Designing Enterprise Solutions with Sun™ Cluster 3.0
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Designing Enterprise Solutions With Sun™ Cluster 3.0 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303-4900 U.S.A. 650-960-1300 ISBN 0-13-008458-1 December 2001, Revision A Send comments about this document to: [email protected] Copyright 2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303-4900 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. 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Sun détient une licence non exclusive de Xerox sur l’interface d’utilisation graphique Xerox, cette licence couvrant également les licenciés de Sun qui mettent en place l’interface d’utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et qui en outre se conforment aux licences écrites de Sun. LA DOCUMENTATION EST FOURNIE “EN L’ETAT” ET TOUTES AUTRES CONDITIONS, DECLARATIONS ET GARANTIES EXPRESSES OU TACITES SONT FORMELLEMENT EXCLUES, DANS LA MESURE AUTORIE EPAR LA LOI APPLICABLE, Y COMPRIS NOTAMMENT TOUTE GARANTIE IMPLICITE RELATIVE A LA QUALITE MARCHANDE, A L’APTITUDE A UNE UTILISATION PARTICULIERE OU A L’ABSENCE DE CONTREFAÇON. Contents Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxvii 1. Cluster and Complex System Design Issues 1 Business Reasons for Clustered Systems 2 Risk Assessment 2 Cost Estimation 3 Failures in Complex Systems 5 Fault Detection 7 Probes 9 Latent Faults 10 Fault Isolation 10 Fault Reporting 10 Fault Containment 12 Reconfiguration Around Faults 13 Fault Prediction 14 Data Synchronization 14 Data Uniqueness 15 Complexity and Reliability 15 iii Synchronization Techniques 16 Microprocessor Cache Coherency 16 Kernel-Level Synchronization 17 Application-Level Synchronization 18 Synchronization Consistency Failures 18 Two-Phase Commit 18 Locks and Lock Management 19 Lock Performance 20 Arbitration Schemes 20 Asymmetric Arbitration 20 Symmetric Arbitration 21 Voting and Quorum 22 Data Caches 22 Cost and Latency Trade-Off 23 Cache Types 24 Cache Synchronization 25 Timeouts 26 Stable System 27 Unstable System 28 Stability Problems 28 Failures in Clustered Systems 29 Split Brain 29 Multiple Instances 29 Amnesia 30 Summary 30 2. Enterprise Cluster Computing Building Blocks 31 Data Repositories and Infrastructure Services 32 iv Designing Enterprise Solutions With Sun Cluster 3.0 File Services 32 NFS 32 SAMBA 33 Database Services 33 HA-Oracle 34 Oracle 8i OPS and Oracle 9i RAC 34 Messaging Services 36 Name Services 36 DNS 36 LDAP 37 NIS and NIS+ 37 Business Logic and Application Service 38 Packaged Business Solutions 38 Application Servers 39 User Access Services: Web Farms 42 Compute Clusters 45 Distributed Clusters 45 Parallel Processing 45 High-Performance Computing 46 Sun HPC Clusters 46 Sun Cluster Runtime Environment 47 Sun MPI Communications Library 47 Sun Parallel File System 47 Sun Scalable Scientific Subroutine Library 47 Prism Parallel Development Environment 48 Sun Grid Engine Software 49 Contents v Technologies for Building Distributed Applications 49 CORBA 49 JXTA 50 3. Sun Cluster 3.0 Architecture 51 System Architecture 52 Enterprise Infrastructure 52 Service Point Architecture 53 Fault Tolerant Systems 53 High Availability Versus Disaster Recovery 53 Data Deletion and Corruption Recovery 56 Kernel Infrastructure 57 Kernel Framework 58 Replica Management 59 Mini-Transactions 60 System Features 61 Storage Topologies 62 Clustered Pair Topology 62 N+1 Topology 63 Pair+M Topology 64 Cluster Device Connectivity 65 Global Devices 66 Primary and Secondary I/O Paths 66 Device ID 67 Namespace 68 Practical Uses 69 Global File Service 69 Application Access 70 vi Designing Enterprise Solutions With Sun Cluster 3.0 Client/Server Model 71 Read and Write Implementation 71 I/O Parallelism 73 File and Attribute Caches 73 CFS Mounting 75 Application Binaries, Data, and Logs 77 Application Performance 78 Node Separation Performance Impact 79 CFS Versus NFS 80 Global Networking Service 81 Packet Distribution Mechanisms 83 Advantages 84 Client Connection Recovery After a GIN Node Failure 84 Private Interconnects 85 Traffic