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Brain Gain Policies and Practices in the Western Balkans

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Brain Gain Policies and Practices in the Western Balkans GROUP 484 CENTRE FOR MIGRATION BRAIN GAIN POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN THE WESTERN BALKANS Edited by Tanja Pavlov BRAIN GAIN POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN THE WESTERN BALKANS PUBLISHER: Group 484 Centre for Migration FOR THE PUBLISHER: Vladimir Petronijevic WEB: www.grupa484.org.rs EDITOR: Tanja Pavlov AUTHORS: Bernand Zeneli, Emina Cosic, Aldina Dzebo, Riste Zmejkoski LANGUAGE EDITOR: Natasa Grba Singh DESIGN AND LAYOUT: Sasa Djordjevic COVER PAGE PHOTO: Copyright ©2011-2013 Wallpoper ISBN 978-86-86001-61-0 December 2013 The compendium is supported by the Balkan Trust for Democracy, a project of the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the Balkan Trust for Democracy, the German Marshall Fund of the United States, or its partners. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION / 7 BRAIN GAIN PROGRAMME IN ALBANIA: CASE STUDY AND POLICY GUIDE FOR POLICY MAKERS IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE / 9 Note / 10 The Case Study. Brain Gain Programme in Albania / 11 Introductory Discussion / 17 Brain Gain Programme, 2006-2011 / 19 Discussion on the Findings of the Case Study Analysis / 24 Policy Proposals Based on the Lessons Learned from BGP / 33 Concluding Epilogue / 36 Appendix I. Action Plan, 2012-2013 / 37 Appendix II. Decription of the Action Plan Implementation for the Brain Gain Programme 2012-2013 / 43 Appendix III. Dateline of Activities Related to Brain Gain Process in the Public Administration. June December 2008 / 48 BGP Fellow Geography (Institutional Distribution) / 51 Bibliography Related to the Brain Gain in Social Science Research / 52 BRAIN GAIN OR BRAIN WASTE: BIH DIASPORA AND DEVELOPMENT / 55 Introduction / 56 BiH Emigration and Challenges / 57 Diaspora and Engagement in BiH / 59 Previous Initiatives in BiH Current Environment / 62 Institutional and Legal Framework / 65 Comparing Albania and BiH / 67 Conclusion and Recommendations / 72 References / 74 THE MACEDONIAN EXPERIENCE WITH BRAIN GAIN POLICIES: POSITIVE EXAMPLES AND FUTURE CHALLENGES / 77 Introduction / 78 Possibilities for New Eruption of Intellectual Migration / 79 Between Europe and Asia, Successful Models from the World / 81 On the Positive Practices / 83 A (Virtual) Journey with the Scientific Diaspora / 87 The Change we Need / 88 References / 90 “Brain Gain” Policies and Practices in the Western Balkans INTRODUCTION This publication was produced within the project From Brain Gain Policies to Practices – spread- ing the best institutional practices in the Western Balkans. The project aims to encourage the de- velopment of an institutional framework for the inflow of knowledge through migration in the WB countries by spreading the best identified practices and lessons learned. The project is part of the five-year effort of Group 484 and partner organisations from the country and region to find institutional responses to the “brain gain” challenge faced by the region; with the emphasis on the development of cooperation with the scientific and professional diaspora and the cre- ation of stimulating conditions in the country for transferring their knowledge and experience – for the so-called “brain gain” and “brain circulation”. One of the major identified obstacles for transfer and circulation of knowledge is the lack of the systemic state support to this process. Albania is the only country in the region that has de- veloped the systemic state response to the brain drain phenomenon – Brain Gain Programme. Three features of the Brain Gain Programme should be particularly emphasised. First, its goal is to engage highly skilled migrants in the economic and democratic development of the country by involving them in the development of public administration, institutions of higher educa- tion or research, and business sector. Second, a comprehensive approach has been developed to encourage their return, from establishing strategic and legal framework to developing con- crete incentives for returnees. Third, a body responsible for the programme implementation — 7 — “Brain Gain” Policies and Practices in the Western Balkans has been established – the Council of Ministers composed of representatives of the Ministry of Education and Science, the Department of Public Administration, and Diaspora Institute. In this publication we would like to present this example of good practice and draw attention to the possibility of its dissemination in the region, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia. The publication is intended for policy makers as a tool for developing an institutional frame- work that will support openness and circulation of knowledge and people. It supports the devel- opment of meritocratic and encouraging environment for attracting professionals originating from this region and their involvement in social life and development programmes. There are positive examples in improving conditions for scientific work and economy development and in encouraging mobility of professionals and their temporary or permanent return. However, lessons learned should be drawn from them and they should be institutionalised through the policies that recognise the value of the knowledge of professionals from the region who have tied their careers to Europe and the world, as well as the policies that encourage mobility. Such policies will allow highly skilled professionals from the region to get engaged in scientific, edu- cational and development programmes in countries of origin and together with the homelands gather around areas of common interest aimed at the overall development of the country and the region of the Western Balkans. The publication consists of three parts. The first part presents a case study of good practice - Brain Gain Programme in Albania, presented by Bernard Zeneli, former Manager of the Brain Gain Programme, UNDP Albania. In the second part, Emina Cosic and Aldin Dzebo, research- ers from Academia (Sarajevo), an organisation that has brought together highly educated re- turnees, present the existing brain gain mechanisms and initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and potential implementation of lessons learned from the Albanian practice. In the third part, Riste Zmejkoski, researcher from the Centre for Research and Policy Making (Skopje) gives an overview of the existing mechanisms and practices to achieve inflow of knowledge in Macedo- nia and gave suggestions for their improvement. We would like to thank our colleagues from the region for presenting their experiences, in a clear and applicable way, in developing policies and practices related to the inflow and circula- tion of knowledge in their countries and providing recommendations for their systematisation. We owe our gratitude to the Balkan Trust for Democracy, for the long-standing partnership and support in recognising and realising the development potential of migration in the Western Balkans. Belgrade, December 14, 2012 Tanja Pavlov PhD, Group 484 Centre for Migration — 8 — BRAIN GAIN PROGRAMME IN ALBANIA: CASE STUDY AND POLICY GUIDE FOR POLICY MAKERS IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE AUTHOR: BERNARD ZENELI Former Manager of the Brain Gain Programme Email: [email protected] Note: Bernard Zeneli participated in the project and wrote the case study on complimentary basis. Brain Gain Programme in Albania: Case Study and Policy Guide for Policy Makers in Southeast Europe NOTE This document contains a case study that has been put together with the purpose of showcasing an on-going government initiative that deals with the issue of brain drain and the ways policy makers can address it effectively. A story-line version of the events related to the initial steps taken to create the programe is followed by a more programatic discussion of the Brain Gain Programme with the scope of deducing policy lessons that policy makers in other country set- tings could potentially learn from. Thus, I have utilized techniques that combine case study analysis with policy writing hoping to produce a document that is accessible and facilitates pol- icy initiatives in this area. While in the process of writing this document, little is known about the future of this initiative as support for it is eroding in the two principal institutions that have backed it, namely Government of Albania and UNDP. This does not mean that Diaspora and migration policies are losing lustre or prominence. They continue to be in the policy focus of both institutions. Furthermore, Diaspora and migration for Albaniansare living things and no outgoing or incoming government can choose to ignore them. In adapting a quote by Orson Welles I chose to tell my version of the Brain Gain now ordering a happy ending – the modus vivendi for the Brain Gain community in Albania. — 10 — Brain Gain Programme in Albania: Case Study and Policy Guide for Policy Makers in Southeast Europe THE CASE STUDY: BRAIN GAIN PROGRAMME IN ALBANIA September 25, 2006, Sheraton Hotel Tirana: Government of Albania decided to break new grounds by officially opening the Brain Gain Programme, a joint initiative with UNDP1. The office of the Prime Minister Sali Berisha had invited 150 guests among who were high and mid-level managers working in the public administration that returned to Albania a year earlier responding positively to the invitation of the Democratic Party to join its ranks and develop policies for the new govern- ment. UNDP, from its side, had invited the donor community present in Albania with the hope of increasing their interest in funding this initiative. The cooperation agreement between UNDP and Government of
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