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Revisión Bibliográfica EL CULTIVO DE LA PALMA ARECA (Dypsis Lutescens, H

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Revisión Bibliográfica EL CULTIVO DE LA PALMA ARECA (Dypsis Lutescens, H Cultivos Tropicales, 2010, vol. 31, no. 1, p. 62-69 Revisión bibliográfica EL CULTIVO DE LA PALMA ARECA (Dypsis lutescens, H. Wendel) Bárbara Benítez y F. Soto ABSTRACT. Palm trees constitute one of the most interesting RESUMEN. Las palmeras constituyen uno de los principales ornamental groups making up some families of about 3 000 grupos de interés ornamental y se integran en un conjunto de species. They are real jewels from plant kingdom and also familias que abarcan unas 3 000 especies. Estas son verdaderas wanted for their exoticism to decorate gardens all over the joyas del reino vegetal, son muy deseadas por su exotismo world. Among them are those pertaining to Dypsis genus, para adornar jardines de todo el mundo. Dentro de estas se which has more than 100 species, Dypsis lutescens being the encuentran las pertenecientes al género Dypsis, el cual está most worldwide used for landscape gardening. In Cuba, both formado por más de 100 especies, siendo Dypsis lutescens la plant production and marketing have been constantly dynamic; especie más usada a nivel mundial en paisajismo. En Cuba, la however, trade demands can not be satisfied, due to the slow producción y comercialización de estas plantas ha estado en plant growth and short seed viability that makes them be all constante dinamismo; sin embargo las demandas del mercado sown at once, to obtain results at the same time instead of no pueden ser satisfechas, debido al lento crecimiento de las gradually, so that they are within customers´ reach whenever plantas así como la corta viabilidad de las semillas, que hacen they need them. Having in mind how significant palm tree que tengan que ser sembradas todas al unísono y obtener las marketing is, it is evidently necessary to study some producciones en la misma etapa y no escalonadamente, para alternatives to improve plant quality and production by means que estén al alcance de los clientes en el momento en que of using growth-promoting substances, as well as seed estos la demanden. Teniendo en cuenta la importancia que preservation methods and germination studies. reviste la comercialización de estas plantas, se hace evidente la necesidad de estudiar alternativas para mejorar la calidad y producción de estas plantas, utilizando sustancias bioestimuladoras del crecimiento, así como métodos para la conservación de las semillas y estudios relacionados con la germinación. Key words: areca, Dypsis lutescens, ornamental plants, Palabras clave: areca, Dypsis lutescens, plantas ornamentales, plant growth substances, growth, biological sustancias de crecimiento vegetal, crecimiento, development, seed, germination desarrollo biológico, semillas, germinación INTRODUCCIÓN Las grandes civilizaciones en muchos de los frágiles pretéritas del Medio Oriente y Próximo ecosistemas tropicales, tanto en lo Las palmeras constituyen uno así como del Mediterráneo tuvieron a que se refiere a su dinámica como a de los principales grupos de interés las palmeras como un elemento la producción de alimentos para la ornamental y se integran en un conjunto emblemático de su paisaje. Las fauna asociada a dichos ecosistemas, de familias que abarcan unas 3 000 alusiones históricas y legendarias de ofrece materiales para la elaboración especies (1). Estas son verdaderas las palmeras son muy abundantes de vestidos, aceites, azúcar y otros joyas del reino vegetal, muy deseadas en las corrientes culturales procedentes productos que harían muy extensa por su exotismo para adornar jardines de las riberas orientales del Medite- su enumeración (5). de todo el mundo (2). rráneo (3). Estas combinadas con En Cuba existen 100 especies Su importancia ha sido notable en otras plantas pueden formar un atractivo de palmas, siendo endémicas más la historia y sobre todo en la antigüedad, panorama, cuando son agrupadas del 90 % de ellas (6). Dentro de estas tanto por sus connotaciones de sucesivamente, dando un enfoque de se encuentran las pertenecientes al simbolismo y contenido religioso paisaje subtropical (4). género Dypsis, formado por más de como por su utilización múltiple. Las palmeras tienen una estrecha 100 especies y Dypsis lutescens es relación con la humanidad, encon- a la que se hará referencia, conocida Ms.C. Bárbara Benítez, Especialista y Dr.C. F. Soto, trándose invocada desde múltiples como palma areca o del fruto dorado, Investigador Titular del departamento de aspectos: mítico, medicinal, una de las plantas más usadas a nivel Fitotecnia, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias artesanal, utilización en la construcción, mundial en paisajismo; estas se utilizan Agrícolas (INCA), gaveta postal 1, San José de las Lajas, La Habana, Cuba, CP 32700. alimento del hombre y diferentes como elementos decorativos en [email protected] especies animales, su rol particular viviendas, despachos, salones de 62 El cultivo de la palma areca hoteles, etc, ya que proporcionan un y, por último, el continente australia- cifra considerable de divisas a través ambiente interior agradable. En los no ofrece 400 tipos diferentes (8). de la comercialización (12). Hoy en últimos años se ha hecho popular Haciendo un análisis de la diver- día la Empresa de Forestales de Ciu- como planta ornamental en muchas sidad de especies en México, se dad de La Habana es la encar- regiones del mundo, principalmente observa un gran número de plantas gada de esta importante tarea. en Europa, por lo que se cultiva a ornamentales destinadas a la A través de los años se ha podido gran escala en diferentes países (3). comercialización; en este sentido, conocer que las plantas de esta Hasta el 2008, la Empresa las plantas de palma areca juegan especie no son usualmente cultivadas Frutiflora se dedicó a la producción un papel importante, ya que son de en gran escala por los productores, y comercialización de un grupo las más vendidas por algunos de los debido al ciclo de desarrollo, ya que importante de plantas ornamentales. más importantes centros de producción como se conoce, las palmeras tienen Hoy en día la Empresa de Forestales del país. Las 523 especies de plantas una germinación lenta y errática así de Ciudad de La Habana es la producidas a nivel nacional se dividen como un crecimiento lento. En el encargada de esta tarea, produciendo en 20 grupos, por ejemplo: árboles caso específico de la palma areca, cada año un importante grupo de ornamentales (ficus, jacaranda), estas demoran ente 12 y 15 meses plantas, que constituyen las palmeras colgantes (hiedra seca, teléfono, en alcanzar la altura adecuada para de mayor importancia. Dentro de las helechos), enredaderas (bugambileas, su comercialización; sin embargo, especies que más se producen se begn cubre-piso (panalillo, pensa- hoy en día ya se avizoran avances encuentran: Dypsis lutescens, miento, petunia), palmas (areca y en este sentido, ya que se han fo- Phoenix roebellinii, Ficus y palmas otras), setos y céspedes (8). mentado viveros donde las plantas de ejemplares, las cuales son destinadas Al analizar la situación de Cuba, esta especie han alcanzado un lugar en un elevado porcentaje a la expor- este es un país donde la presencia cimero, desde el punto de vista de la tación y Dypsis lutescens constituye de palmas predomina en el paisaje, comercialización, lo que demuestra la de mayor importancia económica (7). lo cual da un toque singular, sobre- la importancia que ha tomado en el saliendo en este sentido la palma real país como planta ornamental. Además, LAS PALMERAS EN EL (Roystonea regia), declarada árbol existen otras especies de palmeras MUNDO Y EN CUBA nacional; otra especie de gran inte- que también se encuentran en fomento, rés es la palma areca, la cual se pero en menor escala, como es el La gran mayoría de las especies encuentra difundida en casi todas las caso de las Adonidias (Veitichia de palmeras proceden de las regiones regiones del país, utilizada fundamen- merrillii, Phoenix roebellinii), entre tropicales de América, Malasia y talmente como planta ornamental otras, que son muy utilizadas con fines lugares cálidos de África, que son interior y exterior (5). Además, es de decoración en jardines, parques, los países más ricos en cuanto a comúnmente conocida como palma viviendas, etc. número de especies, Sumatra y Borneo, areca o del fruto dorado, una de las países de América Central y regiones plantas más usadas a nivel mundial en CARACTERÍSTICAS situadas al norte del Amazonas como paisajismo, producida extensamente BOTÁNICAS DE LA PALMA en La Florida, California, Hawai Brasil, Guayanas, Venezuela, Perú ARECA y Ecuador (5). En España es posible (EUA) y algunos países de Centroamérica, el Caribe y África encontrar unas 60 ó 70 especies Existen en el mundo varias para su comercialización en repartidas en viveros, parques y clasificaciones de la palma areca; en Norteamérica, Europa y Japón (9). jardines. De hecho, la presencia de este trabajo se hace referencia a dos También son conocidas como palma la palmera dentro de los parques autores que han trabajado en este de la mariposa, del bastón, de oro está proliferando en gran medida, sentido (1, 8), donde en la primera del bastón, de pluma de oro, de oro debido a su exotismo y originalidad. clasificación se hace referencia a la amarilla, de Madagascar, amarilla de Una de las más famosas es la areca clase, el orden, la familia, el género la mariposa y amarilla (10). Dypsis lutescens (8). y la especie y, en el segundo caso, En Cuba, su cultivo y comerciali- Así mismo, se conoce que en se hace una revisión más detallada zación se encuentran en constante el continente africano existe también de los otros aspectos que se deben dinamismo; no obstante, los volúmenes una cantidad asombrosa de especies tener en cuenta para clasificar las de producción no satisfacen aún las de palmeras, aproximadamente unas plantas de un género determinado. demandas del mercado. Entre las 120, mientras que en otros lugares Clase: monocotiledónea plantas ornamentales exportadas por como las Islas Comores, Seychelles Orden: Arecales Cuba constituye la de mayor impor- o Mascareñas, se pueden encontrar Familia: Arecáceas tancia económica (11).
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