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Redalyc.Ecología Reproductiva De Geobatrachus Walkeri (Anura Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Pacheco-Florez, Vanesa; Ramírez-Pinilla, Martha P. Ecología reproductiva de Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura: Srabomantidae) Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 62, núm. 1, mayo, 2014, pp. 183-199 Universidad de Costa Rica San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44931382016 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Ecología reproductiva de Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura: Srabomantidae) Vanesa Pacheco-Florez1 & Martha P. Ramírez-Pinilla2* 1. Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia; [email protected], [email protected] 2. Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia; [email protected], [email protected] * Correspondencia Recibido 10-IV-2013. Corregido 20-IX-2013. Aceptado 30-X-2013. Abstract: Reproductive ecology of Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura: Strabomantidae). Geobatrachus walkeri is a frog that belongs to a monotypic genus and is endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. The species inhabits different microhabitats between 2 000 to 3 500m altitude, including the leaf litter of a pine plantation. To understand its reproductive ecology, we conducted eight frog samplings, covering the rainy and dry seasons, and two habitat types (secondary native forest and pine plantation) during 2010-2011. For this study, we also included data obtained from five previous similar samplings undertaken during 2008-2009. The pine leaf litter was the main microhabitat where frogs were found; we heard choruses of six-ten calling males during all sampled months, and observed the frogs having diurnal and nocturnal activity. Regardless of the year of study, the population consisted of neonates recruited several times of the year, a large number of juveniles with a wide range of body sizes, and fewer adults with a narrower range of body size. The histological analyses of the gonads showed that the size at maturity was near 18mm SVL for males and females, and those adult males and females were reproductive active during all sampling months, suggesting a continuous reproductive activity pattern. However, during the dry season, the seminiferous tubules showed a drastically diminished spermatic epithelium although containing abundant luminal spermatozoa, which suggest a reduction in the sperm produc- tion at the end of this season. Similarly, frogs of all age categories were significantly more abundant during the early dry season, whereas were significantly less abundant with the advancement of the dryness suggesting that the intensity of the dry season could temporally stop the activity and reproduction of this population. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (1): 183-199. Epub 2014 March 01. Key words: reproductive activity, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, tropical seasonality, mountain leaf litter frog, gonad histology. Los anuros tienen diferentes formas de & Guyer, 1994), pero además cada especie independencia del agua y de acuerdo con ellas presenta un modo y un patrón reproductivo en se ha determinado la existencia de varias estra- respuesta a las condiciones de su entorno y a su tegias o modos reproductivos (Bolaños, 2003; historia evolutiva (Crump, 1982). Duellman & Trueb, 1994). Con relación al En las especies de desarrollo directo de tiempo de actividad reproductiva se han descri- Terrarana se esperaría que la reproducción to asimismo diferentes patrones reproductivos: fuese continua debido a que estas ranas son explosivos, prolongados y permanentes (Duell- en cierta forma independientes de los cuerpos man & Trueb, 1994; Pough et al., 2004). Tanto o cursos de agua; este modo reproductivo le los modos reproductivos como estos patrones otorga a este clado ventajas para la ocupación temporales de actividad reproductiva se ven y explotación de ambientes menos asociados al influenciados por factores externos como la pre- agua. Sin embargo, los huevos son usualmente cipitación y la temperatura ambiente (Donnelly puestos entre la hojarasca requiriendo entonces Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 62 (1): 183-199, March 2014 183 humedades relativas altas para su desarrollo; dentro de él ha sido ubicado provisionalmente por lo tanto, dependiendo de los lugares de ovi- dentro de la familia Strabomantidae y subfami- posición y de las condiciones de humedad del lia Strabomantinae (Hedges, Duellman & Hei- ambiente, los huevos podrían estar expuestos nicke, 2008). Inicialmente su distribución se a la deshidratación (Marsh & Pearman, 1997; restringía al sector de San Lorenzo en hábitats Tocher, Gascon, & Zimmerman, 1997). En de bosque subtropical y tropical húmedo mon- ambientes fuertemente estacionales del Neotró- tano, y en plantaciones de pino de esta zona pico, una estación seca prolongada o extrema (Ardila-Robayo, 1979; Ramírez-Pinilla, Osor- podría afectar especialmente a la herpetofauna no-Muñoz, Rueda, Ardila-Robayo & Améz- de hojarasca al restringir la disponibilidad de quita, 2004), pero recientemente se registró a microhábitats con una humedad relativa sufi- 3500m de altura en ecosistema páramo (Rueda- ciente para la oviposicición y desarrollo de Solano & Vargas-Salinas, 2010). La especie ha las posturas, o indirectamente al disminuir la sido categorizada en la lista roja UICN como productividad primaria y la descomposición en peligro (EN B1 ab(iii), Ramírez-Pinilla et (Scott, 1976). Los estudios en varias especies al., 2004; UICN, 2009) debido a que su área de y poblaciones de especies de Terrarana han distribución es menor a 5000 km2, sus pobla- efectivamente mostrado actividad reproducti- ciones se encuentran establecidas en menos de va continua (p.ej. Pristimantis croceoinguinis, cinco localidades, y persiste una disminución P. lanthanites, P. variabilis, Crump, 1974; en la calidad y extensión de su hábitat. Craugastor bransfordii, Donnelly, 1999; E. Respecto de su historia natural se han eugeniae Guayasamin, Bonaccorso, Menén- realizado estudios comparativos de uso de dez, & Bustamante, 2004; Eleutherodactylus microhábitat y abundancia de esta especie entre johnstonei, Ortega, Serrano & Ramírez-Pinilla, el bosque nativo y las plantaciones de pino en 2005); sin embargo, para algunas de ellas la el sector de San Lorenzo (Martínez-Baños, producción de posturas y aparición de juve- Pacheco-Florez & Ramírez-Pinilla, 2011). De niles ocurre principalmente en los meses más manera interesante, los autores determinaron secos (p. ej. Strabomantis biporcatus, Crau- gastor mimus, C. talamancae, C. fitzingeri, que la mayor abundancia de individuos se Watling & Donnelly, 2002; E. coqui, Towsend encontraba en las plantaciones de pino y duran- & Stuart, 1994), o en los meses de la estación te la época de lluvia, ocupando específicamen- de lluvias (p. ej. E. johnstonei, Bourne, 1997; te la hojarasca de pino en donde registraron Ovaska, 1991; E. cuneatus Fong, Hero, Viña posturas. Adicionalmente registraron machos & Bignotte-Giró, 2010). Algunas especies pue- cantando en coros durante todo el año por den tener una actividad reproductiva marca- lo que sugirieron una actividad reproductiva damente estacional relacionada con pequeños potencialmente continua con un posible pico cambios en la temperatura (p. ej. E. cooki cesa reproductivo durante la estación de lluvias. la oviposición en la temporada fría, Rogowitz, En este estudio se continúa con el trabajo Candelaria, Denizard,& Meléndez, 2001) o de iniciado sobre la biología de esta interesante precipitación (p.ej. Haddadus binotatus Cane- especie con la descripción de aspectos de su do & Rickli, 2006). ecología reproductiva, específicamente con los Geobatrachus walkeri es una especie que objetivos de identificar el patrón de actividad pertenece a un género monotípico y endémico reproductiva de G. walkeri (explosivo, prolon- de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; se asemeja gado o permanente), establecer la influencia a las ranas del género Pristimantis en su forma de diferentes variables ambientales sobre este de vida, morfología y porque presenta desarro- patrón y describir características importantes llo directo, forma parte del clado Terrarana y asociadas a los aspectos reproductivos. 184 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 62 (1): 183-199, March 2014 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS huevos abdominales por palpación. Para estos animales no se determinó por observación El área de estudio se localiza en el sector macroscópica el sexo a menos que se palparan de San Lorenzo, en el flanco nor-occidental de huevos abdominales evidentes o que se evi- la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, departamento denciara el comportamiento de canto. Siempre del Magdalena, Colombia (11° 6´N - 74° 3´W). que se registraron animales en un cuadrante Específicamente se estudió la población que se se tomaron datos de variables ambientales distribuye entre los 2 300 y 2 500 m de altitud y como humedad relativa y temperatura del cuyas características de hábitat y microhábitat suelo (termohigrómetro portátil HI 856). La fueron descritas en el estudio de Martínez- cobertura vegetal se determinó siguiendo el Baños et al. (2011). La precipitación media mismo método descrito en Martínez-Baños et anual de la zona de estudio es de 2 622mm,
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