

Publications

Book chapters

Bernardini F., Tuniz C., Zanini F. 2019. X-ray computed micro-tomography for paleoanthropology, archaeology and cultural heritage. Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials for Diagnostic, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage Pages 25-45, Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813910-3.00002-1

Journals

Published

J. Agarwala, C. Chatterjee, A. Cicuttin, P. Ciliberti, M.L. Crespo, S. Dalla Torre, S. Dasgupta, M. Gregori, S. Levorato, G. Menon, F. Tessarotto, Y. Zhao. 2018. Optimized MPGD-based Photon Detectors for high momentum particle identification at the Electron-Ion Collider. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A (NIM-A).

DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2018.10.185 J. Agarwala et al. including A. Cicuttin and M.L. Crespo. 2018. The MPGD-Based Photon Detectors for the upgrade of COMPASS RICH-1 and beyond. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A (NIM-A). DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2018.10.092 By COMPASS Collaboration: Adolph C. et al. including Cicuttin A. and Crespo M.L. 2018. Azimuthal asymmetries of charged hadrons produced in high-energy muon scattering off longitudinally polarised deuterons. European Physical Journal C 78: 952, DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6379-7 By COMPASS Collaboration: Aghasyan M. et al. including Cicuttin A. and Crespo M.L. 2018. Light isovector resonances in π − p → π − π − π + p at 190 GeV/c. Physical Review D 98, 092003. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.98.092003 By COMPASS Collaboration: Aghasyan M. et al. including Cicuttin A. and Crespo M.L. 2018. Search for muoproduction of X(3872) at COMPASS and indication of a new state X ˜ (3872). Physics Letters B, Volume 783, Pages 334-340. DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2018.07.008

By COMPASS Collaboration: Aghasyan M. et al. including Cicuttin A. and Crespo M.L. 2018. Longitudinal double-spin asymmetry A1p and spin-dependent structure function g1p of the proton at small values of x and Q2. Physics Letters B, Volume 781, Pages 464-472. DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2018.03.044 By COMPASS Collaboration: Aghasyan M. et al. including Cicuttin A. and Crespo M.L. 2018.

104 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Transverse-momentum-dependent multiplicities of charged hadrons in muon-deuteron deep inelastic scattering. Physical Review D 97, 032006. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.97.032006

By COMPASS Collaboration: Akhunzyanov R. et al. including Cicuttin A. and Crespo M.L. 2018. K− over K+ multiplicity ratio for kaons produced in DIS with a large fraction of the virtual- photon energy. Physics Letters B, Volume 786, Pages 390-398. DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2018.09.052 By FAMU collaboration: A. Adamczak et al. including K.S. Gadedjisso-Tossou and J. Niemela. 2018. The FAMU experiment at RIKEN-RAL to study the muon transfer rate from hydrogen to other gases. JINST 13. DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/13/12/P12033 Bernardini F. et al. including Tuniz C. 2018. Polished stone axes from Varna/Nössingbühel and Castelrotto/Grondlboden, South Tyrol (Italy). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, pp. 1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s12520-018-0612-z Bernardini F. et al. including Vinci G. and Tuniz C. (2018). Discovery of ancient Roman "highway" reveals geomorphic changes in karst environments during historic times. PLoS ONE 13(3): e01949392018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194939 Bernardini F. 2018. Polished Stone Axes in Caput Adriae from the Neolithic to the Copper Age. Journal of World Prehistory, Volume 31, Issue 4, pp 485–514. DOI: 10.1007/s10963-018-9125- z H. Cabrera, J. Akbar, D. Korte, E. Ramírez-Miquet, E. Marín, J. Niemela, Z. Ebrahimpour, K. Mannatunga and M. Franko. 2018. Trace detection and photothermal spectral characterization by a tuneable thermal lens spectrometer with white-light excitation. Talanta 183, pp. 158-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.073 H. Cabrera, J. Akbar, D. Korte, I. Ashraf, E. Ramírez-Miquet, E. Marín Moares, J. Niemela. 2018. Absorption Spectra of Ethanol and Water Using a Photothermal Lens Spectrophotometer. Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 72, Issue 7, pp. 1069-1073. Casanovas-Vilar I. et al. including F. Bernardini. 2018. Oldest skeleton of a fossil flying squirrel casts new light on the phylogeny of the group. eLife Sciences 7:e39270. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.39270 Duches R. et al. including F. Bernardini and C. Tuniz. 2018. Archeological bone injuries by lithic backed projectiles: new evidence on bear hunting from the Late Epigravettian site of Cornafessa rock shelter (Italy). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, pp. 1-22. DOI: 10.1007/s12520-018-0674-y Fernandez-Coll M. et al. including F. Bernardini. 2018. Cranial anatomy of the Early Triassic trematosaurine Angusaurus (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli): 3D endocranial insights and phylogenetic implications. Journal of Iberian Geology, pp. 1-18. DOI: 10.1007/s41513-018- 0064-4. By COMPASS Collaboration: Jackura A. et al. including Cicuttin A. and Crespo M.L. 2018. New analysis of ηπ tensor resonances measured at the COMPASS experiment. Physics Letters B, Volume 779, Pages 464-472. DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2018.01.017 By FAMU collaboration: E. Mocchiutti et al. including K.S. Gadedjisso-Tossou and J. Niemela. 2018. First FAMU observation of muon transfer from μp atoms to higher-Z elements. JINST 13. DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/13/02/P02019 By FAMU collaboration: E. Mocchiutti et al. including K.S. Gadedjisso-Tossou and J. Niemela. 2018. FAMU: study of the energy dependent transfer rate Λ μp→ μO. Journal of Physics.: Conference Series 1138. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1138/1/012017 Rachevski A. et al. including Cicuttin A., Crespo M.L and Mannatunga K. 2018. The XAFS Fluorescence Detector System based on 64 Silicon Drift Detectors for the SESAME Synchrotron

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 105 Light Source. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A (NIM-A). DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2018.09.130 Paul Schmiedeke, Mohammad Arif Sobhan Bhuiyan, Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz, Tae Gyu Chang, Maria Liz Crespo, Andres Cicuttin. 2018. A fully integrated high IP1dB CMOS SPDT switch using stacked transistors for 2.4 GHz TDD transceiver applications. Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences; 43(6). DOI: 10.1007/s12046-018-0913-z Simões T. R. et al. including F. Bernardini. 2018. The origin of squamates revealed by a Middle Triassic lizard from the Italian Alps. Nature 557, 706-709. Simões T. R. et al. including Bernardini F. 2018. X-ray computed microtomography of Megachirella wachtleri. Scientific Data 5:180244. DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.244 Villa A. et al. including Bernardini F. and Tuniz C. 2018. Comparative cranial osteology of Blanus (Squamata: Amphisbaenia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zly082. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly082 Zanolli C. et al. including F. Bernardini and C. Tuniz. 2018. The Middle Pleistocene (MIS 12) human dental remains from Fontana Ranuccio (Latium) and Visogliano (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Italy. A comparative high resolution endostructural assessment. PLoS ONE 13(10): e0189773. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189773 Zeinab Ebrahimpour, Nastaran Mansour, Humberto Cabrera. 2018. Photoconductance of gold nano-island film induced by plasmonic effect. Optik 181, pp. 140-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.12.029

In press

J. Agarwala et al. including Crespo M.L. The Hybrid MPGD-based photon detectors of COMPASS RICH-1. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A (NIM-A). DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2019.01.058

Humberto Cabrera, Evelio Ramírez-Miquet, José Suarez-Vargas, John F. Barrera Ramírez, Dorota Korte and Joseph Niemela. 2018. Pump-probe photothermal self-mixing system for highly sensitive trace detection. IEEE Sensors Journal DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2018.2889600.

Kasun S. Mannatunga, Luis G. García Ordóñez, Marie Baly Amador, Maria Liz Crespo and Andres Cicuttin, Stefano Levorato, Rodrigo Melo, Bruno Valinoti. Design for Portability of Reconfigurable Virtual Instrumentation. Submitted to the X Southern Programmable Logic Conference (SPL2019), Buenos Aires, Argentina, 9 to 10 April 2019. Accepted for publication as regular paper in IEEE Xplore digital library.

Rodrigo A. Melo, Bruno Valinoti, Marie Baly Amador, Luis G. García Ordóñez, Andres Cicuttin and Maria Liz Crespo. Study of the data exchange between Programmable Logic and Processor System of Zynq-7000 devices. Submitted to the X Southern Programmable Logic Conference (SPL2019), Buenos Aires, Argentina, 9 to 10 April 2019. Accepted for publication as regular paper in IEEE Xplore digital library.

Submitted

Sani Abba, Jonah Wadumi Namkusong, Jeong-A Lee and Maria Liz Crespo (2018). Autonomous Sensor Interface for Smart IoT-Based Design of an Irrigation Monitoring and Control System for a Large-Scale Agricultural Farm Product. Submitted to the International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks.

106 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 José Lipovetzky, Andres Cicuttin, Maria Liz Crespo, Miguel Sofo Haro, Fabricio Alcalde Bessia, Martín Pérez, Mariano Gomez Berisso. Multi-Spectral X-ray Imaging Using a BSI CMOS Image Sensor. Submitted to Radiation Physics and Chemistry Journal.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 107 APPLIED PHYSICS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS/ICT FOR DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY (T/ICT4D) (Former Aeronomy and Radiopropagation laboratory (ARPL))

Ionospheric Radiopropagation Section Ionospheric Radiopropagation related research activities of the laboratory cover ionospheric modelling studies and 3D and time specification of the electron density in the ionosphere using ground and space experimental data ingestion in ionospheric models like the NeQuick been developed by the Laboratory. These efforts are particularly oriented to assess ionospheric effects in satellite navigation and positioning. The research activities extends also to solar induced Space Weather effects on the ionosphere.

The ICTP has signed in 2009 a MoU with Boston College of the United States of America to promote, through T/ICT4D, training activities related to the ionosphere and its effects on satellite navigation in Africa. A series of collaborations with research groups in African universities and research centres towards the implementation of joint research activities in this field have been established and a number of graduated students enrolled in African Universities are being co-supervised by the Head of the T/ICT4D and other researchers of the Laboratory, including also ICTP STEP program awardees. It has to be noted that these efforts, carried out mostly in partnership with Boston College and with the financial support of the UN Office of Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and other institutions have produced an important increase of publications in the field of ionospheric research by African scientists working in Africa. Updated statistics are given in the figure below that shows the impact of the training activities carried out under the partnership on the percentage of papers published in the topic “equatorial ionosphere” by African scientists working in Africa (source Web of Science Core Collection). It has to be noted that these training activities have extended in recent years to cover all developing countries.

It has to be noted that all the publications of the laboratory done during 2018, like in previous years, have been produced in collaboration with researchers from other countries mostly from the developing world.

The collaboration with the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) continues and the Head of the T/ICT4D who has been awarded for the sixth consecutive year as Honorary Professor of the Faculty of Physical Sciences of that University.

It has to be noted that almost all the publications of scientists of the T/ICT4D are the result of close collaboration with colleagues from other research institutions and Universities of all over the world and particularly from developing countries.

Research Activities

The attention of this section during 2018 has been centred on aspects related to the Space Weather effect on the ionosphere, a topic of increasing interest at international level. During 2018 the Ionospheric Radiopropagation Section of the T/ICT4D has participated in the project “Atmosfiller: Completing the Atmospheric Sounding System with GNSS and Platform Integrated Sensors" (under a European Space Agency contract) PI for ICTP in this project has been B. Nava, coordinator of the section.

During 2018 a new increase of research papers about the use of the NeQuick ionospheric model developed by the Section has been registered. From 2008 to 2018 the total number of papers on the use of NeQuick have reached 155 with authors working in 36 different countries. The

108 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 figure below indicate that the NeQuick model is being used for different research purposes in several countries around the world.

Training activities The section, in collaboration with the Boston College Institute of Scientific Research have organized and carried out at ICTP the Workshop on Space Weather Effects on GNSS Operations at Low Latitudes, 23 Apr – 4 May 2018. The activity was co-sponsored and co-financed also by the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (UNOOSA) and other institutions. Members of the section have participated as co-director, local organizer, lecturers and instructors. The activity was attended by 65 scientistsfrom 29 countries: 22 lecturers and 43 participants with 49% females. Participants were exposed to both theoretical lectures and hands-on work. An important aspect of the Workshop was the Computer Laboratory hands-on work carried out by the participants through the Group Projects where selected case studies of Space Weather events and their effects on the ionosphere were treated. Each Group reported in a presentation their results at the end of the Workshop.

Award Sandro Radicella received the Doctor Honoris Causa aword from the National University of Tucuman, Argentina.

Wireless Communications Section The main interest of the Section is in ICT for development. Both research and training activities has been focus on how to use ICT to help the development of academic networks. In particular, work has been done on Long Distance Wireless Links, Wireless Sensor Networks for Development and Low-cost solutions for wireless links setup. More recently special attention has been devoted to Internet of Things (IoT) for development taking into account the potential

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 109 of it in all sectors of society from health to industry. The researchers of the Section have been active in organizing and participating in training activities in the field as it can be seen in the chapter on training below.

Most of the activities of the Section are organized in collaboration with the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Development Bureau (ITU-BDT). The ITU-BDT was established to help spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies as a means of stimulating broader social and economic development. The Section has been collaborating with EsLaRed (Fundacion Escuela Latinoamericana de Redes) organizing training activities in Latin America since 1992. Other collaboration agreements with organizations in Europe, Asia and South America have been established.

Research and Direct Assistance Activities Research activities of the Section include: 1) Development of low power, low cost communications platform for marine environmental data from a floating boa, in collaboration with the Italian OGS. The prototype has been tested inland and in the Gulf of Trieste with satisfying results.

2) Research on long range LoRa communications. Selecting appropriate test sites in northern Italy, we were able to demonstrate the feasibility of spanning an unprecedented distance of 316 kilometers with only 100 mW of power. (See publication by Jovalekic et al. 2017)

3) Research in affordable solutions for wireless Internet access. Drawing from many installations in which the Section have participated the publication by Saldana et al. (2017) gives the results.

4) Development of low cost weather stations with long range wireless data transmission. Prototypes installed in Philippines, work in progress with other technologies to be tested in other locations.

Training and Teaching Activities During 2018, the section participated or organized several training activities and seminars in other countries and in Trieste:

• WORKSHOP: IOT WORKSHOP AT APRICOT 2018 FEBRUARY 19-23, KATHMANDU,

NEPAL, MARCO ZENNARO LECTURER

• WORKSHOP: JOINT ICTP-IAEA SCHOOL ON LORA ENABLED RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL

MONITORING SENSORS , APRIL 23 - MAY 11 TRIESTE, ITALY, MARCO ZENNARO CO-

ORGANIZER AND LECTURER, AND ERMANNO PIETROSEMOLI LECTURER.

• COURSE: INTERNET OF THINGS FOR DEVELOPMENT AT KIC'S MASTER COURSE IN ICT4D, JUNE

11 – 14, KOBE, JAPAN, MARCO ZENNARO LECTURER

110 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 • SEMINAR: IOT4D AND UNIDO, JUNE 21 – 22, VIENNA, AUSTRIA, MARCO ZENNARO AND

ERMANNO PIETROSEMOLI

• WORKSHOP: ADVANCED WORKSHOP ON TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

LOW-COST TOOLS TO SUPPORT SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION, SEPTEMBER 17-19, TRIESTE,

ITALY, MARCO ZENNARO ORGANIZER AND LECTURER

• CONFERENCE: AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS FOR INTEGRATED MARINE AND MARITIME

OBSERVATIONS IN COASTAL AREAS (ASIMO),SEPTEMBER 17-19, LAS PALMAS, CANARY

ISLANDS, SPAIN, ERMANNO PIETROSEMOLI

• WORKSHOP: WALC 2018, NOVEMBER 26-30, SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN

REPUBLIC, ERMANNO PIETROSEMOLI Marco Zennaro and Ermanno Pietrosemoli paid a research visit and gave a Seminar at Universitat Politècnica De Valéncia, May 21-23, Valencia, Spain.

Marco Zennaro and Ermanno Pietrosemoli paid a research visit to the Universidad de San Carlos and Universidad del Valle in Guatemala, November 2-3.

Staff and Long-Term Visitors during 2018

Professional Staff Nava, Bruno, Italy (Coordinator, Ionospheric Radiopropagation Section) Zennaro, Marco, Italy (Coordinator, Wireless Communications Section) Migoya Orué, Yenca, Argentina

Consultants Amory Mazaudier, Christine, France Ciraolo, Luigi, Italy Pietrosemoli, Ermanno, Italy-Venezuela Radicella, Sandro M., Italy-Argentina (Head of T/ICT4D) Rainone, Marco, Italy

Visiting Scientists Alazo Cuartas, Katy (TRIL award), Cuba Kashcheyev, Anton, Ukraine Yao, Josée N'gbesso, (STEP award), Cote d’Ivoire Liu, Yang, China

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 111

Publications

Yao J. N., B. Nava, O.K. Obrou, S.M. Radicella (2018). Validation of NeQuick2 model over West African equatorial region using GNSS-derived Total Electron Content data. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Volume 181, Part A, December 2018, Pages 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.10.001

Tebabal, A, Radicella, S, Nigussie, M, Damtie, B, Nava, B, and Yizengaw, E (2018). Local TEC modelling and forecasting using neural networks, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar- Terrestrial Physics, 172:143 - 151.

R. Gerin, M. Zennaro, M. Rainone, E. Pietrosemoli, P-M. Poulain, A. Crise On the design of a sustainable ocean drifter for developing countries, in EAI Endored, Transactions on Internet of Things Issue 13, 2018, DOI: 10.4108/eai.11-9-2018.155483

N. Jovalekic, V. Drndarevic, I. Darby, M. Zennaro, E. Pietrosemoli and F. Ricciato LoRa Transceiver With Improved Characteristics, in IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, doi: 10.1109/LWC.2018.2855744

112 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 APPLIED PHYSICS:

MEDICAL PHYSICS

ICTP's activities in the area of Medical Physics for the year 2018 can be divided in three main chapters: A) Training activities B) Visits of the Associate Members C) The Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics, in cooperation with the University of Trieste (UNITS) (see chapter under Training and Education Programmes)

A) TRAINING ACTIVITIES

In 2017 the following medical physics training activities took place:

A.1) Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced School on IAEA/AAPM Code of Practice for the Dosimetry of Static and Small Photon Fields (smr 3196) 12 – 16 April 2018 The School has seen 5 lecturers and 36 participants, including the 19 Master’s of medical physics students) and has been co-sponsored by the AAPM (group photo at http://indico.ictp.it/event/8304/material/2/0.jpg )

Modern radiotherapy has substantially increased the use of small radiation fields like those used in various forms of SRT, SBRT, SRS and IMRT. These treatments are not only performed with specialized, dedicated machines, but also with conventional, non-dedicated accelerators equipped with high resolution multi-leaf collimators.

In radiotherapy, accurate doses are essential. Therefore, a key requirement in radiotherapy is consistent reference dosimetry and consistent procedures within a country. For conventional radiotherapy this has been achieved by internationally adopted codes of practice. Howewer the standard codes of practice are based on the use of a 10 cm x10 cm reference field that may not be achievable using some modern specialized machines.

A joint working group between the IAEA and AAPM has written a new small field code of practice. The aim of this course was to teach participants how to implement the new code of practice in the clinic.

Topics discussed were: Physics and challenges of small field megavolt photon beams, description of the new IAEA/AAPM code of practice for the dosimetry of static small photon fields, discussion of small field detectors, absorbed dose to water standards for small fields, machine-specific reference dosimetry, output factors: definition, measurement and correction; and relative dose measurements in small fields.

A.2) College on Medical Physics: Applied Physics of Contemporary Medical Imaging – Expanding Utilization in Developing Countries (smr 3185) 27 August -14 September 2018

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 113 The Workshop has seen 12 lecturers and 69 participants, including the 19 Master’s of medical physics students (picture of the participants at http://indico.ictp.it/event/8296/material/2/1.jpg).

The objective was to contribute to the enhancement of the role of physicists in medical imaging by providing education and training in the fields of contemporary medical imaging practice and technology that is entering in developing countries. The College was especially useful for colleagues from LMI countries. This was achieved by providing the College participants with specific knowledge and practical training of the effective application of the new medical imaging methods, and also supplying them with teaching resources which will enable them to understand better and disseminate the knowledge in their countries/regions.

During the college there was also the celebration of the 30th anniversary of the College and a book of memories, edited by prof. Slavik Tabakov, was presented and provided to ICTP in the hands of prof. S. Scandolo. (Picture of the ceremony at http://indico.ictp.it/event/8296/material/2/0.jpg)

A.3 Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Quality Assurance and Dose Management in Hybrid Imaging (SPECT/CT AND PET/CT) (smr 3240), 17-28 September 2018 The Workshop has seen 12 lecturers and 69 participants, including the 19 Master’s of medical physics students (group photo at http://indico.ictp.it/event/8336/material/3/0.jpg)

The purpose of the training was to provide advanced knowledge on the best use of hybrid imaging equipment (SPECT/CT and PET/CT). Physics and technological innovations, quality assurance programme, procedures for quality control and dosimetry, and the optimization strategies, aiming to achieve diagnostic image quality at lower radiation dose, have been discussed. Both the nuclear medicine component (SPECT and PET) and CT have been addressed, and practical advice provided on how to optimize clinical protocols for adults and children. The discussion included patient dose assessment and establishment and use of diagnostic reference levels (DRL) for optimization of patient protection. Radiation protection of pregnant and breastfeeding patients, including dose estimation from internal and external radiation exposure will be discussed, as well as how to reduce the fetal absorbed dose in case where the procedure is justified during pregnancy. The programme included the setting of radiation protection programme for hybrid imaging, including facility planning, shielding calculations, and different aspects related to radiation protection of patients, staff and members of the public.

A.4 Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced School on Quality Assurance and Dosimetry in Mammography | (smr 3248), 22-26 October 2018 The Workshop has seen 10 lecturers and 42 participants, including the 19 Master’s of medical physics students (group photo at http://indico.ictp.it/event/8341/material/4/0.jpg ) Breast imaging though mammography, either for diagnostic or screening purposes, is the single most efficient tool to timely and accurately identify breast cancer, enhancing the efficiency of any subsequent therapy. However, there are special requirements, both in terms of image (small contrast differences between malignant and healthy tissue) and dose (asymptomatic patients, radiosensitivity of the breast tissue), that require very high quality standards. Training of medical physicists to adequately support breast imaging is crucial, as

114 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 they are the competent professionals to develop and maintain quality and dosimetry activities. The training course (lectures and hands-on training) has provide knowledge and skills to medical physicist working in diagnostic radiology and more specifically in mammography to: Understand the framework of Quality Assurance required to adequately support breast imaging. Understand basic Quality Control requirements for Mammography. Familiarize with image quality and artefact evaluation in mammography (image quality metrics, observer studies). Understand the importance of dosimetry in mammography and familiarize with dosimetry measurements. Carry out hands-on practice and analyze subsequent quality control and dosimetry results. Understand the differences of performance measurements for digital vs analogue systems. Familiarize with other modern breast imaging techniques (tomosynthesis, breast CT, synchrotron mammography, etc)

B) ASSOCIATE MEMBERS and STEP STUDENTS In 2018, four Associate Members visited the ICTP.

Usikalu Mojisola (Nigeria) from 29 Jun to 5 Aug 2018 Activity performed: written 3 papers and a book chapter. Worked on a postgraduate thesis, at the ICTP-IAEA Nuclear Knowledge Management presentation of a group project on ‘Radiation Impact Assessment of Developing and Sustaining Different Energy Sources for Electricity Generation and, visit to Udine and Trieste hospitals and meeting with medical physicists working in diagnostic imaging to discuss dosimetry and quality assurance issues. Attended the SMR 3252: WCRP Grand Challenge on Cloud, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity: 2nd Meeting on Moosoons and Tropical Rain Belts, SMR 3221: Conference on Physics of Defects in Solids: Quatum Mechanics Meet Topology and the SMR 3229: 14th Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Nuclear Knowledge Management

Ademola Janet (Nigeria) from 1 Aug to 5 Sep 2018 Activity performed: visit to Rhine Waal University of Applied Science/Kleve/Germany and investigation on TL/OSL investigations on personal objects as emergency dosimeter and Assessment of radon in the environment and the radiological health effect

Francis Harford (Ghana) from 6 Aug to 5 Oct 2018 Activity performed: to develop MatLab algorithm for fusion of medical images, to participate to the College of medical physics and to the Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Quality Assurance and Dose Management in Hybrid Imaging, to visit Trieste and Udine hospitals, mainly nuclear medicine departments.

Wilbroad Muhogora (Tanzania) from 25 Aug to 16 Sept Activity performed: participation to the College on Medical Physics (SMR 3185);, 27 August - 14th September 2018, literature search on my research area in the ICTP library and gained research experiences from global medical physics community, visit to Fisica Sanitaria Department at Udine Hospital as part of established research network during my STEP study, analyzed hand-carried data on national occupational exposure in medicine and drafted a manuscript for publication.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 115 APPLIED PHYSICS:

FLUID DYNAMICS

The ICTP Fluid Dynamics Laboratory is a world-class research facility whose activities range from quantum to classical fluid flows and whose centrepiece is an apparatus utilizing helium gas near absolute zero. This apparatus is capable of producing extreme values of the control parameters characterizing controlled buoyancy-driven turbulence. Operating near the critical point of helium, it provides high-resolution data for fundamental studies of turbulent fluid dynamics.

Research Activities

From its position atop a rotating platform, ICTP’s turbulent convection experiment provides data applicable to large-scale natural phenomena like atmospheric and solar convection in a range of control parameters not possible elsewhere. Recent experiments have taken particular advantage of the possibility to apply more realistic boundary conditions, particularly the more two- dimensional aspect ratios characteristic of natural extended systems. Taking rotating convection to the limits has shown that the enhancement of convection with rotation at moderately high Rayleigh numbers obtained with conventional apparatus essentially vanishes at higher Ra and even changes sign. Since the range of parameters is not available to fully resolved numerical simulations, the experiment provides important input for guiding thinking about common turbulent flows in nature.

116 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 APPLIED PHYSICS:

ANCHOR OPTICS RESEARCH (AOR) PROGRAMME The programme is a collaboration between the international Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE), ICTP and INFN.

The research activities are presently centered in collaborating laboratories in the INFN and Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste. The purpose of the research, which is co-funded by the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE) is to use high power, narrow line-width mid-IR laser light for both spectroscopy and for accurate measurements of the proton charge radius, based on resolving hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen. The two methods being investigated are the use of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) which is tunable in the mid-it range, and difference frequency generation (DFG), taking advantage of improvements in nonlinear crystals.

The laboratory activities have involved researchers from Italy (ICTP, INFN, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A.), Bulgaria, Togo, Ghana and India. Researchers from developing countries were supported through STEP (sandwich training) programme, the TRIL (Training and Research in Italian Laboratories) programme, and ICTP’s Associates programme.

Elettra joined as a partner to the Quantum Cascade Laser project in 2012, making available resource and personnel from the laser laboratory.

In addition, an activity in Applications of Optical Tweezers was added in October 2012 under the umbrella of the AOR program. This brings a new partner—IOM-CNR—to the AOR.

Finally, with cooperation from IVIC in Venezuela and with an ICTP Associate from there, we added a third component on the ICTP campus, namely a training and research facility dedicated to microscopy and light-matter interaction.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 117 QUANTITATIVE LIFE SCIENCES

The Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) Section was created in 2014, in order for ICTP to respond to recent changes in the scientific landscape.

The progressive integration of a wide range of different disciplines — including physics, statistics, information theory, biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, population genetics and game theory — and the increased availability of quantitative data on the most diverse domains of life sciences — from the cell and the brain, to terrestrial and oceanic ecology, economics and quantitative finance — have led to the consolidation of a new research domain, which we describe as "Quantitative Life Sciences" to provide a sense of its breadth.

In this scenario, new challenges are emerging for physicists at all scales of organization of life, from signalling cascades and the regulation of gene expression or metabolism in a cell, to the large-scale structure of multi-cellular organisms, the brain or ecosystems. The early focus of physicists on the fundamental units of life (DNA, proteins and their interactions, neurons) has gradually expanded to include whole cells and tissues, as well as organs (e.g. the brain) and organisms, and even entire ecosystems. A detailed understanding of complex biological processes in terms of their constituent components and motifs, requires a proper grasp of fundamental concepts and tools in the theory of stochastic processes, statistical and non-linear physics.

Theoretical approaches show promise for understanding long-standing questions about individual and social behaviours, such as communication, competition and cooperation, and how these aspects are integrated in ecological and economic interactions. Besides the theoretical insights on the physical constraints that cells and organisms must face, this understanding requires novel insights on how selection acts on traits that depend on efficient resource allocation and strategic interaction. These questions in turn call for concepts and tools such as game theory, which were originally developed in mathematical economics. Also, the availability of Big Data probes statistics in the high dimensional limit, posing new theoretical challenges for which theoretical physics (e.g. statistical mechanics of disordered systems) provides conceptual insights that have already led to several breakthroughs.

In addition to the disciplines mentioned above, high-end computer-science techniques are also essential, as they represent transversal components to successfully achieve these goals. Their importance cannot be underestimated in this era of huge data availability and ever-increasing computing resources.

The QLS Section aims at promoting scientific excellence in this highly dynamic scientific landscape. It is currently composed of three staff members, three postdoc fellows, five PhD and four graduate students (see detailed list below). Two junior researchers with tenure track positions are expected to join the QLS Section in 2019.

The Section collaborates with a group of Staff Associates in order to enhance its outreach and visibility in the international community. The support of this "external faculty" is particularly important to maintain a high scientific level, given the disciplinary range and diversity of the activity that the Section aims to carry out. The QLS Section has also established research and training collaborations with other Trieste-based institutions (ICGEB and SISSA).

A core activity of the QLS Section is the Winter School on Quantitative Systems Biology, in collaboration with ICTS-TIFR Bangalore. This activity aims at bringing young researchers in contact with the forefront subjects of research in different areas of Quantitative Biology. The seventh edition, held at ICTP, focused on learning and artificial intelligence. The school aimed

118 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 at combining different yet strongly coupled perspectives: first, theoretical approaches, which focus on principles, algorithms, and their applications to computer science; second, the relationship with experimental neuroscience, which has inspired the latest generation developments in AI and has, in turn, benefited from the ability of AI to investigate the computations underlying complex cognitive processes; third, applications such as robotics, gaming, etc.

Another core activity of the QLS Section is the Spring College on the Physics of Complex Systems. This is a 4-week-long school aimed at second-year master's students and early PhD students, with five courses ranging from traditional statistical physics to all aspects of Quantitative Life Sciences.

Since their first editions, both the Winter School and the Spring College have witnessed an increase in quantity and quality of applicants, showing that there is a growing interest in these initiatives.

Research Activities

In 2018 the QLS Section has been active in four main research directions: • Physics of behaviour and sensing; • Statistical mechanics of collective behaviour in animal populations and in interacting agent systems; • Inference and statistical learning in high dimensional data; • Stochastic thermodynamics and active matter.

Physics of behaviour and sensing (A. Celani, M. Adorisio, A. Pezzotta, M. Durve) Individuals have to make effective decisions to increase the amount of reward they can get from the environment. Choosing how and when to move is one specific behaviour that is often central to survival and proliferation of cells and organisms. This decision is often guided by chemical and mechanical cues. Antonio Celani, Matteo Adorisio, Alberto Pezzotta and Mihir Durve are addressing this issue in several model systems, ranging from chemotaxis in bacteria and cancer cells, to olfactory search in insects and soaring in birds. Combining ideas from statistical physics, information theory, computer science and biology, they aim at an algorithmic understanding of animal search behaviour and decision-making guided by sensorial information. The research touches also on fundamental conceptual issues of algorithms for learning and stochastic thermodynamics.

Statistical mechanics of collective behaviour in animal populations and in interacting agent systems (A. Jelic, A. Roy, M. Marsili) One of the most intriguing biological problems is collective motion — an emergent phenomenon observed when systems of many moving and locally interacting units self- organize. Using methods of statistical physics and high-throughput data, Asja Jelic is studying several aspects of flocking behaviour in birds. At a quite different scale, Matteo Marsili and co-workers addressed collective behaviour of whole economies. This research shows how statistical mechanics can shed light on several phenomena, ranging from the loss of transparency in financial transformation (e.g. securitization) and industrial development to the relation between inequality and growth. Anjan Roy and Matteo Marsili, in a collaboration with the group of Vincent Torre (SISSA), have related their experimental finding on collective neural activities in a population of neurons, to the topology of the network of interactions in the different tissues analysed.

Inference and statistical learning in high dimensional data (M. Marsili, R. Cubero) For complex systems such as the brain, cells or an economy, even Big Data may not be big enough. The lack of knowledge on the system's "laws of motion" and the high dimensionality

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 119 of the data make most textbook statistics of doubtful use. Ryan Cubero and Matteo Marsili, in collaboration with NTNU (Trondheim, Norway), are investigating quantitative measures for identifying relevant variables and methods for extracting meaningful models in an unsupervised manner. For example, the contribution of a neuron in a given area of the brain to the successful completion of a task (e.g. spatial navigation) is encoded in the time series of the spikes it passes on to upstream neurons. Hence, even without knowing what a neuron is coding for (i.e. what particular behavioural correlates it responds to), Cubero et al. have shown that it is possible to disentangle relevant neurons from irrelevant ones, in multi-electrode recordings of neural activity, on the basis of the time-series alone. Their approach relies on the finding that it is possible to define a quantitative measure of relevance and that efficient representations in unsupervised learning tasks satisfy a principle of maximal relevance. This principle indeed characterizes optimal coding in Minimum Description Length and the representations extracted in deep layers of deep neural networks. Interestingly, efficient representations defined in this way carry signatures of critical behaviour reminiscent of phase transitions in statistical physics. Besides providing an explanation for the ubiquitous observation of Statistical Criticality in life sciences, this finding also provides a guideline for extracting relevant information from high dimensional data and may potentially shed light on deep learning.

Stochastic thermodynamics and active matter (E. Roldán) An important challenge in physics and nanotechnology is to develop a quantitative understanding of the fluctuating nature of energy conversion at mesoscopic scales. Only very recently, universal features of non-equilibrium small systems have been discovered in the framework of stochastic thermodynamics. These universal relations have shed light on fluctuation phenomena that have been experimentally measured in molecular motors, colloidal systems, electronic systems and active matter.

Using methods from martingale theory — a mathematical framework widely used in finance — Edgar Roldán is investigating new universal fluctuations of the energetics and entropy production of small nonequilibrium systems. Pioneering the so-called “martingale theory for thermodynamics”, he and his collaborators are investigating, with theory and experiments, the so-called “extreme second law violations” corresponding to events of extreme transient entropy reductions. Furthermore, the theory has been extended to account for fluctuations of time, providing new insights on the timing statistics of e.g. enzymatic reactions and optimal decision-making. Currently, the theory is being extended to quantum systems and active matter, with especial emphasis on the study of irreversibility and dissipation in spontaneous oscillations in the ear of the bullfrog.

Training Activities The Quantitative Life Sciences Section contributed to the ICTP 2018 Scientific Programme with 5 activities. QLS members acted as local organisers and/or directors.

19 February - 16 March 2018 Spring College on the Physics of Complex Systems (smr 3189) Organisers: Andrea Gambassi (SISSA), Silvio Franz (Orsay), Alessandro Pelizzola (Politecnico Torino), Local Organiser: Matteo Marsili

14 - 25 March 2018 Advanced Workshop on Nonequilibrium Systems in Physics, Geosciences, and Life Sciences (smr 3203) Organisers: Freddy Bouchet (ENS-Lyon), Giovanni Gallavotti (Uni La Sapienza Rome), Andrea Gambassi (SISSA), Valerio Lucarini (Uni Reading/Uni Hamburg), Stefano Ruffo (SISSA), Local Organiser: Matteo Marsili

120 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 7 - 11 May 2018 Conference on Collective Behavior (smr 3201) Organisers: Iain Couzin (Max Planck Institute for Ornithology), Dario Floreano (EPFL), Irene Giardina (Università di Roma), Asja Jelic (ICTP), Local Organiser: Antonio Celani

9 - 14 July 2018 Workshop on Operations Research of Biological Systems (smr 3223) Organisers: Suckjoon Jun (UC San Diego, USA), Rami Pugatch (Ben Gurion U./ICTP), Local Organiser: Matteo Marsili

12 - 23 November 2018 Winter School on Quantitative Systems Biology: Learning and Artificial Intelligence (smr 3246) Organisers: Chris Mathys (SISSA), Davide Zoccolan (SISSA), Local Organiser: Antonio Celani

A. Celani taught a course on Reinforcement Learning at the Spring College on the Physics of Complex Systems.

M. Marsili taught Probability and Information Theory at the International Master in Physics of Complex Systems (ICTP) and Advanced Probability Theory for the Statistical Physics PhD Programme at SISSA.

E. Roldán gave two lectures in the PCS Master course ‘’Probability Theory’’ at SISSA. A Celani, M. Marsili and E. Roldán supervised four master's students, five PhD students, and three postdoc fellows.

Participation in International Programmes

International Master Course in Physics of Complex Systems

ICTP cooperates with SISSA Trieste, Politecnico di Torino and a consortium involving Universities Pierre & Marie Curie (Paris 6), Paris Diderot (Paris 7), Paris-Sud (Paris 11) and the École Normale Supérieure at Cachan in providing education to graduate students from developing countries on the Physics of Complex Systems, leading to a Laurea Magistralis degree.

The aim of the International Master Course in Physics of Complex Systems is to shape professionals and/or potential researchers to be able to jointly apply knowledge and methodologies from modern physics, applied mathematics, information engineering and computational biology to the analysis, modelling and simulation of complex systems. Matteo Marsili is the ICTP contact for the Master Course.

Within this program, ICTP organizes in collaboration with the partner institutions, the annual Spring College in the Physics of Complex Systems, a month-long intensive training activity.

QLS Staff and Long-Term Visitors In 2018, the permanent staff of the Quantitative Life Sciences Section consisted of three staff members (Matteo Marsili, Antonio Celani, Édgar Roldán Estebanez) and three post-doctoral fellows (Asja Jelic, Andrea Mazzolini, Anjan Roy). There were 5 PhD and 4 Master's students supervised by QLS staff members.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 121 The total number of short- and long-term visiting scientist to the QLS Section in 2018 was 40 from 15 countries. Of them, 24 were nationals of developing countries, and 16 were nationals of developed countries. In addition, four Staff Associates contributed to the research activities of the Section.

o Professional Staff 1. MARSILI Matteo, Italy - Senior Research Scientist and Section Head 2. CELANI Antonio, Italy - Research Scientist 3. ROLDAN ESTEBANEZ Édgar, Spain - Associate Research Officer

o Consultants 1. MATHYS Chris, Switzerland

o Staff Associates 1. BANDI Mahesh, India 2. GHANBARNEJAD Fakteh, Iran 3. PUGATCH Rami, Israel 4. VERGASSOLA Massimo, Italy

o Visiting Scientists 1. ALIEE Myriam, Iran 2. ATAKHANI Asal, Iran 3. BARBIER, Jean, France 4. BIANCALANI Tommaso, Italy 5. BIFERALE Luca, Italy 6. BO Stefano, Italy 7. BUSIELLO Daniel, Italy 8. CONNAUGHTON Colm, Ireland 9. CUBERO Ryan, Philippines 10. DE MULATIER Clelia, France 11. FACCHINI Giulio, Italy 12. FIASCHI Davide, Italy 13. GAGLIARDO Anna, Italy 14. HOFMANN David, Germany 15. KHODADADI Mojtaba, Iran 16. KOBAYASHI Tetsuya, Japan 17. LALL Snehalika, India 18. LATASH, Mark, USA 19. MALEKI Maniya, Iran 20. ROSAY Sophie, France 21. SONG Juyong, South Korea 22. ZADORIN Anton, Russia 23. ZAOLI Silvia, Italy

o Associates 1. ABDUL HAMMED Misbaudeen, Nigeria 2. BABALOLA Jonathan Oyebamiji, Nigeria 3. BANDYOPADHYAY Sanghamitra, India 4. DEPICKERE Stephanie Brigitte Christiane, Bolivia 5. KUMAR Sanjay, India 6. MAULIK Ujjwal, India 7. MAZZONE Graciela Lujan, Argentina

122 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 8. MOHAMMAD RAFIEE Farshid, Iran 9. PONCE DAWSON Silvina Martha, Argentina 10. RATNAM PALANIKUMAR Vivek Ananth, India 11. ROY Soumen, India 12. ZAREI Mina, Iran

o Post-doctoral Fellows 1. JELIC Asja, Serbia 2. MAZZOLINI Andrea, Italy 3. ROY Anjan, India

o PhD Students 1. ADORISIO Matteo, Italy 2. DURVE Mihir, India 3. LEONE Claudio, Italy 4. PEZZOTTA Alberto, Italy 5. REYES GONZALES Alfredo, Cuba

o Master's Students 1. MARTINI Mirco, Italy 2. MANTOVANI Rocco, Italy 3. ARREGUI GARCIA Beatriz, Spain 4. GUILLET Alexandre, France

Funding 8,000 USD from ICAM for the organization of the Conference on Collective Behavior, May 12- 15 2018, ICTP. 15,000 USD from ICAM for the organization of the workshop Locomotion and Navigation from Flies to Robots 10-12 July 2019, ICTP

Publications Published Adorisio, M.; Pezzotta, A.; de Mulatier, C.; Micheletti, C.; Celani, A.; Exact and Efficient Sampling of Conditioned Walks, Journal of Statistical Physics 170:79-100 (2018)

Colabrese, S.; Gustavsson, K.; Celani, A.; Biferale, L.; Smart inertial particles, Physical Review Fluids 8:84301 (2018)

Pezzotta, A.; Adorisio, M.; Celani, A.; Chemotaxis emerges as the optimal solution to cooperative search games, Physical Review E 98, 042401 (2018)

Wong-Ng, J.; Celani, A.; Vergassola, M.; Exploring the function of bacterial chemotaxis, Current opinion in microbiology 45:16-21 (2018)

Reddy, G.; Wong-Ng, J.; Celani, A.; Sejnowski, T. J.; Vergassola, M.; Glider soaring via reinforcement learning in the field, Nature 562, 236 (2018)

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 123 Chetrite R., Gupta S., Neri I., and Roldán É.; Martingale theory for housekeeping heat, EPL 124, 60006 (2018) - Editor’s choice

Barato A. C., Roldán É., Martínez I. A., and Pigolotti S.; Arcsine Laws in Stochastic Thermodynamics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (9), 090601 (2018)

Lacasa L., Mariño I. P., Miguez J., Nicosia V., Roldán É., Lisica A., Grill S. W., and Gómez-Gardeñes J.; Multiplex Decomposition of Non-Markovian Dynamics and the Hidden Layer Reconstruction Problem, Phys. Rev. X 8, 031038 (2018) Song, J.; Marsili, M.; Jo J.; Resolution and relevance trade-offs in deep learning, Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2018 (12), 123406

Cubero, R.; Marsili, M.; Roudi, Y.; Minimum Description Length codes are critical, Entropy 20 (10), 755 (2019)

Beretta, A.; Battistin, C.; De Mulatier C.; Mastromatteo I. and Marsili, M.; The stochastic complexity of spin models: are pairwise models really simple, Entropy 20 (10), 739 (2018) (cover article)

Submitted Roldán É., Barral J., Martin P., Parrondo J.M.R. and Jülicher F.; Arrow of Time in Active Fluctuations, arXiv:1801.01574 (2018) - under consideration in Phys. Rev. Lett.

Singh S., Menczel P., Golubev D. S., Khaymovich I. M., Peltonen J. T., Flindt C., Saito K., Roldán É., and Pekola J. P.; Universal First-Passage-Time Distribution of Non-Gaussian Currents, arXiv:1809.06870 (2018) - under consideration in Phys. Rev. Lett.

Singh S., Roldán É., Neri I., Khaymovich I. M., Golubev D. S., Maisi V. F., Peltonen J. T., Jülicher F. and Pekola J. P.; Records of entropy production in an electronic double dot, arXiv:1712.01693 (2017) - under consideration in Phys. Rev. B

Cubero, R.; Marsili, M.; Roudi, Y.; Statistical Criticality arises in Most Informative Representations, Submitted to J. Stat. Mech. (e-print arXiv:1808.00249) (2018)

Cubero, R.; Marsili, M.; Roudi, Y.; Finding Informative Neurons in the Brain using Multi-Scale Relevance, Submitted to J. Comp. Neurosci. (e-print arXiv:1802.10354) (2018)

Pozzi, D.; Roy, A.; Marsili M. and Torre, V.; The role of network architecture in the onset of Local and Global Up states, submitted to Scientific Reports (2018)

124 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Seminars

1. 8-Jan-2018 Tommaso Biancalani - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Disentangling bacterial invasiveness from lethality in an experimental host-pathogen system 2. 9-Jan-2018 Edgar Roldan, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany Records of entropy production at the nanoscale 3. 11-Jan-2018 Tetsuya J. Kobayashi - Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan Fitness response relation of growing population: an application of large deviation theory and semi-Markov processes 4. 15-Jan-2018 Fakhteh Ghanbarnejad - Institute of Theoretical Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Cooperation vs. competition in an evolutionary ecological framework 5. 16-Feb-2018 Silvia Zaoli - École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland A finite-size scaling framework uncovers the covariations of ecological scaling laws 6. 27-Feb-2018 Jean Barbier, Communication Theory Laboratory, EPFL, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland A simple tool for complex problems: The adaptive interpolation method for the Wigner spiked model 7. 23-Mar-2018 Daniel M. Busiello - University of Padua, Italy Entropy production in non-equilibrium systems 8. 13-Jun-2018 Anton Zadorin, LBC, CBI, ESPCI/ParisTech Paris, France Natural selection in compartmentalized environment with reshuffling 9. 14-Jun-2018 Stephanie Depickere, Medical Entomology UMSA - IRD - INLASA La Paz, Bolivia Vectors of Chagas disease - determination of species by infrared spectroscopy and machine learning 10. 29-Jun-2018 Giulio Facchini, IRPHE Marseille, France Stability and organisation in macroscopic systems 11. 2-Jul-2018 Sanjay Kumar, Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India Polymer under gradient fields 12. 5-Jul-2018 Mahesh M. Bandi, OIST, Okinawa, Japan Hydrodynamic signatures of stationary Marangoni-driven surfactant transport 13. 17-Jul-2018 Fakhteh Ghanbarnejad, ITP, TU Berlin, Germany Disease ecology: How to compete in a multi-pathogen system? 14. 31-Jul-2018 Mina Zarei, IASBS, Zanjan, Iran Revealing modular architecture of the cortical network 15. 17-Sept-2018 Mark L. Latash The Pennsylvania State University, USA Towards physics of biological action and perception

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 125 16. 25-Oct-2018 Maryam Aliee - Institut für Theoretische Physik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany Establishment of large-scale patterns by short-range interactions in biological tissues 17. 13-Nov-2018 Tetsuya J. Kobayashi - Laboratory for Quantitative Biology, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan Inference of latent growth-related states of cells from cellular lineage trees 18. 29-Nov-2018 Soumen Roy, Dept. of Physics, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India Complex Systems: From networks to microbes

126 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 TRAINING AND EDUCATION PROGRAMMES

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 127 ICTP POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA PROGRAMME

Talented young science students in developing countries are sometimes limited in achieving their full potential by the absence of advanced postgraduate-level training that is up to international standards. It was in 1991 that Prof. Abdus Salam instituted an intense 12-month Diploma Programme in the (then) main research fields of the ICTP, namely Condensed Matter Physics, High Energy Physics, and Mathematics. Starting from September 2006, the Diploma Programme also includes the branch of Earth System Physics

The ICTP Postgraduate Diploma Programme is a gateway for young people who might otherwise never have had a chance, to reach international-level standards in physics and mathematics, and to more fully realize their intellectual potential. Former students from the very earliest batches, who have returned home (having completed the usual academic training of a PhD and a couple of postdocs), are now applying for ICTP Junior Associateships, and for participation in ICTP Activities. They are training students of their own, some of whom may apply to the ICTP Postgraduate Diploma Programme, thus closing Salam's virtuous circle.

This programme differs from other ICTP training/research activities such as Schools/Colleges: the Diploma period is one year; the level is pre-PhD; the participants are younger; and the number is small. From about 150 applicants to each of the four regular Diploma programmes, only 10 students are admitted in each. All 40 are given full support, covering airfare and living costs. The focus is especially on those developing countries for which high-quality advanced scientific training is less accessible. In the 2017-18 batch, the 41 students who joined came from 25 countries: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Jamaica, Kenya, Lebanon, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Philippines, Sudan, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam.

The one-year academic programme itself is quite intense, and consists of three terms covering basic courses, advanced topics, and dissertation research under a supervisor. During the first and second terms, covering 9 months of the Postgraduate Diploma Programme, students attend around 10 hours a week of lectures, with problem sets and final exams in each of the 8- 10 courses (see table on next pages for 2017-18 courses). Standards are maintained: students are asked to leave if they fail in two or more courses; or if their final average grade is below a C; or if their dissertation is unsatisfactory. The vast majority (91%) of the 894 students over the past 27 years have successfully surmounted these hurdles, whatever their initial background.

After obtaining the ICTP Diploma, most students go on to do a PhD in Europe or North America; or return to jobs as college teachers, or register for PhD in their home countries. In the 2017- 18 batch of 37 total students that received their Postgraduate Diplomas, the MSc/PhD placements included: Max Planck Institute Dresden, Karlsruhe, Parma and Trieste Universities, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, University of Waterloo Ontario and SISSA for graduates of the CMP Diploma; Burgundy Dijon University, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Sao Paulo Brazil, Texax A&M Universites, University of Notre Dame South Bend, University of Waterloo Ontario and SISSA for HECAP Diploma graduates; Grenoble and Stockholm Universities, Georgia Institute of Technology for ESP Diploma graduates; University of Duisburg-Essen and Paris-Dauphine University, Berlin Mathematical School and SISSA for Mathematics Diploma graduates. Others took up PhD registrations, or teaching positions in their home countries.

128 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 129

130 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 ICTP/IAEA SANDWICH TRAINING EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME (STEP)

The ICTP-IAEA Sandwich Training Educational Programme (STEP) aims at offering fellowship opportunities to Ph.D. candidates from developing countries. The scientific fields covered by the programme are those falling in the scientific and technical competence of the ICTP and its collaborating institutions. In 2018 the programme was funded by the ICTP, the IAEA Department of Technical Cooperation, and 'OFID-ICTP Postgraduate Fellowships' were made available thanks to a generous contribution from the OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID). OFID is the development finance institution of OPEC Member States, established to provide financial support for socio-economic development, particularly in low- income countries.

The programme is addressed to Ph.D. students in developing countries who are offered fellowships of 3-6 month stay each year, for 3 successive years at the ICTP or at collaborating Institutions (Synchrotron Light Laboratory Elettra, Laser Laboratory, SISSA, Universities of Trieste, Udine, Bologna, Padua, Pisa, Venice, ARPA, OGS, IAEA Laboratories in Seibersdorf and Monaco, Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School in Ljubljana, Hospitals of Udine, Trieste and Vicenza, INFN, TASC, IOM and others). Fellows can thus work on their Ph.D. thesis on a sandwich basis with their supervisor at their home Institute and a co-supervisor at the hosting Institute. Their Ph.D. is awarded at the home Institute.

2018 Fellows financially supported by IAEA:

Gulnura ABASOVA (F), Kyrgyz Republic Periods of visit: 16 July – 12 October 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Assessment of Uranium Tails to Population of Minkush Village

Dzifa DENUTSUI (F), Ghana Period of visit: 1 March - 27 May 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Identification of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB's) Toxins in Marine Fish and Shellfish Along the Coast of Ghana

Adwoba Kua-Manza EDJAH (F), Ghana Period of visit: 18 February – 16 June 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Hydrogeological Assessment of Ellembelle and Jomoro Districts of the Tano Basin Using Hydrogeochemistry, Isotopic Techniques and Hydrogeological Modelling for Sustainable Water Resource Development

Samah Kamel ELSHAMNDY (F), Egypt Period of visit: 27 June – 20 August 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Output Factor Measurements of Small Radiotheraphy X-ray Fields

Miquel GOMEZ BATISTA (M), Cuba Period of visit: 1 May– 31 July 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Tracking Ocean Acidification in Caribbean Sea Waters Using the Scleractinian Coral Orbicella Faveolata through Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques

Eyakifama HAZOU (M), Togo Period of visit: 10 September - 8 December 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Study of the Radiological Impact of the Phosphate Exploitation of the Locality of Kpeme (Togo) on the Public by Gamma Spectrometry

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 131 Nikola JOVALEKIC (M), Serbia Period of visit: 19 June 2017 - 18 June 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: LoRa Based Hardware Platform for Ultra Long Range Links in ISM 434 and 868MHz Bands

Daler KHOJIBOEV (M), Tajikistan Period of visit: 20 March – 11 June 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Physical and Chemical Bases of Migration of Radionuclides in Aqueous Environment

Andriy KHOLODYUK (M), Ukraine Period of visit: 12 February – 12 May 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Criteria of Radiation Risk on the Territories that are Contaminated as a Result of Technogenic Accidents

Kyrylo O. KORYCHENSKYI (M), Ukraine Period of visit: 20 July – 17 October 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Analytical Support of Site Specific Monitoring Programs and Environment Impact Assessment in Application to the Wet Type Remediation Technologies at the Sites Contaminated by Uranium Production Residues

Gabriela SENA SOUZA (F), Brazil Period of visit: 5 May – 1 September 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Contrast Microtomography and Synchrotron Radiation Low- Energy X-ray Microfluorescence

2018 Fellows financially supported by ICTP:

Beatriz Helena COGOLLO-OLIVO (F), Colombia Period of visit: 1 January – 30 June 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Study of Non-Harmonic Effects on the Structural Properties of Molecular and Extended Crystals at High Pressure

Arturo CORRALES SUASTEGUI (M), Mexico Period of visit: 8 March – 31 July 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Intraseasonal Variability of Summer Precipitation in Mexico and Central America

Jerome FOLLA KAMDEM (M), Cameroon Period of visit: 19 September – 16 December 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Study and Simulation of a Model of Current Reference using CMOS Technology, Subthreshold Region

Kenza HAMMAM (F), Morocco Period of visit: 24 March – 20 June 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Dynamics of Quantum Correlations using Coherent States in Common and Independent Environments

Salahadin Seid MUSA (F), Ethiopia Period of visit: 18 September – 15 January 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: A Scalable and Interoperable Semantic Aware IoT Architecture Towards Future Services

132 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Sandeep NARAYANASETTI (M), India Period of visit: 1 September – 29 November 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Role of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on Indian Summer Monsoon Variability in a Warming Climate

Zainab NAZARI (F), Afghanistan Period of visit: 15 August 2018 – 15 February 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Inflation, Local Scale Symmetry and Supergravity

Wycliffe Oneko OMWANSU (M), Kenya Period of visit: 25 July – 22 October 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Understanding Odour Molecule-Olfactory Protein Interactions in a Mosquito: A Computational Study

Roshmitha PANDA (F), India Period of visit: 16 May – 13 August 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Numerical Simulation of the Indian Monsoon Environment using Coupled General Circulation Model (GCMs)

Alfredo REYES GONZALEZ (M), Cuba Period of visit: 20 February – 20 May 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Quantifying Exploration in Motile Living Matter: from Insects to Bacteria

Namendra Kumar SHAHI (M), India Period of visit: 25 June – 21 October 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Prediction and Predictability of South Asian Monsoon Variability on Intraseasonal and Interannual Time Scale from the Coupled Models

Anam TARIQ (F), Pakistan Period of visit: 15 October 2018 – 12 January 2019 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Disruption of STY4874 MDR Pump Gene in Salmonella Typhi

Dung Thi Thuy TRUONG (F), Vietnam Period of visit: 1 July – 28 September Topic or title of PhD thesis: Some Problems on Wave Propagation in Complex Elastic Media

2018 Fellows with OFID - ICTP Postgraduate Fellowships:

Sara Abdelazeem Hassan ABASS (F), Sudan Period of visit: 19 February – 13 August 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Ab-Initio Simulations of Materials (Titanates) for Energy Application

Sisay Alemayehu ANGERE (M), Ethiopia Period of visit: 1 March – 27 August 2018 & 22 October - 31 December 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Seismotectonics of the Ethiopian rift and Adjacent Plateau Inferred from New Data Acquired by a Broad Band Seismic Network

Samy Ashraf ANWAR RATEB (M), Egypt Period of visit: 26 May – 23 August 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Study of Climate-Vegetation-Chemistry Interactions over Africa Using RegCM4-CLM4.5-DGVM

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 133 Gervais Nazaire CHENDJOU BEUKAM (M), Cameroon Period of visit: 2 April - 27 September 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Fractional Non-Linear Dynamics for FPU Lattices with Long- Range Interactions

Tony KAKONA (M), Democratic Republic of Congo Period of visit: 6 March – 1 September 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Mathematical Aspect of String Theory

Kasun Sameera MANNATUNGA (M), Sri Lanka Period of visit: 1 July – 21 December 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Real-Time Reconfigurable System-on-Chip Architecture to Support Any Number of Channel Processing

Amelie Djouda MBOUNA (F), Cameroon Period of visit: 19 February – 12 September 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Effects of Relative Climate Variability to the Regional-Scale Dynamical Malaria Models Over Northern Cameroon

Victor Kirui MENG'WA (M), Kenya Period of visit: 15 March – 11 August 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: First Principle Study of Pressure Induced Phase Transitions and Photocatalytic Activity of Metal Nanoparticles on Nanocrystalline TiO2

Juliana Mireille Summer RAKOTOMALALA (F), Madagascar Period of visit: 25 June – 16 December 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Quantify the Impact of Climate Change in Madagascar on Water Availability

Alexandra B. SANTOS-PUTUNGAN (F), Philippines Period of visit: 16 February - 14 July 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Investigation of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Small Boron Clusters for Greenhouse Gas Sequestration Applications

Lodvert TCHIBOTA-POATY (M), Congo Periods of visit: 11 September 2017 – 3 March 2018 & 10 September – 31 December 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Photo-Oxidation of Water in h-BN/ Fe2O3(0001) Nanocomposites

Alejandro VICHOT LLANO (M), Cuba Period of visit: 16 February – 14 August 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Future Climate Representation Over the Caribbean Region Using a Multiparameter Ensemble of Regional Climate Model RegCM

Thi Ngoc Anh VU (F), Vietnam Period of visit: 1 July – 28 September 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Effective Boundering Condition Method and Waves in Layered Media

N'gbesso Josée YAO (F), Côte d'Ivoire Period of visit: 2 April – 25 June 2018 Topic or title of PhD thesis: Study of the TEC with GPS Network in Côte d'Ivoire and the NeQuick Model

134 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 ICTP-UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE JOINT MASTERS IN PHYSICS PROGRAMME (LAUREA MAGISTRALIS IN PHYSICS)

The course is covered in two academic years and is administered by the ICTP Office of External Activities.

The Italian 'Laurea Magistralis' degree corresponds to an advanced master's degree. Anyone having the equivalent of a bachelor's degree in physics can apply. Upon successful completion of the entire study plan, students are awarded an MSc degree from the University of Trieste.

Three students were supported by the programme in 2018:

• two from Cuba and Vietnam, who graduated in the extraordinary session in March 2018; • one (from Palestine) who finished his second year of study. The students should graduate in the extraordinary session in March 2019.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 135 PHD PROGRAMME IN EARTH SCIENCE, FLUID DYNAMICS AND MATHEMATICS. INTERACTIONS AND METHODS (WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE)

Scientific Objectives

This PhD programme aims at the interdisciplinary training of students in the field of the Earth system science (ERC panel PE10), with special attention to the interactions between earth science, fluid dynamics and applied mathematics, as well as to the interplay of methodological aspects, modeling and applications.

This course promotes the preparation of students through the investigation of the scientific themes developed by the research groups belonging to the departments and the research institutions directly involved in the programme, as well as through international collaborations with qualified foreign structures that provide students with the opportunity to attend training programs abroad.

In the field of earth sciences, the main objective is the transfer of knowledge on advanced methods of investigation with applications to the study of composition, structure, stratigraphy and evolution of our planet, from the close surface up to the deep structures and the characteristics at a global scale.

In the context of fluid mechanics, the study of motion of the fluids is mainly addressed with reference to their transport properties, dispersion and mixing in environmental or industrial processes, as well as to their interaction with the solid elements. Fluid mechanics studies the properties and the behaviour of fluids, that is, liquids, gases, plasmas, and more generally of substances whose molecules have no fixed positions in space but can move relative to each other with different relative speeds. It involves physical phenomena of relevant complexity and has a broad range of applications. Most environmental systems involve the dynamics of liquids and gases that is described in terms of fluid dynamics, such as, e.g., oceanic, atmospheric and climate dynamics, physics of earthquakes and volcanoes, estuaries and lake hydrodynamics. Similarly, biological systems are regulated by transport and dispersion of elements or species in water, air, and blood.

The fundamental laws, which these disciplines are based upon, are generally expressed through highly complex mathematical models. The qualitative and quantitative study of such models requires the development and the application of sophisticated mathematical tools, and it represents a relevant and topical research field even from the mathematical point of view. Mathematics therefore pervades the entire programme, playing a central and unifying role.

In 2017 this programme was evaluated as an innovative, interdisciplinary and international PhD course by ANVUR, the Italian Agency for the Research Evaluation.

Educational Objectives

The Doctoral School in Earth Science, Fluid Dynamics and Mathematics is aimed at the advanced training of students in the field of fluid dynamics, applied mathematics and earth sciences, with particular reference to the topics described above. It promotes the theoretical and applicative formation of students, through the investigation of scientific themes developed in the research groups belonging to the departments involved in the programme and through international collaborations that provide the possibility to attend some training projects at qualified research level abroad.

136 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 The programme aims to prepare students to pursue different careers in research, teaching and in the industrial use of high technologies in the above-mentioned areas. The final dissertation must be original, it must represent the state of the art in the chosen field and should contain material for the publication of scientific papers in international journals of the field included in the ISI or SCOPUS catalogues. The students will be in contact with several local and international environments and gain a considerable experience in both theoretical and applied problems of earth sciences and fluid dynamics. In addition, the students will develop familiarity and competence in the use of more advanced tools (both modeling and experimental) for the analysis of complex physical systems, which will be of great use for future activities in public or private research centres or for any work in companies with high technological content.

Statistics

To date there are 85 students who have either completed or are working towards their PhD. Of these, 7 have graduated within 2018. In terms of gender, approximately 50% of the total number of students are female, and about a third come from developing countries.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 137 JOINT INTERNATIONAL ICTP/SISSA PHD (JIISP) PROGRAMME IN PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS

ICTP and the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) offer the opportunity to the Postgraduate Diploma Students, who successfully completed the programme, to carry out their PhD studies in the fields of Mathematics and Physics. At the end of the three-year PhD course, successful candidates are awarded a SISSA PhD degree and given a certificate of participation in the Joint International ICTP/SISSA PhD programme (JIISP Certificate).

Five Postgraduate Diploma Students from the 2017-2018 class were admitted to the Joint International ICTP/SISSA PhD Programme, starting Autumn 2018: Mubarak Muhammad (Nigeria) and Blessing Bisola Oni, who are studying Mathematics; Anam Sara (Pakistan), who is studying Physics and Chemistry of Biological Systems; Youness Diouane (Morocco), who is studying Statistical Physics, and Philip Cristopher Cruz who is studying Condensed Matter Physics. In addition, the programme graduated the following students:

PhD in Astroparticle Physics Yakefy Reyimuaji - China THESIS: Phenomenological Applications of Effective Field Theory: Neutrinos and LHC Physics SUPERVISOR: A. Romanino (SISSA) Defense date: 17.09.2018

PhD in Functional and Structural Genomics Kwanghyok Jong – DPR Korea THESIS: Atomistic Simulations of Model Amyloid Beta Aggregates, Water Networks and their Optical Properties SUPERVISORS: A. Hassanali (ICTP) & G. Legname (SISSA) Defense date: 08.10.2018

PhD in in Geometry and Mathematical Physics Ui Ri Mun – DPR Korea THESIS: Construction of Stable Generalized Complex 6-manifolds and their Fundamental Groups SUPERVISOR: R. Torres (SISSA) Defense date: 14.09.2018 (cum laude)

PhD in Condensed Matter Theory Mariami Rusishvili - Georgia THESIS: Color Optical Properties of Anthocyanins in Solution. A multi-scale computational study SUPERVISORS: S. Baroni and A. Magistrato (SISSA) Defense date: 25.10.2018

PhD in Statistical Physics Estelle Inack - Cameroon THESIS: Simulating Quantum Annealing Via Projective Quantum Monte Carlo Algorithms SUPERVISORS: S. Pilati & G. Santoro (SISSA) Defence date: 08.10.2018

138 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

MASTER’S IN THE PHYSICS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS

ICTP cooperates with SISSA Trieste, Politecnico di Torino University, Université Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris Diderot and Paris-Sud/Paris Saclay in providing education to graduate students on the Physics of Complex Systems leading to a Laurea Magistralis degree.

The aim of the international master in Physics of Complex Systems is to shape professionals and/or potential researchers to be able to jointly apply knowledge and methodologies from modern physics, applied mathematics, information engineering and computational biology to the analysis, modeling and simulation of complex systems.

Within this programme, ICTP organizes in collaboration with the partner institutions, the annual Spring College in the Physics of Complex Systems, a month-long intensive training programme. This programme is growing in visibility and reputation. ICTP contributes with funds which are used to invite around around 40 students from developing countries.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 139 JOINT ICTP/SISSA MASTER IN HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING (MHPC)

The Master in High Performance Computing (MHPC) is an innovative degree programme that prepares students for exciting careers in the fast-growing field of HPC. Set in the stimulating research environment of its co-organizer institutions, SISSA and ICTP, the programme combines lectures with hands-on and applied projects to prepare future HPC specialists for academia and industry.

MHPC coursework is driven by challenging scientific and technical problems that require an HPC approach. Lectures are provided by SISSA and ICTP staff and highly recognized international experts. Both institutes have long histories and experience in developing and applying scientific and research computation models.

Students who successfully complete the programme will be able to address problems requiring advanced computational techniques in multiple domains, and communicate HPC technological issues in all scientific and industrial environments.

Details are available at www.MHPC.it.

The MHPC programme began in September 2014 and it is now in its fifth edition (2018/2019). ICTP scientists have been providing several courses and ICTP provides fellowships to two or three students in each edition. The ICTP students Alejandra Maria Foggia (Argentina) and Rajat Kumar Panda (India) both graduated with merit in December 2018. Alejandra Maria Foggia also received the MHPC best thesis award.

140 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 JOINT ICTP-UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE MASTER OF ADVANCED STUDIES IN MEDICAL PHYSICS

The ICTP-UNITS Master of Advanced Studies in Medical Physics (MMP) is coordinated by a Director (Professor Renata Longo, UNITS) and an ICTP Coordinator (Dr. Renato Padovani, ICTP) and supported by the MMP Council (prof. Edoardo Milotti, UniTs, Luigi Rigon, UniTs, Mario de Denaro (Trieste Univ Hospital, Luciano Bertocchi, ICTP).

The two-year programme comprises a year of academic courses and practical exercises at ICTP, Trieste Univ Hospital and SSDL Laboratory (Zagreb) and a second year of full-time clinical training in a Medical Physics Dpt. of the Network of hospital for the clinical training.

In 2018:

• The 19 students of the 4th cycle (2017-2018) attended the full-time year of supervised clinical training in one of the 21 hospitals of network of Italian and Croatian hospitals for the clinical training. The 10th and 11th of December 2018 they submitted and defended a thesis work and the 12th they got the degree during a formal ceremony with the participation of the Trieste University Rector, the ICTP Director and the representatives of IAEA, IOMP, EFOMP and AIFM. The ceremony has seen the participation of most of the teachers and medical physicist supervisors from the hospitals providing clinical training. • The 19 students of the 5th cycle (2018-2019) attended the first year of academic course and exercises at the ICTP and Trieste hospital. The activity began the 10th of January and ended the 20 of December. Nineteen students completed the academic programme and exams and began their second year of supervised clinical training in January 2019. The academic courses were divided in 3 periods: January–Easter, Easter – Summer, September- December. Twent-nine lecturers from ICTP, Trieste and Bologna Universities, Elettra, various hospital in Italy, and one from IAEA delivered a total of 60 CFU (credits). The subjects of the theoretical and practical course covered general medical physics topics, namely physics of radiation, physics of imaging, dosimetry of radiation, anatomy and physiology, statistic and informatics tools, and main professional topics, diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy and radiation protection. More details are provided in the MMP’s ICTP webpage. • Concerning the 6th cycle (2019-20), following a call, a total of 259 applications have been received. From a short list of about 70 eligible candidates, a shortage of IAEA fellowships has allowed to enroll only 12 students, from 12 countries. • On 11 December 2018, a meeting with representatives of the IAEA (Dr. Beborah van der Merwe, Human Health Division and Ms. S. Ferreira, Technical Cooperation Division), External advisors (Ahmed Meghzifene, former head of the medical physics section of IAEA, and Slavik Tabakov, King’s College, London) and head and clinical supervisors from the Medical Physics Dpt.of the Network of hospitals was organized. The agenda included: (i) the discussion on the experience of the clinical training, the delivery of the Portfolio for the clinical training for the year 2019, (ii) the clinical training assessment methodology, (iii) the agreement on the distribution of the students among the hospitals for the year of full-time clinical training. • Two other workshops have been organised: --The workshop at the Secondary standard dosimetry laboratory (SSDL) at the R. Boskovic Institute (Zagreb, Croatia) for the students of the fist year organized the 16th of November. The workshop provided basis and demonstration of the

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 141 calibration of radiation dosimeters for therapy, diagnostic and radiation protection use. --The workshop on advanced techniques of brachytherapy devoted to students of the 2nd year. A four-day session was delivered to six students in the Trento hospital the 15-18 October. Director of the workshop was the MMP teacher dr. F. Ziglio. The workshop provided advanced training in brachytherapy allowing the participant to become familiar with advanced techniques adopted in brachytherapy including quality assurance programme and QC protocols.

142 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 CAREER SUPPORT

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 143 ASSOCIATES PROGRAMME

The Associate as well as the Federated Institute programmes represent two main channels through which the mission of the ICTP for the promotion and development of scientific knowledge in Developing Countries has been turned into a reality. The Associate Programme enables individual scientists to maintain long term formal contacts with the stimulating and active scientific environment of the Centre.

Since 2013, there is a new category of Associates: ICTP Simons Associates funded by the Simons Foundation, U.S.A.

Terms and Conditions

Junior and Regular Associates have a local individual scientific coordinator and Senior Associates have a scientific coordinator as point of reference. Coordinators are the scientific focal point for associates' visits to ICTP. This has led to an ever-growing number of scientific collaborations and strong connections between the ICTP scientific staff and the associates. This also leads to the organization of ICTP and other scientific activities in the associates' home country.

Associateship allocations are 180 days with a maximum stay of 60 days, the minimum requirement for travel allocation being 30 days.

Per diems are 40 Euro for Junior Associates, 45 Euros for Regular Associates and 50 Euros for Senior and Simons Associates. All associates who opt to stay on campus receive single accommodation in the Galileo Guest House, at a special rate of 15 Euro a night.

Special emphasis has been placed on the publications produced by our Associates since the start of their award. We are able to give a snapshot of the current information we have at hand, as follows: 300 Associates produced 3,083 publications since the start of their award, resulting in an average of 10.3 publications for each Associate member.

Efforts to increase the participation of women scientists in the Associates Programme has also been successful. In fact, from 2013 when the total of female associates was 17%, it has reached 21% in 2018.

Identification and Selection of Candidates

Applicants interested in an ICTP Associate membership apply through Sigma. Applications are usually (but not exclusively) submitted by scientists who have had some interaction with ICTP (typically participants in Courses and Workshops). The applications are divided by category (Junior, Regular or Senior) according to the age at the time of nomination. The committees make the selection from priority to final candidates directly on Sigma.

Once the deadline has passed, the Office identifies the number of Associate awards expiring, and takes this as well as the budget allocated for the Programme into account, to define the approximate number of new awards for the subsequent year, so that the committees have a clear indication of how many new appointments would be issued in their field. The committees are also informed of how many current associates are in their field and which country they are from, as well as their gender, to ensure a correct geographical and gender distribution. We also require the Committees to give priority to young active scientists and to women.

144 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 When the Head of the programme approves the final selection the letter of award together with the relevant annexes are generated directly and can be retrieved by the newly appointed associate automatically on his/her Sigma profile.

Chart showing the 2018 distribution of associates by Field of Research

Chart showing 2018 distribution of Associate Members by Geographical Area

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 145 Summary of the 2018 situation of the Associateship Programme Total Number: 300 by category:

Visits and Costs:

In 2018, 158 Associateship visits were made to ICTP by 147 scientists, plus 9 Simons students, as follows:

Average with respect to a hypothetical full utilization of these groups in 2018:

Number of Associates 2018

Junior 86 Regular 107 Senior 63 Simons 44 TOTAL 300

According to the above table, the total number of Associate members in 2018 is 300, including ICTP Simons Associates.

146 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Expected Associates Visits 2019 Junior 56 Regular 85 Senior 54 Simons 35 TOTAL 230

The above figures show that 72% of the total number of Associates have requested a visit in 2019. The total number of 2019 visit requests is 8% higher than the previous year's total which was 193 i.e. 64% of the total number of Associates who submitted a request for a visit in 2018.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 147 FEDERATED INSTITUTES PROGRAMME

The main difference between the Associates and the Federated Institutes Programme derives from the fact that while the former is addressed to an individual scientist the latter involves an institution.

The Federated Institutes represent an interesting complementary programme to that of the Associates:

• More scientists can be exposed to the scientifically stimulating atmosphere of ICTP because it is not addressed to an individual but to an institute. • It represents the basis of a long-term and fruitful co-operation between an institute and ICTP. • It should stimulate the Institute to invest energy and resources to keep the important link with ICTP alive.

Policy

There are two contract types: one granting a travel contribution of €1,500, for institutes situated in Europe, Northern Africa and Middle East and €3,000 for institutes in South & Central America, sub-Saharan Africa and the Far East, for the duration of the agreement. The total number days for visits foreseen for each type of contract is 90.

Criteria for the Selection of the Institutes

• Only institutions of an appropriately high scientific level and in which there is a rather consistent scientific population are considered. • Specific attention is payed to institutes in which there are brilliant young scientifically active people. • Try to establish agreements with institutes with which we already have significant collaborations, such as those in which there are (and/or were) prominent Associates or those which are included in other ICTP programmes, or institutes that have an ongoing collaboration with ICTP research scientists or groups.

Application Procedure

The Institute coordinator must aplly online providing all the requested information regarding the institute. A list of proposed affiliates (i.e. young scientists proposed for a visit to ICTP under the Federated Institute programme) must be given. Names can be added on-line at a later stage.

The applications are then assessed by the relevant committee. The final decision lies with the Head of the Office of Associates and Federated Institutes. After approval, Sigma automatically generates the agreement which must be downloaded by the proposer, signed and uploaded back onto the system.

Visit Request Procedures

The proposed affiliate must apply directly on-line to the activity. The programme will then cross-check with the Federated Institute database to check availability of days and funds for travel.

148 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 The following chart shows the number of Federated Institutes that have been established throughout the years.

Summary of the 2018 Situation of the Federated Institutes

In 2018 the ICTP had a total of 37 Federated Institutes, from 16 member states. The total number of visits under the programme was 37.

The total number of days available for the three-year programme is 3,330 (i.e. an average total utilization per year of 1,110 days). In 2018, 595 days were utilized. Accordingly, in terms of days, the total utilization was 54%.

The total expenditure (daily living allowance and travel contribution when applicable) for 2018 was € 25,431. A full utilization of one third of the total available would have implied an expenditure of €81,000. Accordingly, in terms of funds, the total utilization was 31%. However, the total funds available to Federated Institutes per annum is of the order of €88,000 so that from this point of view about 29% of the funding was utilized.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 149 TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN ITALIAN LABORATORIES (TRIL)

The Programme for Training and Research in Italian Laboratories (TRIL) offers scientists from developing countries an advanced experimental counterpart to ICTP's theoretical research and lecture-based training programmes. The aim of the programme is to promote collaborations between the Italian scientific community and individuals, groups and institutions in developing countries, working side by side in frontier-level research. The programme addresses important aspects of the mission of ICTP, namely:

• to help with human capital development in the scientific sector within developing countries by making it possible for early career scientists, already cognisant of local needs and resources, to work at the frontiers of science and technology; • to generally provide support towards sustainable capacity in basic and applied research that can help their nations' progress.

The fields covered by TRIL reflect the lines of interest to the Centre: applied physics, high energy physics, physics of condensed matter, energy, environmental science, physics of the living state, and a few miscellaneous interdisciplinary subjects.

TRIL fellows are matched to laboratories that best meet their needs and where there is a mutual benefit. The latter is very important, as it is the basis for a lasting collaboration, which contributes significantly to the success of the TRIL programme and to the mission of the ICTP. Fellows are hosted in universities and/or in national laboratories or laboratories in the national interest, such as CNR (Italian National Research Council), Elettra (Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste), ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment), INFN (Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics), INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia), OGS (National Institute for Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics) and others.

While a limited number of fellowships are fully funded by the TRIL Programme, the expectation is that the host laboratory jointly funds a fellowship. Some fellowships are totally supported by the host laboratory.

Fellowships range in length from a few months to one year, depending on the host laboratory, the research/training activity and the funds available. Fellowships may be extended for an additional period, usually for not more than 12 months at a time. The maximum duration of a fellowship is 24 months, referring primarily to those Fellows receiving the major part of their contribution from the host laboratory. This includes the original fellowship period and extensions.

Fellows receive a monthly allowance to cover their living costs, such as lodging, meals, local travel and incidentals while on the fellowship. Other allowances and contributions are granted according to the length of the fellowship for attending scientific conferences or for visiting other laboratories. Requests are examined on a case-by-case basis. The host institution provides the Fellow with laboratory space and other facilities necessary for the project. Host laboratories outside Trieste generally provide assistance to the fellows to find accommodation.

Since 2013, the TRIL Programme is administrated and run by the Office of External Activities.

Activities in 2018

There is an ever-increasing interest from existing and potential host laboratories to participate in the TRIL Programme. Their high-level scientific foundation and financial support provide an

150 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 integral part of the programme. In 2018, new agreements have been signed and existing ones strengthened and the financial contribution from external sources exceeded that from ICTP. The available funds were used for both new fellowships and extensions of existing grants enabling certain fellows to continue their research activities in Italy where there was a mutual advantage to do so.

In 2018, fifty-four fellows from twenty-five countries – Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Egypt, Guatemala, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Ukraine, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe, received support to carry out their research/training in Italy for a total of fifty-five visits. Of these Fellowships, thirty-six were new grants awarded in 2018 and nineteen were previously awarded grants, representing a total of 300.3 person-months. 38%, or twenty-one fellowships in total, were awarded to women.

Training and research were carried out in the following areas: Applied Physics 17 Computing Sciences 1 High Energy Physics 3 Mathematics 1 Miscellaneous 4 Physics of Condensed Matter 17 Physics and Energy 4 Physics and Environment 4 Physics of the Living State 4

The visits were carried at the following laboratories:

• Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste: 13 • Catholic University of Sacro Cuore, Brescia: 1 • Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA): 7 o 6 Unit in Casaccia o 1 Unit in Frascati • Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste: 6 • Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento: 1 • Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics: 8 o 1 Unit in Perugia o 5 Unit in Trieste o 1 Unit in Bari o 1 Unit in Milan • Italian National Research Council: 9 o 1 “Nello Carrara” Institute of Applied Physics (IFAC), Florence o 1 Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), Catania o 4 Institute of Materials (IOM), Trieste o 2 Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), Bologna o 1 Institute SPIN, Chieti • National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, Trieste: 5 • University of Florence: 1 • University of Genoa: 1 • University of Naples: 1 • University of Salerno: 1 • University of Trieste: 1

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 151

TRIL Success Story

Dr. Komlan Segbéya Gadedjisso-Tossou started coming to ICTP in 2010 as a PhD student within the STEP programme. After defending his thesis in 2013 at the University of Lomé, Togo, he was awarded an ICTP TRIL fellowship at the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) - Section of Trieste, to continue the work he began during his PhD on the Fusica con Atomi Muonici (FAMU) experiment project. The work of Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou fell within the framework of the Laser team which aims at developing a high-energy Mid Infrared tunable laser operating around 6.8 µm for the spectroscopic measurement of the hyperfine transition of the 1S state of muonic hydrogen.

After his time at INFN, Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou returned to his home country, and took on a position at the Department of Physics at the University of Lomé. During this period, he continued to collaborate with the team in Trieste, and in 2015, he returned to INFN with another ICTP TRIL fellowship. Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou together with his colleagues in the Laser team, noticed that the quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) purchased for the project have a limit in emission power. As such, a plan to build a new setup for these QCLs intended for laser spectroscopy for gas sensing was initiated.

In 2016, part of the equipment was transferred from INFN to the ICTP Multidisciplinary Laboratory (Mlab) in order to implement a Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer (CRDS), and Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou began working on this new parallel project. The CRDS was successfully implemented in the ICTP-Mlab, and the first gas detection measurement of ammonia was performed. A first scientific paper from this project is being prepared for submission. Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou was then invited to tutor about the CRDS technique during the hands-on laboratory sessions of the ICTP Winter College in 2018.

Beyond this scientific work, Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou together with his supervisor Prof. A. Vacchi, submitted a collaboration project proposal between ICTP and the University of Lomé, Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou's home institution. This collaboration project is progressing positively.

Through the experience that Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou gained, he began dreaming of building a real laboratory back in his country: a laboratory using low-cost equipment. In this perspective, Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou began collaborating with an ICTP scientist, Dr. Cabrera Morales, to construct a Thermal Lens Spectroscopy. This collaboration helped Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou to prepare a project proposal on building a thermal lens spectroscopy laboratory at the University of Lomé, Togo, which received 15,000 USD from the TWAS research grants programme.

Dr. Gadedjisso-Tossou’s dream is to see the prestigious and ambitious FAMU experiment project implemented, was successful. He remains very confident that the TRIL programme will give him more opportunities to come to Trieste again.

152 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 ICTP-ELETTRA USERS PROGRAMME

The programme offers access to the synchrotron radiation facility ELETTRA in Trieste in the years 2012-2021 to scientists from developing countries that work in those countries. The programme offers a limited number of grants to cover travel and living expenses of individuals and small groups who participate in the beamtime at ELETTRA. The number of scientists who can receive support depends on the number of allocated shifts and available funds.

A minimum annual total of 1,500 hours is available within this programme for beamtime applications at any of the existing ELETTRA beamlines.

The proposed experiments are selected for beamtime assignment on the basis of their scientific merit.

In the first semester of 2017, the Elettra Synchrotron Light Laboratory had an exceptional closure period of about two months, to undertake machine repairs. Most experiments initially scheduled for this period were rescheduled in the second semester of 2017, and a few were postponed to 2018.

A total of 1,920 hours were allocated in 2018.

Measurements were run on the following beamlines:

• Advanced Line for Overlayer, Interface and Surface Analysis (ALOISA): the beamline is a multipurpose beamline, which offers a wide range of complementary experimental techniques like photoemission spectroscopy, photoelectron diffraction, X-ray diffraction etc. • Beamline for Advanced DiCHroism (BACH): performs light polarisation dependent experiments in the 35-1600 eV photon energy range. • Bending magnet for Emission Absorption and Reflectivity (BEAR): the BEAR apparatus, beamline and experimental station, is designed for the study of a wide class of samples with emphasis on joint structural and electronic (magnetic included) properties of reduced dimensionality systems including free surfaces, interfaces, multilayers and adsorbates. • Circular Polarized Beamline (CIPO): deals with magnetic circular dichroism in absorption spectroscopy; X-ray photoemission spectroscopy; photoemission spectroscopy from UV to soft X-ray; spin-resolved photoemission; angle-resolved photoemission with high energy resolution. • Gas Phase Photoemission (GAPH): is specifically devoted to research on gaseous systems. • Materials Characterisation by X-ray diffraction (MCX): allows performing a wide range of non-single crystal diffraction experiments. • Twin Microscope (TWINMIC): the X-ray spectromicroscope TWINMIC integrates the advantages of complementary scanning and full-field imaging modes in a single instrument. • X-Ray Diffraction 1 (XRD1): designed primarily for macromolecular crystallography. • X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS): EXAFS spectroscopy provides microscopic structural information of a sample through the analysis of its X-ray absorption spectrum.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 153 In 2018, ICTP supported 38 visits of participants coming from:

Argentina 2 Brazil 5 Cameroon 2 Cuba 2 Egypt 2 India 5 Iran 3 Jordan 3 Mexico 5 Pakistan 6 Turkey 3

Total expenditure: Euro 47,687.27.

154 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 SESAME COOPERATION PROGRAMME

SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) is a cooperative venture by scientists and governments of the region set up on the model of CERN. It is being developed under the auspices of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) following the formal approval given for this by the Organization’s Executive Board (164th session, May 2002).

It is an autonomous intergovernmental organization at the service of its Members which have full control over its development, exploitation and financial matters. The SESAME Center, which is located at Allan (Jordan), has been officially opened on 16 May 2017. The synchrotron light source in Allan has presently two beamlines: the x-ray absorption/fluorescence spectroscopy beamline and the infrared spectromicroscopy beamline. One more beamline is being installed (Materials Science), and components for a fourth beamline for Macromolecular Crystallography are being procured.

The motivation for SESAME is that it will foster scientific and technological excellence in the Middle East and neighbouring countries (and prevent or reverse the brain drain) by enabling world-class scientific research in subjects ranging from biology, archaeology and medical sciences through basic properties of materials science, physics, chemistry, and life sciences. In the process, it will build scientific and cultural bridges between diverse societies, and contribute to a culture of peace through international cooperation in science.

ICTP has been involved in the SESAME from its inception, mainly in providing training opportunities to a core of potential synchrotron users from the SESAME members using existing programmes of the Centre. An ICTP representative automatically sits on the Training Advisory Committee (TrAC). Below we review the various programmes used to support SESAME in 2018.

ICTP-Elettra Users Programme: the programme brought 17 participants (2 women) from SESAME members to Elettra Synchrotron Facility in 2018. These participants came from the following SESAME members: • Egypt: 2 participants • Iran: 3 participants (2 women) • Jordan: 3 participants • Pakistan: 6 participants • Turkey: 3 participants

STEP Programme: for the year 2018, 1 STEP student from SESAME members carried out her research/training at Elettra: Pakistan: 1 participant (woman)

TRIL: in 2018, 2 TRIL fellows (1 woman) from SESAME members carried out their research/training at Elettra: • Egypt: 1 participant • Jordan: 1 participant (woman)

Scientific Calendar Activities: School on Synchrotron and Free-Electron-Laser Based Methods for Multidisciplinary Applications (smr 3202), 7-18 May 2018, ICTP. Organizers: N. Binggeli (ICTP, Trieste); M. Kiskinova (Elettra Sincrotrone, Trieste), J. Luning (UPMC, Paris). There were 5 participants (2 women) from SESAME members: Iran: 3 participants (1 woman), Egypt: 1 participant (woman), Pakistan: 1 participant

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 155 ACTIVITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

156 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 OFFICE OF EXTERNAL ACTIVITIES

ICTP is actively involved in building scientific capacity in the developing world through its Office of External Activities (OEA). The purpose of the OEA is to promote scientific cooperation through its support of Affiliated Centres, Networks, Visiting Scholars/Consultants and Scientific Meetings organized in developing countries. OEA activities are initiated by regional scientists and carried out at external sites within the same region.

In 2017, the OEA Affiliated Centres Programme and the Networks Programme, underwent some changes, where it was decided that grants would be paid directly to the postgraduate students and to the scientists belonging to a Network who will visit other member institutes. Funding will no longer be provided to the Affiliated Centre or Network coordinators. The postgraduate students within the Affiliated Centres Programme must come from a developing country from the region, but from outside the country where the Affiliated Centre is based, and an ICTP scientist will also be assigned to each student, as a tutor, to follow the performance of the student during their studies/research.

In 2018, all the above changes continued to be rigorously implemented, and a further modification was implemented within the Affiliated Centres Programme, whereby the programme began supporting Sandwich/STEP-like student exchanges between Institutes in developing countries. This variation was introduced following the receipt of several requests for support of this type, which falls fully within the philosophy of the OEA initiatives.

The main reasoning behind all these changes was to have better control on the programmes and to distribute the available funds where it is considered most beneficial. Throughout the past year, strong input and involvement from the ICTP scientists has been sought, in order to further improve the programmes, and especially to identify potentially new Affiliated Centres, Networks, and Visiting Scholars. As a consequence, there were a number of new assignments for all these programmes (see below for details). Overall, the implemented changes have been proven very successful, as demonstrated by the number of new assignments, students and their success (see below).

The OEA activities are mainly funded through the ICTP regular budget. The Office also benefited from a financial contribution from SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics, for funding the ALOP activities.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 157

Affiliated Centres

An Affiliated Centre is an Institute or University Department of Physics or Mathematics, in a developing country, that has either an active postgraduate course that leads to a Masters or PhD, or which has an active exchange programme that enables students to undertake research or training in order to benefit their Masters or PhD studies. Affiliated Centres have a regional character and must be strongly supported by the local authorities and the hosting institute to ensure continuity.

The purpose of the programme is to award grants to Masters and PhD students from neighbouring countries of the Affiliated Centre, but not from the country of the Institute or University Department itself. The Affiliated Centres propose candidates to the ICTP to receive a grant. All documentation is evaluated, and a limited number of grants are considered/granted to each Affiliated Centre.

The number of students approved each year for funding is determined by the availability of funds for the programme. Support is provided to cover the students' travel and living expenses as well as tuition fees. The full amount is disbursed directly to the student. No funds are provided to the Institute or University Department.

Grants are initially approved only for the year being requested and may be renewed for up to a maximum of four years, depending on the duration of the course. An ICTP scientist is also assigned to each student as tutor, in order to follow the performance of the student during their studies/research.

Students that are beneficiaries of the grants are required to submit reports throughout the year to document their progress. The performance of the student is evaluated at the end of each academic year, upon receiving a report. Continuation of the financial contribution of ICTP for the following year depends on the positive evaluation of this report and the availability of funds.

The Affiliated Centre must also submit a detailed scientific report, outlining the research activity being undertaken. The request for funding for the following year should be submitted by the Affiliated Centre co-ordinator before 31 October. This allows the relevant Committee to consider funding for the following year.

Upon completion of the studies, the students are expected to submit a final report, which should include a copy of the thesis, transcripts and diploma. This report should be signed by the student and the ICTP tutor.

In 2018, we had 9 active Affiliated Centres (4 in Africa, 2 in Asia, 2 in Europe and 1 in Latin America), in which we directly supported 20 postgraduate students:

• The Institut de Mathématiques et de Sciences Physiques (IMSP), Porto Novo, Benin, (one PhD student from Togo) • The Centre for Atomic Molecular Physics and Quantum Optics (CEPAMOQ), Douala, Cameroon, (two Master students from Chad and two Master students from Central African Republic) • The Mohammed V University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Rabat, Morocco, (one Master student from Comoros) • The East African Institute for Fundamental Research (EAIFR), Kigali, Rwanda, (one Master student from Sudan)

158 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 • The Joint Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Yerevan, Armenia, (two PhD students from Iran and one Postdoc student from Iran) • The Asia Pacific Centre for Theoretical Physics (APCTP), Pohang, South Korea, (two PhD students from Korea and one PhD student from Iran) • The Laboratory for Physical Studies at the Gomel State Technical University, Gomel, Belarus, (one Master student from Ukraine and two PhD students from Ukraine) • The Centre International de Formation et de Recherche Avancees en Physique (CiFRA), Bucharest-Magurele, Romania, (one PhD student from Morocco) • The Latin American Center for Physics (CLAF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, (two PhD students from Cuba and one PhD student from Colombia)

Networks

A Network is a system of research groups in an entire region, or among different regions that pursues a common scientific project over an extended period. The OEA supports networks because they are an efficient approach to overcoming the problem of isolation and counteracting the brain drain. The ICTP emphases South-South collaboration, as well as the sharing of expertise and facilities, through supported exchanges of scientific visits within the Network.

Funding for a network is approved for on a yearly basis and up to a maximum period of three years, subject to the positive evaluation of progress and annual reports. The number of Networks approved each year for funding is determined by the availability of funds for the programme. The funds cover the travel and lodging expenses of scientists who belong to the Network to visit other member Institutes. The member Institutes are expected to contribute to the local expenses relevant to the stays of the visiting scientists belonging to the Network. Hence, the Network should be strongly supported by the local authorities and the member Institutions. Awarded funds are transferred by ICTP directly to the member of the network travelling. Grants can be offered to young scientists to work for extended periods at institutes that are part of the network.

Requests for funding for the future years should be submitted every year. At the end of every year, an online report of the past year activities should be presented by the Network Coordinator. Continuation of financial support from ICTP for the following year(s) depends on the positive assessment of the previous report, detailed programme and financial plan for the following year, and availability of funds. This allows the Committee to consider funding for the following year, up to a maximum of 3 years.

Before the end of the three years, a meeting should be organized with all the members of the network. The purpose of the meeting is to assess the results of the programme and the impact the exchange visits has had on the educational and research programme of the visitors and/or host institutions. The outcome of the meeting is very important to enable ICTP to evaluate the accomplishment of goals and consider new applications for funding. Automatic extensions are not envisaged.

In 2018, 9 Networks were supported: 2 in Africa, 3 in Asia, 1 in Europe and 3 in Latin America and the Caribbean.

• The North African Group for Earthquakes and Tsunami Studies (NAGET) - countries involved: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia • The African Network for Advanced Two Dimensional Materials - countries involved: Algeria, Cameroon, Congo, Iran, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia • The Network on Black holes, Supergravity, Strings and Integrable Systems - countries

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 159 involved: Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine • The Asian Network on Condensed Matter and Complex Systems - countries involved: Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam • The Network on Theoretical Astrophysics, Gravitation and Cosmology (IKTUN) - countries involved: India, Kazakhstan, Thailand, Uzbekistan • The Southeastern European Network in Mathematical and Theoretical Physics - countries involved: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Moldova, Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine • The Network in Geometry and Mathematical Physics - countries involved: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru • The Latin-American Network of Ferroelectric Materials - countries involved: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Panama • The Caribbean Network of Quantum Mechanics, Particles and Fields, - countries involved: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Venezuela

Visiting Scholars/Consultants

This programme promotes collaboration between scientists working in institutions in the developing countries and leading scientists throughout the world. The visiting scientist is required to make two research visits over two years, each lasting three or four weeks. Longer stays are encouraged. The Visiting Scholar/Consultant carries out joint research with their counterpart and lectures students in their field of expertise, thus enhancing also the teaching faculty and the interaction with young researchers and students.

The programme offers an effective method to counteract the isolation of scientists, allowing them to maintain contacts and collaboration with leading experts from other countries.

There are currently 12 active Visiting Scholars distributed as follows: 4 in Africa - Benin, Kenya, Madagascar, and Morocco; 3 in Asia - India (3); 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean - Brazil, Colombia, and Cuba (3).

ICTP support is provided primarily to cover the travel costs of the visiting scientists for travel to and from the host institution. The host institution is expected to cover all local expenses and make the necessary arrangements for the stay of the visiting scientist. Only in special cases, and concerning only least developed countries, may support be provided to cover subsistence costs of scientists.

After each visit, the Visiting Scholar should submit a report to the ICTP including the following items: a description of the work carried out, a description of the main results obtained, the perceived benefit to the host institution and any other comments. The host institution should also submit a report of the Visiting Scientist's visit, summarising the activities performed and the benefits to his or her department. Failure to submit the reports in due time delays reimbursements, processing of funding for the next visit or suspension of project.

Scientific Meetings

The OEA encourages the organization of international and regional scientific meetings in developing countries by offering financial assistance to the organizers of conferences, workshops and schools. Applications are reviewed by experts in the appropriate area both for scientific merit and relevance to the region.

ICTP funds are intended to cover the travel expenses of foreign participants and/or speakers from OEA supported countries in the region where the activity is taking place.

160 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

After the activity, organizers must submit a final report, including a financial report; signed receipts for individual grants, together with copies of airline tickets and hotel receipts; a summary of the outcome of the activity; the final list of participants; the scientific programme.

In 2018, a total of 70 scientific meetings received support, distributed as follows:

• 12 in Africa: Cameroon (2), Morocco (1), Nigeria (1), Rwanda (1), South Africa (3), Tanzania (1), Togo (1), Uganda (1), Zimbabwe (1) • 27 in Asia: Armenia (1), Bangladesh (1), India (5), Iran (3), Jordan (2), Malaysia (1), Nepal (1), Pakistan (7), Philippines (1), South Korea (1), Thailand (1), United Arab Emirates (1), Uzbekistan (1), Vietnam (1) • 21 in Latin America and the Caribbean: Argentina (6), Brazil (6), Chile (2), Colombia (2), Ecuador (2), Mexico (2), Peru (1) • 8 in Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina (1), Romania (1), Russia (1), Serbia (4), Ukraine (1) • 2 in Other: France (1), Italy (1)

2018 funds were used to support the travel and accommodation costs of more than 350 participants attending the above activities.

The OEA supported three Active Learning in Optics and Photonics (ALOP) events in 2018, which provide hands-on training in optics and photonics to teachers in the developing world. These events were held in India, Zimbabwe and Ecuador, and all the expenses were covered by the SPIE contribution.

Collaborations between OEA programmes and ICTP scientists

The OEA strongly encourages its Affiliated Centres and Networks to collaborate with ICTP scientists in order to intensify their scientific efforts and build more effective partnerships by taking advantage of ICTP programmes and expertise. This is sometimes the case where PhD students can be shared in a type of “sandwich” programme with ICTP faculty having the opportunity to help in the selection. In this case, while the bulk of the training is done regionally, the students gain an association with an ICTP scientist, and the possibility to be selected for a relevant activity at ICTP to further increase the connection. Finally, through jointly-selected students the partnership becomes a real collaboration, strengthening ICTP’s ties to regional centers of excellence.

A recently established Network, where this applies, is the Asian Network on Condensed Matter and Complex Systems. This Network is coordinated by APCTP-POSTECH based in Pohang (South Korea), and the nodes are IBS in Daejeon (South Korea), VAST in Hanoi (Vietnam), SUT in Nakhon Ratchasima (Thailand), and NIP in Quezon City (Philippines). This Network, in close collaboration with the ICTP Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics section, undertakes high-level research through exchange visits and the organization of events. In 2018, the network organized five events, two of which were supported through the Scientific Meeting Programme.

The APCTP itself has also been working closely with the ICTP Quantitative Life Sciences section, on the project 'Statistical Physics and Complex Systems', under the umbrella of the Affiliated Centres Programme. Indeed, the QLS section was involved in the initial proposal for the creation of the Affiliated Centre, and APCTP and ICTP (QLS) are co-supervising three PhD students at POSTECH.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 161 Another Network that has been collaborating closely with ICTP, specifically with the High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics section (HECAP), is the network on Novel Approaches for Mesoscopic Phenomena. This Network is coordinated by IPM in Tehran (Iran) and the main nodes are the YSU in Yerevan (Armenia), UG in Tbilisi (Georgia), ITU in Istanbul (Turkey), ICMP in Lviv (Ukraine), IISER in Pune (India) and IIS in Bangalore (India). This Network is collaborating very closely with the ICTP HECAP section. A number of ICTP Associates are part of this Network and come regularly to ICTP for collaborations, and also many ICTP scientists from the HECAP section have been involved in the events that they organize, partially supported through the Scientific Meetings Programme. In 2018, this Network organized one summer school in Yerevan with that additional support. Moreover, one of the members of this Network coming from YSU, also applied through the Affiliated Centre Programme to obtain support to bring three students from Iran to Armenia to pursue a PhD and a Postdoc at YPI in Yerevan, further enhancing the ICTP Network.

Glossary

ANSEF - Armenian National Science and Education Fund, New York, USA APCTP - Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, South Korea FAR - Fund for Armenian Relief, Yerevan, Armenia IBS - Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea ICMP - Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Lviv, Ukraine IIS - Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India IISER - Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India IPM - Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran ITU - Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey NIP - National Institute of Physics, Quezon City, Philippines POSTECH - Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea SUT - Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand UG - University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia VAST - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam YPI - Yerevan Physics Institute in Yerevan, Armenia YSU - Yerevan State University, Yerevam. Armenia

162 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 PARTNER INSTITUTE: ICTP SOUTH AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH (ICTP-SAIFR)

The ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) has now completed its seventh year of theoretical physics activities in São Paulo as a collaboration between the São Paulo Research Funding Agency (FAPESP), the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) - a category 1 institute of UNESCO, the Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), and the Instituto de Fisica Teorica (IFT-UNESP) in whose building it is located. The research conducted at ICTP-SAIFR includes diverse areas of theoretical physics including string theory, field theory, integrability, condensed matter, particle physics, cosmology, general relativity, astrophysics, complex systems, and mathematical biology. Researchers of ICTP-SAIFR are also members of important state-of-the-art international collaborations such as the CMS detector at the LHC, the LIGO and the Dark Energy Survey collaborations.

Faculty member Pedro Vieira continued his research in integrability and quantum field theory with partial funding from a Simons Institute grant, and was awarded in March 2018 the prestigious Sackler International Prize in Physics by Tel Aviv University for his groundbreaking work. And the newly hired Simons-FAPESP fellow Aline Ramires had her most recent paper on graphene chosen as the cover article of the October 1 issue of Physical Review Letters.

During 2018, the number of ICTP-SAIFR schools, workshops and minicourses increased over the previous years. The ICTP-SAIFR organized activities including 9 international schools on the topics of mathematical biology, physics applications in biology, nonlinear time series analysis and complex networks, particle physics, integrability, dark matter and neutrino detection, entrepreneurship, gravitational waves and data science, 13 workshops on Cherenkov Telescope Array, ecological networks, long-range interactions and synchronization, gravity and holography, ANDES underground laboratory, mathematical physics, strong electron correlation, mathematical modeling of infectious disease dynamics, industry-university interactions in Brazilian physics, condensed matter, dark matter and cosmology as well as 5 minicourses on gravitational waves, field theory amplitudes, quantum entanglement, quantum computation and simulability and dark matter. Finally, there were weekly meetings in 2018 of a colloquium and three separate “journal clubs’’ in the areas of string theory, particle physics, and cosmology.

In addition to these research activities, ICTP-SAIFR continued in 2018 its previous outreach activities including monthly informal discussions in a bar called “Papos de Física” and distinguished public lectures by internationally recognized physicists, as well as initiating several new outreach activities with support from Instituto Serrapilheira, a new private nonprofit foundation which promotes science research and outreach in Brazil. One such new activity is a collaboration with the Instituto Moreira Salles museum in downtown São Paulo involving monthly discussions between a physicist and an artist in the museum on a topic of common interest called “Ciência em Diálogo”. A second outreach activity initiated in 2018 in partnership with the Perimeter Institute educational outreach department is the translation into Portuguese of pedagogical material prepared for high-school physics teachers to use in their classrooms. Several volumes of this material were translated in 2018, and two workshops for high-school teachers on how to use this classroom material were organized by ICTP-SAIFR in September and November. A third new outreach activity involves Saturday morning lectures for high-school students on advanced physics topics by ICTP-SAIFR faculty, followed on Saturday afternoons by discussions on the lectures with a high-school teacher. And a fourth new outreach activity involves monthly visits of ICTP-SAIFR faculty to different public high schools in São Paulo to discuss with students the research and career choices of a physicist.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 163 PARTNER INSTITUTE: MESOAMERICAN CENTRE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS (MCTP)

The Mesoamerican Centre for Theoretical Physics (MCTP) was created in collaboration between the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) and the Autonomous University of Chiapas (UNACH) in order to establish a regional headquarters of the ICTP in Central America, the Caribbean and Mexico. MCTP activities range across the various countries of the region. These countries share a common language, some of the greatest biodiversity on the planet and common problems, so scientific and technological research need to be integrated into a regional and international scheme based on cooperation and expanding opportunities.

In response to these needs, the Federal Government of Mexico, the Government of the State of Chiapas, UNACH and ICTP have joined forces to provide opportunities for sustainable development and significant impact on the competitiveness in the region. The main objective of the MCTP is to develop teaching, research and extension of knowledge of basic and applied sciences in Physics, Mathematics, Energy and Environment, through professional and advanced teaching, scientific, technological and innovation research, and the union of these knowledges and services to the society.

The MCTP organizes international conferences, workshops, seminars and colloquia. Every year the financial support is available for participants who attend and are interested. The calendar is published and modified on an annual basis. The events during 2018 were:

• Latin American Introductory School on Parallel Programming and Parallel Architecture for High Performance Computing. • Consecuencias Cosmológicas de la Transición de Fase de un Modelo de Materia Oscura. • Presentación del MOOC Matemáticas para todos. • Geometría y Dinámica: Conjuntos límite de sistemas dinámicos. • Cosmostatistics: abordando macrodatos del cielo. • What is not dark matter? • Quantum Chromodynamics: The key to understanding the origin of the Mass. • What is the role of the physicist in the medical area? SCHOOL- GEOMETRY AND TOPOLOGY SCHOOL • The Birth of the Stars and the Planets.SCHOOL- THIRD LATIN AMERICAN SCHOOL ON ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY AND APPLICATIONS • Research in the 3IER-UNICACH. • 2nd Mexican School of Cosmological Disturbances. • III Summer school in cosmology, gravitation and mathematical physics. • The HAWC experiment, current status. • International School of Renewable Energy. • XIII School of Fundamental Physics. • I Central American Research Workshop. • Mesoamerican School of Mathematics: Spectral Theory of Linear Operators. • Cuarta Escuela Centroamericana de Física Fundamental. • Sistema de Resonancia de Plasmones de Superficie y Aplicaciones. • Meeting of the Cosmic Rays Division of the Mexican Physical Society. • Fifth Latin American Congress of Physics. • II Mesoamerican Workshop on Cosmology and Gravity • Tercer Ciclo de Talleres de Ciencia y Tecnología en Educación Media Superior 2018 • Ballet cuántico en el lugar más frío del Universo.

164 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 • MX Dark Matter 2018. • Energía oscura y el Universo Fugitivo. • Second International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Optimization. • III Encuentro de Modelado Matemático en Física y Geometría. • Estudio de la desigualdad en México a través de un modelo de agentes ahorradores. • Birrefringencia y dispersión de la luz en campos gravitacionales • El Quark: Cómo podemos entenderlo? • Joyas Perturbativas en QFT.

Attendance statistics of the events in 2018:

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 165 PARTNER INSTITUTE: ICTP- EAST AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH

The East African Institute for Fundamental Research (EAIFR) is a Category 2 UNESCO institute in Kigali, Rwanda. EAIFR is also an ICTP partner institute and the Centre is heavily involved in all scientic aspects of the institute. The premises of EAIFR is a five-story building on the Kigali campus of the University of Rwanda (UR). EAIFR is an independent institute which nevertheless collaborates closely with the UR, which also provides infrastructure for the institute.

EAIFR was developed in response to a need in Rwanda and the region for both MSc and PhD programmes in various areas of physics, both fundamental and applied. It is planned that at any given time there will be 50 or more MSc students while the PhD programme is still to be determined. Initially the areas of teaching and research will be in condensed matter physics, geophysics and particle physics and cosmology. Other areas currently being considered are high performance computing, computational sciences and space physics. There is a long-term vision to systematically identify and cover the parts of physics, mathematics and interdisciplinary areas relevant for a strong core in basic science while also attending to the priorities of the region and the continent in general.

The institute itself is more than just a graduate school, as it will have at least five research scientists on staff. When it is fully operational there will be approximately 15 postdoctoral fellows. It is expected to act as a vibrant hub for visiting scientists from around the world, so that scientists from the continent can discuss and collaborate with others from further afield. This will also allow the students to make contact with active scientists and better their chances for obtaining PhD or postdoctoral positions in other countries. The institute will host approximately five scientific meetings or schools a year, some of those in collaboration with ICTP. Furthermore, it is expected to act as a node for various physics networks in Africa.

Activities in 2018

In 2018, EAIFR organized one mini-workshop, five workshops, and the formal inauguration of the Institute. In addition, it started the Master’s programme in physics, received donations from ICTP, entered into a partnership agreement, and published two papers in international peer-reviewed journals.

EAIFR was officially inaugurated at a ceremony attended by hundreds of African scientists, along with their international counterparts. The Minister of Education for Rwanda, Dr. Eugene Mutimura, attended the ceremony; in his address to the audience he thanked ICTP for choosing Rwanda as the host country for the new centre. “I am delighted to learn that partner institutes are now an integral part of the strategy of the ICTP to enhance its mission. The ICTP-EAIFR is central to ICTP’s direct involvement in Africa,” he said.

ICTP-EAIFR hired two more staff scietnists in 2018. Shoaib Munir, a high energy physicist from Pakistan, and Steve Ndengué, a chemical physicist from Cameroon, will begin their new assignments in spring 2019. Shoaib Munir obtained his PhD degree in theoretical high energy physics from the University of Southampton, UK, in June 2007. Steve Ndengué earned a PhD in physics of condensed matter and radiation from the University of Grenoble, France.

Ten students (five Rwandans, three Sudanese and two Ugandans) began ICTP-EAIFR's MSc programme in October 2018.

166 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 PARTNER INSTITUTE: ICTP- ASIA PACIFIC

ICTP has opened a new partner institute in Beijing, China, fostering the advancement of basic sciences in the Asia-Pacific region.

The new institute, the International Center for Theoretical Physics-Asia Pacific (ICTP-AP), is a joint initiative between ICTP and the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS). Both partners see the new institute as a centre for top-level research, promoting scientific excellence throughout the region. The new institute will encourage the exchange of students and scientists, as well as the development of joint training and masters programmes.

A ceremony to officially inaugurate the centre took place on 4 November in Beijing; Wu Yue- Liang, Vice-President of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, officiated the event on behalf of UCAS President Li Shushen. ICTP Director Fernando Quevedo represented the Centre; also present was Bai Chunli, President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

“China’s strong commitment to science makes it an ideal place to host a regional centre for theoretical physics,” said Quevedo. He added, “ICTP is pleased to have UCAS as a partner in this endeavor to expand research excellence and opportunities to scientists throughout the Asia-Pacific area.”

ICTP-AP is based at the UCAS campus in Beijing. It has been designated a UNESCO Category 2 institute, meaning that its mission will contribute to the overall achievement of UNESCO’s science objectives. To that end, UNESCO’s Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences, Flavia Schlegel, also attended the ICTP-AP inauguration.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 167 PHYSICS WITHOUT FRONTIERS

The ICTP Physics Without Frontiers (PWF) programme works to inspire, train and motivate physics and mathematics university students in developing countries to help build the next generation of scientists. Each project is unique, developed with the country's specific needs in mind. Projects are organised by PhD students, postdoctoral reseachers and lecturers who are passionate to promote physics and mathematics in developing countries. PWF currently organizes three types of projects: University Courses, Workshops and Schools, and Masterclass Roadshows. All are aimed at undergraduate and master students, and all contain outreach components for secondary school students and the general public.

University Courses: These provide high-level education and training to students on specific topics by researchers who are experts in that field. PWF partners with physics and mathematics departments that are unable to teach specific courses due to a lack of resources. The project also supports collaboration between the international researcher and the university, which supports students with further studies and fosters scientific cooperation.

Workshops and Schools: These provide intense, high-level training programmes lasting several days, to train and educate undergraduate or master students who lack access to the specific field of research in physics or mathematics. The workshops or schools are organized by groups of scientists who are experts in the field; PWF tries to ensure that at least one is from the host country working abroad. The programmes are pedagogical, involving interactive lectures, hands-on session and problem classes, and student presentations or poster sessions.

Masterclass Roadshows: These are organized in a host country to promote research in physics or mathematics lacking in the host country. They are organized by small working groups of PhD and postdoctoral researchers passionate about promoting physics in their home country. The group visits a number of university physics departments in the host country to give one-day intense masterclasses on a specific research topic in physics and mathematics, aiming to motivate students to further their education in research and consider pursuing a career in research or related areas.

PWF summary of activities for 2018: • University Courses (2) (60 students) o Palestine, 10 students o Guatemala, 50 students • Workshops/ Schools (2) (340 students) o Afghanistan, 300 students, 2-days o Nepal, 40 students, 5-days • Roadshows (4) (320 students) o Zimbabwe, 120 students o Argentina, 60 students o Colombia and Venezuela, 100 students o Uruguay 40 students • Outreach (1) o Namibia 5k external funding 5 students for 2-day workshop, - equipment for their outreach activities • Total Budget ICTP PWF: 13k • External Funding: 6k • Total Number of students: 725 students • Total spent 19k

168 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 ICTP PRIZES AND AWARDS

2018 Dirac Medal and Prize ICTP awarded its 2018 Dirac Medal and Prize to three distinguished physicists—Subir Sachdev of Harvard University, Dam Thanh Son of the University of Chicago, and Xiao-Gang Wen of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology—for their independent contributions toward understanding novel phases in strongly interacting many-body systems, introducing original cross-disciplinary techniques.

2018 ICTP Prize ICTP awarded its 2018 ICTP Prize to Luis E.F. Foà Torres of the University of Chile, Santiago, Chile, and to Hongjun Xiang of Fudan University, Shanghai, China. The Prize recognized their independent contributions to the theoretical advancement of condensed matter physics of modern solid-state materials, including low dimensional and nanoscale systems.

2018 ICO/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Prize The 2018 International Commission for Optics/ICTP Gallieno Denardo Award went to Urbasi Sinha of the Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru, India. The award cites her pioneering research in photonic quantum technologies, contributions to cutting edge experimental research in quantum optics, and extensive and multifaceted outreach activities towards popularizing experimental optical science in India.

2018 Ramanujan Prize ICTP awarded the 2018 Ramanujan Prize for Young Mathematicians from Developing Countries to Ritabrata Munshi of the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India. The prize is in recognition of Munshi’s outstanding work in number theory, a branch of pure mathematics that studies properties of integers, or numbers that do not have a fractional part.

2018 Walter Kohn Prize The Walter Kohn Prize for quantum-mechanical materials and molecular modeling was awarded to Gabriel Merino, a researcher from Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Mérida, Mexico. The prize recognizes his pioneering work on predicting and understanding novel systems that violate standard chemical paradigms, and for generalizing and broadening the scope of concepts such as aromaticity, coordination and the chemical bond.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 169 SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT SERVICES

Marie Curie Library

The Centre’s Marie Curie Library provides high-quality resources and services to support research, teaching and scientific inquiry in the fields of Astronomy and Astrophysics, High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Mathematics, Earth System Physics and other subjects related to ICTP areas of interest. It is open to ICTP researchers, visitors, staff and participants in the on-campus activities, as well as users accredited to The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), to The Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD), to the Department of Physics of the Trieste University and to the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA). Upon request, access for consultation might be extended to other researchers and students of the wider Trieste System scientific network.

Further to its own collections, the Library preserves documentation regarding the institutional history, curates the Abdus Salam memorial website and is home to the Archive of papers and correspondence of Abdus Salam (about 10,000 items dated between 1939 and 2000), and a collection of 1.400 books originating from his private library.

Guided visits to the Library for delegations, groups of students and other ICTP guests are arranged upon request.

The Online Public Access Catalogue of about 90.000 items can be easily searched via the Library website (library.ictp.it), results show the location of physical copies and their availability status. Access to licensed e-resources is possible from the ICTP intranet only.

The Library provides user training, reference services, loans and document delivery services. In addition to the basic services, it facilitates distribution of scientific literature in least developed countries through the eJDS-eJournals Delivery Service (for individual scientists) and the ICTP Book Donation Programme (for libraries). In 2018 a basic books collection was donated to the new partner institute in Rwanda as a contribution and a starting point for a future EAIFR Library.

The Marie Curie Library participates in: ACNP (Italian National Union Archive of Periodicals) NILDE (Network Inter-Library Document Exchange) developing interlibrary cooperation in Document Delivery service AIB (Associazione Italiana Bibliotecari) INLN (International Nuclear Library Network) SCOAP3 (Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics) arXiv (repository of e-prints) Is associated with: The American Meteorological Society The American Institute of Physics The American Mathematical Society Società Italiana di Fisica Has agreements for eJDS with: The American Mathematical Society (AMS) The American Institute of Physics (AIP) The American Physical Society (APS) Elsevier The European Mathematical Society (EMS) The National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

170 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 The Optical Society (OSA) The International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE) Springer Nature World Scientific Publishing

2018 highlights

After the early retirement of the former Library Head Lucio Visintin, in July 2017, Nicoletta Zar, responsible for e-resources and serials, has been assigned temporarily the supervisory duties, until the vacant position is filled. Although the services provided by the Library enjoy of a steady positive assessment, they could be improved by updating the integrated library software and reshaping the physical spaces. Ms Zar gave a presentation of the present Library services to the Scientific Council in its 2018 Spring session, mentioning the future challenges.

The Director nominated a Library Committee to review the role of the Library within the framework of the institutional strategy and advise on future developments: Head, Fernando Villegas, members, Paolo Creminelli, Adrian Tompkins and Sandro Scandolo, in representation of the main ICTP research areas, with the participation of Ms Zar.

The Committee identified the need to carry out a survey on the Library services to get feedback from users, and the urge to reorganize the Library physical spaces with a modern insight, and to consider the necessary change of ILS (Integrated Library Software). On these and other matters, the Committee suggested to seek advise from some experienced librarians/consultants from scientific environments comparable with the ICTP.

In view of the space rearrangements, a preliminary procedure of review of the print collection and removal of out-of-date texts and hardcopies of journals available online is under way. As concerns collections development, the Post-Graduate Diploma book collection has been reviewed and consolidated. In relation to the journals collection, after lengthy discussions with the ICTP scientists, and an unsuccessful attempt to negotiate with the publisher, the Director decided not to renew the subscription to Elsevier's ScienceDirect collection, a bundle of over 2.000 titles, as it was financially unsustainable. The unavailability of Elsevier journals did not result in the expected increase of DDL requests so far, it remains to be seen which effects this cut will have in the long-run.

The Library declared its interest and gave its availability to collaborate in institutional projects and outreach activities as the integration of its user-database with Sigma and the ICTP video project and the photo/multimedia archiving.

To increase visibility of collections and services, the Library is regularly posting on its website news items focussed on recent developments of scholarly communication, new bibliographic tools, free information sources, and new acquisitions. Monthly leaflets are produced showcasing new entries in the collection. Orientation tours targeted to the students of the Postgraduate Diploma Programme and the Degree Programmes hosted at ICTP hve been scheduled, as well as presentations of the Library services at the opening sessions of selected on-campus activities. Nicoletta Zar was invited by OWSD to give a presentation on Open Access resources and the scholarly publishing scenario to a group of early career women scientists from less developed countries.

Collaboration with the Public Information Office has been strengthened, co-curating "Sugar for the Brain", a series of science for non-scientists lectures by scientific staff: six lectures, held in the Library premises during Summer, that will be hopefully followed by other similar events.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 171 As a contribution to ICTP outreach activities, on the European Researchers' Night, 28 September, the Library organized the italian premiere of the documentary Paywall: the Business of Scholarship, followed by a panel discussion on scholarly publishing, at the Auditorium of Revoltella Musem, Trieste.

On another issue, the Library would welcome fund raising to sponsor the Salam's Archive digitalization, which would allow to open-up the Archive to scholars for easy consultation, while preserving the original documents. So far only 7% of the Archive has been digitized, this work is worthy of bening supported by a special project.

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ICTP’s Information and Communication Technology Section (ICTS) maintains the Centre’s advanced computing facilities. It also plays a key role in all ICTP activities related to technology for high-performance computing, parallel programming and scientific software development, including ICTP’s Master’s in High-Performance Computing (MHPC), a joint degree program run with the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA). The programme is centered around the two institutes’ high-performance computing center. Launched in 2014, the facility expands opportunities not only for MHPC students, but also for staff researchers and the thousands of scientists from developing countries doing collaborative research with the Centre. From simulating molecular interactions to calculating climate forecasts, supercomputers are becoming an increasingly important tool for scientists seeking to solve complex scientific computational problems. The results of these supercomputing exercises are being used in important, practical ways, from the development of improved solar energy cells to input into international agreements such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) climate assessment reports.

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ICTP has published the African Review of Physics (www.aphysrev.org) since 2007. The journal continued its path in 2018 towards publishing high quality research results both in pure and applied physics from Africa and a large number of other countries in the developing world.

In 2018, the overall statistics again shows an increase in research activity, which is now becoming a stable feature of African research and education sector in physical science.

172 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 In 2018, submissions to the African Review of Physics were received from 15 African countries out of 35 countries worldwide, an increase of 14.5% with respect to 2017. Countries in the top 10 ranking in terms of the number of research papers submitted are shown in the pie chart below. Members of top 10 ranking listed above contributed 79.5% of all submissions from 35 countries worldwide. Research themes in 2018 were applied physics, cosmological models of dark energy and dark matter, atomic physics, fluid dynamics, condensed matter, plasma physics, medical physics, Earth systems, and mathematical physics.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 173 SCIENCE DISSEMINATION UNIT

The Science Dissemination Unit (SDU) was created in 2004 with the broad aim of disseminating scientific contents to more people than are able to visit ICTP, and to the public in general throughout the world, via any modern digital media type. In 2014, the SDU opened ICTP's first Scientific Fabrication Laboratory (SciFabLab), a workshop space encouraging scholars to bring their creative ideas to life for the benefit of all (website: scifablab.ictp.it).

Research Activities

The SDU is a concrete example of helping to bridge the knowledge divide in developing countries and across the North-South, in terms of applying cost-effective open source digital technologies for the dissemination, support and internationalization of science. The SDU addresses the following main issues of great concern in the scientific community: • The dissemination of scientific data, educational material and scientific information. • The development, implementation and management of open source applications especially in support of science and education in developing countries via new mobile science apps and other software applications. • The integration of new rich-media services and state-of-the-art tools to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and exchange of ideas. • The digital publishing of scientific contents including open access, creative commons, etc. • The creation and support of Scientific Fabrication Laboratories (SciFabLabs) in developing countries. These FabLabs of scientific nature, offer work space and equipment to encourage "makers"--people who like to design and build technology- based products-- and scientists to bring their creative ideas to life. Use of such SciFabLabs is subject to the acceptance of a project proposal. Priority is given to science, education or sustainable development projects, including thesis projects; robotics, electronics, micro-controllers and computer-based science projects; 3D printing for education; green technologies and alternative energies.

The SDU also provides support to many ICTP activities and organizes many open, hands-on training worshops and fair events to create awareness and help to disseminate science and technology.

ICTP Scientific Fabrication Laboratory (SciFabLab)

In the summer of 2014, SDU opened the SciFabLab, a workshop space encouraging scientists and "makers", that is, scholars who like to design and build technology-based products in order to bring their creative ideas to life. Today this space, having more than 300 squared meters on ICTP Campus, accepts project proposals from makers both within and outside the ICTP community.

The SciFabLab was the first FabLab inaugurated in the Friuli-Venezia-Giulia region and it is part of a large world-wide communitity of FabLabs. It offers modern and versatile computer- controlled rapid protyping tools such as 3D printers, 3D scanners, laser engraving and cutting machines. It aims to open new dimensions in science and education, inspire curiosity.

The use of the SciFabLab is free and subject to the acceptance of a project proposal. Priority is given to science, education and sustainable development projects, including thesis projects; robotics, electronics, micro-controllers and computer-based science projects and 3D printing for education, among others.

174 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

Public seminars and hands-on activites at ICTP organized by the SciFabLab

Training and Activities

Training on open applications and tools for science dissemination are available throughtout the year to ICTP visitors, and members of the SciFabLab. Technologies available in Scientific FabLabs for rapid digital prototyping in science, education and sustainable development are one of the main interest of these trainings. Many talks, seminars and activities are given. All activities are combined a balanced mix of technical details, general overviews and sense of the possible. In October 2018, SDU organized at ICTP over 36 straight hours for the “NASA Space Apps Challenge” in collaboration with the USA Consulate of Milan and Municipality of Trieste (smr3341). This hackathon brought together 60 people of all experiences and expertise to tackle problems and creatively use data together. In this case, NASA data.The NASA Space Apps Challenge is a hackathon happening simultaneously in over 200 cities all over the world, organized with the goal to help collaboratively develop innovative solutions for global problems by producing open-source results to challenges that are relevant to both life on Earth and in space.

To help the mission of reaching and inspiring students with science, four members of Science4People were hosted at SciFabLab. The four students were trained in how to use and code for 3D printers and other tools, with the goal of opening a fabrication laboratory at Bethlehem University. The flexibility and potential of the digital technologies available at this new SciFabLab will hopefully expand the possibilities of communities severely limited in economic resources. Two other students from the University of Beni Mellal in Morocco also joined the Palestinian students for the training at ICTP’s SciFabLab, and are also hoping to eventually start a fabrication laboratory at their home university.

Female students from Palestine and Morocco at ICTP's SciFabLab

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 175 Hosted Activities

The SciFabLab also hosted hands-on, training activities organized by other sections/groups of the ICTP. In 2018 the following activities used its facilities and premises for few weeks: • Advanced Workshop on “Technology for Sustainable Development: Low-Cost Tools to support Scientific Education” (smr 3238), • “Inquiry-Based Science Education, an introduction” ( CESAME) (smr H559).

Co-organized Activities

The SciFabLab also co-organized an activity in Central America in 2018: “Second Regional Maker Expo of Open Technologies and Inclusive Development” co-organized with Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Escuela de Ciencias Fisicas y Matematicas, in Guatemala City (smr 3192). This public event, “Second Regional Maker Expo of Open Technologies and Inclusive Development” originated by the ICTP Science Dissemination Unit (SDU), aimed at bringing together science, technology and the community of resourceful and creative people for the benefit of their local society. Maker Expos indeed bring together design, engineering, creativity and enthusiasm to showcase projects at the intersection of science, art and technology. This SDU’s co-organized event focuses on open source, open hardware, citizen science, do-it- yourself solutions and innovative approaches to local problems empowered by collaboration through the Internet. Besides bringing science and technology closer to the public, this type of Maker Expo aims to be a platform where designers, engineers, inventors (or "Makers") meet in a single place to exchange ideas and resources, make contacts, meet proactive people to form working groups and collaborations. The occasion enabled to identify a local community of inventors and creative people. The young people in the region need new opportunities for showcasing their talents and needs more dedicated spaces as their city grows.

Work carried out at SciFabLab in 2018

Thanks to the grant offered by the Municipality of Trieste for the year 2018, the SciFabLab of the ICTP was kept open to the public (community of local makers, inventors, creators, visitors, students, ICTP visitors etc.) throughout the year (including many holidays), for 18 hours a week with the following schedule: Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday from 3:00 pm to 9:00 pm with more than 800 annual opening hours. During these opening hours, two technical assistants were always available to welcome guests and provide them with assistance and technical training on use of the equipment available (3D printers and scanners, plotter for laser cutting and engraving, CNC machine, prototyping electronics with Arduino micro-controllers, welding stations, electronics circuits, mechanical workshop, etc.). An average of 8 daily presences were recorded during the opening hours to the public, with peaks of over 40 people during some group visits, for a total of over 1200 visitors/guests (without including the thousands of young and old people which visited the SciFabLab during the 5th Trieste Mini Maker Faire).

There were many other visitors during 2018 including ICTP visiting scientists, their families, decision makers, ministers, scientists, politicians, teachers, journalists, etc. Many school classes visited the FabLab also from outside Italy. The FabLab also hosted students under the ministerial project Alternanza Scuola-Lavoro. Numerous other events and activities open to the public also took place at the SciFabLab. Among the main events we can mention: "SciFabLab Birthday" and "Open Day". Participation in other public events in the Region and Europe include "Fiera dell'elettronica e Radioamatore" (with an exhibition stand), "TriesteNext" (with the pavilion of the "Trieste Science Picnic"), "Ljubljana Mini Maker Faire" and Croatian Science Picnic (with one exhibition stand), "Udine 3D Forum" (with public conference on the 3D printing technologies for education), "Maker Faire Rome - The European Edition" (an event of international relevance to which we have been present with an exhibition stand. A permanent

176 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 loan exhibition of the "AR SandBox" created by SciFabLab at the headquarters of the third Circumscription of the Municipality of Trieste, at Villa Prinz, was made available to schools, teachers and visitors.

Some Projects and Outreach Activities in 2018

A Decade of Science on the Internet: Education and Dissemination - www.ictp.tv Using the automated and non-intrusive EyA system for the webcasting of physics and mathematics, all lectures delivered within the ICTP Diploma Course during the first semester of 2018 continued to be recorded along the ICTP campus. The now obsolete EyA infrastructure was permanently dismantled in the second semester, by keeping the www.ictp.tv server up and running with more than 15,000 hours of recordings available online. These have received more than one million unique visitors. More than 50% of viewers of the web courses coming from developing computers. openDante: High School Physics and Math Lectures On-line The project openDante, carried out in collaboration with Prof A. Pisani from Liceo Classico Dante Alighieri (Gorizia), is a concrete example of the application of openEyA in classrooms of Italy. OpenEyA has dramatically changed the way these students learn. These recordings provide a new, effective option for students to review and learn new concepts. Students like the fact that with openEyA recordings, they can re-listen to classroom lectures at home, and it helps increase their level of understanding. SDU continues to support this unique initiative: www.openDante.com to foster future generations of scientists.

5th Trieste Mini Maker Faire –a public, open and free event showcasing invention, creativity and resourcefulness with about 8,000 visitors on ICTP Miramare Campus in Summer 2018 - smr3206 The Trieste Mini Maker Faire once more in July of 2018 has brought together and uncovered makers, inventors, scientists, crafters, artists and all other passionate creative enthusiasts from the Triveneto region of Italy as well as Slovenia, Croatia and beyond. While showing their projects, participants shared their passion for making, and inspired visitors to make things by themselves. Special attention has been always given to ideas and projects of educational interest and aimed at heping to developing countries. This international event was co- organized by the ICTP, the Municipality of Trieste and Maker Media Inc., with the support of the Autonomous Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, the Province of Trieste, TriesteTrasporti and Trenitalia SpA and with the collaboration of many other partners and sponsors. On the last weekend of July, despite a hot summer weather, the event saw the participation of about 8,000 visitors on ICTP Miramare Campus. It was largely publicized through the local press, radio and television, and with the display of giant posters in the main cities of the Trieste region and also in Slovenia. In addition to the various social communication channels (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, etc.) a dedicated website was created and advertised at this address: http://trieste.makerfaire.com

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 177

Staff Enrique Canessa, PhD in Physics, SDU Coordinator Carlo Fonda, Professional Technician, SDU Staff Margherita di Giovannantonio, Secretarial work for SDU (part-time)

Collaborators Marco Baruzzo, Sara Sossi and Gaia Fior, SciFabLab assistants 2018 Livio Tenze, PhD in Electrical Engineering

Publications by SDU Staff E. Canessa, C. Fonda, “5th Trieste Mini Maker Faire: A Gathering of Makers” (Dec 2018), eBook: ISBN 978-9295003-62-0.

E. Canessa, C. Fonda, “Experiences on How to Organize a Maker Faire in Trieste -Vademecum” (Jan 2018).

E. Canessa, C. Fonda, “ICTP SciFabLab – Highlights of Projects & Activities: 2014-2017 ” (eBook, April 2018).

Funding • ICTP (main contributor) • Comune di Trieste (Grant to support evening and weekend opening of the SciFabLab)

178 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 APPENDICES:

ICTP STATISTICS

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 179

VISITS TO RESEARCH AND TRAINING ACTIVITIES, 2018

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers DEGREE PROGRAMMES 202 832.83 0 0 High Performance Computing (HPC) 27 42.45 0 0 Joint SISSA - ICTP Master in High Performance Computing Programme HPC) 2016-2018 — 01- 14 5.92 0 0 Sep-2016 / 31-Mar-2018 Developed 13 5.92 0 0 Developing 1 0.00 0 0

Joint SISSA - ICTP Master in High Performance Computing Programme HPC) 2017-2019 — 01- 7 25.18 0 0 Sep-2017 / 31-Mar-2019 Developed 6 13.18 0 0 Developing 1 12.00 0 0

Joint SISSA - ICTP Master in High Performance Computing Programme HPC) 2018-2020 — 01- 6 11.35 0 0 Sep-2018 / 31-Mar-2020 Developed 3 0.20 0 0 Developing 3 11.15 0 0

Medical Physics 134 683.30 0 0 ICTP-UniTS Master's Programme in Medical 70 381.63 0 0 Physics 2017-2018 — 08-Jan-2017 / 31-Dec-2018 Developed 50 166.82 0 0 Developing 9 83.14 0 0 Least DC 11 131.67 0 0

ICTP-UniTS Master's Programme in Medical 64 301.67 0 0 Physics 2018-2019 — 08-Jan-2018 / 31-Dec-2019 Developed 46 102.58 0 0 Developing 9 93.66 0 0 Least DC 9 105.43 0 0

Physics in Complex Systems 41 107.08 0 0 International Master Course in Physics of Complex Systems (ICTP/SISSA/POLITO) — 25-Sep-2017 / 20 38.79 0 0 28-Feb-2018 Developed 20 38.79 0 0

International Master Course in Physics of Complex 21 68.28 0 0 Systems (ICTP/SISSA/POLITO) — 24-Sep-2018 / 28-Feb-2019

Developed 21 68.28 0 0

Sum of N. Sum of N. of Sum of N. of Sum of N. of

of Visits Person-months Lecturers Applications Lab. Opportunities Programmes 71 198.47 0 0

Programme for Training and Research in Italian 36 185.98 0 0 Laboratories — 01-Jan-2018 / 31-Dec-2018

Developed 5 22.98 0 0 Developing 28 153.99 0 0 Least DC 3 9.01 0 0

ICTP Elettra Users Programme — 01-Jan-2018 / 31- 35 12.49 0 0 Dec-2018

Developing 35 12.49 0 0

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme 33 115.19 14 339 (CMP) Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Condensed 19 72.65 9 158 Matter Physics — 01-Sep-2017 / 31-Aug-2018 Developed 11 18.77 9 2 Developing 8 53.88 0 156

Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Condensed 14 42.53 5 181 Matter Physics — 01-Sep-2018 / 31-Aug-2019 Developed 5 8.51 5 0 Developing 6 21.99 0 131 Least DC 3 12.03 0 50

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (ESP) 37 111.64 19 255

Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Earth System 24 76.37 15 127 Physics — 01-Sep-2017 / 31-Aug-2018

Developed 15 5.19 15 Developing 7 55.20 0 69 Least DC 2 15.98 0 58

Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Earth System 13 35.27 4 128 Physics — 01-Sep-2018 / 31-Aug-2019 Developed 4 3.06 4 0 Developing 5 17.88 0 92 Least DC 4 14.33 0 36

2 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme 28 118.36 9 515 (HECAP)

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers Postgraduate Diploma Programme in High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics — 01-Sep- 18 84.20 7 263 2017 / 31-Aug-2018 Developed 5 6.25 7 0 Developing 11 63.55 0 173 Least DC 2 14.40 0 90

Postgraduate Diploma Programme in High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics — 01-Sep- 10 34.16 2 252 2018 / 31-Aug-2019 Developed 2 2.30 2 0 Developing 7 27.85 0 198 Least DC 1 4.01 0 54

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme 43 145.54 22 278 (Math) Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Mathematics 25 102.58 14 100 — 01-Sep-2017 / 31-Aug-2018 Developed 13 28.25 14 3 Developing 12 74.33 0 97

Postgraduate Diploma Programme in Mathematics 18 42.97 8 178 — 01-Sep-2018 / 31-Aug-2019 Developed 6 9.43 8 4 Developing 11 29.52 0 148 Least DC 1 4.01 0 26

Pre-PhD STEP Programme 39 138.89 0 0 ICTP/IAEA Sandwich Training Educational 39 138.89 0 0 Programme (STEP) — 01-Jan-2018 / 31-Dec-2018 Developed 2 5.92 0 0 Developing 30 98.22 0 0 Least DC 7 34.75 0 0

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 943 1,786.10 1,799 0 Applied Physics (AP) 35 62.06 57 0 Applied Physics — 01-Jan-2018 / 31-Dec-2018 5 14.27 7 0

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 3 Developed 1 9.60 2 0 Developing 4 4.67 5 0

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers ICTP Multidisciplinary Laboratory — 01-Jan-2018 / 19 42.34 38 0 31-Dec-2018 Developed 13 37.64 19 0 Developing 6 4.69 19 0

Telecommunications/ICT For Development 11 5.46 12 0 Laboratory — 01-Jan-2018 / 31-Dec-2018 Developed 3 0.89 4 0 Developing 7 1.55 4 0 Least DC 1 3.02 4 0

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics 102 162.43 421 0 (CMSP) Condensed Matter Research — 01-Jan-2018 / 31- 101 156.28 420 0 Dec-2018 Developed 1 0.79 0 0 Developing 95 137.51 210 0 Least DC 5 17.98 210 0

Synchrotron Radiation Related Theory Group — 01- 1 6.15 1 0 Jan-2018 / 31-Dec-2018

Developing 1 6.15 1 0

Earth System Physics (ESP) 134 415.82 390 0 Earth System Physics Research — 01-Jan-2018 / 134 415.82 390 0 31-Dec-2018 Developed 59 256.80 130 0 Developing 68 136.76 130 0 Least DC 7 22.26 130 0

High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle 208 671.11 495 0 Physics (HECAP) High Energy Research — 01-Jan-2018 / 31-Dec- 208 671.11 495 0 2018 Developed 116 523.20 165 0 Developing 88 139.33 165 0 Least DC 4 8.58 165 0

4 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

Mathematics (Math) 119 177.00 330 0

Mathematics Research 2018 — 01-Jan-2018 / 31- 119 177.00 330 0 Dec-2018

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers Developed 56 92.19 110 0 Developing 57 79.03 110 0 Least DC 6 5.78 110 0

Miscellaneous Research 289 189.42 0 0 Miscellaneous Research — 01-Jan-2018 / 31-Dec- 289 189.42 0 0 2018 Developed 193 89.29 0 0 Developing 92 90.53 0 0 Least DC 4 9.60 0 0

Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) 56 108.26 106 0 Quantitative Life Sciences — 01-Jan-2018 / 31-Dec- 56 108.26 106 0 2018 Developed 33 72.06 53 0 Developing 23 36.20 53 0

TRAINING ACTIVITES 8,855 2,197.10 2,421 1,4457 Applied Physics (AP) 1,213 343.40 562 4,168 SMR 2954 2015 International Year of Light and Light-Based 11 0.92 22 0 Technologies — 01-Jan-2017 / 31-Dec-2018 Developed 3 0.00 11 0 Developing 8 0.92 11 0

SMR 3184 Winter College on Extreme Non-linear Optics, Attosecond Science and High-field Physics — 05- 94 28.28 78 204 Feb-2018 / 16-Feb-2018 Developed 52 12.53 26 58 Developing 38 14.37 26 139 Least DC 4 1.38 26 7

SMR 3185

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 5 College on Medical Physics: Applied Physics of Contemporary Medical Imaging – Expanding 75 44.93 6 389 Utilization in Developing Countries — 27-Aug-2018 / 14-Sep-2018 Developed 20 11.20 2 42 Developing 41 24.98 2 295 Least DC 14 8.74 2 52

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3186 Preparatory School and Winter College on Extreme Non-linear Optics, Attosecond Science and High- 32 17.98 14 139 field Physics — 29-Jan-2018 / 16-Feb-2018 Developed 12 5.69 7 13 Developing 20 12.29 7 126

SMR 3188 Joint ICTP-IAEA School on LoRa Enabled Radiation and Environmental Monitoring Sensors — 23-Apr- 50 22.99 80 289 2018 / 11-May-2018 Developed 20 5.33 20 13 Developing 19 10.79 40 191 Least DC 11 6.87 20 85

SMR 3194

Joint ICTP-IAEA International School on Nuclear 55 17.95 28 224 Security — 09-Apr-2018 / 20-Apr-2018

Developed 21 4.67 14 33 Developing 26 10.12 14 135 Least DC 8 3.16 0 56

SMR 3196 Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced School on IAEA/AAPM Code of Practice for the Dosimetry of Static and 50 7.95 30 221 Small Photon Fields — 12-Apr-2018 / 16-Apr-2018 Developed 23 3.53 10 41 Developing 15 2.46 10 157 Least DC 12 1.96 10 23

SMR 3197

6 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Joint ICTP-IAEA School and Workshop on Fundamental Methods for Atomic, Molecular and 68 10.91 58 113 Materials Properties in Plasma Environments — 16- Apr-2018 / 20-Apr-2018 Developed 43 6.80 29 29 Developing 25 4.11 29 84

SMR 3198

Workshop on Space Weather Effects on GNSS Operations at Low Latitudes — 23-Apr-2018 / 04- 65 23.11 42 178 May-2018

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers Developed 21 5.82 21 8 Developing 38 14.92 21 148 Least DC 6 2.37 0 22

SMR 3224 Hands-On Research in Complex Systems School — 75 28.68 44 254 16-Jul-2018 / 27-Jul-2018 Developed 26 9.47 22 10 Developing 47 18.42 22 217 Least DC 2 0.79 0 27

SMR 3225 Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Physics and Technology of Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems 44 7.17 18 186 — 20-Aug-2018 / 24-Aug-2018 Developed 28 4.53 9 52 Developing 16 2.63 9 134

SMR 3229 14th Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Nuclear Knowledge Management — 30-Jul-2018 / 03-Aug- 56 9.08 30 296 2018 Developed 22 3.48 15 48 Developing 30 4.93 15 217 Least DC 4 0.66 0 31

SMR 3236

Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced School on Ion Beam Driven Materials Engineering: Accelerators for a 24 3.81 0 159 New Technology Era — 01-Oct-2018 / 05-Oct-2018

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 7 Developed 13 2.01 0 33 Developing 11 1.80 0 126

SMR 3237 Joint ICTP-IAEA International School on Nuclear Waste Actinide Immobilization — 10-Sep-2018 / 14- 33 5.22 19 24 Sep-2018 Developed 25 3.90 19 8 Developing 8 1.32 0 16

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3238

Advanced Workshop on Technology for Sustainable Development: Low-Cost Tools to support Scientific 37 5.33 6 205 Education — 17-Sep-2018 / 21-Sep-2018

Developed 23 3.03 2 48 Developing 12 1.97 2 137 Least DC 2 0.32 2 20

SMR 3239 Joint ICTP-IAEA College on Plasma Physics — 29- 80 28.66 28 293 Oct-2018 / 09-Nov-2018 Developed 22 6.35 14 22 Developing 57 21.93 14 249 Least DC 1 0.39 0 22

SMR 3240 Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Quality Assurance and Dose Management in Hybrid Imaging (SPECT/CT 86 32.01 8 323 AND PET/CT) — 17-Sep-2018 / 28-Sep-2018 Developed 36 12.37 4 86 Developing 34 13.39 4 201 Least DC 16 6.25 0 36

SMR 3241 Joint ICTP-IAEA School of Nuclear Energy 57 18.68 20 223 Management — 08-Oct-2018 / 19-Oct-2018 Developed 29 7.63 20 29 Developing 24 9.47 0 165 Least DC 4 1.58 0 29

8 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 SMR 3242 Joint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Nuclear Structure and Decay Data: Theory, Experiment and 30 9.47 0 166 Evaluation — 15-Oct-2018 / 26-Oct-2018 Developed 22 6.32 0 54 Developing 7 2.76 0 92 Least DC 1 0.39 0 20

SMR 3247 Joint ICTP-IAEA 1st Course on Scientific Novelties in Phenomenology of Severe Accidents in Water- 31 4.92 12 44 Cooled Reactors — 22-Oct-2018 / 26-Oct-2018

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers Developed 15 2.33 6 11 Developing 13 2.13 6 28 Least DC 3 0.46 0 5

SMR 3248 Joint ICTP-IAEA Advanced School on Quality 54 8.41 7 158 Assurance and Dosimetry in Mammography — 22- Oct-2018 / 26-Oct-2018 Developed 22 3.15 7 44 Developing 23 3.78 0 88 Least DC 9 1.48 0 26

SMR 3251 Forum on New International Research Facilities for 106 6.93 12 80 South East Europe — 25-Jan-2018 / 26-Jan-2018 Developed 104 6.80 6 80 Developing 2 0.13 6 0

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics 1,186 372.01 581 2,946 (CMSP) SMR 3120 Conference on the Complex Interactions of Light 60 9.27 48 82 and Biological Matter: Experiments meet Theory — 21-May-2018 / 25-May-2018 Developed 47 7.14 24 31 Developing 10 1.64 24 42 Least DC 3 0.49 0 9

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 9 SMR 3149 Ethiopian Regional Workshop on Solar Energy and 63 10.39 30 414 Energy Storage Technologies: Materials, System Design, and Applications — 15-Oct-2018 / 19-Oct- 2018 — Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Developed 12 1.84 10 13 Developing 10 1.64 10 231 Least DC 41 6.90 10 170

SMR 3189 Spring College on the Physics of Complex Systems 97 73.87 12 384 — 19-Feb-2018 / 16-Mar-2018 Developed 56 38.96 6 134 Developing 40 34.06 6 238 Least DC 1 0.85 0 12 Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3191 School on Electron-Phonon Physics from First 91 14.82 42 331 Principles — 19-Mar-2018 / 23-Mar-2018 Developed 58 9.40 14 98 Developing 32 5.26 14 233 Least DC 1 0.16 14 0

SMR 3202 School on Synchrotron and Free-Electron-Laser Methods for Multidisciplinary Applications — 07- 82 21.53 68 241 May-2018 / 18-May-2018 Developed 66 15.22 34 46 Developing 16 6.31 34 195

SMR 3203 Advanced Workshop on Nonequilibrium Systems in Physics, Geosciences, and Life Sciences — 14- 75 24.06 62 92 May-2018 / 25-May-2018 Developed 60 18.54 31 42 Developing 14 5.26 31 44 Least DC 1 0.26 0 6

SMR 3204 International Conference on Multi-Condensate Superconductivity and Superfluidity in Solids and 90 13.94 82 146 Ultra-Cold Gases — 14-May-2018 / 18-May-2018

10 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Developed 69 10.55 41 92 Developing 21 3.38 41 54

SMR 3212 Conference on Quantum Dynamics of Disordered 90 13.86 0 242 Interacting Systems — 11-Jun-2018 / 15-Jun-2018 Developed 73 11.11 0 144 Developing 17 2.75 0 98

SMR 3221 Conference on Physics of Defects in Solids: Quantum Mechanics Meet Topology — 09-Jul-2018 100 16.01 50 128 / 13-Jul-2018 Developed 63 10.03 25 48 Developing 37 5.98 25 80

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3232 Advanced School and Workshop on Correlations in Electron Systems – from Quantum Criticality to 152 48.61 2 586 Topology — 06-Aug-2018 / 17-Aug-2018 Developed 111 33.15 1 368 Developing 41 15.45 1 218

SMR 3234 5th African School on Electronic Structure Methods and Applications (ASESMA-2018) — 22-Oct-2018 / 55 19.46 93 0 02-Nov-2018 — Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Developed 19 6.02 31 0 Developing 21 7.92 31 0 Least DC 15 5.52 31 0

SMR 3235 Summer School on Collective Behaviour in 189 104.82 56 300 Quantum Matter — 27-Aug-2018 / 14-Sep-2018 Developed 136 72.14 28 151 Developing 52 32.05 28 145 Least DC 1 0.62 0 4

SMR 3255

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 11 One-day Workshop on Fundamental Concepts of Quantum Science - From Quantum Information to 42 1.38 36 0 Many-body Systems — 13-Mar-2018 / 13-Mar-2018

Developed 40 1.32 18 0 Developing 2 0.07 18 0

Earth System Physics (ESP) 565 171.57 278 1,171 SMR 3166 Second Training Workshop on Regional Climate Modeling for Southeast Asia — 22-Oct-2018 / 26- 23 4.44 0 83 Oct-2018 — Hanoi, Viet Nam Developing 23 4.44 0 83

SMR 3195 Second Workshop on Regional Climate Modeling and Extreme Events over South America — 05-Nov- 23 3.78 0 0 2018 / 09-Nov-2018 — São Paulo, Brazil Developing 23 3.78 0 0

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3208 Ninth ICTP Workshop on the Theory and Use of Regional Climate Models — 28-May-2018 / 08-Jun- 103 38.99 87 304 2018 Developed 27 9.77 29 18 Developing 69 26.47 29 246 Least DC 7 2.76 29 40

SMR 3210 Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development - OpTIMUS — 04-Jun-2018 / 29-Jun- 48 24.98 87 80 2018 Developed 28 12.19 29 6 Developing 14 8.35 29 50 Least DC 6 4.44 29 24

SMR 3211 Earthquakes and Tsunami: Modeling and Observations — 19-Nov-2018 / 30-Nov-2018 — 55 20.65 15 0 Tunis, Tunisia Developed 6 1.32 5 0 Developing 45 17.75 5 0

12 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Least DC 4 1.58 5 0

SMR 3214 ICTP Summer School on Theory, Mechanisms and Hierarchical Modelling of Climate Dynamics: 80 25.35 54 233 Multiple Equilibria in the Climate System — 25-Jun- 2018 / 05-Jul-2018 Developed 58 17.59 27 60 Developing 21 7.39 27 160 Least DC 1 0.36 0 13

SMR 3230 The Coastal Ocean Environment Summer School in 100 23.01 0 198 Ghana — 30-Jul-2018 / 05-Aug-2018 Developed 1 0.23 0 3 Developing 97 22.32 0 175 Least DC 2 0.46 0 20

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3250 Integrated Environmental Health Impact Assessment (IEHIA) of Air Pollution and Climate 54 8.09 34 121 Change in Mediterranean Areas — 23-Apr-2018 / 27-Apr-2018 Developed 26 3.48 17 17 Developing 24 3.94 17 88 Least DC 4 0.66 0 16

SMR 3252

WCRP Grand Challenge on Clouds, Circulation and Climate Sensitivity: 2nd Meeting on Monsoons and 52 6.80 0 128 Tropical Rain Belts — 02-Jul-2018 / 05-Jul-2018

Developed 42 5.49 0 59 Developing 10 1.31 0 69

SMR 3262 The Summer School on Modelling Tools for Sustainable Development - OpTIMUS — 11-Jun- 24 14.99 0 24 2018 / 29-Jun-2018 Developed 1 0.62 0 1 Developing 2 1.25 0 2 Least DC 21 13.12 0 21

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 13

SMR 3342 Central American and Caribbean Workshop on Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Predictability of the Mid- 3 0.49 1 0 Summer Drought — 03-Dec-2018 / 07-Dec-2018 — Antigua, Guatemala Developing 3 0.49 1 0

High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle 685 197.45 309 1,315 Physics (HECAP) SMR 3193 Spring School on Superstring Theory and Related 131 37.44 33 224 Topics — 14-Mar-2018 / 22-Mar-2018 Developed 73 20.61 11 76 Developing 57 16.53 11 148 Least DC 1 0.30 11 0

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3207 Advanced Workshop on Physics of Atmospheric Neutrinos - PANE 2018 — 28-May-2018 / 01-Jun- 63 10.00 76 80 2018 Developed 33 5.20 38 16 Developing 30 4.80 38 64

SMR 3213 Summer School on Cosmology 2018 — 18-Jun- 166 63.45 20 597 2018 / 29-Jun-2018 Developed 89 33.53 10 115 Developing 75 29.12 10 460 Least DC 2 0.79 0 22

SMR 3216 The 5th Biennial African School of Fundamental Physics and Applications — 25-Jun-2018 / 13-Jul- 66 41.23 0 0 2018 — Namibia Developed 1 0.62 0 0 Developing 38 23.74 0 0 Least DC 27 16.87 0 0

SMR 3218

14 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Conference on Shedding Light on the Dark Universe with Extremely Large Telescopes — 02-Jul-2018 / 91 14.33 78 202 06-Jul-2018 Developed 52 7.96 26 36 Developing 37 6.05 26 157 Least DC 2 0.32 26 9

SMR 3220 1st Joint ICTP and SAIFR School on Particle Physics — 18-Jun-2018 / 29-Jun-2018 — São 7 2.76 7 0 Paulo, Brazil Developed 7 2.76 7 0

SMR 3227 Workshop on Supersymmetric Localization and Holography: Black Hole Entropy and Wilson Loops 83 13.48 62 97 — 09-Jul-2018 / 13-Jul-2018 Developed 58 9.37 31 31 Developing 25 4.11 31 66

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3256 School on Supersymmetric Localization, Holography and Related Topics — 02-Jul-2018 / 07- 69 13.28 18 115 Jul-2018 Developed 45 8.68 9 46 Developing 24 4.60 9 69

SMR 3264 Workshop on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics — 9 1.48 15 0 14-Dec-2018 / 18-Dec-2018 — Mumbai, India Developed 3 0.49 5 0 Developing 4 0.66 5 0 Least DC 2 0.33 5 0

High Performance Computing (HPC) 346 82.19 150 2,445 SMR 3161 MaX Conference on the Materials Design Ecosystem at the Exascale: High-Performance and 114 10.59 84 127 High-Throughout Computing — 29-Jan-2018 / 31- Jan-2018 Developed 97 9.08 42 106 Developing 16 1.42 42 20

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 15 Least DC 1 0.10 0 1

SMR 3187 Latin American Introductory School on Parallel Programming and Parallel Architecture for High 58 22.59 26 0 Performance Computing — 12-Feb-2018 / 23-Feb- 2018 — Mexico Developed 5 1.68 13 0 Developing 53 20.91 13 0

SMR 3199 6th Workshop on Collaborative Scientific Software Development and Management of Open Source 41 16.18 24 0 Scientific Packages — 28-Apr-2018 / 09-May-2018 — Tehran, Iran Islamic Rep. Developed 3 1.18 8 0 Developing 36 14.20 8 0 Least DC 2 0.79 8 0

SMR 3231

The CODATA-RDA Research Data Science 69 22.88 4 1195 Summer School — 06-Aug-2018 / 17-Aug-2018

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers Developed 27 7.23 2 138 Developing 32 11.84 2 834 Least DC 10 3.81 0 223

SMR 3257 The CODATA-RDA Research Data Science Advanced Workshops on Bio-informatics, Climate Data Sciences, Extreme sources of data and 64 9.95 12 1123 Internet of Things (IoT)/Big-Data Analytics — 20- Aug-2018 / 24-Aug-2018 Developed 16 2.27 4 105 Developing 37 5.88 4 618 Least DC 11 1.80 4 400

Mathematics (Math) 563 187.83 239 1,110 SMR 3200 TMU-ICTP School in Dynamical Systems and 36 7.10 39 0 Ergodic Theory — 05-May-2018 / 10-May-2018 Developed 19 3.75 13 0

16 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Developing 16 3.16 13 0 Least DC 1 0.20 13 0

SMR 3205 Workshop on Global Differential Geometry — 21- 48 7.63 60 0 May-2018 / 25-May-2018 — Mbour, Senegal Developed 20 3.02 20 0 Developing 8 1.32 20 0 Least DC 20 3.29 20 0

SMR 3209 International School on Extrinsic Curvature Flows — 79 28.07 22 99 04-Jun-2018 / 15-Jun-2018 Developed 47 15.58 11 44 Developing 31 12.10 11 52 Least DC 1 0.39 0 3

SMR 3215 Summer School on Geometry of Moduli Spaces of 53 8.64 14 97 Curves — 18-Jun-2018 / 22-Jun-2018 Developed 38 6.18 7 50 Developing 15 2.46 7 47

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3219 EAUMP-ICTP School and Workshop on Homological Methods in Algebra and Geometry II — 64 40.37 54 0 09-Jul-2018 / 28-Jul-2018 — Dar-es-Salaam, UR Tanzania Developed 16 9.67 18 0 Developing 11 6.77 18 0 Least DC 37 23.93 18 0

SMR 3222 ICTP-CIMPA School: AGRA III (Aritmética, Grupos y Analisis III) — 09-Jul-2018 / 20-Jul-2018 — 93 36.69 50 0 Cordoba, Argentina Developed 21 8.28 25 0 Developing 72 28.41 25 0

SMR 3226

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 17 Summer School in Dynamics (Introductory and 129 49.56 0 852 Advanced) — 16-Jul-2018 / 27-Jul-2018 Developed 60 22.91 0 261 Developing 67 25.86 0 554 Least DC 2 0.79 0 37

SMR 3253 Summer School in Dynamics (Advanced) — 23-Jul- 26 5.16 0 62 2018 / 27-Jul-2018 Developed 20 3.29 0 26 Developing 6 1.87 0 36

SMR 3254 Mediterranean Youth Mathematical Championship 35 4.60 0 0 2018 — 18-Jul-2018 / 21-Jul-2018 — Rome, Italy Developed 2 0.26 0 0 Developing 33 4.34 0 0

Physics and Development (PD) 284 25.15 166 174 SMR 3190

Entrepreneurship Workshop for Scientists and 30 4.93 14 126 Engineers — 19-Mar-2018 / 23-Mar-2018

Developed 9 1.48 7 8 Developing 20 3.28 7 101 Least DC 1 0.16 0 17 Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3206 Trieste Mini Maker Faire — 28-Jul-2018 / 29-Jul- 118 7.69 14 0 2018 Developed 114 7.50 7 0 Developing 4 0.20 7 0

SMR 3263 Inquiry-Based Science Education, an introduction ( 23 3.78 0 26 CESAME) — 01-Oct-2018 / 05-Oct-2018 Developed 5 0.82 0 5 Developing 14 2.30 0 17 Least DC 4 0.66 0 4

SMR 3341

18 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Space-Apps Challenge — 20-Oct-2018 / 21-Oct- 71 4.64 30 0 2018 Developed 68 4.44 10 0 Developing 2 0.13 10 0 Least DC 1 0.07 10 0

SMR 3372 Reviving the African Physical Society - A Tribute to Professor Francis Allotey — 17-Oct-2018 / 19-Oct- 42 4.12 108 22 2018 — Kigali, Rwanda Developed 8 0.79 36 1 Developing 23 2.27 36 20 Least DC 11 1.05 36 1

Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) 350 93.99 136 1,128 SMR 3201

Conference on Collective Behavior — 07-May-2018 133 20.95 62 157 / 11-May-2018

Developed 100 15.52 31 82 Developing 33 5.43 31 75

SMR 3223 Workshop on Operations Research of Biological 31 5.78 32 65 Systems — 09-Jul-2018 / 14-Jul-2018 Developed 14 2.63 16 5 Developing 16 2.99 16 55 Least DC 1 0.16 0 5

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. Person- of Sum of N. of Applications of Visits months Lecturers SMR 3246 Winter School on Quantitative Systems Biology: Learning and Artificial Intelligence — 12-Nov-2018 / 110 39.74 28 365 23-Nov-2018 Developed 59 20.05 14 60 Developing 49 18.90 14 275 Least DC 2 0.79 0 30

SMR 3249 Advanced Workshop on FPGA-based Systems-On- Chip for Scientific Instrumentation and 76 27.51 14 541 Reconfigurable Computing — 26-Nov-2018 / 07- Dec-2018

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 19 Developed 20 5.88 7 64 Developing 55 21.24 7 448 Least DC 1 0.39 0 29

Training Miscellaneous 3,663 723.51 0 0

Other training activities throughout the year — 01- 3,663 723.51 0 0 Jan-2018 / 31-Dec-2018

Developed 1,837 300.44 0 0 Developing 1,601 403.87 0 0 Least DC 225 19.20 0 0

Grand Total 10,251 5,644.13 4,284 15,844

20 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Summary of Research and Training Activities, 2018

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. of Sum of N. of Person- of Visits Applications months Lecturers DEGREE PROGRAMMES 202 832.83 0 0 High Performance Computing (HPC) 27 42.45 0 0 Developed 22 19.30 0 0 Developing 5 23.15 0 0

Medical Physics 134 683.30 0 0 Developed 96 269.40 0 0 Developing 18 176.80 0 0 Least DC 20 237.10 0 0

Physics in Complex Systems 41 107.08 0 0 Developed 41 107.08 0 0

PROGRAMMES 251 828.09 64 1,387 Lab. Opportunities Programmes 71 198.47 0 0 Developed 5 22.98 0 0 Developing 63 166.49 0 0 Least DC 3 9.01 0 0

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (CMP) 33 115.19 14 339 Developed 16 27.29 14 2 Developing 14 75.87 0 287 Least DC 3 12.03 0 50

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (ESP) 37 111.64 19 255 Developed 19 8.25 19 0 Developing 12 73.08 0 161 Least DC 6 30.31 0 94

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme 28 118.36 9 515 (HECAP) Developed 7 8.55 9 0 Developing 18 91.40 0 371 Least DC 3 18.41 0 144

Pre-PhD Postgraduate Diploma Programme (Math) 43 145.54 22 278 Developed 19 37.68 22 7 Developing 23 103.85 0 245 Least DC 1 4.01 0 26

Pre-PhD STEP Programme 39 138.89 0 0 Developed 2 5.92 0 0 Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. of Sum of N. of Person- of Visits Applications months Lecturers Developing 30 98.22 0 0 Least DC 7 34.75 0 0

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 943 1,786.10 1799 0 Applied Physics (AP) 35 62.06 57 0 Developed 17 48.13 25 0 Developing 17 10.91 28 0 Least DC 1 3.02 4 0

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP) 102 162.43 421 0 Developed 1 0.79 0 0 Developing 96 143.65 211 0 Least DC 5 17.98 210 0

Earth System Physics (ESP) 134 415.82 390 0 Developed 59 256.80 130 0 Developing 68 136.76 130 0 Least DC 7 22.26 130 0

High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 208 671.11 495 0 (HECAP)

Developed 116 523.20 165 0 Developing 88 139.33 165 0 Least DC 4 8.58 165 0

Mathematics (Math) 119 177.00 330 0 Developed 56 92.19 110 0 Developing 57 79.03 110 0

2 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Least DC 6 5.78 110 0

Miscellaneous Research 289 189.42 0 0 Developed 193 89.29 0 0 Developing 92 90.53 0 0 Least DC 4 9.60 0 0

Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) 56 108.26 106 0 Developed 33 72.06 53 0 Developing 23 36.20 53 0

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. of Sum of N. of Person- of Visits Applications months Lecturers TRAINING ACTIVITES 8,855 2,197.10 2,421 14,457 Applied Physics (AP) 1,213 343.40 562 4168 Developed 602 126.93 264 762 Developing 514 179.65 238 2945 Least DC 97 36.82 60 461

Condensed Matter and Statistical Physics (CMSP) 1,186 372.01 581 2,946 Developed 810 235.41 263 1167 Developing 313 121.78 263 1578 Least DC 63 14.81 55 201

Earth System Physics (ESP) 565 171.57 278 1,171 Developed 189 50.69 107 164 Developing 331 97.51 108 873 Least DC 45 23.37 63 134

High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 685 197.45 309 1,315 (HECAP)

Developed 361 89.23 137 320 Developing 290 89.62 130 964 Least DC 34 18.60 42 31

High Performance Computing (HPC) 346 82.19 150 2,445 Developed 148 21.44 69 349 Developing 174 54.25 69 1472

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 3 Least DC 24 6.50 12 624

Mathematics (Math) 563 187.83 239 1,110 Developed 243 72.94 94 381 Developing 259 86.29 94 689 Least DC 61 28.60 51 40

Physics and Development (PD) 284 25.15 166 174 Developed 204 15.03 60 14 Developing 63 8.19 60 138 Least DC 17 1.94 46 22

Sum of N. of Sum of N. Sum of N. of Sum of N. of Person- of Visits Applications months Lecturers Quantitative Life Sciences (QLS) 350 93.99 136 1,128 Developed 193 44.09 68 211 Developing 153 48.56 68 853 Least DC 4 1.34 0 64

Training Miscellaneous 3,663 723.51 0 0 Developed 1,837 300.44 0 0 Developing 1,601 403.87 0 0 Least DC 225 19.20 0 0

Grand Total 10,251 5,644.13 4,284 15,844

4 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Visitors and Person-Months by Country, 2018

Female Male Total Person- Region/Country Visitors visitors visitors months

Least Developed Countries (LDC's) Africa (19) 1 Benin 6 18 24 15.39 2 Burkina Faso 1 7 8 21.77 3 Burundi 0 2 2 12.49 4 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0 5 5 10.32 5 Central African Republic 0 2 2 8.71 6 Ethiopia 9 30 39 99.18 7 Madagascar 6 5 11 11.24 8 Mali 1 2 3 30.01 9 Malawi 1 2 3 1.97 10 Mauritania 0 1 1 0.46 11 Mozambique 2 5 7 4.73 12 Niger 0 2 2 0.85 13 Rwanda 5 16 21 25.57 14 Senegal 6 22 28 24.73 15 Sudan 7 20 27 71.40 16 Togo 2 10 12 12.69 17 Uganda 2 18 20 41.59 18 United Republic of Tanzania 2 26 28 34.65 19 Zambia 2 7 9 15.98 Total Africa (LDCs) 52 200 252 443.75 % vs. total LDC's 85% 84% 85% 82%

Asia (6) 20 Afghanistan 0 1 1 0.23 21 Bangladesh 6 14 20 26.40 22 Cambodia 0 1 1 0.46 23 Myanmar 2 2 4 2.56 24 Nepal 1 15 16 58.55 25 Yemen 0 1 1 6.97 Total Asia (LDCs) 9 34 43 95.18 % vs. total LDC's 15% 14% 14% 18%

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 5 Latin America (1) 26 Haiti 0 2 2 1.32 Total Latin America (LDCs) 0 2 2 1.32 % vs. total LDC's 0% 1% 1% 0%

Oceania (1) 27 Vanuatu 0 1 1 0.46 Total Oceania (LDCs) 0 1 1 0.46

Female Male Total Person- Region/Country Visitors visitors visitors months

% vs. total LDC's 0% 0% 0% 0%

Total Least Developed Countries (LDC's) 61 237 298 540.71 % vs. grand total 4% 6% 5% 10%

Developing Regions Africa (18) 28 Algeria 14 29 43 22.92 29 Botswana 2 3 5 2.66 30 Cameroon 9 38 47 60.17 31 Congo 1 9 10 10.00 32 Côte d'Ivoire 3 11 14 11.37 33 Egypt 25 46 71 86.86 34 Gabon 1 1 2 13.18 35 Ghana 13 27 40 59.38 36 Kenya 14 21 35 33.34 37 Libya 0 1 1 0.46 38 Mauritius 1 1 2 12.89 39 Morocco 24 29 53 49.28 40 Namibia 0 1 1 0.72 41 Nigeria 22 46 68 72.23 42 South Africa 21 34 55 37.81 43 Swaziland 0 2 2 0.69 44 Tunisia 9 51 60 46.75 45 Zimbabwe 1 1 2 0.46 Total Africa 160 351 511 521.15 % vs. total Developing Regions 23% 23% 23% 22%

6 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Latin America and the Caribbean Caribbean (9) 46 Costa Rica 2 11 13 6.71 47 Cuba 14 22 36 68.77 48 Dominican Republic 0 2 2 0.72 49 Guatemala 5 10 15 48.92 50 Honduras 0 1 1 0.69 51 Jamaica 0 5 5 32.19 52 Mexico 16 66 82 52.84 53 Nicaragua 1 4 5 25.22 54 Panama 0 1 1 0.23 Total Caribbean 38 122 160 236.29 % vs. Total Latin America and the Caribbean 24% 27% 26% 36%

Male Region/Country Female Visitors Total visitors Person-months visitors

Latin America (11) 55 Argentina 43 97 140 98.76 56 Bolivia 1 1 2 2.43 57 Brazil 49 116 165 114.15 58 Chile 8 25 33 38.10 59 Colombia 13 42 55 69.30 60 Ecuador 1 8 9 33.34 61 Paraguay 1 4 5 0.66 62 Peru 4 16 20 8.15 63 Suriname 0 2 2 3.88 64 Uruguay 0 8 8 3.68 65 Venezuela 2 14 16 43.89 Total Latin America 122 333 455 416.34 % vs. Total Latin America and the Caribbean 76% 73% 74% 64%

Total Latin America and the Caribbean 160 455 615 652.63 % vs. total Developing Regions 23% 30% 28% 28%

Asia (32) 66 Armenia 6 8 14 8.49 67 Azerbaijan 1 2 3 2.66 68 China 44 100 144 90.18

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 7 69 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 0 3 3 26.33 70 Georgia 5 7 12 36.23 71 Hong Kong SAR of China 3 5 8 4.48 72 India 106 222 328 312.66 73 Indonesia 4 14 18 12.62 74 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 114 139 253 222.50 75 Iraq 1 3 4 14.73 76 Jordan 3 15 18 23.18 77 Kazakhstan 5 1 6 13.97 78 Kuwait 2 1 3 2.76 79 Lebanon 7 6 13 11.51 80 Malaysia 8 12 20 7.46 81 Mongolia 0 2 2 1.81 82 Oman 2 2 4 12.66 83 Pakistan 19 43 62 85.41 84 Palestine 8 6 14 42.28 85 Philippines 13 10 23 52.93 86 Qatar 0 1 1 0.07 87 Republic of Korea 7 37 44 26.04 88 Saudi Arabia 0 10 10 43.99

Male Region/Country Female Visitors Total visitors Person-months visitors

89 Singapore 0 5 5 2.07 90 Sri Lanka 0 5 5 7.63 91 Syrian Arab Republic 0 2 2 0.82 92 Tajikistan 0 2 2 3.29 93 Thailand 3 10 13 6.05 94 Turkey 6 27 33 20.41 95 United Arab Emirates 0 8 8 4.08 96 Uzbekistan 2 8 10 20.41 97 Viet Nam 6 9 15 21.67 Total Asia 375 725 1100 1141.36 % vs. total Developing Regions 54% 47% 49% 49%

Oceania (1) 98 Papua New Guinea 0 1 1 11.67 Total Oceania 0 1 1 11.67 % vs. total Developing Regions 0% 0% 0% 1%

8 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018

Total Developing Regions 695 1532 2227 2326.82 % vs. grand total 50% 36% 40% 41%

Developed Regions Europe (39) 99 Albania 4 2 6 1.68 100 Austria 30 74 104 30.41 101 Belarus 3 6 9 6.41 102 Belgium 5 37 42 12.56 103 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 3 5 0.99 104 Bulgaria 9 9 18 24.03 105 Croatia 16 20 36 8.58 106 Cyprus 0 1 1 0.16 107 Czech Republic 3 9 12 4.64 108 Denmark 1 13 14 4.21 109 Estonia 0 2 2 0.66 110 Finland 2 8 10 11.97 111 France 38 141 179 115.79 112 Germany 65 255 320 126.57 113 Greece 3 7 10 3.62 114 Hungary 7 11 18 10.10 115 Ireland 1 14 15 12.43 116 Italy 223 717 940 1794.68 117 Latvia 4 2 6 14.30 118 Lithuania 1 3 4 1.61

Male Region/Country Female Visitors Total visitors Person-months visitors

119 Luxembourg 0 4 4 1.58 120 Malta 1 6 7 13.54 121 Montenegro 8 8 16 2.20 122 Netherlands 5 33 38 8.42 123 Norway 1 3 4 1.81 124 Poland 7 16 23 11.44 125 Portugal 2 15 17 6.18 126 Romania 7 8 15 5.10 127 Republic of Moldova 0 1 1 0.46 128 Russian Federation 21 44 65 22.69

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 9 129 Serbia 7 14 21 6.25 130 Slovenia 9 34 43 19.33 131 Slovakia 0 6 6 1.31 132 Spain 10 72 82 28.44 133 Sweden 8 40 48 25.15 134 Switzerland 7 72 79 16.73 135 the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 4 4 8 2.17 136 Ukraine 13 32 45 49.18 137 United Kingdom 41 221 262 132.85 Total Europe 568 1967 2535 2540.25 % vs. Developed Regions 91% 80% 82% 91%

North America (2) 138 Canada 6 28 34 11.41 139 United States of America 41 362 403 170.83 Total North America 47 390 437 182.24 % vs. Developed Regions 8% 16% 14% 7%

Oceania (1) 140 Australia 2 19 21 24.92 Total Oceania 2 19 21 24.92 % vs. Developed Regions 0.32% 0.77% 0.68% 0.90%

Asia (2) 141 Israel 7 37 44 12.92 142 Japan 2 43 45 16.27 Total Asia 9 80 89 29.19 % vs. Developed Regions 1% 3% 3% 1%

Total Developed regions 626 2456 3082 2776.61 % vs. grand total 45% 58% 55% 49% GRAND TOTAL 1382 4225 5607 5644.13

10 ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 Region of Origin, ICTP Visitors 2018

Regions Visitors from… Person-months Total LDCs* Developing Developed LDCs* Developing Developed Visitors Person- Regions Regions Regions Regions months Africa 252 511 — 443.75 521.15 — 763 964.90 Asia 43 1100 89 95.18 1141.36 29.19 1232 1265.73 Europe — — 2535 — — 2540.25 2535 2540.25 Latin America and the 2 615 — 1.32 652.63 — 617 653.95 Caribbean North America — — 437 — — 182.24 437 182.24 Oceania 1 1 21 0.46 11.67 24.92 23 37.05 GRAND TOTAL 298 2227 3082 540.71 2326.81 2776.60 5607 5644.12 % vs. Total 5% 40% 55% 10% 41% 49% Visitors

The grand total of visitors includes 618 participants of regional training courses, organized by ICTP but held in other countries.

*Least Developed Countries.

ICTP Full Technical Report 2018 11