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Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant
J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2014), 24(9), 1149–1161 http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1402.02035 Research Article Review jmb Diversity of Endophytic Fungi from Different Verticillium-Wilt-Resistant Gossypium hirsutum and Evaluation of Antifungal Activity Against Verticillium dahliae In Vitro Zhi-Fang Li†, Ling-Fei Wang†, Zi-Li Feng, Li-Hong Zhao, Yong-Qiang Shi, and He-Qin Zhu* State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, P. R. China Received: February 18, 2014 Revised: May 16, 2014 Cotton plants were sampled and ranked according to their resistance to Verticillium wilt. In Accepted: May 16, 2014 total, 642 endophytic fungi isolates representing 27 genera were recovered from Gossypium hirsutum root, stem, and leaf tissues, but were not uniformly distributed. More endophytic fungi appeared in the leaf (391) compared with the root (140) and stem (111) sections. First published online However, no significant difference in the abundance of isolated endophytes was found among May 19, 2014 resistant cotton varieties. Alternaria exhibited the highest colonization frequency (7.9%), *Corresponding author followed by Acremonium (6.6%) and Penicillium (4.8%). Unlike tolerant varieties, resistant and Phone: +86-372-2562280; susceptible ones had similar endophytic fungal population compositions. In three Fax: +86-372-2562280; Verticillium-wilt-resistant cotton varieties, fungal endophytes from the genus Alternaria were E-mail: [email protected] most frequently isolated, followed by Gibberella and Penicillium. The maximum concentration † These authors contributed of dominant endophytic fungi was observed in leaf tissues (0.1797). The evenness of stem equally to this work. -
Introduction to Mycology
INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY The term "mycology" is derived from Greek word "mykes" meaning mushroom. Therefore mycology is the study of fungi. The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented animal infection by any fungus was made by Bassi, who in 1835 studied the muscardine disease of silkworm and proved the that the infection was caused by a fungus Beauveria bassiana. In 1910 Raymond Sabouraud published his book Les Teignes, which was a comprehensive study of dermatophytic fungi. He is also regarded as father of medical mycology. Importance of fungi: Fungi inhabit almost every niche in the environment and humans are exposed to these organisms in various fields of life. Beneficial Effects of Fungi: 1. Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. 2. Biosynthetic factories. The fermentation property is used for the industrial production of alcohols, fats, citric, oxalic and gluconic acids. 3. Important sources of antibiotics, such as Penicillin. 4. Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Eg: Neurospora crassa 5. Saccharomyces cerviciae is extensively used in recombinant DNA technology, which includes the Hepatitis B Vaccine. 6. Some fungi are edible (mushrooms). 7. Yeasts provide nutritional supplements such as vitamins and cofactors. 8. Penicillium is used to flavour Roquefort and Camembert cheeses. 9. Ergot produced by Claviceps purpurea contains medically important alkaloids that help in inducing uterine contractions, controlling bleeding and treating migraine. 10. Fungi (Leptolegnia caudate and Aphanomyces laevis) are used to trap mosquito larvae in paddy fields and thus help in malaria control. Harmful Effects of Fungi: 1. -
Virulence of Two Entomophthoralean Fungi, Pandora Neoaphidis
Article Virulence of Two Entomophthoralean Fungi, Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana, to Their Conspecific (Sitobion avenae) and Heterospecific (Rhopalosiphum padi) Aphid Hosts Ibtissem Ben Fekih 1,2,3,*, Annette Bruun Jensen 2, Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem 1, Gabor Pozsgai 4,5,*, Salah Rezgui 6, Christopher Rensing 3 and Jørgen Eilenberg 2 1 Plant Protection Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Tunisia, Rue Hédi Karray, Ariana 2049, Tunisia; [email protected] 2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 3rd floor, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; [email protected] (A.B.J.); [email protected] (J.E.) 3 Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] 4 State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China 5 Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China 6 Department of ABV, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 EL Menzah, Tunisia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (I.B.F.); [email protected] (G.P.) Received: 03 December 2018; Accepted: 02 February 2019; Published: 13 February 2019 Abstract: Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana (phylum Entomophthoromycota) are important fungal pathogens on cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Here, we evaluated and compared for the first time the virulence of these two fungi, both produced in S. avenae cadavers, against the two aphid species subjected to the same exposure. Two laboratory bioassays were carried out using a method imitating entomophthoralean transmission in the field. -
What Are Fungi?
Medical Mycology (BIOL 4849) Summer 2007 Dr. Cooper What are Fungi? Fungi in the Tree of Life • Living organisms on earth first arose about 3.5 billion years ago – Prokaryotic – Anaerobic • Oldest fossils of fungi are about 460 million years old • Coincides with the rapid expansion of multi-cellular organisms • Major multicellular eukaryotes are divided into Kingdoms – Animals – Plants – Fungi • Each of these three kingdoms differ in their basic cellular structure and mode of nutrition (defined by Whittaker, 1969) – Plants - photosynthetic, cellulosic cell walls – Animals - digestive systems, wall-less cells – Fungi - absorptive nutrition, chitinous walls • The estimates for the expansion of multicellular organisms are based upon phylogenetic analyses of Carl Woese – Examined ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes • Relatively stable, but changes occur over time; thereby acting as a chronometer – Distinguished three separate groups (Domains) of living organisms • Domains - rRNA sequence differences correlate with differences in cellular structure and physiology – Bacteria - “true bacteria” – Archaea - “ancient prokaryotes” – Eucarya - eukaryotes • Taxonomic grouping of “Kingdom” lies beneath that of “Domain” • Though the fossil evidence suggests fungi were present on earth about 450 million years ago, aquatic fungi (Phylum Chytridiomycota) most likely were present about a million years before this time Page 1 of 15 Copyright © 2007 Chester R. Cooper, Jr. Medical Mycology (BIOL 4849) Lecture 1, Summer 2007 • About -
<I>Mucorales</I>
Persoonia 30, 2013: 57–76 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158513X666259 The family structure of the Mucorales: a synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies K. Hoffmann1,2, J. Pawłowska3, G. Walther1,2,4, M. Wrzosek3, G.S. de Hoog4, G.L. Benny5*, P.M. Kirk6*, K. Voigt1,2* Key words Abstract The Mucorales (Mucoromycotina) are one of the most ancient groups of fungi comprising ubiquitous, mostly saprotrophic organisms. The first comprehensive molecular studies 11 yr ago revealed the traditional Mucorales classification scheme, mainly based on morphology, as highly artificial. Since then only single clades have been families investigated in detail but a robust classification of the higher levels based on DNA data has not been published phylogeny yet. Therefore we provide a classification based on a phylogenetic analysis of four molecular markers including the large and the small subunit of the ribosomal DNA, the partial actin gene and the partial gene for the translation elongation factor 1-alpha. The dataset comprises 201 isolates in 103 species and represents about one half of the currently accepted species in this order. Previous family concepts are reviewed and the family structure inferred from the multilocus phylogeny is introduced and discussed. Main differences between the current classification and preceding concepts affects the existing families Lichtheimiaceae and Cunninghamellaceae, as well as the genera Backusella and Lentamyces which recently obtained the status of families along with the Rhizopodaceae comprising Rhizopus, Sporodiniella and Syzygites. Compensatory base change analyses in the Lichtheimiaceae confirmed the lower level classification of Lichtheimia and Rhizomucor while genera such as Circinella or Syncephalastrum completely lacked compensatory base changes. -
Preliminary Classification of Leotiomycetes
Mycosphere 10(1): 310–489 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes Ekanayaka AH1,2, Hyde KD1,2, Gentekaki E2,3, McKenzie EHC4, Zhao Q1,*, Bulgakov TS5, Camporesi E6,7 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 5Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 2/28 Yana Fabritsiusa Street, Sochi 354002, Krasnodar region, Russia 6A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy. 7A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314 Brescia, Italy. Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E 2019 – Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10(1), 310–489, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Abstract Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades. -
Biology of Fungi, Lecture 2: the Diversity of Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms
Biology of Fungi, Lecture 2: The Diversity of Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms Terms You Should Understand u ‘Fungus’ (pl., fungi) is a taxonomic term and does not refer to morphology u ‘Mold’ is a morphological term referring to a filamentous (multicellular) condition u ‘Mildew’ is a term that refers to a particular type of mold u ‘Yeast’ is a morphological term referring to a unicellular condition Special Lecture Notes on Fungal Taxonomy u Fungal taxonomy is constantly in flux u Not one taxonomic scheme will be agreed upon by all mycologists u Classical fungal taxonomy was based primarily upon morphological features u Contemporary fungal taxonomy is based upon phylogenetic relationships Fungi in a Broad Sense u Mycologists have traditionally studied a diverse number of organisms, many not true fungi, but fungal-like in their appearance, physiology, or life style u At one point, these fungal-like microbes included the Actinomycetes, due to their filamentous growth patterns, but today are known as Gram-positive bacteria u The types of organisms mycologists have traditionally studied are now divided based upon phylogenetic relationships u These relationships are: Q Kingdom Fungi - true fungi Q Kingdom Straminipila - “water molds” Q Kingdom Mycetozoa - “slime molds” u Kingdom Fungi (Mycota) Q Phylum: Chytridiomycota Q Phylum: Zygomycota Q Phylum: Glomeromycota Q Phylum: Ascomycota Q Phylum: Basidiomycota Q Form-Phylum: Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) Page 1 of 16 Biology of Fungi Lecture 2: Diversity of Fungi u Kingdom Straminiplia (Chromista) -
Harmonia and Pandora
Harmonia+ and Pandora+ : risk screening tools for potentially invasive organisms B. D’hondt, S. Vanderhoeven, S. Roelandt, F. Mayer, V. Versteirt, E. Ducheyne, G. San Martin, J.-C. Grégoire, I. Stiers, S. Quoilin and E. Branquart Harmonia+ and Pandora (+) were created as parts of the Alien Alert project, on horizon scanning for new pests and invasive species in Belgium and neighbouring areas. The Alien Alert project was performed by a consortium of eight Belgian scientific institutions. It was coordinated by the Belgian Biodiversity Platform and funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO contract SD/CL/011). Project partnership : Bram D’hondt1,2 (coordinator), Sonia Vanderhoeven1,3, Sophie Roelandt4, François Mayer5, Veerle Versteirt6, Els Ducheyne6, Gilles San Martin7, Jean-Claude Grégoire5, Iris Stiers8, Sophie Quoilin9, Etienne Branquart3 1 - Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Belgian Science Policy Office, Brussels 2 - Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels 3 - Service Public de Wallonie, Département d’Étude du Milieu Naturel et Agricole, Gembloux 4 - Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels 5 - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Brussels 6 - Avia-GIS, Precision Pest Management Unit, Zoersel 7 - Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux 8 - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Plant Biology and Nature Management, Brussels 9 - Belgian Scientific Institute for Public Health, Brussels Suggested way for citation : D’hondt B, Vanderhoeven S, Roelandt S, Mayer F, Versteirt V, Ducheyne E, San Martin G, Grégoire J-C, Stiers I, Quoilin S, Branquart E. 2014. Harmonia+ and Pandora+ : risk screening tools for potentially invasive organisms. Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Brussels, 63 pp. March 2014 Brussels, Belgium Page 2 of 63 Contents Preamble ..................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Effects of Growth Media on the Diversity of Culturable Fungi from Lichens
molecules Article Effects of Growth Media on the Diversity of Culturable Fungi from Lichens Lucia Muggia 1,*,†, Theodora Kopun 2,† and Martin Grube 2 1 Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy 2 Institute of Plant Science, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; [email protected] (T.K.); [email protected] (M.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +39-04-0558-8825 † These authors contributed equally to the work. Academic Editor: Joel Boustie Received: 1 March 2017; Accepted: 11 May 2017; Published: 17 May 2017 Abstract: Microscopic and molecular studies suggest that lichen symbioses contain a plethora of associated fungi. These are potential producers of novel bioactive compounds, but strains isolated on standard media usually represent only a minor subset of these fungi. By using various in vitro growth conditions we are able to modulate and extend the fraction of culturable lichen-associated fungi. We observed that the presence of iron, glucose, magnesium and potassium in growth media is essential for the successful isolation of members from different taxonomic groups. According to sequence data, most isolates besides the lichen mycobionts belong to the classes Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes. With our approach we can further explore the hidden fungal diversity in lichens to assist in the search of novel compounds. Keywords: Dothideomycetes; Eurotiomycetes; Leotiomycetes; nuclear ribosomal subunits DNA; nutrients; Sordariomycetes 1. Introduction Lichens are self-sustaining symbiotic associations of specialized fungi (the mycobionts), and green algae or cyanobacteria (the photobionts), which are located extracellularly within a matrix of fungal hyphae and from which the fungi derive carbon nutrition [1]. -
Entomophthorales
ARSARSARSARSARSARS ARSARS CollectionCollectionef ofof EntomopathogenicEntomopathogenic FungalFungal CulturesCultures ENTOMOPHTHORALES FULLY INDEXED [INCLUDES 1568 ISOLAtes] USDA-ARS Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health 538 Tower Road Ithaca, New York 14853-2901 28 July 2011 Search the ARSEF catalog online at http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=12125 ARSEF Collection Staff Richard A. Humber, Curator phone: [+1] 607-255-1276 fax: [+1] 607-255-1132 email: [email protected] Karen S. Hansen phone: [+1] 607-255-1274 fax: [+1] 607-255-1132 email: [email protected] Micheal M. Wheeler phone: [+1] 607-255-1274 fax: [+1] 607-255-1132 email: [email protected] USDA-ARS Biological IPM Research Unit Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture & Health 538 Tower Road Ithaca, New York 14853-2901, USA IMPORTANT NOTE Recent phylogenetically based reclassifications of fungal pathogens of invertebrates Richard A. Humber Insect Mycologist and Curator, ARSEF UPDATED July 2011 Some seemingly dramatic and comparatively recent changes in the classification of a number of fungi may continue to cause confusion or a degree of discomfort to many of the clients of the cultures and informational resources provided by the ARSEF culture collection. This short treatment is an attempt to summarize some of these changes, the reasons for them, and to provide the essential references to the literature in which the changes are proposed. As the Curator of the ARSEF collection I wish to assure you that these changes are appropriate, progressive, and necessary to modernize and to stabilize the systematics of the fungal pathogens affecting insects and other invertebrates, and I urge you to adopt them into your own thinking, teaching, and publications. -
Classification of the Fungi Lmperfecti
Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 63 Annual Issue Article 28 1956 Classification of the ungiF lmperfecti Roger D. Goos State University of Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1956 Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation Goos, Roger D. (1956) "Classification of the ungiF lmperfecti," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 63(1), 311-320. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol63/iss1/28 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Goos: Classification of the Fungi lmperfecti Classification of the Fungi lmperfecti By RocER D. Goos In recent years, some dissatisfaction has been expressed concern ing the commonly used classification of the Fungi Imperfecti. The discontent with the present system has arisen from the fact that the characteristics used to delimit taxa (i.e. spore color and sep tation, arrangement of the conidiophores, etc.) often results in the separation of morphologically similar genera, while at the same time placing together what seem to be unrelated genera. The present system was proposed by Saccardo when the major interest in the Fungi Imperfecti was in their role as plant pathogens. Now these fungi are being studied more intensively than ever be fore, not only as plant pathogens, but also with reference to the other roles which they play in nature. -
BEAUVERIA and OTHER FUNGI: TOOLS to HELP MANAGE COFFEE BERRY BORER, NOT MAGIC BULLETS Stefan T
BEAUVERIA AND OTHER FUNGI: TOOLS TO HELP MANAGE COFFEE BERRY BORER, NOT MAGIC BULLETS Stefan T. Jaronski USDA Agricultural Research Service Northern Plains Research Laboratory Sidney, Montana Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 1 What I hope to tell you today 1. Some basic information about these fungi 2. Issues facing successful use of fungi 3. Thoughts about usefulness of Beauveria for CBB management (vs. control!) 2 Entomopathogenic Ascomycetes / Hyphomycetes Our Cast of Characters Beauveria bassiana & B. brongniartti Metarhizium anisopliae & M. acridum Lecanicillium longisporium, L muscarium, L sp. (Verticillium lecanii) Hirsutella thompsoni Isaria (Paecilomyces) fumosorosea & I. farinosus Nomuraea rileyi Aschersonia aleyrodis These fungi have been commercialized somewhere, at sometime. This is the primary “cast of characters” While historically all these fungi were classed in the Deuteromycetes, the Fungi Imperfecti, recent molecular tools have allowed scientist to associate these species with “perfect” stages all are the imperfect, assexual stages of Ascomycetes. My comments today will be generally restricted to the fungus Beauveria bassiana (in white) because that is the one in which you are most interested. 3 Mycoinsecticides: 110 active, commercial products in 2006 L. longisporium L. muscarium H. thompsonii 3% I. farinosus 2% 1% 1% I. fumosorosea 6% M. acridum 3% B. bassiana 40% M. anisopliae 39% B. brongniartii 5% Faria and Wraight Biological Control 43 (2007) 237–256 These fungi have been commercialized in a lot of countries and there are a lot of fungal products.