SPRING 1997 ISSUE No. 68 THE MAP HOUSE OF LONDON (established 1907)
Antiquarian Maps, Atlases, Prints & Globes
54 BEAUCHAMP PLACE KNIGHTSBRIDGE LONDON SW3 1 NY Telephone: 0171-589 4325 or 0171-584 8559 Fax: 0171-589 1041 Journal of the International Map Collectors' Society
SPRING 1997 ISSUE No. 68
CONTENTS
From the Editor's Desk 4 County Maps in Jansson's Atlas Minor 45 Bartholomew Sulivan in the Baltic 5 Old Atlases in Vilnius University 51 The Fordham Collection in the RGS 17 International News & Events 53 Map misleading German Tourists 27 Diary of Forthcoming Events 55 Matteo Pagano's Map of Britain 29 Regional Events 56 IMCoS at the Miami Map Fair 31 Informal Evening in London 57 IMCoS Occasional Paper No. 1 33 Notice of AGM 58 Publishing Imprints- the Wylds 37 Book Reviews 59
Cover map: Detail from 'Hungariae Descriptio' by Wolfgang Lazius, from Abraham Ortelius: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1570 (Courtesy of Laszlo Gr6f). Copy and other material for our next issue (Summer) should be submitted by 1 May 1997. All items for editorial use should be sent to The Editor, Susan Gale, 3 Aylesbury Road, Wing, Leighton Buzzard LU7 OPD. Tel: 01296 681 071. Fax: 01296 682 671.
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3 From the Editor's Desk
As we begin a new year, the seventeenth Transylvanian or Austrian, depending on for IMCoS, we have a new map on the the different authorities who have written front of our Journal - illustrating the about him. He was a man of many talents: location of our International Symposium cartographer, court surgeon, historian, in the autumn. It has been supplied by and professor of medicine at the Univer Laszlo Gr6f, who will be one of the sity of Vienna. In addition to the map of speakers in Budapest and is a renowned which a detail from the centre is on the scholar on maps of Hungary, especially front of the Journal, he also drew a ten those in the atlases of Abraham Ortelius. sheet map of Hungary in 1556, prepared He suggested the map by Wolfgang La at a time when political events in the zius (1514-65), 'Hungariae Descriptio', country permitted only limited survey which Ortelius included in the first and all work. subsequent editions of his Theatrum We look forward to learning more Orbis Terrarum. As Gr6f described the about maps of Hungary in September, map in The Map Collector (1979, no. 6, when I hope that a large number ofiMCoS pp 2-11), the arms of Hungary and 'Cum members will take the opportunity to visit Privilegio' appear in the top left comer the country, and see many maps that are while in the lower right hand comer the rarely available for study. circular strap work cartouche contains ex This issue of the Journal is larger than planatory text to help the reader with Hun usual, since I have received more articles garian pronunciation. from members, and I actually have two Lazius used as his model a manu stashed away for the Summer issue - script map by Lazar the Clerk (Eleazurus), something that has not happened before in secretary to Tam6s B ak6cz, Archbishop the years I have been editing it. This is a of Esztergom, whom Ortelius mentions very welcome change, and I am sure that amongst the best cartographers in the all our members will enjoy the increased 'Catalogus Auctorum'. Unfortunately information that it contains. However, when the map was published posthu there are still large areas of the world that mously in 1528 by Tanstetter in Vienna, have interesting maps, and we have little he made the fateful mistake of not recog up-to-date material to read about their his nising the correct orientation of Lazar's tory. We can only publish in English at manuscript. As a result he distorted the present, but do not be afraid to send in angles of rivers and also latitudes in the articles in translation from your own lan eastern part of the country. These errors guage; they can always be tidied up here. were copied by Lazius and all other carto There is a plea elsewhere for more articles graphers for the following two hundred from USA, since we have many members years. across the Atlantic, but research must be Wolfgang Lazius (Lazius Farkas in going on in other countries too, and mem Hungarian) could have been Hungarian, bers would like to hear about it.
4 Captain Bartholomew Sulivan and British Hydrography in the Baltic War of 1854/56
When war broke out in 1854 between by far the most powerful was sent to the Great Britain, France and Turkey on the Baltic. The fleet, which sailed in March one hand and Russia on the other, Europe 1854, totalled 23 ships manned by just had been at peace for 40 years, an un over 13,000men, and these included 12 of usually long period for the times, while the latest screw-propelled steam battle 'peace' at sea had reigned for even longer. ships (only two steam battleships went to For it was half a century since the battle the Black Sea). This was shortly joined by of Trafalgar had established Great Britain a French force which included 8 battle as the acknowledged maritime super ships of which only one was steam power, much as the United States is today. powered. Heavily outnumbered and out There was a fresh generation of naval gunned, and with no steam warships avail officers with little or no experience of sea able at all, the Russian fleet, hardly warfare, while new weapons and new surprisingly, took refuge behind its for types of ships, in particular steam-propelled, tress of Kronstadt, off St Petersburg, were waiting to be tried. Also the British where it stayed unmolested for the dura Admiralty, for the first time in its history, tion of the conflict. In the years leading up had a fully developed Hydrographic Service to the war the Russians had established a staffed with a trained corps of surveyors chain of strongly fortified anchorages ex serving in specialist ships. tending their power southwards into areas The problem for Britain and France was less restricted by winter ice, although the how best to prosecute war against Russia. last of these, Bomarsund in the Aaland Having no common land frontier they could islands was still only half completed. The only attack Russia by sea, on her two flanks history of the war thus comprised the suc -the Baltic and the Black Sea. Due to the cessive destruction of these fortresses extensive, and badly mismanaged involve leading towards an eventual threat to St ment of their army in the Crimea the atten Petersburg itself. tion of the British public became To Beaufort, the Admiralty' s fourth, concentrated on the Black Sea, an effect and most renowned Hydrographer, the sometimes called 'crimocentricity', to such coming of war was a supreme challenge an extent that it is still commonly known as to the service he had done so much to 'The Crimean War'. But both to the Allies create. He had been in office for 26 years and Russia the Baltic was potentially the and was now 80 years old and anxious to most critical area for on its shores lay Rus retire, but he was so respected that he was sia's centre of government, St Petersburg, persuaded to remain for at least the initial and it was in this theatre that the war could stages of the emergency. The Office had essentially be won or lost. been caught unprepared for a Baltic cam On the outbreak of war the Admiralty paign. At the onset of the crisis it had only despatched battlefleets to both areas, but 12 charts of the Baltic in publication and 5 Fine Antique Maps, Atlases & Globes
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Two details from Admiralty chart 2227, 'Revel Roadstead', published by Beaufort in December 1853, compiled from Russian charts and issued to the combined fleets before they sailed. 7 of these eight were nearly 40 years old. ships were side-paddle steamers, a type of Almost prophetically Beaufort had publish vessel which, although in the process of ed four charts of the entrance to the Baltic being superseded for fighting purposes by in 1852; apart from these there was no up the screw steamer, had proved very suc to-date British chart coverage whatever and cessful for survey work. They were of the Office had to shift into top gear in order shallow draught, extremely ma to fill the gap and to provide the great num noeuvrable with good stopping power, ber of both British and French warships with and the paddles were less vulnerable to boxes of newly-printed charts before they damage from accidental grounding. Suli sailed in the spring of 1854. To achieve this van had learnt his surveying under Cap Beaufort had to rely entirely on surveys of tain Fitzroy in the Beagle during the other nations, and here he was in fact well voyage that made Darwin famous, and more served with most areas covered by recent recently had distinguished himself in surve Swedish, Prussian or Russian charts. The ying and opening for trade the Parana river coasts of Sweden, the Aaland islands and in South America during operations in sup the gulf of Bothnia were covered by the port of Uruguay against General Rosas of work of Gustav Klint; a superb set of Pros Argentina. sian government charts, the Preussen See The Lightning joined the Baltic fleet Atlas of 1841 , covered the south and east in Kiel Bay on 29th March 1854, and shore of the Baltic from Kiel Bay to the Sulivan reported with his orders to the southern entrance of the Gulf of Riga; while Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Sir good, up-to-date Russian charts covered the Charles Napier on board his flagship the waters of the Gulf of Finland from the Gulf Duke of Wellington. On reading them Na of Riga to St Petersburg. All these were pier said, 'I do not know what you have available to the British Admiralty because come out for, or what is the use of a of the policy of free international exchange surveying ship, unless to make a fire of Hydrographic information first advo vessel of!' It is not difficult to imagine the cated by Great Britain in the 1820s and effect this remark had on Sulivan, made in which most nations with hydrographic front of several senior captains of the fleet, potential ascribed to by this time, although and also how much it must have upset the Russians might be pardoned for thinking Beaufort when it was reported to him. they had been a little hasty in joining this However the origin of the comment, if not particular arrangement. its actual wording, probably lay elsewhere Finally, and this was another new with the Master of the Fleet, Mr George venture for the British Navy, Beaufort des Biddlecombe. In the British navy at that patched to each theatre of war a survey time, the ship's Master was traditionally vessel, manned with trained survey officers the navigational expert, responsible to the and fully equipped with instruments, sound Captain for the safe conduct of the ship as ing gear and temporary buoyage. To the well as carrying out any survey work that Black Sea went the Spitfire and to the Baltic may have been thought desirable. The ad went the Lightning under the command of vent of a professional corps of surveyors Captain Bartholomew James Sulivan. The was thus regarded by many Masters as a
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The approaches to Bomarsund, from 'The Admiralty Chart' by Admiral G.S. Ritchie, reproduced by kind permission of the author. 9 threat to their status. Judging from the patched him with a second paddle frigate tone of courteously irritable correspond under his command, the Driver, to inves ence between the Hydrographer and the tigate and report on the possibility of an Master of the Fleet at the time, it seems assault on the fortress ofBomarsund in the very probable that George Biddlecombe Aaland Islands. It was Sulivan's great op was one of these. portunity. Taking with him Major Nugent The first days with the fleet were spent of the Engineers from the Admiral's staff by the Lightning on duties normally re and a Swedish army officer, Lieutenant quired of a lieutenant: carrying despatches, Theorel, as interpreter, he spent two ferrying stores, and trying to hire pilots. The weeks surveying the islands,. When the British naval command was obsessed with weather was suitable, that is when the the need for pilots, and it is not difficult to water was not too wind-ruffled for the imagine the irritation of Sulivan being sent worst of the submerged rocks to be to find pilots when he knew he had the visible, he and his officers searched for an trained officers and equipment to survey alternative route into the Bomarsund an and mark the channels for the fleet in re chorage avoiding that covered by the guns stricted waters inshore, and that Beaufort of the forts. When the wind blew too had already supplied adequate charts for strongly he and Nugent landed on the offshore navigation. As he was quick to islands overlooking the fortifications not point out one could only assess the skill of ing the number and position of the guns a pilot at his own valuation initially, nor and making drawings for inclusion in their could his honesty be guaranteed; the possi report. For information on their actual bility of a pilot being in the pay of the enemy strength he relied on the local islanders could not be discounted, and there was also who had been forced to work on their the problem of language. There were several construction, although paid for their la instances during the campaign of ships run bours. The Aaland islanders were of ning aground with local pilots in charge. Swedish origin and little in sympathy with For a time Sulivan considered ap the Russian cause. At first they were most plying for a transfer and confided in Beau reluctant to make any contact as more fort on the matter; however the aggressive British warships had taken and Hydrographer urged patience and waiting burnt many of their ships on which their to see if matters improved. Fortunately livelihood depended, but Sulivan grad they did and the Admiral suddenly started ually gained their confidence and was taking more advice from Sulivan, espe soon happily exchanging gifts and buying cially on the subject of engaging fixed eggs, chicken and sheep. Sulivan's views shore defences, a matter in which Sulivan on relations with the islanders are con was much experienced from his South tained in his final report: 'I trust, sir,' he American service. It is also possible that wrote, 'that you will approve of my hav someone had been having a word in the ing refrained from destroying any of the Admiral's ear about the talents of this coasting-vessels, the property of these is particular officer. landers, and of my having assured them Then early in July the Admiral des- that they need not look upon us as enemies
10 so long as they do not take up arms against also much gratified me, and your sound us.' One girl who had been employed ings were quickly inserted in the Aland carrying sand to the roofs of the forts was chart . . . ' To Beaufort the charts were able to inform them of the exact depth of what really mattered! sand put there to protect them from mortar The British and French governments fire. One group of villagers complained bit acted with very creditable speed on Suli terly about the local Russian policeman who van's and Nugent's proposals. As British made life difficult for them so Sulivan ob reserves were all involved in the Crimea, liged them by arresting him and deporting 9,000 French troops were made available. him in the Lightning, an act which earned These sailed from Calais on 16th July, the him many bouquets of flowers. Finally an greater part embarked in four British sail alternative, very tortuous and narrow, pas ing line-of-battle ships which were towed sage into the anchorage was successfully by paddlers all the way across the North surveyed and marked with buoys. This, Sea and through the Baltic to the Aaland known as the Ango channel, and at the time islands where they arrived fourteen days as 'Sulivan's Trail', became the key to the later to parade, the troops fallen in on success of the eventual assault. All this time deck, through the assembled fleets and the Russian Governor, having no craft of his their cheering crews. own, seemed unable to prevent the Light Everyone knew the troops were com ning and the Driver doing what they ing but their destination was a well-kept pleased, for which he was summarily, if secret known only to a select few : the rather unfairly, shortly relieved of his post. Admirals, Major Nugent, Captain Sulivan The gist of Sulivan's recommenda - and Mrs Sulivan. Sulivan found time tions was that Bomarsund could be suc to write a long letter home each week cessfully assaulted without breaking the giving every detail of his daily actions and blockade of the Gulf of Finland only if his opinions of his brother officers and additional land troops and siege artillery superiors. These were later published in were sent out. The Admiral was delighted his biography and form easily the most with the report which was forwarded to vivid and entertaining source of informa the ministries in London and Paris tion for the whole campaign. Fortunately together with the drawings and charts. he had complete faith in his wife's discre Sulivan's position was now completely tion: 'Of course you know how secret all transformed. The Admiral turned to him this must be kept' , he writes. 'I believe for advice continually, frequently inviting few men have such perfect confidence in him to breakfast and seating him beside the secrecy and judgement of their wives himself at staff conferences. Beaufort in as I can show to my darling wife on these particular was naturally delighted. 'My points'. Dear Sulivan', he wrote, 'All your letters The attack on Bomarsund had com charm me, but especially your last from menced a week before the arrival of the Seskar, for it gave me the very agreeable troops with Sulivan and the Lightning intelligence that you had at last found your leading five steam battleships through his due level, .. . Your Bomarsund adventures newly-found channel into the anchorage
11 'Lightning' leading a squadron of screw battleships through the Ango channel for the assault on Bomarsund. From a drawing by Oswald Brierly, RA. confronting the forts. The passage was than his own superiors and eventually very narrow and tortuous with the yards would only accept orders to move their of the ships occasionally almost touching ships directly from him. The forts, al the trees and the incident was recorded in though gallantly defended, were forced to a famous picture by Oswald Brierly for capitulate one by one under the combined the Illustrated London News. Even Suli effects of the sniping fire of French 'chas van describes it as 'the prettiest sight by seurs' through the gun embrasures and the far yet seen in the Baltic', and the unex battering by French siege artillery and pected appearance of these great ships British naval guns landed from the ships with their array of heavy guns can have and dragged four miles over rocky ground done little for the morale of the defenders. on wood sledges by hundreds of bare From then until the fortress fell Sulivan in footed sailors, played on by ships' bands. Lightning and his fellow surveyor Com Later when on shore and having a look at mander Otter in the Alban were constantly the results of his efforts Sulivan narrowly at work, piloting troopships to the landing escaped being killed when one of the places, instructing ship's masters in the abandoned forts blew up as he was ap intricacies of the Ango channel, and ac proaching it, and only saved himself by ting as a Headquarters ship for the French some nimble footwork dodging the larger and British Commanders. The French lumps of flying granite. were even more impressed by his abilities The B omarsund affair was a remark-
12 able example of a successful international for the most difficult of these options, the combined operation. It was not a particu attack on Kronstadt, were just not avail larly bloody battle, the largest casualties able in sufficient numbers, but enough were from disease and suffered by the were available by mid-summer 1855 to French who lost 800 men from cholera. It meet Sulivan's requirements for an attack had been noted by observers that, after on Sveaborg. three weeks on salt meat in their British When the fleet returned to the Baltic transports the French soldiers avidly de in the spring of 1855 it was under the voured every edible fresh greenery they command of a new chief; Admiral Dundas could find as soon as they got ashore. The had replaced Admiral Napier who had massive naval force deployed by the Al been relentlessly attacked by the British lies had at least achieved something that press for being too unenterprising. Suli summer, and that was largely due to Suli van would have none of this campaign and van. Beaufort had no doubts who remained staunchly loyal to Napier; on deserved the credit. 'So you have at length one occasion he became suspicious of the accomplished the Aland job, and in a very line of questioning being pursued by a workman-like manner', he wrote. 'I am civilian and on discovering that he was the firmly persuaded that but for you it would correspondent of The Daily Herald or not have been done at all - at all events dered him off the ship. He was given a not this year.' new ship, the Merlin, another paddler but With the arrival of winter and with larger and with much more powerful en much of the Baltic iced over the allied gines, although he complained that their fleets returned home, their blockade func vibration made it almost impossible to tion superfluous. For Sulivan there was no write his letters unless at anchor. He respite however and he was much in de quickly established close relations with mand for his views on how best the war the new Commander-in-Chief and during could be prosecuted during the next year. the weeks spent waiting for the arrival of The British Admiralty had not been slow the newly-constructed mortar vessels and to learn the lessons of sea warfare in the gunboats he was employed probing Rus Baltic and had already put in hand a build sian defences and surveying inshore chan ing programme of shallow draught gun nels on the southern side of the Gulf of boats and mortar vessels. Sulivan was Finland as far as the entrance to the Gulf of asked by the First Lord to produce three Riga. Revel he found well defended, while plans together with the equipment he con the unexpected appearance of his two ships sidered necessary for their success; first, close inshore off Hapsal, a fashionable and most ambitious, an assault on K.ron watering place for the Russian aristocracy, stadt and St Petersburg; second the neu caused a minor panic and much hurried tralising of the fortifications at Sveaborg packing of trunks for a quick return to St protecting the anchorage at Helsinki; and Petersburg and Moscow. finally merely maintaining the blockade A curious incident occurred when, ap of the Russian fleet and local commerce. proaching the island ofDago at the entrance In the event the specialised craft needed to the Gulf of Riga, he saw a white flag of
13 truce flying onshore. On landing he was for the mortar vessels to anchor. The Rus met by the local feudal proprietor, a Baron sians observed all this going on but as it Sternberg, who stated that he had been was all in an area marked on their secret asked by the area military commander to charts as too rock-encumbered to be na raise a militia but that he had declined vigable they took no action, and when the preferring instead to attempt to persuade Allied vessels took up their positions for the British not to land on the island. Suli the bombardment Governor General Berg van was happy enough to agree to this, in command of the fortress at first refused whereupon he and his officers were in to believe it. Suli van's plan of attack, vited out to dinner and were driven in carefully drawn and copied to all the handsomely appointed carriages com vessels involved, shows 16 British and 14 plete with uniformed footmen to the French mortars, all placed in an arc at a Baron's residence. They were shown precise range of 3,300 yards, and pro round the castle, gardens and stables by tected from return fire by gunboats cir the young baroness, who spoke perfect cling inshore. At 7 am on 9th August they English having had an English governess. opened fire and over the next two days and Sulivan described every detail in his letter nights some 5,900 bombs were lobbed home: 'It is a splendid house', he wrote, into the various forts, the firing only ceas 'shaded over the entrance with fine horse ing when most of the British mortars chestnuts, beautiful grounds round and began to break up, the result, according to inside like a fine English country house . Sulivan, of poor quality ironfounding. . . the flowers just the same as in our Considering the weight of missiles ex gardens, were rather poor, but the roses changed casualties were surprisingly numerous and beautiful and we got fine light: 55 of the Russian garrison were bunches of them. It really seemed like a killed while the Allied side suffered only dream; three miles inland in an enemy's a few wounded. The burning storehouses country and going over all these English and exploding magazines made a specta like scenes with a nice young lady speak cular firework display watched with en ing as good English as I did ... ' On being thusiasm by the Allied fleets anchored driven back to the landing place, to find offshore, and with apprehension by the his ships in the process of assembling an inhabitants of Helsinki, who, fearing they armed party to march to their rescue, he would be the next target, fled into the was invited to revisit the island with his country. Some of the Allied side, includ wife in happier times. ing the French Admiral, were in favour of By the end of July the new mortar burning the city, but Sulivan and others vessels with their artillery crews had ar regarded this as an uncivilised act which rived and the combined fleets moved to would achieve little, and fortunately their attack Sveaborg. For three days and nights view prevailed. His reputation had never the paddlers under Sulivan 's direction been higher, even the Admiral when con closely surveyed the area facing the forts, gratulated by his officers remarked, 'It sweeping for mines, buoying dangerous was all due to Sulivan!' rocks and marking the precise positions Sveaborg was the final act of the Bal- 14 tic war. When the ice returned in Novem Baltic by Admiralty charts increased dra ber the great mass of ships left the Baltic matically, from 12 charts at the outbreak not to return, to the intense relief of the of the war to over 80 by 1856. What is maritime communities of Finland and the certain, however, is that it is difficult to Baltic states. For them it had been a miser find a campaign in which the skills of able experience, involved in a conflict in hydrography, especially as practised by which they had little interest. Over-zea one man, played a more central role. lous British Captains, frustrated by any chance of earning battle honours engaging BIBLIOGRAPHY Russian warships, had roamed the coast Greenhill, B. and A. Giffard: The British Assault on Finland 1854-1855. The forgotten naval war. taking as prizes or burning the trading London, Conway Maritime Press, 1988. vessels upon which their owners' liveli Ritchie, G.S.: The Admiralty Chart. British naval hood depended. In desperation many hydrography in the 19th century. London, 1967 ships were deliberately sunk in shallow & 1995. Sulivan, H.N.: The Life and Letters of Admiral Bar water when half, or even fully completed tholomew James Sulivan. London, 1896. to preserve them for re-floating when hos tilities were over. Peace negotiations con CHRISTOPHER TERRELL tinued through the autumn and winter and were given impetus by the fall of Sevas topol in September, but it was the example of Sveaborg that did most to influence Russian acceptance of the Allied terms. For it was clear that if the war continued into a further year Kronstadt would almost N & MBorg certainly be assaulted and St Petersburg itself threatened. When the Treaty of Paris Prints and maps of was signed in March 1856 Great Britain Malta and Cyprus alone had 100 mortar vessels and 220 gunboats built and available for service in the Baltic that summer, a piece of intel »« ligence that might well have influenced 62 Annunciation Street Russian decisions. Tarxien PLA 04 The direct hydrographic products of MALTA the war were slim. Many of the surveys made by Sulivan and the Masters of the Tel: (356) 697877 British fleet were of fairly obscure an Fax: (356) 665123 chorages of little commercial importance and were used only to amend the existing » « charts. Only three of Sulivan's Baltic sur veys survived as permanent charts in the Hydrographic Department's list. On the Offers and enquiries are welcome other hand the general coverage of the
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World - Ortelius, 1593, 11cmsx8cms; Shirley no 161, from an edition of the Epitome; coloured. £260 English Channel - Danckerts, c1680, 57cmsx49cms; with compass roses & very fine cartouche;coloured. £300 Scotland- Bertius, 1602,12cmsx8~cms; cartouche. £50 N.Atlantic - Bellin, 1768, 86cmsx56cms; Denmark, S.Norway, Scotland & most of Iceland. £220 Low Countries - Gastaldi, 1548, 17cmsx13cms; from a Venetian Ptolemy; printed from a split plate. £100 Gascony - Sanson, 1665, 55cmsx42cms; in old outline colour with yery fine uncoloured cartouche. £90 Geneva - Schonsperger, 1496, 14cmsx9cms; from the first reduced version of Nuremberg Chronicle. £100 Canary Islands - Morden, 1680, 13cmsx11cms. £70 !stria - Doglioni, 1623, 10crnx8cm; from "Anfiteatro di Europa; scarce. £45 Peloponnesos - Bordone, 1534, 15cmsx14cms; interesting woodcut from the Isolario. £80 Baltic States - Valgrisi, 1562, 25cmx19cm; Prussia to Estonia; enlargement of Gastaldi's 1548 map. £100 Ukraine- Hondius, 1637, 16cmsx12cms; cartouche. £60 Asia - Van den Keere, c1646, 12crnx8cm, coloured. £65 India - Du Val , c1680. Two maps each 12cmx10cm of the subcontinent; coloured. £60 Jakarta - Mallet, 1683, 10cmsx14cms; from Description de L'Univers; titled "Batavia"; coloured. £45 S.Australia - Phillip, 1860, 50cmx61cm; coloured. £60 E&Central Africa - Jansson, c1650, 49crnx39cm; col £280 Americas - Du Val / Hoffman, 1690, 12cmx10cm; col. £135 E.Canada- Cary, 1811, 51cmx46cm; centred on the Great Lakes; includes part of the U.S. £180 S . States & Mexico- Moll, 1709, 18cmx16cm; with Cuba, Flori da & Central America. £160 The Fordham Collection in the Royal Geographical Society
On his death in 1929 Sir Herbert George had already interested Fordham and, des Fordham left an important part of his car pite his responsibilities, he managed to tographic collection to the Royal Geo create some spare time and was able to graphical Society. My paper discusses the pursue a career in this field. In 1893 he background to the bequest, and briefly was elected to the Cambridge County describes the collection.* Council and served as its Chairman for Fordham was born in 1854 at Odsey, fifteen years from 1904; he became De a manor on the Cambridgeshire side of the puty Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire, a border with Hertfordshire, near Royston. magistrate for both Cambridgeshire and The manor stands on the Icknield Way, Hertfordhsire and was knighted in 1908. part of the prehistoric track which crossed He was also High Sheriff of Cambridge southern England from the South Devon shire and Huntingdonshire in 1918-19 at coast through Wessex, calling in on The the age of 65. Map Collector at Tring (and sadly finding As we would say today he was, well and it absent) and so on to the Wash. He was truly, one of the great and the good. He had born into a brewing family, and was edu wide interests outside politics and at one cated privately and then at University Col time or another he was Chairman or Presi lege, London, where he studied chemistry dent of Societies devoted to the study of and geology. He was elected Fellow of the Agriculture, Natural History and Archaeo Geological Society at the age of eighteen logy. But around his 65th birthday, in 1919, and read a paper to the Society only one he seems to have given up public duties and year later; then he became a life-member confined his activities to farming and his of the British Association for the Ad great love, cartobibliography. vancement of Science at the age of From the dates of acquisition appear twenty-one. ing on the inside covers of the books in the After leaving U.C.L. he joined the Fordham collection here at the R.G.S. it family firm at Ashwell, near Odsey, but seems that he first began seriously to col left in 1882 to study law, and was called lect maps, atlases and road-books at to the bar in 1885. Three years later, he around the tum of the century. But he was took his family to live in Switzerland but studying cartographic materials before in 1891, on the death of his father, he this date. In February 1900 he wrote that returned and, as the eldest son, took over he had 'no collection of maps to speak of both the running of the family business - my studies are based upon the collec and the farming of the Odsey estate. tions of others'. This was soon to change, The legal aspects of local government for it was from this date that Fordham
*This paper was read by Donald Hodson at the IMCoS Annual Symposium in June 1996, held at the Royal Geographical Society, London
17 became an avid collector of atlases and had worked for 'many years as an explorer road books; an analysis of the dates of in an unknown field'. But he knew that his acquisition show that he collected stead subject was 'rather obscure' and a con ily, with a peak just before the First World stant theme of his letters is his anxiety 'to War, but a major part of his collecting promote the public interest in my subject'. occurred after his retirement and, in par As is characteristic of evangelists he felt ticular, from 1922 to 1928 in the last seven that he had a mission to con vert the sceptic years of his life. The make-up of the col and became quite irritated, not to say lection will be discussed later in this angry, when his efforts were met with paper, but it is worth observing at this indifference. point that Fordham looked upon it primar The next thread in the pattern is also ily as a working tool to help him study the important. Fordham did not see himself as development of cartography. a rich man. Yet here he was: a landowner, His early studies enabled him to publish a magistrate, a notable political figure; the first part of the catalogue of Hertford able to build a fine library and to travel shire maps in 1901, and in the introduction widely and often. We must look at this he also provided a summary of the main paradox more closely. lines of development of the English county As to his farming activities, Fordham is atlas, from Saxton onwards; an analysis full of woe; almost obsessively so. You may which is still valid today. This catalogue was reply that it is notorious that being full of published in parts, and subsequently he was woe is what farmers are best at. However, successful in reaching an audience by pub from David Smith who is both a member of lication of papers he read to various learned IMCoS and an economic historian, I have societies mostly, but not exclusively, on had a most illuminating account of the econ cartographic subjects. However, his pub omic plight of agriculture in the depression lishing activity is marked by what he saw as years of the 1920s. Unfortunately there is no a frustrating inability to persuade organisa time to do more than offer a short summary tions to print his more substantial works in of what David told me. volume form, and this had an important Briefly the story is that during World bearing on his early relationship with the War I the importance of a healthy farming R.G.S. A number of threads come together. industry was recognised by a statute guar First, the Hertfordshire catalogue rep anteeing minimum prices for corn: conse resents Fordham's single-handed invention quently farming flourished. This happy of the science of cartobibliography, the sys situation continued only until the post-war tematic listing of maps and atlases, a subject slump of 1921, when world prices for that he spent the next twenty-five years, cereals fell dramatically and free-trade until his death, promoting: in his own words Britain was threatened by cheap Ameri 'my little propagandist movement in favour can grain imports. Guaranteed minimum of the study of the cartographic art'. Ford prices were now too costly for govern ham coined the word cartobibliography and ment and the subsidies were withdrawn, it is clear that he fully realised that he had leaving farmers unprotected against invented a new discipline: he wrote that he foreign imports. This had a disastrous ef-
18 feet on the industry. Wheat prices steadied cult to put ourselves in Fordham's shoes from 1922 to 1925 but fell slowly to 1929, and see his financial circumstances that the year of Fordham's death. dictated his actions. Some idea of his con This sad story is mirrored most faith cerns and fears in the recession can be fully in Fordham's letters to officials at the gathered from another selection from his R.G.S. There are very many examples of letters. his complaints of which the following are 1922 these are times for a severe only a selection. economy 1922 The disastrous year we have had 1923 [the agricultural situation has] on the land [is leading to] the reduced my personal income to a immediate prospects of poverty. minus quantity. In these 1925 I am quite clear that arable circumstances I am obliged to agriculture on the poor & remain at home & work for a moderate lands must be closed living! down ... One can work at a loss 1924 just now, I have cut off nearly all for a time -living on the meagre my subscriptions- on account of diet of hope. [Then priorities poverty. reassert themselves and he ends his 1925 I hope you will come, [to see me at letter:] However - this is not Odsey] & not in mid-winter - as carto-bibliography. this house is partly shut up on 1926 I have about a square mile . . . to account of the difficulties of the work on. We have had an land, & is not heated or lighted .. . unsatisfactory harvest & I fear, I at present I am struggling . . . with shall lose money on the year. a very moderate harvest, charged Arable agriculture, except on the with excessively high wages - best lands-seems doomed in this out of which I expect to get, in the country end, nothing or less than nothing. 1927 The weather is magnificent, the 1927 really the agricultural situation is meadows a blaze of gold ... but, so disastrous, & I am losing so all the same the situation in much money, that I have to be very agriculture is a very distressing careful in expenditure. I am just one. The last year has been completing the painful task of disastrous. I have put in accounts making up a year's accounts & to obtain the repayment of Income calculating my losses. It is the Tax, & the Inspector of taxes has worst year on the land in modem allowed me a ~. on the year of times- & the future looks very £844! I see no future for arable black. I am restricted in both agriculture in this country printing & in travelling - my As I have said, Fordham did not see principal interest in life now. himself as a rich man. The perception of I hope that I have now persuaded you wealth is, of course, subjective. At this that Fordham really believed himself to be distance, about seventy years, it is diffi- relatively impoverished; consequently it
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A1ercator's World, F REEPOST, Kynnersley, Shropshire TF6 6ZA Te/:+44 (0) 1952 677143 Fax:+44 (0) 1952 677961 email· RichardLau,[email protected] .co. uk ~------~ the earlier quarrel about access to the Geographical Journal and the Reports to R.G.S. Library. In his reply Hinks put his Council. The cheque had been sent in foot straight in it again. He welcomed the November 1927 and thirteen months later, new offer but then noted that after three on Christmas Eve 1928 Fordham, unsur years the accumulated income would pro prisingly, lost patience and sent a most vide about £30 'as an honorarium for a un-Christmas-like letter which he fol lecturer'. Fordham erupted lowed in the New Year by a two-and It is not specially a "lecture" -but a fund a-half page letter of complaint ending for the maintenance, improvement, cata To be frank in the matter. The Society's loguing & "advertising" of my special silence in the twelve months since I, with collections, when you have them. That is difficulty, managed to pay over . . . my the primary object. The secondary object little gift has made me doubt whether my ... is the promotion of the study of carto collections will be any more welcome, & bibliography, as a science. I have had some passing idea of altering Almost unbelievably Hinks, in his my will in favour of some other body reply, hoped that 'in the meantime we may Of course, this led to a letter of abject prepare the interests of students by a lecture.' apology by Hinks, but Fordham was not Fordham sent the cheque for £200, to be mollified and took his complaint to but he remained displeased. In May 1928 the President of the Society. Hinks, obviously trying to be pleasant fol On 10 January 1929 Fordham sent an lowing the receipt of the money, wrote 'I unfriendly letter to Hinks ending with a envy you working in the Library of the mention of the imminent publication of Paris Observatory: a building which I his new book Some notable surveyors greatly love, having stayed there several You will have a review copy so I have not times with the late Director.' Fordham arranged for a presentation copy for the replied 'The Observatory of Paris is an Society's Library. My list of such copies ugly building'. is , in any case, already long enough, & I In the same letter Hinks wrote: 'You dare say, if you want another copy, you have a wonderful habit of getting large will be able to buy it pieces of work done, and I envy you very This was Fordham's final missile much'. Now here, of course, he had, prob though, in February, Hinks sent another ably unwittingly but certainly unerringly, conciliatory note in which he, at last, with found a sore point. Fordham replied drew the contentious idea of the lecture I have never regarded my work as being ship as Fordham had wished all along. in "large pieces", I have always con Fifteen days later Fordham died from sidered what I managed to publish as pneumonia. It is clear that Hinks was fear rather in snippets, & as laying the foun ful that he had managed to forfeit the dations for more complete studies bequest, and his relief when he heard from The relationship deteriorated further. Fordham's son that Sir George had indeed By what seems to have been a genuine left his collections to the Society is clear oversight Hinks managed to omit any ref in his letters. So, for the R.G.S. the story erence to Fordham's gift of £200 in the ended happily. 25 Now, what is this collection that had overdue. When the time comes for the such an eventful history? bibliography to be compiled, the Fordham As I have said Fordham spent about collection, here at the R.G.S., with its rich 28 years putting it together. He thought holdings should be the first port of call for of it in terms of three collections. First, the bibliographer. the road-books and itineraries; sec I should like to end on a personal note. ondly, John Cary publications; and When I worked on my bibliography ofHert thirdly, items published by Cary's great fordhsire maps back in the 1960s Sir George rival Daniel Paterson. In all there are Fordham's work on the same subject, writ about 750 separate items. Geographi ten more than half a century before, served cally they cover a dozen countries but as my guide. At that time I read some of the great bulk relate to Britain and Fordham's letters, preserved in St Albans France. The earliest is a road-book pub Library, and I remember very clearly that lished in Paris in 15 53; the latest an what came across was a strong impression English county atlas from 1885. of a scholar of great ability who was always The collection is very varied, with some ready to help others in their researches; and thing for almost everyone; but I must not we have seen today that he was prepared to dwell too much on a detailed description for go to great lengths in his work of propa fear that I shall merit Hinks' s criticism of ganda on behalf of cartobibliography. Fordham's paper which, you will remember, Thirty years later the preparation of this 'was a little too much of a catalogue for paper has been, for me, something of a reading at the meeting'. In any case a modern voyage back in time and a considerable catalogue of the Fordham collection is avail delight. Reading, and sometimes laughing able from the R.G.S. out loud at the Fordham archive here at the Instead I will concentrate on what I R.G.S.; re-reading Fordham's works; but believe to be its great strength- its key most of all having had, two weeks ago, the importance: the collection of road-books great good fortune of visiting, for the first and itineraries, and especially those relat time, Odsey Grange, Fordham's family ing to Britain. Compared with the exten home; and there being most kindly wel sive cartobibliographical work that has comed by Mr Jeremy Fordham and his wife. been carried out since Fordham's time on Jeremy Fordham is the present owner of the English county maps it is undeniable that house and farm and is the great grand the study of road-books and itineraries has nephew of Sir George. been neglected. While those whom Yes, preparing this paper has truly Francis Herbert has been known to refer been fun. Thank you, Sir George for in to as 'the county map brigade' have pur venting cartobibliography for the inno sued their interests, very little has been cent pleasure of people like me. Thank written about the English road-book. It you for leaving you collections to the may be argued that a road-book is not as R.G.S. so that we can all use them. And decorative as an atlas, but it is self-evident thank you, the audience for listening to me that a modern and scholarly bibliography this afternoon. of these delightful productions is much DONALD HODSON 26 The Map that misled German tourists
Last summer in Copenhagen German tourists Tower' that King Christian IV built specially could often be seen staring in despair at a street for Tycho Brahhe in 1642 stands in the middle plan of the Danish capital. Locals in a small and of the equally famous Gefion fountain. The insignificant side street far from th city centre huge National Museum is housed in the tiny were amazed when Germans asked them: 'Ex City Museum. And the site of the National cuse me, can you tell me where the royal castle Museum is labelled as the seat of the Danish is?' government and the Danish broadcasting auth Not surprisingly, many Danes began to ority. wonder what was wrong with the Germans. The daily newspaper Politiken heard the The mystery was soon solved. It was all story of the lost German tourists and went to the fault of the Copenhagen Tourist Board. town making fun of the Copenhagen Tourist In its free booklet Copenhagen City Guide Board. 'It is an old wartime stratagem to send 95/96 (print run: 100,000), all the tourist the enemy the wrong way by turning signposts sights are wrongly labelled. This official city round. Although it is actually a long time since plan places Amalienborg Castle, the the Second World war came to an end, the City residence of Queen Margrethe II, in a side of Copenhagen has scored an exemplary suc street in the student quarter Norrebro, where cess with this trick,' scoffed the paper. It ad the social-democrat 'Workers Museum' is vised all German visitors to get hold of an actually situated. The Geological Museum is English city guide. on the Castle Square, and the famous 'Round OSWALD DREYER-EIMBCKE
Publishers and suppliers of books l.(. ~ about early maps lUAP CoLLECTOR PUBUCATIONS Send for our latest booklist today Contact: Mary Baldwin NEW BOOKS AVAILABLE Book Sales Manager MINIATIJRE ANTIQUE MAPS Maf- Collector Publications Ltd by Geoffrey King 48 -Iigh Street Tring, Herts NORWICH'S MAPS OF AFRICA HP23 5BH Introduction by Jeffrey Stone UK Tel: (0) 1442 824977 Fax: (0)1442 827712 E-mail: [email protected]
27 GREAVES & THOMAS 'REVIVING THE ART OF TRADITIONAL GLOBEMAKING'
KEY DATES MAGELLAN AND HOLBEIN FACSIMILE GLOBES. 1519-22 Magellan's voyage. 1523-32 wood block for Magellan's gores made (engraver unknown). 1533 London, Hans Holbein copies and edits a Magellan's globe into his 'Ambassadors' painting. 1533 Jean de Dinteville returns home to 'Polisy' with painting (see 'Holbein's globe' or forthcoming book). 1600-1800 'Ambassadors' painting 'restored' several times incorrectly depicting the Baccalaos peninsula as an island. 1808 'Ambassadors' painting sold to Earl of Radnor for 1000 guineas (equiv. today £31,515) and in 1809 returns to England. 1885 Original gores sold by Rosenthal of Munich to Stevens of Vennont for £500 (equiv. today £23,000). 1898 Given to New York Public Library (see forthcoming book). 1890 Holbein's 'Ambassadors' sold to National Gallery with two other paintings for £55,000 (equiv. today £2,609,750). 1934 Spink, London, sell rare 'Magellan' globe to Greenwich Maritime Museum for approx. £750 (equiv. today £22,500). 1970 extensive research by Arthur Baynes-Cope proves the 'Spink' globe to be a fake - as well as otlter 'Magellan' globes found in important collections world-wide. 1995 Greaves & TI10mas 'pull' Holbein's globe from canvas of 'Ambassadors'- globe depicts restored Baccalaos peninsula. 1995 Greaves & Thomas republish New York gores as 'Magellan's globe' - rrp. of £115 inc. vat (saving of £22,385!). 1996 National Gallery restores Holbein's ' Ambassadors' -Restorer Martin Wyld uses Greaves & Thomas 'Holbein globe' as reference for restoration of Baccalaos peninsula. 1997 (Swnmer), accompanying book 'Magellan's globe' including: biography of Magellan; Baynes-Copes study of the New York gores (Imago Mundi 33); New research (Francis Herbert R.G.S.) as well as events surrounding the gores- possible makers etc. 1997 (Sununer), accompanying book for 'Holbein's globe' including biographies of: Holbein; Dinteville; de Selve; Schaner ~ hidden meaning/symbolism (Robert Baldwin M . Litt,BA . )~ Events; Maps; etc.
FOR DETAILS, STOCKISTS AND ENQUIRIES PLEASE WRITE TO: GREAVES & THOMAS, JOHNSON'S ISLE, P.O. BOX 190, RICHMOND, SURREY. TW9 4ER. SEPARATING COLLECTORS FROM INVESTORS SINCE 1991! MATTEO PAGANO'S MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLES, 1555.
In the Winter 1996/MCoS Journal! wrote British Isles by Matteo Pagano printed about 14 rare sixteenth-century woodcut from two woodblocks. This map has not maps by the Italians Matteo Pagano and been reproduced before and although as a Giovanni Vavassore. The full title of the unique example it is unlikely to come the article was 'Something Old, Something way of any collector it deserves a brief New from Paris and Nancy: yet more description. early and rare Italiana including 14 maps It is derived from the seminal map of by Pagano or Vavassore'. These particu the British Isles published in 1546 by lar maps were in a composite Italian atlas George Lily, a Catholic exile at the Papal in the Sorbonne Library, Paris. court. Lily's map spawned a whole series Photographs of the maps in this atlas, of derivatives extending over almost 60 several unique, have now been received years, as listed in the attached table. and in this issue I show the map of the
Italian Maps of the British Isles 1546-1602
1. George Lily, Rome, 1546 [original prototype] 2. Jan Mollijns, Antwerp, 1549* 3. Matteo Pagano, Venice, 1555* 4. Thomas Gemini, London, 1555 [second state ofno.1] 5. I.H.S. [monogram] (1), Rome, 1556 6. I.H.S. [monogram] (2), Rome, 1556 [different plate to no.5] 7. Giovanni Vavassore, Venice, 1556* 8. Sebastiane diRe da Chioggia, Rome, 1558 9. Ferrando Bertelli, Venice, 1562 10. Giovanni Camocio, Venice, 1563 [has unidentified initials 'M R'] 11. Anon, Venice, 1585 [second state of no.10] 12. Donato Bertelli, Venice, 1589 [third state ofno.10] 13. Marcus Clodianus, Rome, 1589 14. G.R., Rome, undated--c.1589? [second state of no.13] 15. Giovanni Orlando, Rome, 1602 [second state of no.8]
Note: Those asterisked are woodcuts; the remainder are from copperplates. Pagano follows Lily's 1546 map more closely than any of the others.
Apart from the Antwerp woodcut by brought to London and there re-issued by Jan Mollijns (1549), Pagano's map was Thomas Gemini, one of the surgeons to almost certainly the next earliest deriva Henry VIII. tive. It is dated February 1555, the same The title is the same - 'Britanniae year as Lily's two original plates were Insulae Quae Angliae Et Scotiae Regna
29 VJ 0
BRITANNIAE INSVLAB BREVIS DESCRirTIO AD LECTOR EM.
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British Isles by Matteo Pagano, 1555, based on George Lily's map of 1546. Size of the original 520 x 725 mm. Courtesy of the Sorbonne Library, Paris. Continet Cum Hibernia Adiacente Nova unique impression in the Sorbonne hap Descriptio'- and although the size (520 pens to be a dark well-inked one giving an x 725 mm) is slightly smaller than the attractive appearance of robustness and original it is still considerably larger than solidity. The map is printed on strong the other derivatives. As with Lily's map, paper and is in excellent condition. Pa west is at the top. There is the same armor gano's Venetian contemporary Giovanni ial design above the title, similar textual Vavassore sometimes copied his work but panels and identical topographical fea in this instance Vavassore's map of the tures. Even George Lily's emblem and British Isles dated 1558 is quite differ monogram is retained at the foot of the ently oriented with north at the top, per main block of text, just above Pagano's haps following the examples with the imprint: 'Venetiis, apud Matteum Paga Jesuit monogram 'I H S' which had ap num, ad signum Fidei. Mense Februarius peared in Rome two years earlier. MDLV'. To the left of the main block of It is unlikely that any comparable six text Pagano has added a panel of text teenth-century map of the British Isles containing dedicatory verses addressed to will come to light in the forseeable future. Nicolaus Stopius and in the top left corner is a further imprint 'In Venetia per Mat NOTES: 1. The British Library Map Library has a microfilm thio Pagan in Frezaria al segno della of all the maps in theSorbonne atlas (presssmark Fede'. Immediately below is an vignette RRa 72) and it is through the courtesy of the of the figure of Faith holding a large cross, British Library that the illustration photograph and in the sea just off Scotland is placed a has been provided. 2. Most of the derivative plates are illustrated in large galley with lines of oars - a typical Rodney W Shirley, Early Printed Maps of the Venetian craft. Neither of these decora British Isles 1477-1650, revised edition, East tions appear on Lily's original. Grinstead, 1991. In the description ofLily's 1546 As to be expected from blocks from prototype (entry 41) John Elder is mentioned twice as a possible source for the outline of Pagano's workshop, the wood cutting is Scotland but his name is inadvertently spelled of high quality, with no less clarity than 'Elden'. the 1546 copperplate engraving. The RODNEY SHIRLEY
IMCoS at the Miami Map Fair IMCoS was represented this year at the that our US members would like to Miami Map Fair by our International Liai have more articles on American son Officer, Caroline Batchelor, already themes, but this is dependent on mem well known in the map world as she was bers sending material to the Editor. We our Membership Secretary for many years. welcome articles about the history of The organisers kindly granted us a well cartography and map collecting from placed stand, and Caroline was able to all parts of the world, since they reflect renew old friendships, and introduce many our wide-spread membership, in more newcomers to the Society. She reported than fifty countries.
31 F ME Antique Maps & Prints Travel Books & Atlases
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'])eaLers.Appraisers, ConsuiJ:anls q Established 1957 o-M£mber AMI!,!!LAB IMCoS Bulletin No.1 Judging a Map's Condition Compiled by Rodney Shirley This pamphlet lists some considerations to be remembered when buying an antique map. When you buy from a reputable dealer, he (or she) should be able to respond satisfactorily to most of the questions asked. The same information may not be available if you buy from other sources and you, the purchaser, will have to make your own checks. For instance, at auctions the catalogue entry is likely to be abbreviated and may not adequately describe the condition of the map being offered.
A. Overall Impression
The first visual impression that a map gives to you is important. Does it strike a chord in terms of attractiveness, historical relevance, and interest? Does the map look and feel genuinely old? A positive first impression may be tempered later. However, a first impression which is unsatisfactory is not usually changed for the better.
B. Condition
Is the map undamaged and in clean condition? Here are some of the questions about possible imperfections to consider: • Are there any wormholes, creases or tears to the paper? Have any of the margins been trimmed and then perhaps renewed? Is the centrefold worn? Can superficial creases or tears be easily repaired? More important, has any of the printed surface been lost? • Has the map been repaired before or laid down on a backing? Always look at both sides against the light, and always take a framed map out of its frame for examination. Has inappropriate adhesive tape been used for repairs, or to secure the map to an old mount? If the map looks too white and pristine it may have been over-cleaned and possibly the paper has been unacceptably bleached. • Is the paper discoloured by overall browning? Are there any stains such as those caused by wetness or candle wax? Can such stains be removed without the potential for causing wider damage? Is there any evidence of off-setting of the printing ink or of the colour pigments, if the map is coloured? Does text printed on the back of the map show through because of the thinness of the paper? Little can be done about these last two defects. • Has the paper become brittle (e.g. as in the case of many 19th century maps) or has the paper been eroded by colour pigments (typically by oxidation of the old
33 copper sulphate used for the green pigment in 16tbJ17th century contemporary colour)? • Is the printing dark and sharp? Be cautious about accepting a weak, faded or blurred printing impression. It is likely to be either a late state from a worn plate or a poor quality pull, resulting from insufficient ink or inadequate printing pressure. But bear in mind that in general printings from wood blocks are likely to be less sharp than those from copper or steel plates. C. Multi-sheet maps
Maps printed from two or more plates may have had the sheets of paper joined to form a larger single item. Are the sheet joins cleanly aligned and is the printing uniform? In the case of wall maps, the sheets are likely to have been laid down on thicker paper or on canvas. Is the backing secure and appropriate in relation to the map's age and condition? Are the supports (e.g. rollers) strong? Nineteenth-century wall maps were often varnished and this has sometimes led to discoloration and cracking. D. Historical information
An appreciation of the historical information on a map will help indicate whether it is an early or a later state. A first state, or one with a short lifetime representing a limited print run, may be of greater value; on the other hand a later state which includes additional information may be of greater geographical importance. There are four areas of the map to examine in detail: • Does the title give the name of the map maker, and possibly his address? There may also be a named dedicatee. Sometimes the dedicatee's title or heraldry may provide a pointer as to the map's date. • Is there an imprint which gives the name of the publisher or map maker, and his address? A date may appear in either the title or imprint. • Can the name of the engraver be discerned, usually inscribed somewhere along the foot of the map, or within a decorative cartouche? • Is there a page number or text on the verso which may help to identify the edition of the atlas or book from which the map derives and hence the date of printing? With the aid of a good reference book, these four indicators may help show whether the map is a first state, or a later issue where some or all of this information has been amended or erased. No great reliance should be placed on the date, which (for instance in maps by John Speed) may be retained for many years after the first printing. Thus, a map can never be older than the date it shows but it may have been issued many years later.
34 Depending on the local knowledge of the viewer, the topographical information on the map should also be scrutinised carefully to determine if there have been additions or amendments. Parts of the map may have been re-drawn or (for instance on nineteenth century maps) new railway lines inserted. These changes may provide clues as to the map's actual date. Manuscript annotations on a map's surface can adversely affect its appearance. Conver sely, they may add to its interest; e.g. sailing notes on a sea chart or relevant contemporary marginalia. Provenance marks may be those of an important owner or institutional collection. The paper on which the map is printed should be examined to see if the watermark is discernible. Not all paper was watermarked, and sometimes the detail may be obscured by colour. Some papers (usually post-1800) are conveniently dated. With the help of one of several standard reference works the watermark should if possible be confirmed as appropriate to the date and national origin of the map. It needs to be remembered, however, that genuinely watermarked paper might be stocked and then used many decades after its production.
E. Colour With a few notable exceptions all maps published before the 1830s were printed in black ink only. Colour may have been applied shortly after first printing (contemporary colour), or at any time subsequently. Not all contemporary colour was well applied and a map apparently in early colour may have been enhanced by a later owner. In addition, the tints may have faded and some colours (especially green) may have eroded the paper underneath or have offset. The existence of colour offsetting, or erosion of the colour green, is usually a reliable indicator that the colour is old, but lack of these features does not necessarily mean that the colouring is modern. Contemporary colouring techniques varied by country and over time, and there are no absolute rules for evaluating colour in relation to a map's condition. Also, since the 1950s many loose maps have been coloured by dealers or by professional colourists (modern colour). Sometimes modern colour is so well applied as to be almost indistinguishable from contemporary colour. In other instances, poor modern colour seriously detracts from a map's condition. 'Good' colour is appropriate to the national origin of the map and its date, and enhances the appearance of a map without obscuring the fineness of the engraving. Contemporary colour was rarely applied to Italian and German 16th-17th century maps whereas it was more commonly applied to Dutch maps from the 1570s-1730s, and to some French maps of that time. The finest examples were executed by professional colourists and enhanced
35 with gold. German maps by Homann, Seutter and Lotter (first half of the 18th century) were typically wash coloured with the cartouches left uncoloured. Early coloured maps from English atlases are scarce, until the latter part of the 18th century when tinting became more common. Very few maps derived from books of geography, history or travel were contemporarily coloured, in whichever country they were published. In assessing the colour of a map as a factor of its condition, the viewer must make his or her own judgement as to whether the map's colour is appropriate to its age and origin, and whether its condition is thereby visually enhanced. In many cases a sharp black ink (uncoloured) impression may be the most desirable state to have.
F. Authenticity
Examination of the paper on which the map is printed, the visible watermark, and the printing method used may possibly raise questions as to a map's authenticity. Guidance on distinguishing a genuine map from a fake or a modern facsimile is given in IMCoS Bulletin no.2.
G. Summary
It is for each viewer to determine whether a map, whatever its condition, represents value for money. Seekers after mint condition, as in all antique fields, usually have to pay a high price. Maps were made to be handled, and evidence of fair wear should not necessarily discourage a purchaser. There may be a chance to upgrade the quality by buying an example in finer condition later on.
The IM CoS Series of Occasional Papers Following the publication last year of the first IMCoS Bulletin, No. 3 Looking after Antique Maps and Prints, we now issue the second, No. 1 Judging a Map's Condition, compiled by Rodney Shirley with Hans Kok. It appears here as part of the Journal, but will be sent to all members as a separate 6-page leaflet with the Summer issue of the J oumal. The separate issue will have space for dealers to add their name, and they are welcome to make copies to give away to customers, to help new collectors look after their collections. Copies are also available for purchase from the Editor, at £0.50 each. The following titles are planned:
1. Judging a Map's Condition 6. Small Repairs to Antique Maps 2. Distinguishing Fake from Real 7. Cataloguing Map Collections 3. Looking after Antique Maps and Prints 8. Insurance for Map Collections 4. Photographing your Maps 9. Libraries & Museums with Maps 5. Framing & Hanging Maps 10. Map Societies Worldwide
36 The Interpretation of Cartographic Publishing Imprints: The case of the Wylds
In my article on the 'Wyld Family Firm' in The problems and dangers of imprint in The Map Collector (55; 1991), I noted the terpretation are highlighted by relating the confusion concerning the location of the firm's imprints to its movements which Wylds' various business premises. A study have been reconstructed from a variety of of authorities reveals contradictions con pnmary sources. cerning addresses and dates of occupation, Wyld Senior completed his appren which are not resolved by reference to Post ticeship under William Faden in 1811, Office and other contemporary directories. being made free as a map seller of Shep In fact, directories often further confuse un herds Market. Possibly he subsequently derstanding by introducing more contradic occupied Faden's premises along with tions. Directories frequently contradict each Faden for a handover period prior to the other concerning addresses in a particular latter's retirement in 1823. year. Conflicting addresses may even ap Wyld certainly took over Faden's pear in the same directory for a single year. business and premises at 5 Charing Cross2 Misprints and misinterpretations of address in 1823,3 leasing them from the Bethlem are also frequently apparent, as are other hospital which owned Nos. 5-9 inclusive. errors such as Wyld being referred to as Faden's imprints had usually given his 'Wild' and 'George Wyld'. In the case of address simply as 'Charing Cross' refer the Wyld premises, an extensive search of ring to the T-shaped road junction of that London directories has yielded several ad name. The numbering of Charing Cross at dresses which disagree in a number of years. this time was confusing since both the Evidence of location is also offered north and the south side were numbered by the firm's imprint addresses. However, from 1-10, with the southern numbering the interpretation of map imprints and extending further, running from North their use as evidence of a firm's where umberland House at the south-west corner abouts is fraught with difficulty. Cases are of the Strand south towards Whitehall, known in carto-bibliography in which a then on the other side of the road north to change of premises has been recorded in Cockspur Street. Throughout most of its an imprint alteration without any change life the Wyld firm was also to use just of date, thus locating a firm incorrectly at 'Charing Cross' or 'Charing Cross East' a specific date. 1 Conversely, an imprint to identify the general area or street where might be re-dated without an appropriate its premises was or were to be found, thus alteration of address, producing a similar creating the difficulties which face the falsehood inviting misinterpretation. The cartographic historian trying to trace the nature of the Wylds' imprints warrants firm's movements. discussion as a comment on the interpre Wyld's address at 5 Charing Cross tation of imprints generally and on the continued to appear in directories until locational habits of map-publishing firms. 1832.4 At this time the area was in the 37 process of being redesigned and rede ing Cross East. In fact, it seems that Wyld veloped in order to create Trafalgar moved into the prestigious, newly-com Square and its environs, and, thus, open pleted triangular block at the westernmost up 'the noble portico of St. Martin's end of the north side of the Strand, church'. Nash's improvement scheme bounded by Trafalgar Square and Dun necessitated 'the removal of the whole of cannon Street (which began to be occu the lower part of St. Martin's Lane, and pied from 1833 according to the the improvements were extended in the directories). In this new block 'Mr. Nash direction of the Strand.' 5 Consequently, assigned stations for the Vicar's House, the Commissioners of Woods, Forests, the Athenaeum, and the Golden Cross inn, and Land Reserves bought up '515 houses with its extensive stables.' A new Golden and buildings in and near Charing-Cross, Cross Hotel replaced the earlier inn, lo St. Martin's Lane, and the Strand', in cated behind Wyld's premises at 5 Char preparation for demolition as far east as ing Cross 'at the door of which Charles No. 364 (inclusive) on the north side of the Dickens represents Mr. Pickwick to have Strand. Wyld was one of the last seven, had the memorable encounter with the along with John Dobree, pawnbroker, at 3 philosophic cabman. ' 8 The original inn, Charing Cross, of the 'Leaseholder's and demolished along with Faden's old Occupiers' Interests' to sell out to the premises, had 'stood several yards to the Commissioners. On 21st May 1831, he west of its present position, and was settled for £405 for the lease on 5 Charing removed to make way for the laying out Cross which was not due to expire until of Trafalgar Square. ' 9 Wyld occasionally 'Lady-day 1843' .6 However, the sale of specified his new location exactly as '5 the lease did not mean that Wyld and Charing Cross East' in imprints but more others had to vacate their premises imme commonly simply generalised his address diately because the Commissioners let the as 'Charing Cross East', as did some of the premises after purchase pending demoli directories. 1°Confusion is clearly encour tion. Nos. 1 and 2 on the north side of aged by the close similarity between Charing Cross disappeared from the di Wyld's old and new addresses. rectories in 1831, No.3 in 1832 by which Although the westernmost section of time all the buildings to the west of the Strand was still commonly referred to Wyld's premises had been demolished, as 'Charing Cross East', it seems that the and Nos. 5-10 in 1833.7 Although Wyld eastern spur of Charing Cross had offi moved from Faden's old premises cially disappeared in the redevelopment. 11 c.1832/33, the address '5 Charing Cross' Directories make it clear that Charing continued to be quoted in the firm's im Cross East and West Strand were the same prints until at least c.1842. stretch of street, e.g. 'Charing cross east. There was and is much confusion SeewestendofStrand'; 'Charingcr. West concerning the Wyld firm's whereabouts Strand'; 'Charing cross East, Part of West in 1833 following the move. Directories Strand'. The addresses were commonly variously re-locate it at 5 Charing Cross interchangeable both at the time of rede East, 5 Charing Cross South and 6 Char- velopment and, to a lesser extent, later.
38 Robson's directory of 1834 reveals this 'General Post Branch Office' being the duality of address by placing Wyld at 5 westernmost building (Nos. 458/459) of Charing Cross East in its trade section and West Strand. Despite this move three at 454 West Strand in its street directory. premises back westwards along the By numbering in reverse from the last Strand, Wyld generally still noted his ad building in West Strand, 454 West Strand dress only as 'Charing Cross East'. becomes 5 Charing Cross East. No. 454 By about 1862, the firm was also es Strand appears in the directories as tablished at 11-12 Charing Cross which Wyld's premises from 1834, being occu was on the eastern side of the southern pied by the firm until 1852. Although the spur running into Whitehall. The firm oc address 454 West Strand gradually cupied these premises until its demise in deposed the older 'Charing Cross East' 1893. These premises were sometimes address in directories, particularly after identified as being 'next door to the Na the later 1830s, Wyld apparently never tional Bank' which was located at 9110 used this specific form of the address in Charing Cross. This address was usually his cartographic imprints. 12 However, separately specified in imprints, particu 'Charing Cross East' in imprints is some larly of newly-published material. Later, times clarified as 'nearly opposite North it was specified as '11-12 Charing Cross umberland House', later as 'opposite East S.W.' Northumberland Street', and, most speci Thus the firm's general imprints of fically, as 'Four Doors from Trafalgar 'Charing Cross' and 'Charing Cross East' Square'. covered premises at 5 Charing Cross, 454 From 1853 to 1883 Wyld's address is West Strand (5 Charing Cross East), 457 given in directories as 457 West Strand West Strand, and sometimes 11-12 Char which was the last but one premises at the ing Cross, all in the same tiny area, which westernmost end on the north side of the were occupied either consecutively or Strand. Prior to 1853, No. 457 had been concurrently. Additional premises, occupied by a variety of traders, including usually separately specified in imprints, G. Watkins, 'importer of pictures', John were also acquired in the traditional heart Plummer, 'bookseller', Francis Coghlan, of London map selling 13 at 2 Royal Ex 'bookseller', Frederick Williams, 'tobac change c.1845. 14 These remained in use conist', Gawan Thomas, 'truss maker', until the firm was wound up, but other, and the 'E. & W. Lond. Coal Co. Western possibly temporary, premises at 210 Re Office'. No. 454 West Strand was sub gent Street seem only to have been occu sequently occupied in the 1850s by the pied c.1839-41. Manchester & London Life Assurance & Loan Association and the London General NOTES Omnibus Co. I. Campbell, T. : 'Understanding engraved maps' in The Map Collector, 96; 1989. The location of 457 West Strand was 2. As with the location of the Wylds' premises, there clarified in imprints, as for 454, as 'oppo has been confusion over the precise location of site Northumberland Street' and later as the premises which Faden took over from 'next door to the Post Office', the Thomas Jefferys. Jefferys used a variety of de- 39 PREMISES OF THE WYLD FIRM
Post Office and other directories Authority Comer St. Martin's Lane I pre 1823 Tooley: Diet. Robson 1824 3 Charing Cross 1825-1832 5 Charing Cross 1823-c.1830/32 How. Imprints place the firm at this address from 1823 until at least c.1842. Critchett & Wood 1824-1828 5 Chancery Lane (almost certainly an error) Robson 1830-32 51 Charing Cross (certainly a misprint) Robson 1833-1834 5 Charing Cross East pre 1823 Tooley: Diet. Imprints place the firm at this address c.1838-1850. Pigot 1832-1834 5 Charing Cross South Critchett & Wood 1834-1836 Charing Cross East Kelly 1837 Critchett 1833 6 Charing Cross East 1832-1839 Boase c.1833-1852 454 West Strand 1836 How. 1839-1852 Boase 1841- How . Robson 1838 434 Charing Cross East (certainly a misprint of 454) c.l852-1883 457 (West) Strand 1823 Tooley: Diet. 1835-1860Tooley: Diet. 1836-1883 Tooley: Africa 1852-83 Boase 1839-1841 210 Regent Street 1839 Tooley: Diet. 1839 How. c.l845-1893 2 Royal Exchange 1841-1893 Tooley: Africa 1841-1891 How. 1845- Boase 1846-1889 Tooley: Diet. c.1862-1893 11-12 Charing Cross 1854 Diet. Nat. Biog. 1862- Boase 1863-1889 Tooley: Diet. 1863-1893 How. Imprints place the firm at this address c.1862.
40 BUSINESS PREMISES OF THE WYLD FIRM
Thomas Jefferys In partnership with William Faden until Jefferys's death in 1771. Premises at 487, Strand, which were described as being at the corner of St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cross.
William Faden Continued in business as a publisher until his retirement in 1823. Moved premises in 1799/1800 from 487, Strand to probably larger accommo dation at 5, Charing Cross, four doors from the south-western corner of St. Martin's Lane.
James Wyld I (1790-1836) Acquired Faden's business in 1823. Premises at 5, Charing Cross from c.1823 until c.1832/33 when they were about to be demolished. New premises occupied c.1833 in a new building at 454, West Strand which also had the address 5, Charing Cross East.
James Wyld II (1812-87) Joined his father's business c.1830, the firm trading as 'J. Wyld & Son'. Occupied premises at454, West Strand unti11852. Premises at454, West Strand until1852. Premises at 457, West Strand from c.1852 to 1883. Additional premises acquired c.1845 at 2, Royal Exchange, remained in use until the firm was wound up. Also acquired 11-12 Charing Cross c.1862 until 1893. Premises at 210, Regent Street were probably tem porary c.1839-41.
James John Cooper Wyld III (1845-1902) Took over business on his father's death in 1887. The firm closed c.1893 when the business and stock were acquired by George Washington Bacon.
41 scriptions to identify the location of his premises: property on the north side of the Strand at this 'corner of St. Martin's Lane'; 'St. Martin's Lane, time and was located at the south-eastern corner CharingCross'; 'CharingCross'; 'Strand'; 'near of St. Martin's Lane. J.B. Harley in 'The bank Charing Cross'; 'at the comer of St. Martin's ruptcy of Thomas Jefferys: an episode in the Lane; in the Strand'; and so on. However, his economic history of eighteenth century map most common description of his location was at making' (Imago Mundi, 20:; 1966) states that 'the corner of St. Martin's Lane (near) Charing Jefferys moved in 1750 to '5 Charing Cross, Cross' which he used extensively in imprints and where he remained until his death in 1771 (and catalogues as well as on his trade card. Whilst where he was succeeded by William Faden)' . A occupying these premises, Faden also noted his footnote explains that this shop 'was on the north address as the 'comer of St. Martin's Lane'. side of the Strand (No. 487) and four doors The confusion has arisen because it has never from"The Comer of St. Martin's Lane"' Thus been understood that in 1799 or 1800 Faden 487 Strand is again confused with 5 Charing moved from Jefferys' old premises at the corner Cross. R.V. Tooley in his Dictionary of Map of St. Martin's Lane to different premises at 5 makers( 1979) similarly muddles addresses in his Charing Cross. The exact date of the move is entries for Jefferys: 'St. Martins LaneS Charing uncertain because the St. Martin's parish poor Cross with shop 487 Strand'; Faden: 'Corner of and paving rate books offer conflicting evidence. St. Martin' s Lane, No. S Charing Cross'; and Directories locate Faden at 487 Strand ('near Wyld: ' 1823 took over Faden's Shop and address Charing-cross'; 'Strand, Charing-cr.') until1800 457 [sic] West Strand' and 'Comer of St. Martins and thereafter at 5 Charing Cross. Since the rates Lane, 5 Charing Cross East'. on 5 Charing Cross were very much higher than Maxted, I: The London Book Trades 1775- those on the premises at the comer of St. Martin's 1800 ( 1977) notes the following addresses and Lane, it appears that the move was made in order dates for Faden from directory and other sources: to acquire larger accommodation. 5 Charing Cross 1711-1823 Thus, I. Darlington & J. Howgego in Printed Comer of St. Martin's Lane 1783-17 85 (Pen Maps ofLondon circa 1553-1850(1964; rev. ed. dred) 1978) muddle the two premises when they equate 487 Strand 1780 (Lowndes)-1800 (Pendred) 'the comer of St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cross' However, he then erroneously concludes that with Faden's 'shop ... four doors from the 'All these addresses presumably refer to the same corner'. Directories consistently place Faden at premises'. He agrees that Wyld succeeded Faden 5, Charing Cross and nowhere else in the 1800s in his shop on the latter's retirement in 1823. and the location of those premises four doors In the records of the Cloth workers' Com from the corner of St. Martin's Lane is confirmed pany, Faden is variously referred to as 'Map and by the issues of Horwood's map of London in Print Seller of St. Martin's Lane, Charing Cross' 1792-909, 1807, 1813 and 1819 (for a facsimile (1782) and 'of Charing Cross' (1787-1804). ofFaden's third edition of the map-1813-see: Ordnance Survey documents unspecifically The A to Z of Regency London. Introduction by identify Faden as being both 'of the Strand' and Paul Laxton. London Topographical Society 'of Charing Cross'. Publication No. 131; 1985). Since Faden was As explained, Faden moved from 487 Strand, prepared to make extensive up-dating revisions at the corner of St. Martin's Lane, to 5 Charing to the original built-up area of the map as well as Cross in 1799/1800. At the time of the sale of introducing additional sheets, it is certain that his property in the area to the Commissioners of re-issue shows the correct contemporary numbe Woods, Forests and Land Reserves 1828-31, ring of the property which housed his premises. prior to demolition in order to create Trafalgar Hence, the premises occupied by Faden that Square, Wyld occupied 5 Charing Cross and 487 Wyld took over were at 5 Charing Cross which Strand was owned by Rev. James Taylor and was located four doors from the south-western leased by George Purse, silversmith. corner of St Martin's Lane rather than at the 3. Incorrectly, Faden continues to be noted at 5 corner itself. Charing Cross in Pi got's directory until 1824 and Likewise, 5 Charing Cross has been confused Critchett & Wood's directories untill828, with, with No. 487 Strand which was the most westerly in the latter case, Wyld at 5 Chancery Lane.
42 Critchett relocated Wyld to 5 Charing Cross only side to 55 Charing Cross. in 1829 when Faden disappeared from those 11 . Map evidence clearly illustrates this. See, for premises in his directory. However, the date of example: John Shury: 'Plan of London from the change of occupation of the premises is con Actual Survey .. .' (1832); George Frederick firmed in the St. Martin's parish poor rate ac Cruchley: 'New Plan of London, Improved to counts for 1823 where Faden's name is crossed 1832' (1832); Edward Mogg: 'New Plan ofLon through and 'Mr Wylde' substituted. don' (1837); Benjamin Rees Davies: 'London. 4. Directory addresses at '5 Chancery-Lane' and 3 1843 (1843); Kelly & Co.: 'Map of the London and 51 Charing Cross must be assumed to be Postal Districts' (1860); Edward Weller: 'The errors without any further evidence. Environs of London' (1862); Edward Stanford: 5. Gentleman's Magazine, March 1831. A map of 'Stanford's L:library Map of London and its the 'Improvements in the Strand and Charing suburbs' (1862). See also relevant Ordnance Sur Cross' portrays the re-planned area. vey sheets. 6. The Ninth Report of the Commissioners of His 12 . Robson's directory of1838 notes Wyld's address Majesty's Woods, Forests and Land Reserves .. as 434 Charing Cross East in its commercial . 10th August 1832. Appendix 14A. section. However, in the street key, the premises 7. George Scharf s sketches of Charing Cross show are correctly located at 454 West Strand and 434 the north side of Charing Cross in the process of West Strand is identified as being occupied by progressive demolition. See: Barker, F. & P. W.B . Tiffin, Printseller. Jackson: The History ofLondon in Maps (1990). 13 . Worms, L: 'Mapsellers at the Royal Exchange. 8. Walford, E.: Old and New London (1873-78). Part One: Before the Great Fire' (The Map Col 9. Ibid. A similar example of relocation from the lector, 34; 1986); Worms, L: 'Mapsellers at the north side of West Strand to this new triangular Royal Exchange. Part Two: 1666 to 1714' (The block at this time is provided by 'an old house of Map Collector, 35 1986). business, Messrs. Gardner's, which has been es 14. Wyld probably moved into these premises when tablished in the Strand for a century and a quar the Royal Exchange was opened after rebuilding ter' (Fry, H: London in 1880 (1880)). Thomas following the fire of 1838 which destroyed the Gardner, 'oilman', moved from the old No. 484 building. Strand to the new No. 453, which was actually further west. Even when map publishers did give Additional References for the Table 'Premises specific addresses in imprints, interpretation can of the Wyld Firm': be complicated by renumbering of property. For Boase, F: Modern Englsh Biography, Vol III (Truro: example, compare the location of No. 456 Strand Netherton & Worth for the author; 1901) [and as shown on Horwood's plan with its position on reprint: Gordon Press] Sulman's map of 'The Strand from Charing Howgego, J: Printed Maps of London circa 1553- Cross to Fleet Street' in H. Fry (op. cit). 1850. 2nd rev. edn. (Folkestone: Dawson; 1978) 10. The commonplace sharing of all or parts of Toooley, R.V.: Collectors' Guide to the Maps of the premises could well explain the confusion be African Continent and Southern Africa (London: tween nos . 5 and 6 Charing Cross East to be found Carta Press; 1969) in directories. These premises were adjacent in Tooley, R.V.: Tooley's Dictionary of Mapmakers the new triangular block. Wyld seems to have (Tring: Map Collector Publications; 1979) shared these premises for at least a time with John Rastrick, civil engineer. No. 6 Charing Cross ACKNOWLEDG1\1ENTS East should not be confused with the 6 Charing Thanks are due to Laurence Worms of Ash Cross occupied by Edward Stanford 1852-73 Rare Books whose research on William Faden which was on the eastern side of Charing Cross for the Missing Persons supplement (1993) to running south to join Whitehall. Stanford's premises, which were a few doors north of the Dictionary of National Biography has un Wyld's premises at 11-12 Charing Cross, were earthed new information concerning the loca purchased by the Metropolitan Board of Works tion of Faden's premises. in order to construct Northumberland A venue. Stanford then moved across the road to the west DAVID SMITH
43 RODERICK M. BARRON Antique Map Specialist
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This note is concerned with the maps of ENGELANDT' above the maps is 600 the counties of Cambridge, Cumberland, mm wide in the earlier version and 800 Devon, Essex, Hereford, Norfolk, Oxford mm in the later; also the text on the reverse and York, which first appeared in an edi of the maps differs slightly, one feature tion of the Mercator-HondiusAtlas Minor being the use of the word for town, 'Stadt' in 1648, and the plates of which have an in 1648 and 'Statt' in 1651. interesting subsequent history. The plates for the maps next appear Following his publication of an en some 60 years later in the ownership of larged folio edition of Mercator's Atlas in Pieter van der Aa, and it is a matter of 1606, Jodocus Hondius engraved a new conjecture what happened to them in the set of plates for a pocket edition, which meantime.3 There is some evidence that was issued the following year as the Atlas some intermediate publication may have Minor. Like the large Atlas this contained been intended, based on changes to a plate British, including regional, maps but no which appear to have been made and then maps of individual counties. erased, but if so it has not been traced.4 In 1628 a new version of the Atlas Many of Janssonius's plates passed to Minor was published by Johannes Jansso Frederick de Wit before being acquired by nius, with a new set of plates, which van der Aa, but I have not found any quickly went through several French, reference to county maps in any of de Dutch, Latin and German editions. It was Wit's publications. in the German edition of 1648 that for the When the maps do appear again consid first time English county maps, but only erable alterations have been made to the the eight mentioned above, were included. plates. Most obviously English and Latin The plates were engraved by van den words were changed by van der Aa into Keere, who had already produced one French, so that, for example, County series of miniature county maps much becomes Comte, Milliaria Anglica becomes earlier; it would seem probable that a Lieues d' Angle terre, Mare Germani cum complete county series was intended, but becomes Mer Du Nord, and so on. In 1714 that these plates were the only ones to he produced a nine part Atlas under the have been engraved prior to van den name of L 'Atlas Soulage de Son Gros et Keere's death in about 1646 (Fig. 1). Pesant Fardeau, Part 4 of which comprised Skelton1 refers to these eight county twenty-six British maps, including the eight maps as having been included first in the maps of the British counties (Fig. 2).5 1651 German edition of the Atlas Minor, It is clear from his catalogues and but appears to have overlooked a refer from advertisements contained in his At ence in Koeman to an edition of 1648.2 lases that van der Aa made up atlases and Although the maps in the two editions are sold his maps in various combinations, the same they can be readily distin and the British maps contained in the guished; the line of printed type 'VON Atlas Soulage were offered separately
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47 I II Fig. 3. Norfolk, Vander Aa, La Galerie Agreable, 1729. (R. Frostick's collection.) over a number of years as a Nouvel Petit Mortier. In 1738 they advertised maps Atlas . . . de la Grande Bretagne et Ir from this stock, including 26 maps of Eng lande,6 although I have not yet been able land, Scotland and Ireland, which were to trace an atlas in this form. offered as an Atlas, and also as part of a Van der Aa next used the Atlas Minor much larger work. It is apparent therefore plates in his massive twenty-seven volume that copies of the Atlas Soulage and of the La Galerie Agreable du Monde published in Nouvel Petit Atlas, or if not atlases then 1729. The British section of this impressive the plates for their maps, were included in work includes the eight county maps; while the acquisition.8 Covens and Mortier cer the actual maps have not been further al tainly published a number of van der Aa tered, they now appear surrounded by an maps, merely removing his name and sub elaborate separately engraved frame or bor stituting their own,9 although I have not der, which includes words such as 'A Lei de, traced the county maps in any of their Chez Pierre vander Aa, Avec Privilege' atlases. (Fig. 3).7 Van der Aa stated in his introduc This is, however, still not the end of tion that only 100 copies of the Gale rie were the story. An Amsterdam bookseller to be produced, although it seems likely that called Gerrit Tielenburg, in business the maps with or without borders may well there from about 1734 to 1774, publish have been sold separately, or in made-up ed five books in a similar format, which atlases, or (see below) by Covens and Mor contain the altered Atlas Minor maps, tier subsequently. without frames, which had first ap Vander Aa died in 1733, and most of peared in van der Aa' s Atlas Soulage, his stock was acquired by Covens and and plans and views from the Galerie
48 N A A M L Y S T DER KAARTEN , STEDEN, GEBOUWE-N &c. Vervat in het VERHEERLY KT CAMBRIDGE .
. I u crGraaffchapCambridge. 23 AnderGezicht van 'tzelveCollegie. 2 !\· ..l P I"' van de Srad Cambridge. 2 4 H etCollegic van Magdalena. 3 C1mbridgc, in Prolil. 2f H erCollegie va n Clmfl us Lighaam. 4 Domkcrk reCambridge. 26 H etCollcgic v.mSidney-Su fl cx. f Openb.Jarc G choorplaats enl3 ibliotheck. 27 H ctCollcgic van Jcfus. 6 K le~d mg der Profdlors, &c. 28 H ctCollcgie v:m C hriflus. 7 H ctColfcg ie dcs Konings. 29 H ctCollcgie van Emanuel. 8 K ope l V4n 'r Coll cgic des Konings. 30 Kapcl va n her 7.clvcCollegie. 9 Ge:~.ic h r van dezelve Kapcl, van buiren. 31 DcStn<.l Ely. to Gczicht va n dczclveKapcl, vanbin ncn. 32 H ctLufl: huis H at ley S•. Gcorgc. J 1 H ct Collcgie dc r K onin ginne. 3 3 H er Lufl huis M.tddmglcy. 12 H ctCollcgic van S•. Pieter. 34 HetLufl:huis Wimple . I 3 H ctCollcgic van Pcmbrok. 3; HetG:aaHchap Nortfolk. I4 H ctCollcgic va J,S•.Catha nna. 36 H ctLufl:h uisMcltonCon!bble. 1 f H er Collcgic va n C la1a . 3 7 Hct Luflh uis Brigtwcl. I6 Dmncn-gczigr van hct zcl ve Collcgic. 38 H ct Luflhuis Bromehall. 17 H er Colfcgic van Gone viii en Cajus. 39 H ct Luflhu is Buck ing:un. I 8 H er Col!tgic dc r H. Dric-ecnheid. 40 H ct L uflhuis Cashiooury. I 9 De H al dcr H . Dric-ec nheid . 41 H et L u!l huis W retl-Hou(c. 2 0 H er H ofvan Ncvtll , in herzelvcCollcgic. 4 2 AndcrGezicht van hct zelvcLuflhui•. ~ 1 'rV cnrdc des Bi llchops,in hctzd vcCollcgic. 43 D e Graaffchappcn Wtlt, D01 let , :X~:. 22. HctCollcgie v•nS•.Jan. 44 H ct L ulti Fig. 4. Tielenburg, Contents Page of 'Cantabrigia lllustrata '. (By pennssion of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Gough Maps 183.) Agreable. Clearly he had acquired many 2 and 3. Two of the publications are very of the plates used by van der Aa, or if not similar, called respectively Oxonia lllus the plates then a stock of his prints, maps trata and Cantabrigia lllustrata, mainly and plans. The works are all undated, but comprising views of Oxford and Cam could perhaps have appeared around 1745 bridge, based on David Loggan' s publica to 1750. Four of the five contain maps of tions of the same name (Fig. 4 ).12 the English counties. 10 The contents of However they also contain three of the these publications appear at first sight to county maps, the former that of Oxford, be in no very obvious order, but the reason and the latter those of Cambridge and does become apparent if one compares Norfolk, as well as another of the regional them with the contents of the relevant maps. sections of the Galerie. The county maps 4. Gezichten der Steeden Jorck en Lancas are found as follows: ter, En andere omleggende Plaatzen, as the name indicates, includes plans and views 1. A publication called Gezichten der mainly of the north of England. It also con Steeden London Canterbury en Colches tains three regional maps, together with the ter, En anderen omleggende Plaatzen county maps of Yorkshire, Cumberland and contains various town plans, views, and Hereford (Fig. 5).13 maps, including the maps of Devon and of Essex, and also incidentally the Atlas Thus of the original eight Atlas Minor Minor maps of the British Isles and of county maps all eight, as altered by van England and Wales, and the regional map der Aa, are to be found in one or other of of south east England. 11 these four Tielenburg publications. 49 . ,,. '· . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t . GE z I c H T E N I ~ DER ~ ~ £ w STEEDEN ~ ~ ~ £~·1 0 R C I{ £~ T E N ~ ~ £ I L. AN C A S T E R, I w ~ ~ En andere omleggende Plaatzcn. ~ ~ ~ .t Met haare. voornaamfte Lu!l:-huizen en andere ~ aanmerkelyke zaaken. ~ ~ In; I. zcer naauwkeurige Prenten afgebeeld, ~ !w £ ~ ~ £ ~ T Te .AM ·sTER.DAM, ~ ' By GERRIT TlELENBURG, BockvcrkoopcrindeGafihuis-Moolenftecg. ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Fig. 5. Tielenburg, Title Page, 'York and Lancaster'. (By persmission of the British Library, Maps c.J8.a.6). NOTES is held by the British Library, 213.f.6 . 1. R.A. Skelton, County Atlases of the British Isles, 8. P.C.J. Vander Krogt, Advententies voor kaarten, London, 1970,p.228. atlases, globes e.d. in Amsterdamse kranten 2. C. Koeman, Atlantes Neerlandici, Amsterdam, 1621-1811, Utrecht, 1985, entry 741, 13 Fe 1967-71. The 1648 edition is Atlas Me 203; a full bruary 1738. description is given of the 1651 edition, Me 204. 9. Vander Aa'sNouvelAtlas of c.1714 (Koeman Aa My thanks to the New York Public Library for 8) was republished by Covens and Mortier, their information about the 1648 edition. names replacing that of van der Aa on the maps, 3. R.W. Shirley in Early Printed Maps ofthe British which were otherwise unchanged (Koeman C & Isles 1477-1650, revised edition 1991 , refers M 12; British Library, Maps 40.c.83). under Map 401 to a German edition of the Atlas 10. The other publication ofTielenburg, Gezichten der Minor of 1662. Mr Shirley informs me that he Steeden . .. van Schotland en Yrland, contains Atlas now believes that this was included in error. Minor maps (as altered by van der Aa) of Scotland 4. For the maps of Devon see K. Batten and F. and Ireland; Bodleian Library, Gough Maps 181. Bennett, The Printed Maps of Devon, Devon 11. My thanks to Mr Tony Burgess and Mr A. Books, 1996, p. 28. Baynton Williams for information about this 5. Koeman, Atlas Aa 5; a copy of the Atlas bound in work, sold as lot 65 in a sale by Sotheby's in three volumes is in the University Library December 1995. Leiden, Atlas 661 . 12. Bodleian Library, Gough Maps 182 and 183. The 6. For example in van der Aa's Nouvel Atlas Tres views of Oxford by David Loggan were publish exact et Fort Commode (Koeman Aa 8, Univer ed in 1675, and those of Cambridge in 1690. sity Library Leiden, Atlas 551). 13 . British Library, Maps c.18.a.6. 7. Koeman, Atlas Aa 9; a copy of the complete work RAYMOND FROSTICK 50 OLD ATLASES IN THE LIBRARY OF VILNIUS UNIVERSITY-A POSTSCRIPT In the Winter 1996 IMCoS Journal an acquired the atlas in June 1860, a short article by Alma Braziuniene recounted time before his death, and he felt that it some of the atlas treasures of Vilnius was a scarce collection even then. He also University. But, a little surprisingly, noted that he had found sixteenth-century neither in her article nor in her talk at the Italian maps were especially rare in Bel IMCoS Conference in Riga was it men gium [his residence in exile]. He extracted tioned that the Library had a rare Lafreri from the atlas he had bought a few maps type atlas that once belonged to the great which were later and of foreign origin. 19th century collector Joachim Lelewel. The atlas was rebound in 1973 but the Fortunately this atlas was on display guards to the sheets on which the maps are when IMCoS members visited the library, individually laid down are already becom and was much admired. 1 So although a short ing unglued, so further restoration work will notice appeared in Imago Mundi a few years soon be needed. The maps themselves are ago, some further comments may be help dark and sharp impressions and nearly all ful. 2 The atlas is of Italian origin, one of a are in excellent condition. To date, this is the number assembled from separately printed only confirmed Lafreri-type atlas from the maps which were then mounted and bound Baltic states, or indeed from any city or to a uniform size, usually according to a institution in what was once the USSR. particular customer's requirements. These There are a total of 110 items in the atlases are loosely called 'Lafreri' atlases atlas. The first 75 items are maps, fol although Antonio Lafreri in Rome was by lowed (as is common) by town views and no means the only publisher to offer such by few prints relating to the contemporary collections for sale. Venice was another im military campaigns against the Turks. The portant publishing centre. The Vilnius last two items (a prospect of St. Mark's, example is titled 'Tabulae geographicae Venice, dated 1597, and Corne lis de Jacobi Gastaldi Pedemontani cosmo Jode's double-hemispherical world map graphi aliquot aliorum ... ' [Geographical of 1584) are clearly later additions: per maps of the Piedmontese cosmographer haps those referred to by Lelewel. The Giacomo Gastaldi and others ...] and this spread of publication dates on the central has led to a little confusion in describing maps is as follows : the work as 'a Gastaldi atlas' . Gastaldi, who died in 1566, was the originator of 1545 X 1565 XXX XX some of the constituent maps but the ma 1560 X 1566 xxxxxxxxxxx jority are by other map-makers. 1561 xxxxxx 1567 xxxxxx The title to the Vilnius atlas is on a 1562 xxxxxx 1568 XXX XX preliminary leaf and is in Lelewel' s own 1563 XX 1569 xxxx hand. According to a note I subsequently 1564 xxxxxxxx 1570 XXX received from Alma Braziuniene he only 51 This table does not of course include deed survived and was in an uncatalogued undated maps, nor battle or siege map items section of separate maps in their Rare where the date printed may relate to the date Books Department. of the event and not to the date of issue. The dates in the table point to a publication date NOTES of the atlas shortly after 1570. The predo 1. Specially noted in 'Our Riga Outing' by Muhtar Katircioglu in the last IMCoS Journal. minance of Venetian imprints - typically 2. [Unsigned notice] 'Lafreri-Atlas formerly in the those by J F Camocio and the Bertelli family J.Lelewel- Collection', in Imago Mundi, IX, - indicate publication in Venice. It is not 1953. unusual for the engraved titlepage associ 3. Mikolaj Dzikowski, Katalog atlas6w Biblioteki Uniwersiteckiej w Wilnie, Wilno [Vilnius], 1940. ated with Lafreri to be absent as this was 4. R V Tooley, 'Maps in Italian Atlases of the Six present only in some Roman 'assembled-to teenth Century', in Imago Mundi, 3, 1939. order' atlases, and is even less frequently 5. Entry no. 448 in the author's The Mapping of the found in those published from Venice. World: Early Printed World Maps 1472-1700, revised edition, London, 1993. Alma Braziuniene also kindly sent me a RODNEY SHIRLEY nine-page extract from the printed catalogue describing the Lelewel collection which lists all the 110 items in the atlas.3 Tills catalogue was only published in Vilnius in 1940 and for a variety of reasons relatively few copies are extant. I was unable to locate a copy in the British Library. Cross-check ing these entries with the standard reference work for early Italian maps (Tooley, 1939), no completely unrecorded maps were ob served.4 However, several maps had differ ent dates or imprints and these may therefore represent new states, and some of the town views or battle plans were not recorded in Tooley. It so happened that I had written to the authorities in Vilnius in the 1970s enquir ing about a rare printed Russian world map based on a medieval prototype sup posed to be in theirpossession.5 I received no reply and assumed that in the turmoil of the second world war and its aftermath nothing remained. At the IMCoS con ference I enquired again and a few weeks later was very pleased when the Librarian confirmed that, although there were some problems in finding it, this map had in- 52 International News & Events 1997 16th International Symposium contact IMCoS Chairman or Regent Holi Budapest, Hungary days. Payment for the registration fee and 26-29 September a deposit for hotel/flight charges should Contact: Dr Zsolt Torok be paid before 1st April; after that date Dept of Cartography, they will be higher. Those travelling direct Eotvos University may register with Zsolt Torok for the sym Ludovika 2, 1083 Budapest posium, and with Regent for the hotel. Tel: 36 1 134 2785 Contact: Regent Holidays (UK) Ltd 1998 17th International Symposium 15 John Street, Bristol BS1 2HR Tokyo, Japan Tel: (44)(0)-117-921 1711 3-5 October Fax: (44)(0)-117 4866 Contact: Mr Hideo Fujiwara Inokashira 5-2-5, Mitaka, Tokyo-181 News from Thailand Dawn Rooney writes: The 6th International Conference on IMCoS International June Weekend Thai Studies brought together some 500 London participants in Chiang Mai, Thailand ( 14- 20-22 June 1997 17 October 1996). The timing and venue Friday evening: Reception at Intercol provided two historical events for celebra Althea Gallery, Islington tion: the 50th anniversary of His Majesty, Saturday: IMCoS Map Fair at Blooms King Bhumibol Adulyadej, the longest bury Forte Crest Hotel, Coram Street reigning monarch of Thailand, and the Sunday: All day excursion to Hampton 700th anniversary of the city of Chiang Court, Weybridge Museum, and many in Mai. Some two hundred papers organised teresting sites along the way, with com around eight themes were presented. mentary by Robert Baldwin. Under the theme 'Toward a New Lunch at the Lensbury Club, Ted Frontier of Thai Studies' Dawn Rooney dington, where the IMCoS-Helen Wallis presented a paper on 'European Maps of A ward for 1997 will be presented. Siam as Historical Evidence'. She looked at European cartographic maps, maritime IMCoS 16th International Symposium charts and town plans as sources for his Budapest torical evidence of foreign contacts with 26-29 September 1997 Siam (known today as Thailand). The 'Old Maps in the Heart of Europe' paper traced changes in the charting of Registration forms have been mailed Siam starting from 1522 when the outline direct to IMCoS members; should any of the west coast of the Gulf of Siam was member not have received one, please first discernible on a Ptolemaic map by 53 Laurent Fries. It continued to follow car Sciences a department 'History of Carto tographic changes on European maps graphy', which organises conferences through to the last quarter of the nine every year in various towns in cooperation teenth century when the Royal Survey with a local or regional institute. The Department was established and Siamese themes vary each year: roads, military or cartography was recognised as an inde forest areas, economic maps, etc. In Sep pendent and full-fledged science. tember 1996 the theme was 'Cartography An 'Exhibition of Old Maps and of the Southern Coast of the Baltic', or Prints and Rare Books on Siam' took ganised in the capital of the former Pros place at the Chumbhot-Pantip Center of sian province Pommern, Stettin (now Art in Bangkok, Thailand (5 December Szczecin), at the Historical Institute of the 1996-5 February 1997). The recently op University in cooperation with the Na ened centre occupies a large space on the tional Archives at Szczecin. The con east side of the grounds of Suan Pakkad ference chairmen were Professors M. Palace, an elegant wooden home that once Stelmach (Szczecin) and S. Alexandro served as the residence of the late Prince wicz (Torun), both well known for their and Princess Chumbhot, a great-grand books on the cartography of Pomerania daughter of King Rama IV. The modem and the town plans of Szczecin in the building with state-of-the-art facilities cartography of Lithuania. serves as a centre for the preservation, Contributors included Doctors exhibition and study of Thai culture. Szeliga, Stelmach, Wolny, Alexandro The exhibition of maps and books wicz, Babicz, Kozlowska, Flis, Szukala, was loaned by M.L. Manich Jumsai, a Furmanczyk and Musielak (from Poland); Thai who formed the bulk of his collection Doctors Loeck, Jager, Tiepolt (whose in Paris in the 1950s when he worked for paper on digital analysis of dynamic pro UNESCO. He has subsequently added to cesses along the Baltic coast and their the initial works and today it is amongst documentation through historical charts the most extensive private collections in and satellite maps was particularly inter the country. The exhibited works which esting for historians), and Niewodniczan included over thirty-three complete at ski, who displayed a selection of sixty lases and accounts of early European maps from his collection (from Ger travellers to Siam and nearly one hundred many); and Dr Ehrensvard from Sweden. maps represents only a small portion of The conference was well organised, the entire collection. Future exhibitions and the simultaneous translation between are planned to display further works in German and Polish for all lectures and this seldom seen collection. discussions was especially welcome. The Rector of Szczecin University enjoyed it News from Poland so much that he stayed for the whole of the Eckhard Jager writes: first day, and a team from the regional TV The Polish Academy of Sciences centre broadcast a full report. On the final (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) manages day, a trip was made along the coast to in its Warsaw Institute for the History of Misdroy, and to the village of KtilzJKulice 54 to see the former castle of the Bismarck out the world. I set up my display of family. Papers from the conference are to IMCoS leaflets and journals opposite a be published later this year. display of African maps which had been donated to the museum; as I collect Afri News from USA can maps I immediately felt at home! Caroline Batchelor writes: The lecture programme included It was with much pleasure that I ar presentations by Joseph Fitzgerald, rived in Miami for the 4th Miami Map Seymour Schwartz, and Alice Hudson, Fair on 1-2 February. This was held in the and there was lively discussion on their attractive setting of the Historical Mu chosen themes. James Apthorp had re seum of Southern Florida in the Metro cently donated to the museum one of the Dade Cultural Center and was very well only two known copies of the first map of attended. I was welcomed by IMCoS Florida to be made by a Floridian, by his member Dr Joseph Fitzgerald and Marcia great grandfather William Lee Apthorp in Kanner from the Museum and shown to a 1877, and this was on display in the foyer. place beneath the Fresnel lens of the Ca On the final day there was a boat tour rysfort lighthouse. In 1820 Augustin Jean which helped to fill in the detail of the Fresnel, a French physicist invented this maps we had seen and learn about the lens which saved so many lives along the development of the city and the building dangerous Florida coast and also through- of the great hotels by Carl Fisher. * * * * * DIARY OF FORTHCOMING EVENTS Mar6 Oxford Seminars in Carto- Maps for American Ci vii graphy: 'Digimap: Networking War Armies (1861-65)', by Ordnance Survey Digital Map Earl B. McElfresh Data', by David Medyckyj- May 12 Bonnington Map Fair Scott and Barbara Morris May 14 IMCoSAGM Mar 10 Bonnington Map Fair May29 W arburg Lecture: 'Francesco Mar22 IMCoS Visit to Royal Engineers' II Gonzaga, Map Collecting, Museum, Gillingham and Mural Map Cycles in Apr 12 St Hugh's College, Oxford: Late Fifteenth Century Man- Helen Wallis : A Celebration tua' , by Molly Bourne Apr 14 Bonnington Map Fair Jun 21 IMCoS Map Fair Apr 17 Warburg Lecture: 'A Tille Jun 22 IMCoS Excursion & Lunch full of Plattes : Henry VIII's Jul 6-10 17th International Con- Maps', by Peter Barber ference on the History of Car- Apr25 IMCoS Visit to British Geo- tography, Lisbon logical Society, Nottingham Sep 25-28 IMCoS 16th International May 1 Warburg Lecture: 'Rapid Symposium, Budapest: 'Old Field Sketching: Making Maps in the Heart of Europe' 55 Regional Events IMCoS Visit to the Museum of the IM CoS Visit to the British Geological Royal Engineers, Gillingham Society, Nottingham March 22, 10.30 am April25 There is still time to register with To register for our visit to the British Secretary Harry Pearce, if you would like Geological Society, contact Harry Pearce, to take this opportunity to see the treasures 29 Mount Ephraim Rd, Streatham, Lon at the Museum of the Royal Engineers, at don SW16 INQ. Gillingham in Kent. As we have been This is an ideal opportunity to learn invited to lunch at the Officers' Mess, it is more about geological maps, and how they important that we give prior information were made, to understand what is beneath about numbers. our feet, our fields and our houses. Summer 1997 Following the decision some time ago that Lunch will be at the Lens bury Club at the summer symposium in London would Teddington, overlooking the Thames. The be held in alternate years, we have an IMCoS-Helen Wallis Award for 1997 will interesting alternative programme ar be presented at the Lunch. ranged for 1997. Members who went on In the afternoon a visit to the Brook the guided tour of the Docklands area of lands Museum (not many maps, but great London in 1995 enjoyed the commentary for car enthusiasts) has been arranged. by Robert Baldwin so much that he has And Doreen Green has very kindly invited been requested to repeat his presentation us (in small groups) to her house nearby to this year, but in a different direction. He see a selection from her vast store of un will take us west instead of east. usual maps of Great Britain. His conducted drive will start from the The Map Fair will be held on a Satur Forte Crest Hotel, Coram Street, at 8.00 day this year - better for some, perhaps; am, and we will be shown all the most it will be interesting to see how this affects interesting (from a historic/cartographic numbers attending. point of view) places on the route to Yasha Beresiner of Intercol (IMCoS Hampton Court. member no. 1 !) and his partner Massimo At Hampton Court, which we expect to de Martini of Altea will host the introduc reach by 9.45 am, we will see the recently tory reception on Friday evening at their restored tapestries on the Prince of Wales Gallery at 114 Islington High Street. staircase which depict the battles during the All in all, it promises to be a great Dutch wars of the 17th century. Perhaps weekend. Registration forms are included there will also (weather permitting) be time with this issue of the Journal, and should for a quick walk through the exciting garden be returned to Harry Pearce as soon as restorations which are in progress there. possible. 56 Informal Evening at the Farmers' Club This annual event was held once more at made by the Ordnance Survey and was in the Farmers' Club on 28th January. the British Library. What we were looking Rodney Shirley was in the chair, and he at was a very interesting 16th century took the opportunity to welcome all copy of a map that was originally owned members and their guests, especially two by the Monement family. friends from Israel brought along by Doreen Green showed us a selection Freddie and Kitty Liebreich. of fox-hunting maps from the late 19th Before proceedings began, members century by Hobson. Different copies of gathered around a long table on which the same area provided interesting David Webb had spread a selection of his comparisons. photographs of recent IMCoS meetings. The three maps brought by Rodney These were the subject of much interest Shirley were quite unusual. Two, which and discussion, as many of them were of he had found in a shop in Riga, were of the international events, and there was the German empire, one showing the equal interest shared between those who military build-up, and another the were there, and relived the moments, and percentage of Jewish population and those unable to attend who saw what a their distribution in the area. The third good time we all had, and the many map was of the British Isles, and fascinating maps we had the good fortune included a table showing the various to study. rulers from the time of William the The meeting started with Tommy Conqueror. Each one was depicted by a Booth who brought a map of Taprobana, head and their initials. The last initials the ancient name for Ceylon (Sri were 'G.M.', which caused some Lanka), which he had been told dated speculation. Rodney had not been able from about 1580. Alan Bartlett and to find much information about the map, Rodney Shirley both recognised the but had come to the conclusion that they map and in their opinion it was by identified George Monk, the general Tomaso Porcacchi (c.1572); there were who had assumed the leadership of many editions but this was an excellent Britain after the death of Oliver . . ImpressiOn. Cromwell and his son Richard The second speaker was Freddie Cromwell. During the year 1659-60 Liebreich, and he had found, in a piece of Britain had no ruler until the return of sausage, an uncanny impression of the Charles II from France. map of Austria. He had taken a David Bravery brought along a book photograph to show us. This caused much by S.P. Mayes who was a travel writer on amusement. the home counties of Sussex, Kent and Raymond Frostick brought a Surrey. He was hoping to find someone photocopy of a map dated 1586 of the who knew more about it. He also showed Norfolk coast, a copy of which had been us a book of strip maps. 57 Railway enthusiasts enjoyed the book Buckinghamshire, her new county of recently acquired by Bob Bartlett. It was residence, of which one was by John Cary, a railway timetable published by and Doreen Green was able to identify the Bradshaw in 1894 and as well as giving second, with the 'Hundreds', as the work complete timings for all routes it also of C. Cooke, in the edition of G. included small maps of the areas. Carrington Grey, c.l824. Raymond Eddy produced a rare title Jenny Harvey wound up the evening page from Michael Drayton's Poly by thanking all those who had brought Olbion, c.l612. It was a highly coloured along maps to share with us, Rodney illuminated example which he had Shirley for his unobtrusive control, and acquired from a recent English water Malcolm Young for enabling us to meet colour sale. in such pleasant surroundings. It was Jenny Harvey had an illustrated map particularly gratifying to have with us of 'Dept de Seine et Oise' , which she had Itzhak Sperling from Belgium, who had bought on her travels through France; it read about these evenings over the was in very good condition. Ian Harvey years, and at last made sure he found an brought a map card, and wondered if opportunity to be in London on the right anyone knew the purpose for which such day, so that he could come to one cards were made. He was looking forward himself. to finding out more. RAY EDDY with Susan Gole brought two maps of SHIRLEY LANG NOTICE OF ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING Wednesday, 14th May 1997 at 6.30 pm The Farmers' Club, Forty Room, 3 Whitehall Court, London (Near Embankment/Charing Cross Tube Stations) AGENDA 1. President' s Welcome 7. Election of Officers 2. Apologies for Absence 8. Any other business 3. Minutes of AGM on 8.5.96 4. Chairman's Report 5. Executive Officers' Reports: Note: Members wishing to propose Secretary, International names for election to office should Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian send them to the Secretary to arrive at 6. Approval of Accounts least t wo weeks in advance. 58 Book Reviews The Mapping of North America. A list fresh observations about previously well of printed maps 1511-1670, by Philip D. studied works like the various states of the Burden. Rickmansworth: Raleigh Publi Jansson-Visscher series. In some in cations, 1996. ISBN 0 9527733 0 9. Size: stances, a single entry, such as the one on 36 x 27 em. xxxiv, 568 pp; 439 illustra the rare and somewhat mysterious 1589 or tions, of which 11 in colour. US$195 c.1602 Hondius map of the Americas, can (hard cover), $275 (half leather), $495 constitute a wide-ranging monograph that (full leather). assesses a number of important maps. It is somewhat surprising to realise that Some commentaries, as the one on the the study of the cartography of North Zeno map, include illuminating back America has thus far been uneven both in ground information. In this, Burden never coverage and quality. The available works lapses into pedantry, which is remarkable include excellent regional studies such as considering the great store of knowledge Wheat's magisterial Mapping of the Trans evidently at his disposal. mississippi West, Cumming's pioneering Both the organisation and the layout work on the southeast, Wagner's solid study of the work were obviously well thought of the northwest, and other, either less ambi out. The criteria for inclusion are both tious or less successful works. Important sensible and enlightened. For example, areas such as the northeast, the middle Atlan the decision to include multi-sheet world tic region, and the Gulf coast lack either maps, whose sheets sometimes appear in definitive studies or have yet to be systemati dividually, has illuminating results. Limi cally considered. We also have Schwartz and ting the work to printed maps is an Ehrenberg's very good but necessarily cur artificial but no doubt necessary criterion sory Mapping of America, an attempt at a given the great number of printed works comprehensive treatment of the subject. to be considered and the attention given However, with the publication of Philip elsewhere to important manuscript works. Burden's prodigious The Mapping of North The book's admirably clear layout allows America, the whole picture changes. In this the reader to quickly apprehend the ident virtually exhaustive work on the printed maps ifying facts of the entries. Even the deci of North America to 1670, the study ofat least sion to transcribe titles with exactly this area reaches a confident maturity. So corresponding capitalisation and to show many fundamental questions of state, date, line breaks with slashes constitutes a con and priority are settled with authority here that tribution. A feature of the work I particu many maps that have been problematic in one larly admired is the highlighting of readily way or another are no longer so. Many he distinguishable details to help in differen retofore obscure works are knowledgeably tiating between states of maps. One al discussed for the first time. most feels guilty for having instant Nearly every entry in the work is en answers to questions that before Burden lightening in some way. Burden even has required a day's hunt in the library. Read- 59 ability is enhanced by the book's generous eluded Henry Stevens, R.V. Tooley and folio format, good-sized typeface, and un Kenneth Nebenzahl, who have made crowded page design. In this, the book major contributions to the understanding was modelled after Shirley's Mapping of and appreciation of the wonderful arte the World but has improved on it. In re facts through which they have earned their gard to the work's illustrations, the livelihoods. As Tony Campbell points out author's decision to largely forego the use in the Foreword of the book, dealers have of colour and half-tones in favour of high the privilege of handling great quantities contrast line-shots is a sound one given of material, including unrecorded rarities, the nature of the book. This kind of illus that affords us a unique vantage point for tration, many of which are full-page or at study. In no instance has this opportunity, least good-sized, enables the viewer to abetted by indefatigable industry and best distinguish detail, which is suited to careful study, been more fully exploited the author's often highly detailed ac than in this remarkable work. counts of the maps. The work also con ROBERT AUGUSTYN tains several useful and fascinating Co-owner, Martayan Lan appendices, including one which lists car tographic 'firsts', which is bound to be a Mappa Mundi : The Hereford World dealer's favourite. Given the quality of its Map, by P.D.A. Harvey. Hereford Cathe information and production, the book is dral and The British Library, 1996. ISBN well worth its price. 0-7123-0440-1 (cloth), 0-7123-0441-X Unfortunately, Burden's achieve (paper). Pp 58, very many illustrations. 276 menthas been somewhat compromised by x 219 mm. £17.95 (cloth), £10.95 (paper). deficient editing and proofreading. The Eight years ago the corresponding most serious problem arises from the edi Spring issue of the Journal contained a tor's difficulties with fundamental sen report about the furore caused by the news tence structure. The prose is rife with that the Hereford Cathedral World Map run-on sentences and their attendant punc was at Sotheby' s auction house in Lon tuation errors, i.e., commas in the place of don, to be sold in June to raise funds for semi-colons. In fact, throughout there is the maintenance of the cathedral. The uncertainty in comma usage, and the final paragraph however hinted that there hyphen has been forgotten almost al were second thoughts. together. These problems and others are Professor Harvey's admirable and at not merely matters of felicity of style, but tractively presented account of the map they often make reading unnecessarily was published to coincide with the open difficult and in some cases obscure ing by the Queen in May last year of a new meaning. One hopes that the tremendous building to house and display the map and effort that went into the production of this other cathedral treasures. This was made book receives the professional editing it possible by the success of the Mappa deserves in a future printing. Mundi Trust, set up in 1990, in raising the The above problems aside, Philip necessary funds. Burden joins the line of dealers that in- The Hereford World Map, following 60 tradition, takes the form of a circle show maps still in existence, of all sizes from a ing the known inhabited world as a land few inches/centimetres upwards. Many mass comprising the three continents of Eu were simple, no more than diagrams. rope, Africa and Asia within an encircling 'Simple or elaborate, large or small, all ocean. In the author's words: 'It is im these maps . . . are related to each other pressive in its size and complexity, drawn and to the Hereford map. They all belong on a single very large piece of parchment', to a single much ramified tradition which overall5'2" high by 4'4" wide (1.58 metres goes back to the Roman period.' The orig by 1.30). 'Most of this space is taken up by inal was probably a measured and reason the map itself . . . Above . . . is Christ in ably accurate map of the world. judgement ... The world was God's cre A second conclusion is that England ation ... The map ... looks strange to our had a special place in medieval map- mak eyes, though the places that western Eu ing. 'Certainly in the twelfth and thir rope knew through direct experience are teenth centuries immensely detailed maps in more or less correct relationship, while developed as a genre which, though not often much out of proportion and oddly exclusively English, came to be centred skewed out of shape ... East is at the top on England'. Professor Harvey makes ref ... At the centre is Jerusalem.' There are erence to over twenty maps which 'have islands round the land mass, rivers, moun enough detail in common to show that . . tains, boundaries, towns and cities. 'All . one way or another they are all related. the land ... is covered with writing and [But] they were not simply variant ver pictures ... innumerable snippets of infor- sions of a single map .. . there were once mation', especially about the strange crea many others of which we know nothing tures that we would find in these distant -we have merely the few survivors.' Of places. 'The whole forms a kind of ency these the Hereford map is the largest and clopaedia, arranged geographically.' the most detailed. The map was almost certainly made The book has numerous excellent il in the last quarter of the thirteenth century. lustrations of map details, mainly in col A note in French on the map (which it calls our, with informative captions. The cest estorie, this story or picture) names illustration of the complete map is less the author as Richard of Holdingham and clear, because- as the author states - Sleaford in Lincolnshire, and a good case, the once bright colours have faded and it though far from certain, can be made for has a dull appearance overall. Would it identifying him as a canon of Lincoln or have been feasible to provide a folding Hereford. However Professor Harvey is sheet, attached to the inside back cover, so confident that the map was written and as to allow a reproduction of the map four drawn not by the author but 'by the hand times the size of the one shown? There of a craftsman and artist ... and not the would have been extra cost but it would hand of a scholar'. have greatly helped the reader to decipher Professor Harvey has reached two in and to take in the map as a whole. teresting conclusions. He tells us that By the clarity of his writing, the there are over a thousand medieval world breadth of his scholarship, and his willing- 61 [!)I~ [!) I~ ~ ~ KUNSTHANDLUNG ~ ~ ~ JOHANNES MOLLER ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ €~ ~ ~ ~ ,, ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A-5020 Salzburs • Hildmannplatz 1A • Tei./Fax +43-662-84 63 38 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Antique Maps - Typographical Views ~ ~ ~ ~ We specialize in 19th Century Maps ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Your offers and enquiries are welcome ~ ~ ~ [!) [!) WARWICK LEADLAY lTRAD£. GUILD! GALLERY ANTIQUE MAPS, CHARTS, ATLASES, GLOBES, TOPOGRAPHICAL, MARITIME and DECORATIVE ENGRAVINGS, RELATED LITERATURE, FINE ARTS, CURIOS, CARDS and LIMITED EDITION PRINTS, RESTORATION, CONSERVATION and VALUATION. PROFESSIONAL PICTURE FRAMING SERVICE. THE DEFINITIVE CENTRE FOR NELSON ART 5 NELSON ROAD· GREENWICH· LONDON· SElO 9JB Tel: 0181 · 858 0317 Fax: 0181 · 853 1773 ness to speculate, Professor Harvey has urban areas of the region, typically: made sense of what is for most people a 'Proyecto de abastecimiento de aguas pot very unfamiliar kind of map and given us ables a los barrios de Abanto y Ciervana' an enjoyable read. (1893). Among some notable individual STUART JACKSON items were topographic plans of 1740 and 1803, both oil paint on canvas. Also two Cartografia antigua de Las Encarta plans of 1794 and one of 1802 which were ciones, by ltziar Rubio Barcina. Biscay, surprisingly reminiscent of an early Museo de Las Encartaciones, 1996. ISBN woodcut, English estate map and Elizabe 84-88088-30-2. Pp 213, 89 colour illustra than manuscript respectively which, bear tions. £15, from the Museo de Las Encar ing in mind their relatively late dates, taciones, B0 Abellaneda sn, 48190 almost suggests a kind of 'primitive' Sopuerta, Bizkaia, Spain. school of mapmaking. This is an exemplary work: an exhibi What this exhibition clearly demon tion catalogue which is well presented, strated, as indeed do the IMCoS Interna with every one of the 89 exhibits in colour tional Symposia, is the enormous wealth and fully annotated, making it sub of local maps and plans that exist hidden sequently a valuable if specialised refer from us map enthusiasts in so many places ence source. Starting with more general around the world. This catalogue gives a maps by way of introduction, the exhibi glimpse into one such hoard. That the text tion briefly covered the Spanish Basque is only in Spanish and the somewhat mys country, then the province of Biscay, fi terious Basque language is a constraint for nally focusing in detail on the Encarta some of us, but the quality of the illustra ciones region around Bilbao. These tions greatly compensates. As the old sa exhibits, dating from 1731 to as late as ying has it: 'One picture is worth a 1933, included sketched, *manuscript, thousand words' . painted and printed maps and plans, and ALAN BARTLETT together cast a considerable amount of light on the political, economic and social Maps of the Mediterranean Regions, development of the region. published in British Parliamentary Looked at in that fashion there are Papers 1801-1921, by Susan Gole. Cos various interesting groupings, only a few toula Sclavenitis (ed). Nicosia, Bank of of which can be mentioned here. One is of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, 1996. ISBN military dispositions during the civil wars 9963-42-057-5. Pp 417, 330 maps. Avail of 1833, 1847 and 1872, when the Bas able from the Bank of Cyprus Cultural ques supported the Carlists in the Wars of Foundation, C£50; or Map Collector Pub Succession. Another is of the areas of iron lications, UK£75. mining, which led to the development of In her book Susan Gole explains how a major steel industry in the region. Yet the 'Parliamentary Papers' had come to another, which would offer a novel the exert a considerable influence on public matic topic, were a series of plans for opinion and on social and political life. It improved water supply in the growing is to Mrs Gale's and her editor's credit that 63 truly representative illustrations were se brief sections outline diplomatic history, lected from the maps, found in roughly borders and the historical background. two thousand of the approximately eight Title, Cartographer, Scale, Size, Publisher thousand volumes of the collected papers and the full title of the paper to which the of the House of Commons. Mrs Gole de map was attached are given. liberately chose to cover the period be The illustrations reproduced in Maps tween 1801 and 1921 for the scope of her of the Mediterranean Regions have been study, because Parliamentary papers only reduced radically, and readers are advised began to be collected systematically at the to equip themselves with a good magni beginning of the 19th century, while the fying glass. Surely the author's im map of Europe underwent radical change pressive scholarship would have deserved due to the dissolution of the Austrian, better. It is realised that full-page maps Russian and Ottoman Empires as a result would have made the book unwieldily oftheirdefeatin the First World War. The heavy and probably too expensive, but a year 1921, therefore, appeared to be a more ruthless application of the criteria more suitable conclusion than the arbi used in selection of the illustrations repro trary ending of a century. duced could have eliminated a number of The author was faced with a huge maps of only minor general interest. Do body of material but she resisted the temp we really wish to study two separate maps tation to arrange the maps in a chronologi (pp. 348-349) of the Jaffa- Jerusalem cal order, starting with the earliest maps railway and did we really need five and proceeding through the century. She maps of the excavations in Budrum (pp. chose not to present the maps by theme, 295-300)? And can a map of Europe placing together maps illustrating borders, reproduced from 302 x 395 mm to 11 followed by commercial maps, then percent of its original area and with its health maps, agricultural maps, and so eleven shades of grey showing the one. Susan Gole wisely decided to list relative provision of libraries in 1849, them in geographical order, placing maps really convey anything of general inter considered important in depicting the Me est? And incidentally, according to the diterranean first. Then follow maps of the above map (No. 1, p. 33) the population Mediterranean islands, and then the order of Continental Europe must have been of listing continues in a clockwise direc extremely wealthy or very fortunate in tion, starting with Gibraltar, proceeding the mid-19th century, as we learn that along the northern shores of the Mediter Spain had one library per inhabitant, ranean to the Bosphorus, the Black Sea, France 1.29, Italy 1.5 while the Austrian the Levant and back along the shores of Empire could boast a staggering 167 North Africa. libraries to every 100 of population! Very valuable for those readers who Readers who wish to study the full text are not nineteenth century historians are accompanying each map or the maps them rudimentary introductory passages selves should refer to the respective Par preceding each section, emphasising the liamentary Paper itself, either in the bound role of Britain in the area. These necessarily volumes of Parliamentary Papers at the De- 64 partment of Official Publications of the moved on in the interim, not least by the British Library (not in the Map Room), in recent publications of these same authors. the micro-fiche files at the B.L. or in ref It has to be said that their arguments lack erence departments of most universities. the immediacy of their first presentation. Copies of micro-fiche transparencies are The Old World is represented by relatively cheap, the price is £5 for 18 A4 three essays. In the first, David Buisseret pages from the self- service photocopiers takes us on a brief but very useful tour of in the Department of Official Publication the principal European nation states and and Social Policy Formation ofthe British introduces their early estate mapping his Library. The B .L. transparency number tory and historiographies. Paul Harvey for each of the maps illustrated in the book provides an important assessment of the has also been given, for those who wish to origins and early history of English estate obtain coloured slides of the maps. maps and also reviews how they have Susan Gale deserves congratulations been used by modern historians as sources for having introduced a wider public to the to recover the past. When Sarah Bendall fascinating subject of 'Maps published in gave her lecture in 1988, publication of Parliamentary Papers'. I hope we may her seminal book Maps, Land and Society look forward to follow-up volumes. was still some four years in the future. FREDDIE LIEBREICH Today her essay in Rural!mages stands as a very useful summary of her principal Rural Images: Estate Maps in the Old findings in the bigger work. and New Worlds, by David Buisseret. Professor Buisseret introduces the es University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN tate map in the New World with a general 0-226-07990-2. Pp xii+ 184, monochrome overview essay, though his 'new world' is illustrations. US$55, UK£43.95. essentially restricted to the Caribbean and The core essays published in this North America. There is no comment on book were first delivered in the ninth Ken property mapping in South America, Aus neth Nebenzahl Jr Lectures in the History tralasia, or South Africa. There are then of Cartography at the Newberry Library, two substantial chapters by Barry Higman Chicago in 1988. It is an example of an on the estate maps of Jamaica from the edited collection with a characteristic all eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which too rare these days as in the intervening review their cartographic characteristics eight years between the lectures and their and evaluate their value as historical publication as essays, Professor Buisseret sources. He is the undoubted expert on the has added much value to the book by historical geography and mapping of this writing a substantial introduction, a con island, indeed his chapters here sum clusion and sections which deftly link the marise much that was published in the essays together. This means that the whole same year as his lectures in his Jamaica is very much more than the sum of its Surveyed: Plantation Maps and Plans of original individual parts and is to be the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. warmly applauded. There is, however, There is definitely a place for this kind of some cost to be paid as knowledge has in-depth treatment of one mapping arena; 65 there are dangers of spreading too thinly ADVERTISING RATES and superficially if a broader canvas is reviewed but I do wonder whether Rural Single 1 yr Map Fair Images is correctly titled. Can Jamaica lSSUe (4 issues) only and a few pages on North America really Full page £100 £300 £180 represent the new worlds? Half page £60 £175 £105 Quarter p. £30 £90 £54 The editor and his press are to be congratulated for together producing an Prices are for camera ready art-work. other very handsome book. It looks beau Alterations and new art-work will be tiful from its stylish dust- jacket and vivid charged at cost. The 4-issue rate is colour plates through a carefully checked applicable when the same art-work is and elegantly set text. I can foresee, how repeated without change. ever, not a little bibliographic confusion in the adoption of the same title, word for Art-work should be sent in good time word, as that which the Newberry Library before each issue (see dates on page 3) to: used in the catalogue of an exhibition The Editor staged to accompany the lectures, also IMCoS Journal published in Chicago but in 1988! 3 Aylesbury Rd, Wing ROGER J.P. KAIN Leighton Buzzard LU7 OPD University of Exeter REiss & SoHN Specialized Auctioneers of Rare Books, Prints & Maps Two auction sales per annum Richly illustrated catalogue with detailed bibliographical descriptions available on request Please inquire about our terms for sale by auction Our sales always include a large section of rare and early maps of all parts of the world ADELHEIDSTRASSE 2 . D-61462 KONIGSTEIN 30 min. hom Frank~urt/Main airport Phone: 49/6174/1017 · Fax: 49/6174/1602 66 IMCoS List of Officers President Oswald Dreyer-Eimbcke Executive Committee and Appointed Officers Advisory Council Past President Rodney Shirley Chairman & Adelaide W.A.R. Richardson Membership Sec Jenny Harvey Barcelona Sra Montserrat Galera Gen Secretary Harry Pearce London Tony Campbell Treasurer Cyrus Ala'i London Catherine Delano Smith Publicity Officer Yasha Beresiner Ottawa Ed Dahl Map Fair Organiser Roger Brown Paris Monique Pelletier Map Fair Liaison Philip Burden Utrecht Dr Gunter Schilder Advertising Manager Warwick Lead lay Washington Ralph Ehrenberg Librarian Christopher Terrell Photographer David Webb Directors Themis Strongilos Journal Editor Susan Gole Alfred W. Newman Public Relations Valerie Scott International Officers Member Andrew Duncan Chairman Malcolm R Young Secretary Robert Clancy Development Caroline Batchelor Representatives America, Central: Paul F Glynn, Japan: Kazumasa Yamashita, 10-7 2- Casa El Carmen, 3a Avenida Norte 8, chome, Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo La Antigua, Guatemala Latvia: Dr Janis Strauchmanis, America, South: Dr Lorenzo Guller Frers, Tallinas 83-40, Riga, LV-1009 Peru 285, 1641 Acassuso, Argentina Mexico: Martine Chomel de Coelho, Australia: Prof Robert Clancy, A.P. 40-230, Mexico 06140 DF 11 High Street, Newcastle, NSW 2300 Netherlands: Hans Kok, Poelwaal 15, Austria: Dr Stefan J. Missine, 2162 HA Lisse Unt. Weissgerberstr. 5-14, 1030 Vienna New Zealand: Neil McKinnon, Belgium: Philippe Swolfs, PO Box 847, Timaru Nieuwe Steenweg 31, Elversele, 9140 Norway: Pal Sagen, Bygd0y Aile 69, Bulgaria: Bojan Besevliev, lnst for Balkan PO Box 102 Tasen, N-0801 Oslo 8 Studies, ul. 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