Effect of Sodium Chloride on Some of the Chemical Reactions of Sodium Nitrite in Cured Meat Taekyu Park Iowa State University

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Some of the Chemical Reactions of Sodium Nitrite in Cured Meat Taekyu Park Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1984 Effect of sodium chloride on some of the chemical reactions of sodium nitrite in cured meat Taekyu Park Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Food Science Commons Recommended Citation Park, Taekyu, "Effect of sodium chloride on some of the chemical reactions of sodium nitrite in cured meat " (1984). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8208. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8208 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spHced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting througli an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8505862 Park, Taekyu EFFECT OF SODIUM-CHLORIDE ON SOME OF THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF SODIUM-NITRITE IN CURED MEAT Iowa State University PH.D. 1984 University Microfilms Internstionâl 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Effect of sodium chloride on some of the chemical reactions of sodium nitrite in cured meat by Taekyu Park A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Animal Science Major; Meat Science Signature was redacted for privacy. I A' Chgrge bf Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Gr Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1984 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1 Introduction 1 Salt 2 Properties 2 pH 3 Water holding capacity and binding properties 3 Flavor 7 Oxidation 7 Health concerns for salt 9 Sodium Nitrite 10 Reactivity of nitrite in meat curing 10 pH effect on nitrite 12 Temperature effect on nitrite 15 Other factors influencing nitrite 18 Salt and Nitrite Interaction 26 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 30 MATERIALS AND METHODS 31 Experimental Design 31 Meat and Formulation 31 Production 32 Experiment I (Control) 32 Experiment II (Reduction of Product pH) 33 Experiment III (Effect of Reductant) 34 Experiment IV (Different Internal Finishing Temperatures) 34 Experiment V (Effect of Muscle Type) 34 Chemical and Physical Analysis 35 pH 35 Salt 36 iii Pigment 36 Residual sodium nitrite 36 Product yield 37 Statistical Analyses 37 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 38 Experiment I (Control) 38 pH 38 Salt 40 Cured color 40 Residual nitrite 47 Experiment II (Reduction of Product pH) 51 pH 51 Cured color 56 Residual nitrite 62 Experiment III (Effect of Reductant) 68 pH 68 Cured color 71 Residual nitrite 74 Experiment IV (Effect of Internal Finishing Temperature) 74 pH 74 Cured color 78 Residual nitrite 88 Experiment V (Effect of Muscle Type) 92 pH 92 Cured color 95 Residual nitrite 99 SUMMARY 102 CONCLUSIONS 104 BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 118 iv LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Cooking schedule 33 Table 2. Formula: Experiment I (control) 33 Table 3. Formula: Experiment V (with turkey muscle) 35 Table 4, Effect of nitrite and salt on pH of a meat mixture 39 Table 5. Nitrite and salt effect on cured color of a meat mixture 42 Table 6. Effect of salt on the residual nitrite of a meat mixture 48 Table 7. Effect of nitrite, salt, and 1.5% GDL on pH 52 Table 8. Effect of nitrite, salt, and 0.2% GDL on pH 54 Table 9. Effect of nitrite, salt, and 1.5% GDL on cured color 57 Table 10. Effect of nitrite, salt, and 0.2% GDL on cured color 60 Table 11. Effect of nitrite, salt, and 1.5% GDL on residual nitrite 64 Table 12. Effect of nitrite, salt, and 0.2% GDL on residual nitrite 67 Table 13. Effect of nitrite and salt on pH of product without erythorbate 69 Table 14. Effect of nitrite and salt on cured color of product without erythorbate 72 Table 15. Effect of nitrite and salt on residual nitrite of product without erythorbate 75 Table 16. Effect of nitrite, salt and internal finishing temperature on pH 77 Table 17. Effect of nitrite, salt and internal finishing temperature on cured color 81 Table 18. Effect of internal finishing temperature on cooking yield 85 V Table 19. Effect of nitrite, salt and internal finishing temperature on residual nitrite 89 Table 20. Effect of nitrite and salt on pH of product with white muscle 93 Table 21. Effect of nitrite and salt on cured color of product with white muscle 96 Table 22. Effect of nitrite and salt on residual nitrite of product with white muscle 100 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Effect of salt and nitrite on pH of control product during storage 41 2. Salt content of products from various salt- nitrite formulations 45 3. Effect of salt and nitrite on nitrosyl heme pigment of control product during storage 46 4. Effect of salt and nitrite on residual nitrite of control product during storage 49 5. Effect of salt and nitrite on pH in products with 1.5% GDL during storage 53 6. Effect of salt and nitrite on pH in products with 0.2% GDL during storage 55 7. Effect of salt and nitrite on nitrosyl heme pigment in products with 1.5% GDL during storage 58 8, Effect of salt and nitrite on nitrosyl heme pigment in products with 0.2% GDL during storage 61 9, Effect of salt and nitrite on residual nitrite in products with 1.5% GDL during storage 63 10, Effect of salt and nitrite on residual nitrite in products with 0.2% GDL during storage 66 11 Effect of salt and nitrite on pH in products without reductant during storage 70 12 Effect of salt and nitrite on nitrosyl heme pigment in products without reductant during storage 73 13 Effect of salt and nitrite on residual nitrite in products without reductant during storage 76 14 Effect of salt, 156 ppm nitrite and internal finishing temperature on pH during storage 79 15 Effect of salt, 75 ppm nitrite and internal finishing temperature on pH during storage 80 vii Figure 16. Effect of salt, 156 ppm nitrite and internal finishing temperature on nitrosyl heme pigment during storage 82 Figure 17. Effect of salt, 75 ppm nitrite and internal finishing temperature on nitrosyl heme pigment during storage 83 Figure 18. Effect of salt, 156 ppm nitrite and internal finishing temperature on pigment conversion during storage 86 Figure 19. Effect of salt, 75 ppm nitrite and internal finishing temperature on pigment conversion during storage 87 Figure 20. Effect of salt, 156 ppm nitrite and internal finishing temperature on residual nitrite during storage 90 Figure 21. Effect of salt, 75 ppm nitrite and internal finishing temperature on residual nitrite during storage 91 Figure 22. Effect of salt and nitrite on pH in products with white muscle during storage 94 Figure 23. Effect of salt and nitrite on nitrosyl heme pigment in products with white muscle during storage 97 Figure 24. Effect of salt and nitrite on pigment conversion in products with white muscle during storage 98 Figure 25. Effect of salt and nitrite on residual nitrite in products with white muscle during storage 101 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Introduction Sodium chloride and sodium nitrite are two of the primary ingredients used for meat curing. Sodium chloride has been used for centuries as a flavoring agent and as a preservative, and has provided the main method for preserving meat in the past. Sodium chloride performs an additional function in the current production of processed meats and sausages by solubilizing muscle proteins. The dissolved protein assists in binding meat, moisture, and fat together, in the formation of desirable gel tex­ ture, and in increasing cooking yields.
Recommended publications
  • Tuning Wettability of Molten Lithium Via a Chemical Strategy for Lithium Metal Anodes
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12938-4 OPEN Tuning wettability of molten lithium via a chemical strategy for lithium metal anodes Shu-Hua Wang1, Junpei Yue1, Wei Dong1,2, Tong-Tong Zuo1,2, Jin-Yi Li1,2, Xiaolong Liu1, Xu-Dong Zhang1,2, Lin Liu1,2, Ji-Lei Shi 1,2, Ya-Xia Yin1,2 & Yu-Guo Guo 1,2* Metallic lithium affords the highest theoretical capacity and lowest electrochemical potential and is viewed as a leading contender as an anode for high-energy-density rechargeable 1234567890():,; batteries. However, the poor wettability of molten lithium does not allow it to spread across the surface of lithiophobic substrates, hindering the production and application of this anode. Here we report a general chemical strategy to overcome this dilemma by reacting molten lithium with functional organic coatings or elemental additives. The Gibbs formation energy and newly formed chemical bonds are found to be the governing factor for the wetting behavior. As a result of the improved wettability, a series of ultrathin lithium of 10–20 μm thick is obtained together with impressive electrochemical performance in lithium metal batteries. These findings provide an overall guide for tuning the wettability of molten lithium and offer an affordable strategy for the large-scale production of ultrathin lithium, and could be further extended to other alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium. 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100190 Beijing, China.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemicals Used for Chemical Manufacturing Page 1 of 2
    Chemicals used for Chemical Manufacturing Page 1 of 2 Acetic Acid (Glacial, 56%) Glycol Ether PMA Acetone Glycol Ether PNB Acrylic Acid Glycol Ether PNP Activated Carbon Glycol Ether TPM Adipic Acid Glycols Aloe Vera Grease Aluminum Stearate Gum Arabic Aluminum Sulfate Heat Transfer Fluids Amino Acid Heptane Ammonium Acetate Hexane Ammonium Bicarbonate Hydrazine Hydrate Ammonium Bifluoride Hydrochloric Acid (Muriatic) Ammonium Chloride Hydrogen Peroxide Ammonium Citrate Hydroquinone Ammonium Hydroxide Hydroxylamine Sulfate Ammonium Laureth Sulfate Ice Melter Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate Imidazole Ammonium Nitrate Isobutyl Acetate Ammonium Persulfate Isobutyl Alcohol Ammonium Silicofluoride Calcium Stearate Dipropylene Glycol Isopropanolamine Ammonium Sulfate Carboxymethylcellulose Disodium Phosphate Isopropyl Acetate Antifoams Caustic Potash D'Limonene Isopropyl Alcohol Antifreeze Caustic Soda (All Grades) Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid Isopropyl Myristate Antimicrobials Caustic Soda (Beads, Prills) (DDBSA) Isopropyl Palmitate Antimony Oxide Cetyl Alcohol Dowfrost Itaconic Acid Aqua Ammonia Cetyl Palmitate Dowfrost HD Jojoba Oil Ascorbic Acid Chlorine, Granular Dowtherm SR-1 Keratin Barium Carbonate Chloroform Dowtherm 4000 Lactic Acid Barium Chloride Chromic Acid EDTA Lanolin Beeswax Citric Acid (Dry and Liquid) EDTA Plus Lauric Acid Bentonite Coal Epsom Salt Lauryl Alcohol Benzaldehyde Cocamide DEA Ethyl Acetate Lecithin Benzoic Acid Copper Nitrate Ethyl Alcohol (Denatured) Lime Benzyl Alcohol Copper Sulfate Ethylene Glycol Linoleic Acid Bicarbonate
    [Show full text]
  • X-Ray-Based Spectroscopic Techniques for Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials at a Molecular Level
    polymers Review X-ray-Based Spectroscopic Techniques for Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials at a Molecular Level 1, 2,3, 1 4, 1, Dongwan Son y, Sangho Cho y , Jieun Nam , Hoik Lee * and Myungwoong Kim * 1 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (J.N.) 2 Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; [email protected] 3 Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea 4 Research Institute of Industrial Technology Convergence, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (M.K.) These authors equally contributed to this work. y Received: 3 April 2020; Accepted: 23 April 2020; Published: 4 May 2020 Abstract: This review provides detailed fundamental principles of X-ray-based characterization methods, i.e., X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, and the development of different techniques based on the principles to gain deeper understandings of chemical structures in polymeric materials. Qualitative and quantitative analyses enable obtaining chemical compositions including the relative and absolute concentrations of specific elements and chemical bonds near the surface of or deep inside the material of interest. More importantly, these techniques help us to access the interface of a polymer and a solid material at a molecular level in a polymer nanocomposite. The collective interpretation of all this information leads us to a better understanding of why specific material properties can be modulated in composite geometry.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Reactions and Chemical Bonding in Heterogeneous Catalysis
    Surface reactions and chemical bonding in heterogeneous catalysis Henrik Öberg Doctoral Thesis in Chemical Physics at Stockholm University 2014 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Physics Department of Physics Stockholm University Stockholm 2014 c Henrik Oberg¨ ISBN 978-91-7447-893-8 Abstract This thesis summarizes studies which focus on addressing, using both theoretical and experimental methods, fundamental questions about surface phenomena, such as chemical reactions and bonding, related to processes in heterogeneous catalysis. The main focus is on the theoretical approach and this aspect of the results. The included articles are collected into three categories of which the first contains detailed studies of model systems in heterogeneous catalysis. For example, the trimerization of acetylene adsorbed on Cu(110) is measured using vibrational spectroscopy and modeled within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT) and quantitative agreement of the reaction barriers is obtained. In the second category, aspects of fuel cell catalysis are discussed. O2 dissociation is rate-limiting for the reduction of oxygen (ORR) under certain conditions and we find that adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are decisive when modeling this reaction step. Oxidation of Pt(111) (Pt is the electrocatalyst), which may alter the overall activity of the catalyst, is found to start via a PtO-like surface oxide while formation of a-PtO2 trilayers precedes bulk oxidation. When considering alternative catalyst materials for the ORR, their stability needs to be investigated in detail under realistic conditions. The Pt/Cu(111) skin alloy offers a promising candidate but segregation of Cu atoms to the surface is induced by O adsorption.
    [Show full text]
  • Meat Curing and Sodium Nitrite
    MEDIA MYTHCRUSHER Meat Curing and Sodium Nitrite The use of nitrite to produce cured meats like salami, ham, bacon and hot dogs, is a safe, regulated practice that has distinct public health benefits. However, much confusion and even mythology surrounds nitrite. Being mindful of key words and statistics and providing appropriate context can help reporters improve the accuracy of their coverage and the information that is passed on to readers and viewers. We’ve compiled ten tips to improve accuracy when writing about the use of sodium nitrite in cured meats. #1: Nitrite is not ‘unnatural’. Before the terms nitrate and nitrite are often used refrigeration was available, humans salted and interchangeably, meat companies mainly use dried meat to preserve it. It was discovered sodium nitrite to cure meat, not sodium nitrate. that the nitrate in saltpeter was extremely At the turn of the 20th century, German effective in causing a chemical reaction known scientists discovered nitrite (and not nitrate) as “curing.” Not only did this give meat a was the active form of these curing salts. When distinct taste and flavor, it also preserved it and added directly, rather than as nitrate, meat prevented the growth of Clostridium botulinum, processors can have better control of this which causes botulism. important curing ingredient and more closely manage how much they are adding. Later on, scientists came to understand that nitrate naturally found in the environment #3: Cured meats are a miniscule source of converts to nitrite when in the presence of total human nitrite intake. Scientists say that certain bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Shale Gas and Groundwater Quality
    Shale Gas and Groundwater Quality A literature review on fate and effects of added chemicals Alette Langenhoff 1202141-008 © Deltares, 2011 1202141-008-ZWS-0001, 28 December 2011, final Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The process of fracturing or fracking 5 3 The use of chemicals 7 4 Polyacrylamide 8 4.1 Aerobic degradation of polyacrylamide 8 4.2 Anaerobic degradation 10 4.3 Chemical or physical removal 10 4.4 Conclusion on removal of polyacrylamide 10 5 Glutaraldehyde 12 5.1 Biocide 12 5.2 Biodegradation 12 5.3 Chemical inactivation of glutaraldehyde 13 6 Conclusions 14 7 References 15 Appendices 17 Appendices A Chemicals identified in hydraulic fracturing fluid and flowback/produced water (EPA, 2011). A-1 B Fracturing fluid ingredients and common uses (Europe Unconventional Gas 2011) B-1 C Properties of Polyacrylamide (source: Wikipedia) C-1 D Properties of Glutaraldehyde (source: Wikipedia) D-1 Shale Gas and Groundwater Quality i 1202141-008-ZWS-0001, 28 December 2011, final 1 Introduction Shale gas is a so-called unconventional sources of natural gas, and is one of the most rapidly expanding trends in onshore domestic oil and gas exploration and production today (Fig. 1 and 2). Shale gas is present in hydrocarbon rich shale formations. Shallow gas is commonly defined as gas occurrences in unconsolidated sediments of Tertiary age (often down to depths of 1000 m below surface). The occurrences are positively associated with thick Neogene sediments and are often trapped in anticlinal structures associated with rising salt domes (Muntendam-Bos et al, 2009). Shale has low matrix permeability, so gas production in commercial quantities requires fractures to provide permeability.
    [Show full text]
  • Inorganic Chemistry for Dummies® Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc
    Inorganic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry by Michael L. Matson and Alvin W. Orbaek Inorganic Chemistry For Dummies® Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River St. Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permis- sion of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley. com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trade- marks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Erythorbate and Organic Acid Salts on Germination and Outgrowth of Clostridium Perfringens Spores in Ham During Abusive Cooling
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research in Food Science and Technology Food Science and Technology Department Fall 9-19-2011 Effect of Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Erythorbate and Organic Acid Salts on Germination and Outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens Spores in Ham during Abusive Cooling Mauricio A. Redondo University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/foodscidiss Part of the Food Chemistry Commons, Food Microbiology Commons, and the Food Processing Commons Redondo, Mauricio A., "Effect of Sodium Nitrite, Sodium Erythorbate and Organic Acid Salts on Germination and Outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens Spores in Ham during Abusive Cooling" (2011). Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research in Food Science and Technology. 18. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/foodscidiss/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Food Science and Technology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, & Student Research in Food Science and Technology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. EFFECT OF SODIUM NITRITE, SODIUM ERYTHORBATE AND ORGANIC ACID SALTS ON GERMINATION AND OUTGROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS SPORES IN HAM DURING ABUSIVE COOLING By Mauricio Redondo-Solano A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Food Science and Technology Under the supervision of Professor Harshavardhan Thippareddi Lincoln, Nebraska September, 2011 EFFECT OF SODIUM NITRITE, SODIUM ERYTHORBATE AND ORGANIC ACID SALTS ON GERMINATION AND OUTGROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS SPORES IN HAM DURING ABUSIVE COOLING Mauricio Redondo-Solano, M.
    [Show full text]
  • And Potassium Sorbate (E202) As Food Additives
    SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 30 January 2019 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5625 Opinion on the follow-up of the re-evaluation of sorbic acid (E200) and potassium sorbate (E202) as food additives EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF), Maged Younes, Gabriele Aquilina, Laurence Castle, Karl-Heinz Engel, Paul Fowler, Maria Jose Frutos Fernandez, Peter Furst,€ Rainer Gurtler,€ Ursula Gundert-Remy, Trine Husøy, Wim Mennes, Peter Moldeus, Agneta Oskarsson, Romina Shah, Detlef Wol€ fle, Claude Lambre, Anna Christodoulidou and Ine Waalkens-Berendsen Abstract In this opinion, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF Panel) was requested by the European Commission to carry out a scientific evaluation of an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity study (EOGRTS) to determine whether it would allow reconsideration of the temporary group acceptable daily intake (ADI) for sorbic acid (E 200) and potassium sorbate (E 202), established by the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS Panel) in 2015. From the EOGTRS, the FAF Panel identified a lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose (BMDL) of 1,110 mg sorbic acid/kg body weight (bw) per day. By applying a default uncertainty factor of 100, the Panel established a group ADI expressed as 11 mg sorbic acid/kg bw per day for sorbic acid (E 200) and its potassium salt (E 202). In addition, European Commission asked EFSA to review a report on the ‘Stability of sorbic acid (E 200) and its potassium salt (E 202) during food processing and storage’ provided by industry. No new information was provided in this report, and therefore, in this opinion, there was no re-assessment of the EFSA ANS opinion conclusions from 2015 regarding the stability of sorbates in food.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Fracfocus 1.0 Hydraulic Fracturing Data User Guide for State Summaries
    Summary of FracFocus 1.0 Hydraulic Fracturing Data User Guide for State Summaries The Ground Water Protection Council (GWPC) and the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) launched the FracFocus Chemical Disclosure Registry in 2011 to provide information to the public about the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fluids. Background on FracFocus 1.0 Operators submit information on the composition of fluids used for hydraulic fracturing operations at individual oil and gas production wells on specific dates. These submissions, or "disclosures" as they are commonly called, are searchable by the public and available as PDF files. Disclosures provide information on the fracture date, location, well number and name, well operator, intended production type of the well, depth, total water volume used, trade name and purpose of additives, and ingredients in fracturing fluid, as shown below. Operators initially disclosed information to FracFocus 1.0 voluntarily. During the period of time studied in this report (January 1, 2011 through February 28, 2013), 14 states enacted regulations requiring oil and gas production well operators to disclose hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the public. Four of these states require reporting to FracFocus (one allows reporting to the state, which will then submit the information to FracFocus), two states require reporting to both FracFocus and the state, three states offer the choice of reporting to the state or FracFocus, and five states require reporting directly to the state. Example disclosure from FracFocus 1 Summary of FracFocus 1.0 Hydraulic Fracturing Data User Guide for State Summaries How the EPA Conducted Its Analysis of FracFocus 1.0 Data The goal of this project was to gain a better understanding of the composition of fracturing fluid and water usage for hydraulic fracturing.
    [Show full text]
  • (XPS) • X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
    Introduction to X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) • X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) is a widely used technique to investigate the chemical composition of surfaces. • XPS which makes use of the photoelectric effect, was developed in the mid-1960’s by Kai Siegbahn and his research group at the University of Uppsala, Sweden. Photoemission of Electrons Ejected Photoelectron Incident X-ray Free Electron Level (vacuum) Conduction Band Fermi Level Valence Band ¾ XPS spectral lines are identified by the shell from which the electron was ejected 2p L2,L3 (1s, 2s, 2p, etc.). ¾ The ejected photoelectron has kinetic 2s L1 energy: ¾ KE= hv – BE - φ 1s K 1s K ¾ Following this process, the atom will release energy by the emission of a photon or Auger Electron. Auger Electron Emission Free Electron Level Conduction Band Conduction Band Fermi Level Valence Band Valence Band 2p 2p L2,L3 2s 2s L1 1s 1s K ¾ L electron falls to fill core level vacancy (step 1). ¾ KLL Auger electron emitted to conserve energy released in step 1. ¾ The kinetic energy of the emitted Auger electron is: KE=E(K)-E(L2)-E(L3). XPS Energy Scale - Binding energy BEBE == hvhv -- KEKE -- ΦΦspec Where: BE= Electron Binding Energy KE= Electron Kinetic Energy Φspec= Spectrometer Work Function Photoelectron line energies: Not Dependent on photon energy. Auger electron line energies: Dependent on photon energy. XPS spectrum of Vanadium Auger electrons Note the stepped background • Only electrons close to surface
    [Show full text]
  • The Periodic Table
    Radiochim. Acta 2019; 107(9–11): 865–877 Robert Eichler* The periodic table – an experimenter’s guide to transactinide chemistry https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2018-3080 typical for alkali metals, or as H−, similar to halogens. Received November 14, 2018; accepted February 18, 2019; published It becomes metallic at high pressures [3]. Helium has online March 16, 2019 the most enhanced chemical inertness amongst all elements with the highest first ionization potential Abstract: The fundamental principles of the periodic table and lowest polarizability leading to an extremely low guide the research and development of the challenging boiling point of −268.9 °C, close to absolute zero. Fur- experiments with transactinide elements. This guidance thermore, it shows a rare state of superfluidity as a is elucidated together with experimental results from gas liquid below ~−271 °C. phase chemical studies of the transactinide elements with – The group of alkali metals exhibited at the left-hand the atomic numbers 104–108 and 112–114. Some deduced edge of the periodic table represents the most reactive chemical properties of these superheavy elements are pre- metals with increasing reactivity along the group. The sented here in conjunction with trends established by the heavier members even ignite at room temperature in periodic table. Finally, prospects are presented for further contact with air. chemical investigations of transactinides based on trends – On the right-hand edge of the periodic table the group in the periodic table. of noble gases reveals unprecedented atomic stabili- Keywords: Periodic table, trends, transactinides, gas ties and thus exceptional chemical inertness, fading phase, predictions.
    [Show full text]