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Credential Evaluation Evaluating International Professional Degrees Session ID 1950 Monday, April 1, 10:30-11:45 a.m. Welcome! • Please silence your electronic devices. • Please complete the session evaluation using the AACRAO mobile app. • If you must leave the session early, please do so as discreetly as possible • Please avoid side conversation during the session. Monday, April 1, 2019 Presenters: Margaret (Meg) Wenger – Senior Director of Evaluation, ECE – [email protected] – https://www.ece.org/ECE Ann M. Koenig – Associate Director, AACRAO International – [email protected] – https://www.aacrao.org/ Session ID # 1950 Our Topics • International professional degrees: Law - Physical Therapy - Medicine - Pharmacy • Applying principles of best practice in credential evaluation • How “professional” and “academic” degrees differ • Case studies with sample documents • Challenges for degree holders and credential evaluators • Summary: Possible outcomes or solutions for: – Admission (graduate, undergraduate, transfer credit) – U.S. comparability or equivalence Best Practice in Credential Evaluation See: TAICEP Standards for the Profession https://www.taicep.org/taiceporgwp/about/standards-for-the-profession/ • Develop a methodology and apply it consistently in every case. • Identify the purpose of the evaluation. • Obtain a full set of authentic documents. • Analyze the documents and compare to US education. Based on research using official, reliable resources. Confirm key information: Status of institution, level of education, content, purpose/function of the credential in its country. Apply institutional or organizational policies for comparison. • Provide a transparent communications process for evaluation results and follow-up. • Provide training and continuing education in skill and knowledge development for evaluators. Evaluation Methodology: Confirm and Compare General Characteristics This Credential US Grad Admission & UG transfer considerations Country, Oversight authority Institution (name, status) Program (name, status) Credential (name, type) Function of credential in the country Level of program (admission, access in the country) Structure (length, components) Content Grading/assessment “Professional” vs. “Academic” Degrees Professional Degrees: Academic Degrees: • Prepare for licensure and • Degree content not tied to the work in a regulated practice of a specific profession profession • May have different • Admission requirements and admission requirements program content are than “academic” degrees determined by the teaching • Program content is specified institution or Ministry of by external licensing bodies Ed/Higher Ed rather than • Program includes practical external licensing bodies training periods and • Flexibility of mobility in the preparation for licensing academic sphere and the exam employment market Professional Degrees: Common Program Content • Introduction to the profession • History, philosophy, ethics of the profession • Professional content component: – Fundamentals or foundation courses – Intermediate or pre-professional courses – Professional or practice-related courses • Practical training periods • Licensure requirements • Preparation for licensure examination Professional Degrees: Tips for Evaluation General Characteristics Tips for Evaluation Country, Oversight authority Institution might be under an authority other than “ministry of education” (health, justice, agriculture, military, etc.). Regulation of professional licensing often done by a national or regional authority. Institution (name, status) Might be taught in a separate specialized institution. Program (name, status) Check program description. Credential (name, type) Nomenclature might be different from that used for “academic” degrees. Function of credential in the Often regulated separately from “academic” degrees. country Completion credential might include a professional title or qualification. Check program description. Professional Degrees: Tips for Evaluation General Characteristics Tips for Evaluation Level of program (admission, In many countries, admission is directly after access in the country) secondary school. Pre-professional coursework is done within the degree program. US-based systems might require a “pre-professional” degree or undergraduate coursework prior to admission. Structure (length, components) Length might be different from/longer than “academic” degrees. Components of professional degree programs are similar throughout the world. Content Contents of professional programs are similar throughout the world. Grading/assessment Might be evaluated on a pass/fail basis, especially practice components. Resources for Information on Professional Degrees: Professional Education in the United States • Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/ and other career guidance resources • Accrediting bodies and professional associations for the professions • U.S. state licensing boards and national licensing organizations • Institutions that teach professional programs Resources for Information on Professional Degrees: Professional Education in Other Countries • The institution offering the program • The ministry or authority in the country that regulates the profession • Legislation regulating the profession and education in the profession • Professional association(s) for the profession in the country • International associations or organizations for the profession – Example: Law • American Bar Association, Rule of Law Initiative and country initiatives: https://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/ • International Bar Association, key words “Home Country Licensing Questions”: https://www.ibanet.org/PPID/Constituent/Bar_Issues_Commission/ITILS_XXX.aspx (XXX = name of country) – Sudan: IBA, International Legal Services, Home Country Licensing Questions: https://www.ibanet.org/PPID/Constituent/Bar_Issues_Commission/ITILS_Sudan. aspx TIP: Use terminology from the documents to search for information in the original language and other languages as well. AND…don’t forget about the Internet Archive “Wayback Machine” for older programs: https://web.archive.org/ Case Studies • Law University of Khartoum, Sudan, Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) awarded 2009 City University of London, UK, Graduate Diploma in Law, awarded 2018 • Physical Therapy Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Egypt, Bachelor’s degree in Physical Therapy awarded 2009 Cairo University, Egypt, Professional Degree of Doctor of Physical Therapy awarded 2017 • Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, MB.BCh.BAO awarded 2004 Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, BSc (Hons) awarded 2016 • Pharmacy University of Huddersfield, UK, Master of Pharmacy awarded 2014 Law Degrees in the U.S. General Juris Doctor Master of Laws Characteristics (J.D.) (LL.M.) Oversight Authority • The institution, its governors, • The institution , its governors, and its accreditor(s) and its accreditor(s) • The American Bar Association • The ABA does not approve (ABA) is the program LL.M. programs or any accreditor for J.D. programs. programs other than J.D. • The state bar of the U.S. state programs. for whose bar exam the program prepares students (4 states do not require a JD to be admitted to the state bar exam: CA, VA, VT, WA) Function of • First professional degree in law • Academic master’s degree for credential in the • Meets the academic holders of a J.D. degree U.S. preparation requirement for • There is a variety of master’s admission to most state bar programs available in fields exams related to law. Law Degrees in the U.S. General Juris Doctor Master of Laws Characteristics (J.D.) (LL.M.) Level of program • Generally admission requires a • Admission requires a J.D. (admission, access bachelor’s degree. • Admission to other types of in the country) • Gives access to a state bar master’s programs in fields exam (if approved program) related to law may require a and professional licensure and bachelor’s degree, but not a practice. J.D. degree. • Gives access to graduate-level • Gives access to doctoral-level programs in law. programs in law. Structure & Content • 3 years full-time; part-time • As determined by the (length, programs available institution. components) • Generally required law courses, elective law courses, legal writing, state-specific law, experiential courses, simulations. First Professional Degree in Law: World Models Admission Country examples: Degree Structure examples (# of years): requires: Secondary school Most countries Europe, Bologna countries, some examples: completion around the world! • 3 (UK; Ireland [Civil Law)] • 3+1 (Netherlands, France) • 3+2 Bachelor + Master (many countries) • 4 (Greece, Turkey, Scotland) • 4.5 (Germany, Sweden) • 5 unified long cycle (Poland, Italy, Finland) Central & South America: • 4, 5 or 6, depending on country Arab Middle East: 4 Francophone Middle East & Africa: • 4 or 3+1 (transitioning to French LMD) CIS Region: 4 or 5, depending on country Southeast Asia: 4 for many countries China: 4 Japan, Korea: 4 for “old system”; (transitioned to Bachelor + JD system) Australia: 4 for Bachelor of Laws First Professional Degree in Law: World Models Admission Country examples: Degree Structure examples (# of years): requires: Secondary school Australia: 5-year integrated program (Bachelor of Laws + completion Combined program Bachelor of X) in which courses are “cross- credited” to each degree Prior degree Australia Juris Doctor Non-law bachelor + 3-year Juris
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