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Swiss Support to the Macedonian Water Sector

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Swiss Support to the Macedonian Water Sector Swiss Support to the Macedonian Water Sector Stanislava Dodeva Swiss Cooperation Office Macedonia, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia [email protected] Abstract Switzerland has supported the Macedonian water sector since 1994 throughout different projects in the field of wastewater treatment, water supply, water monitoring, river restoration and water management. In the current Cooperation Strategy Macedonia 2009-2012, one of the two main domains of intervention is Water and Environment. In the frame of this strategy, the concept of the Swiss support to the water sector started to transform from ad-hoc interventions, mainly responding to the immediate needs of the sector, to conceptualized and systematic interventions that are respecting principles and approaches of the integrated water management and are addressing all levels: national, regional/local (river basin), operational and ground level - population. The Swiss support will continue in the following 4 years, which will be confirmed in the new Cooperation Strategy 2013-2016. All the interventions in the water sector that are supported and financed by the Swiss government have one common goal: to assist Macedonia in its accession towards EU and to fulfil the requirements of the water related European Directives that are transposed in the national legislation. Keywords : Development cooperation, Water, Environment, Macedonian accession towards EU. Introduction The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is classified as a semi-arid region (the area of Ovce Pole is the driest area in the central Balkan Peninsula). Therefore, the use, protection and conservation of water resources are of utmost importance. According to the hydrographical conditions of the country there are four river basin areas1 and three major natural lakes2. Most of the surface waters are domicile and formed on the territory by the precipitation. The country is not rich in surface water (about 3’000 m3/capita) and depends mainly on the appearance, duration and intensity of precipitation. In total, the annually available surface water is assessed to be in the order of 6,372 billion m3 (1). There are 22 large, mostly multipurpose, dams. They supply water to households and/or industry; for irrigation purposes and for energy production; and they serve to maintain the minimally accepted flows and are used also for erosion and flood protection of the downstream areas. In addition, the areas around the reservoirs are popular tourist and recreational locations. About 4,400 springs with a total annual yield of 992 million m3 per are registered out of which 58 springs have a capacity of over 100 l/s. In regard to groundwater yields, there is a lack of sufficient relevant data on quantities as well as on qualitative aspects due to a lack of systematic and continuous observations and examinations of ground waters, except data for the local demands for certain regions (1). The major water consumers are agriculture, industry, households and energy production. The water supply systems are operated and managed by public utilities. In the urban municipal areas, connection rates range from 82% to 100%. In total, 1,200,000 inhabitants in these urban areas are connected to a public water supply system. In rural areas, connection rates exhibit a spread between 10% and up to 100%. The available data indicate average connection rates of about 70% corresponding to an estimate of 250,000 inhabitants being connected to a public water supply system (1). At the national level, 60% of dwellings are connected to a public sewage system whereas 21% of the dwellings have septic tanks and another 12% only have a system of uncontrolled waste water discharge. There is no monitoring of the discharged municipal waste water. The management of the sewage systems is the responsibility of the public utilities. There are only 6 operational wastewater 1 river Vardar, river Crn Drim, river Strumica and river Juzna Morava 2 Ohrid Lake, Prespa Lake and Dojran Lake BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 1 treatment plans that provide for 13,5% of the total population wastewater treatment service. The industrial wastewater is discharged mainly without any treatment or only with mechanical treatment. In 2011, the Water Law that transposes the water related EU directives entered into force. The Law besides other provisions, introduces the integrated water resources management upon river basins, implies “user-pays” and “polluter-pays” principles, introduces water rights and defines a new institutional set up. Also, sets the new planning process through elaboration of the planning documents: National Water Strategy, National Water Master Plan and River Basin Management Plans. The efforts for implementation of the Water Law revealed many weaknesses of the water sector, which mainly raised due to limited administrative capacities at central and local level to deal with the new institutional set-up for integrated water resources management, lack of financial and technical resources to built/rehabilitate water infrastructure (especially infrastructure for disposal and treatment of the wastewater), not enough coordination between the competent authorities and a low level of public environmental awareness. Moreover, the present water monitoring system is insufficient, the water management planning is in infancy and the reluctance to pursue full cost recovery through applying the user/polluter pays principle prevents the consolidation of the water supply and sanitation services and their improvement. History of Cooperation The development cooperation between Switzerland and the Republic of Macedonia in the field of water started in 1994 and so far, over CHF 40 million has been donated to the country throughout implementation of different projects. In the beginning, the Swiss3 support was addressing the immediate needs of the country and implemented ad hoc interventions, like improvement of the water quality of Lake Ohrid through the rehabilitation of the wastewater treatment plant in Vranista and provision of sophisticated monitoring equipment for the Hydrobiological Institute (Ohrid); improvement of the monitoring of the rivers at national level (River Monitoring System in Macedonia – RIMSYS) and enhancing the services for wastewater treatment through construction of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Kumanovo. In 2004 the activities for definition of a larger water portfolio that would be implemented in a longer period resulted in a programme that respected the integrated water resources principles with a focus in one geographical area – river basin. The further development of the ideas and interventions resulted in defining of the “water and environment” domain as one of the main domains of interventions in the Cooperation Strategy Macedonia 2009-2012. The decision to structure the cooperation around the domain of water and environment was made mainly based on the following arguments: the excellent cooperation with the central and local governments, available Swiss knowledge, technologies and expertise, the evident need for support to Macedonia in these fields and existence of a number of driving forces such as legislation, interest of the municipalities to cooperate in the field of water and environment, incentive to generate income from sustainable use of natural resources and motivated and active Civil Society Organizations. The overall goal was for Macedonia to make significant and acknowledged progress in meeting international standards and requirements concerning the sustainable use of water and other natural resources (2). During this Cooperation Strategy period, the interventions in the water sector from ad hoc interventions were transformed into systemic and tailored actions that were able to meet the needs of the country from several aspects. The projects were carefully selected, respecting principles and interactions between different areas, so that the efforts resulted in a fully-fledged programme with a concept, clear goals and methodological approach. Concept and Principles of Interventions The analysis of the problems in the water sector revealed that interventions are needed at all levels: central, regional/river basin, operational level and at level of population. In order to offer possible solutions for the problems to different stakeholders, the projects either include adequate component or they are developed as a concrete answer to the problems. The concept of addressing all levels is presented in Figure 1: 3 The Swiss support is from two state institutions: State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) and Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) BALWOIS 2012 - Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia - 28 May, 2 June 2012 2 Problems Swiss Support Central level Problems: -Slow implementation of the Water Law, -Long term advisor for the Ministry of -Not yet established institutional set-up, Environment and Physical Planning on -Not adequate financing system for institutional, legal and financial issues; covering the costs for implementation of -Policy dialogue; the Water Law; -Capacity building of the central level -Lack of resources (financial, human, administration technical) Regional/River basin level Problems: -Non existence of operational bodies for -Establishment and operation of the RBM River Basin Management (RBM); body; -Lack of knowledge and experience for -Elaboration of RBM Plans; the RBM; -Implementation of programme of -Lack of planning documents – RBM measures from the RBM Plans; Plans;
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