The Time–Dose–Mortality Modeling and Virulence Indices for Two Entomophthoralean Species, Pandora Delphacis and P

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Time–Dose–Mortality Modeling and Virulence Indices for Two Entomophthoralean Species, Pandora Delphacis and P Biological Control 17, 29–34 (2000) Article ID bcon.1999.0767, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on The Time–Dose–Mortality Modeling and Virulence Indices for Two Entomophthoralean Species, Pandora delphacis and P. neoaphidis, against the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae Jun-Huan Xu and Ming-Guang Feng1 Department of Biological Sciences, Huajiachi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People’s Republic of China Received August 11, 1998; accepted June 30, 1999 mophthorales (Feng et al., 1995), but none has been Bioassays of two entomophthoralean fungi, Pandora well investigated. More effort is needed on microbial delphacis and P. neoaphidis, were conducted on the agents for aphid control (Milner, 1997) because of aphid green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. For inoculation, resistance to chemical insecticides (Devonshire, 1989) batches of I3-day-old nymphs on detached cabbage and increasing limitations of their use on vegetables leaves were exposed to conidial showers of varying grown in the outskirts of central cities in China (Feng time lengths from sporulating fungal mats produced in and Li, 1995). liquid culture. Eight dosages of each pathogen were The entomophthoralean fungus Pandora neoaphidis used to inoculate 88–345 nymphs each. The nymphs (Remaudiere & Hennebert) Humber is a well-known inoculated were maintained at 18–20°C and L:D (12:12) pathogen frequently causing aphid epizootics (De- at high humidity and were examined daily for mortal- dryver, 1983; Pickering et al., 1989; Feng et al., 1991, ity. The resulting data were analyzed using a time–dose– 1992), whereas P. delphacis (Hori) Humber usually mortality modeling technique, yielding the param- eters for time and dose effects of the two fungal infects planthoppers (Melissa and James, 1987) but species. P. delphacis killed the aphid more rapidly rarely aphids, though it has been found infecting the than P. neoaphidis, though both had similar slopes for cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, in controlled bioas- say (Shimazu, 1977). The two Pandora species have dose effect. The values of LD50 estimated on days 3–7 after exposure decreased from 18.1 to 0.9 conidia/mm2 similar morphological characteristics and are distin- for P. delphacis and from 17.0 to 0.04 conidia/mm2 for P. guished primarily on the basis of their hosts, i.e., neoaphidis. The estimates of LT50 for the two patho- aphids or planthoppers and leafhoppers (Humber, 1989). gens were similar at dosages of more than 5 conidia/ In recent years, we obtained isolates of the two fungal mm2 but differed at lower dosages. Based on the time– species from cadavers of the English grain aphid, dose–mortality relationships fitted and the virulence Sitobion avenae (F.), and the brown planthopper, indices estimated, P. delphacis is a promising micro- Nilaparvata lugens Stål, in the late-season rice crop in bial agent for aphid control and is competitive with P. Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Despite similarities in neoaphidis. ௠ 2000 Academic Press morphology, the isolates from the planthopper species Key Words: Pandora delphacis; Pandora neoaphidis; grow much more rapidly on plates or in liquid medium Myzus persicae; virulence. than those from the aphid species (Xu and Feng, 1998). In the present study we attempt to determine the time–dose–mortality relationships between the two INTRODUCTION pathogens and M. persicae, estimate their virulence indices, and evaluate their potential for use in aphid The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), control. infests up to 40 families of plants, including various important crops in the field as well as in the greenhouse (Blackman and Eastop, 1984). It commonly devastates MATERIALS AND METHODS cruciferous vegetables in China (Liu, 1991). Microbial agents naturally occurring on aphids in China include Preparation of Inocula a few species of entomopathogenic fungi, mostly Ento- The two isolates, P. delphacis F95129 and P. neoaphi- dis F97006, were obtained from two cadavers of N. 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: 86-571-697- lugens and S. avenae collected on rice plants in Hang- 1278. E-mail: [email protected]. zhou, Zhejiang in October 1995 and 1997, respectively. 29 1049-9644/00 $35.00 Copyright ௠ 2000 by Academic Press All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. 30 XU AND FENG Both were maintained on SEMA (80% Sabouraud dex- min with P. neoaphidis because P. delphacis sporulated trose agar, 11.5% fresh milk, 8.5% egg yolk) plates at more abundantly than P. neoaphidis. Colonies consist- 15°C and a photoperiod of L:D (12:12) by subculture ing of 186 and 250 nymphs on detached leaves without every month. Preparation of P. delphacis inocula started exposure to the conidial shower were included as from the growth of the isolate on SEMA at 25°C for 7 controls for bioassays 1 and 2, respectively. days. The mycelia of the resulting fungal colony were After exposure, the aphid colonies on detached leaves moved into a 100-ml flask containing 30 ml Sabouraud in the petri dishes were maintained in a growth cham- dextrose broth [SDB: 1% peptone, 1% yeast extract, and ber at 18–20°C and L:D (12:12). Live and dead aphids 4% glucose plus 20 µg PSN antibiotic mixture (penicil- were recorded daily for 7 days. Dead aphids were lin 25%, streptomycin 25%, and neomycin 50%; Gibco- removed from the colonies and examined individually BRL, Grand Island, NY) per milliliter]. Shaken in the for verification of infection after overnight incubation dark at 28 Ϯ 1°C for 24 h (150 rpm), the liquid culture in a moist chamber. There was no need for leaf change was transferred into 80 ml liquid medium in a 200-ml during the observation period because the nutrient flask for further growth for another 24 h under the solution around the petioles kept the leaves fresh for same regime. Finally, 10 ml liquid culture was poured approximately 2 weeks. onto a 90-mm petri dish containing 1.5% agar only. Excessive water was removed using filter paper. Incu- Data Analysis bated at 25°C and L:D (12:12) for 24 h, the fungal mats on the plates sporulated uniformly and were ready for A time–dose–mortality modeling technique (Robert- use. The procedures for preparation of P. neoaphidis son and Preisler, 1992; Nowierski et al., 1996; Feng et inocula were the same as above but took much longer: al., 1996, 1998) was used to analyze the resulting 15 days on SEMA at 20°C, 2 days in 30 ml SDB, and 5 time–dose–mortality data of P.delphacis and P.neoaphi- days in 80 ml SDB. dis for M. persicae. Considering a bioassay that in- cludes I dosages and J times of observation, the cumu- lative mortality probability, pij, caused by the dose di Aphid Colonies for Bioassay (i ϭ 1,2,···,I) at the time tj ( j ϭ 1,2,···,J) can be A laboratory M. persicae population initiated from expressed as individuals collected in the field was maintained on ϭ Ϫ Ϫ ␶ ϩ␤ cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (cv. Jingfeng 1), at 20– pij 1 exp [ exp ( j log10(di ))], (1) 24°C and L:D (12:12). For bioassay, vigorous apterae were selected from the population to produce offspring where ␤ is the slope to describe the dose effect and ␶j is on detached cabbage leaves (15 aphids/leaf) in 150-mm the parameter(s) for the time effect of di during the petri dishes. For longer maintenance, each petiole was period from start to the jth observation (t1, t2,···,tjϪ1, wrapped with cotton saturated with Hoagland–Snyder tj, tjϩ1,···,tJ). To guarantee that the observed mortal- nutrient solution (Adams and van Emden, 1972). Three ity probability is independent of time, the true mortal- days later, the apterae were removed and the nymphal ity induced with di at the interval [tjϪ1, tj] must be colonies left on the leaves were ready for use in the considered. This true mortality, qij, is called the condi- bioassay. tional mortality probability (Robertson and Preisler, 1992) and is given as follows Exposure of Aphids ϭ Ϫ Ϫ ␥ ϩ␤ qij 1 exp [ exp ( j log10(di ))], (2) Bioassays of the two fungal pathogens against the aphid species were conducted in March 1998 (bioassay where ␤ is equal to that in Equation 1 and ␥j describes 1) and repeated in May 1999 (bioassay 2). Following the conditional time effect of di at the interval [tjϪ1, tj]. Feng and Johnson (1991) and Feng et al. (1998), The independence between time intervals of observa- detached leaves with nymphs were gently moved to tion allowed the fitting of data to Eq. [2] by approaching 150-mm petri dishes lined with moistened filter paper. the binomial response variable to the maximum likeli- A sporulating fungal mat in a dish was inverted onto hood equation (Feng et al., 1996, 1998; Nowierski et al., each dish containing one or two leaves with aphids. The 1996), yielding ␥j and ␤. Then, the values of ␶j were sporulating fungal mat was rotated 90° each quarter of calculated using the formula (Robertson and Preisler, the exposure time. One 20-mm glass coverslip was 1992) below: placed at the center of each dish to receive conidia discharged from the plate. After exposure the conidial j dosage was determined based on the counts of the ␶ ϭ ␥k j ln ͚ e . (3) conidia from five random fields of the coverslip (0.785 1kϭ1 2 mm2/field) under microscope. Eight dosages were in- cluded in each bioassay, resulting from the exposures of The procedures, including modeling, estimation of 1–120 min, 0.3–30 min with P. delphacis, and 1–180 time- and dose-effect parameters for both conditional Pandora SPP. AGAINST GREEN PEACH APHID 31 and cumulative models, test for goodness of fit, and killed by P.
Recommended publications
  • Virulence of Two Entomophthoralean Fungi, Pandora Neoaphidis
    Article Virulence of Two Entomophthoralean Fungi, Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana, to Their Conspecific (Sitobion avenae) and Heterospecific (Rhopalosiphum padi) Aphid Hosts Ibtissem Ben Fekih 1,2,3,*, Annette Bruun Jensen 2, Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem 1, Gabor Pozsgai 4,5,*, Salah Rezgui 6, Christopher Rensing 3 and Jørgen Eilenberg 2 1 Plant Protection Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Research of Tunisia, Rue Hédi Karray, Ariana 2049, Tunisia; [email protected] 2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 3rd floor, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; [email protected] (A.B.J.); [email protected] (J.E.) 3 Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] 4 State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China 5 Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China 6 Department of ABV, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 EL Menzah, Tunisia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (I.B.F.); [email protected] (G.P.) Received: 03 December 2018; Accepted: 02 February 2019; Published: 13 February 2019 Abstract: Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana (phylum Entomophthoromycota) are important fungal pathogens on cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Here, we evaluated and compared for the first time the virulence of these two fungi, both produced in S. avenae cadavers, against the two aphid species subjected to the same exposure. Two laboratory bioassays were carried out using a method imitating entomophthoralean transmission in the field.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Mucorales</I>
    Persoonia 30, 2013: 57–76 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158513X666259 The family structure of the Mucorales: a synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigene-genealogies K. Hoffmann1,2, J. Pawłowska3, G. Walther1,2,4, M. Wrzosek3, G.S. de Hoog4, G.L. Benny5*, P.M. Kirk6*, K. Voigt1,2* Key words Abstract The Mucorales (Mucoromycotina) are one of the most ancient groups of fungi comprising ubiquitous, mostly saprotrophic organisms. The first comprehensive molecular studies 11 yr ago revealed the traditional Mucorales classification scheme, mainly based on morphology, as highly artificial. Since then only single clades have been families investigated in detail but a robust classification of the higher levels based on DNA data has not been published phylogeny yet. Therefore we provide a classification based on a phylogenetic analysis of four molecular markers including the large and the small subunit of the ribosomal DNA, the partial actin gene and the partial gene for the translation elongation factor 1-alpha. The dataset comprises 201 isolates in 103 species and represents about one half of the currently accepted species in this order. Previous family concepts are reviewed and the family structure inferred from the multilocus phylogeny is introduced and discussed. Main differences between the current classification and preceding concepts affects the existing families Lichtheimiaceae and Cunninghamellaceae, as well as the genera Backusella and Lentamyces which recently obtained the status of families along with the Rhizopodaceae comprising Rhizopus, Sporodiniella and Syzygites. Compensatory base change analyses in the Lichtheimiaceae confirmed the lower level classification of Lichtheimia and Rhizomucor while genera such as Circinella or Syncephalastrum completely lacked compensatory base changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmonia and Pandora
    Harmonia+ and Pandora+ : risk screening tools for potentially invasive organisms B. D’hondt, S. Vanderhoeven, S. Roelandt, F. Mayer, V. Versteirt, E. Ducheyne, G. San Martin, J.-C. Grégoire, I. Stiers, S. Quoilin and E. Branquart Harmonia+ and Pandora (+) were created as parts of the Alien Alert project, on horizon scanning for new pests and invasive species in Belgium and neighbouring areas. The Alien Alert project was performed by a consortium of eight Belgian scientific institutions. It was coordinated by the Belgian Biodiversity Platform and funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO contract SD/CL/011). Project partnership : Bram D’hondt1,2 (coordinator), Sonia Vanderhoeven1,3, Sophie Roelandt4, François Mayer5, Veerle Versteirt6, Els Ducheyne6, Gilles San Martin7, Jean-Claude Grégoire5, Iris Stiers8, Sophie Quoilin9, Etienne Branquart3 1 - Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Belgian Science Policy Office, Brussels 2 - Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels 3 - Service Public de Wallonie, Département d’Étude du Milieu Naturel et Agricole, Gembloux 4 - Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels 5 - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Brussels 6 - Avia-GIS, Precision Pest Management Unit, Zoersel 7 - Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux 8 - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Plant Biology and Nature Management, Brussels 9 - Belgian Scientific Institute for Public Health, Brussels Suggested way for citation : D’hondt B, Vanderhoeven S, Roelandt S, Mayer F, Versteirt V, Ducheyne E, San Martin G, Grégoire J-C, Stiers I, Quoilin S, Branquart E. 2014. Harmonia+ and Pandora+ : risk screening tools for potentially invasive organisms. Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Brussels, 63 pp. March 2014 Brussels, Belgium Page 2 of 63 Contents Preamble .....................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NK003-20170612006.Pdf
    BioControl (2010) 55:89–102 DOI 10.1007/s10526-009-9238-5 Entomopathogenic fungi and insect behaviour: from unsuspecting hosts to targeted vectors Jason Baverstock • Helen E. Roy • Judith K. Pell Received: 20 July 2009 / Accepted: 5 October 2009 / Published online: 29 October 2009 Ó International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2009 Abstract The behavioural response of an insect to Keywords Entomopathogenic fungi Á a fungal pathogen will have a direct effect on the Attraction Á Avoidance Á Transmission Á efficacy of the fungus as a biological control agent. In Vectoring Á Autodissemination this paper we describe two processes that have a significant effect on the interactions between insects and entomopathogenic fungi: (a) the ability of target Introduction insects to detect and avoid fungal pathogens and (b) the transmission of fungal pathogens between host A co-evolutionary arms race occurs between insects insects. The behavioural interactions between insects and their pathogens. Whereas selection on the and entomopathogenic fungi are described for a pathogen is for greater exploitation of the host, variety of fungal pathogens ranging from commer- selection on the host is for greater exclusion of the cially available bio-pesticides to non-formulated pathogen (Bush et al. 2001; Roy et al. 2006). The naturally occurring pathogens. The artificial manip- evolution of this behaviour and a description of some ulation of insect behaviour using dissemination of the diverse interactions that occur between arthro- devices to contaminate insects with entomopatho- pods and fungi have recently been described in a genic fungi is then described. The implications of review by Roy et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Systema Naturae. the Classification of Living Organisms
    Systema Naturae. The classification of living organisms. c Alexey B. Shipunov v. 5.601 (June 26, 2007) Preface Most of researches agree that kingdom-level classification of living things needs the special rules and principles. Two approaches are possible: (a) tree- based, Hennigian approach will look for main dichotomies inside so-called “Tree of Life”; and (b) space-based, Linnaean approach will look for the key differences inside “Natural System” multidimensional “cloud”. Despite of clear advantages of tree-like approach (easy to develop rules and algorithms; trees are self-explaining), in many cases the space-based approach is still prefer- able, because it let us to summarize any kinds of taxonomically related da- ta and to compare different classifications quite easily. This approach also lead us to four-kingdom classification, but with different groups: Monera, Protista, Vegetabilia and Animalia, which represent different steps of in- creased complexity of living things, from simple prokaryotic cell to compound Nature Precedings : doi:10.1038/npre.2007.241.2 Posted 16 Aug 2007 eukaryotic cell and further to tissue/organ cell systems. The classification Only recent taxa. Viruses are not included. Abbreviations: incertae sedis (i.s.); pro parte (p.p.); sensu lato (s.l.); sedis mutabilis (sed.m.); sedis possi- bilis (sed.poss.); sensu stricto (s.str.); status mutabilis (stat.m.); quotes for “environmental” groups; asterisk for paraphyletic* taxa. 1 Regnum Monera Superphylum Archebacteria Phylum 1. Archebacteria Classis 1(1). Euryarcheota 1 2(2). Nanoarchaeota 3(3). Crenarchaeota 2 Superphylum Bacteria 3 Phylum 2. Firmicutes 4 Classis 1(4). Thermotogae sed.m. 2(5).
    [Show full text]
  • University of Vermont Scholarworks@ UVM Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2007 Epizootiology and Phylogenetics of Entomopathogenic Fungi
    University of Vermont ScholarWorks @ UVM Graduate College Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 2007 Epizootiology and Phylogenetics of Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Fiorinia externa ferris(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Northeastern USA Jose A. P. Marcelino University of Vermont Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis Recommended Citation Marcelino, Jose A. P., "Epizootiology and Phylogenetics of Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Fiorinia externa ferris(Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in the Northeastern USA" (2007). Graduate College Dissertations and Theses. 148. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/148 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks @ UVM. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate College Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UVM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EPIZOOTIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENETICS OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH FIORINIA EXTERNA FERRIS (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) IN THE NORTHEASTERN USA A Dissertation Presented by José A. P. Marcelino to The Faculty of the Graduate College of The University of Vermont In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Specializing in Insect Pathology October, 2007 Accepted by the Faculty of the Graduate College, The University of Vermont, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, specializing in Plant and Soil Sciences. Date: August 24th, 2007 1 Abstract The eastern hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière] is one of the native dominant forest components of northeastern US. At present, these valuable stands face an alarming decline, in part due to the Fiorinia externa, elongate hemlock scale (EHS), (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae).
    [Show full text]
  • A Leap Towards Unravelling the Soil Microbiome
    A leap towards unravelling the soil microbiome Paula Harkes Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr Jaap Bakker Professor of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research Co-promotor Dr Johannes Helder Associate Professor at the Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research Other members Prof. Dr Wietse de Boer, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen Dr Davide Bulgarelli, University of Dundee, England Prof. Dr George Kowalchuk, Utrecht University Prof. Dr Franciska de Vries, University of Amsterdam This research was conducted under the auspices of the C.T. de Wit Graduate School of Production Ecology and Resource Conservation. A leap towards unravelling the soil microbiome Paula Harkes Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 10 January 2020 at 4:00 p.m. in the Aula. Paula Harkes A leap towards unravelling the soil microbiome PhD Thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (2020) With references and with summaries in English and Dutch. ISBN: 978-94-6395-150-0 DOI: 10.18174/501980 “There's no limit to how much you'll know, depending how far beyond zebra you go.” Dr. Seuss ― Table of contents Chapter 1 General introduction 9 Chapter 2 The differential impact of a native and a non-native 23 ragwort species (Senecioneae) on the first and second trophic level of the rhizosphere
    [Show full text]
  • Computer-Assisted Image Processing to Detect Spores from the Fungus Pandora Neoaphidis
    MethodsX 3 (2016) 231–241 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect MethodsX journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mex Computer-assisted image processing to detect spores from the fungus Pandora neoaphidis Reinert Korsnes a,b,*, Karin Westrum b, Erling Fløistad b,[5_TD$IF] Ingeborg Klingen b a Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), Box 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway b Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Biotechnology and Plant Health[7_TD$IF] Division, P.O.[8_TD$IF] Box[9_TD$IF] 115,[10_TD$IF] NO-1431[1_TD$IF] A˚s, Norway ABSTRACT This contribution demonstrates an example of experimental automatic image analysis to detect spores prepared on microscope slides derived from trapping. The application is to monitor aerial spore counts of the entomopathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis which may serve as a biological control agent for aphids. Automatic detection of such spores can therefore play a role in plant protection. The present approach for such detection is a modification of traditional manual microscopy of prepared slides, where autonomous image recording precedes computerised image analysis. The purpose of the present image analysis is to support human visual inspection of imagery data – not to replace it. The workflow has three components: Preparation of slides for microscopy. Image recording. Computerised image processing where the initial part is, as usual, segmentation depending on the actual data product. Then comes identification of blobs, calculation of principal axes of blobs, symmetry operations and projection on a three parameter egg shape space. ß 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 98 (2008) 262–266
    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 98 (2008) 262–266 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yjipa Evolution of entomopathogenicity in fungi Richard A. Humber * USDA, ARS Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-2901, USA article info abstract Article history: The recent completions of publications presenting the results of a comprehensive study on the fungal Received 24 January 2008 phylogeny and a new classification reflecting that phylogeny form a new basis to examine questions Accepted 13 February 2008 about the origins and evolutionary implications of such major habits among fungi as the use of living Available online 7 March 2008 arthropods or other invertebrates as the main source of nutrients. Because entomopathogenicity appears to have arisen or, indeed, have lost multiple times in many independent lines of fungal evolution, some of the factors that might either define or enable entomopathogenicity are examined. The constant proximity Keywords: of populations of potential new hosts seem to have been a factor encouraging the acquisition or loss of Life histories entomopathogenicity by a very diverse range of fungi, particularly when involving gregarious and immo- Nutrition Nutritional habits bile host populations of scales, aphids, and cicadas (all in Hemiptera). An underlying theme within the Systematics vast complex of pathogenic and parasitic ascomycetes in the Clavicipitaceae (Hypocreales) affecting Cordyceps plants and insects seems to be for interkingdom host-jumping by these fungi from plants to arthropods Cordycipitaceae and then back to the plant or on to fungal hosts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fungi: an Advance Treatise
    Biologia dos Fungos Olga Fischman Gompertz Walderez Gambale Claudete Rodrigues Paula Benedito Correa Parede. E uma estrutura rfgida que protege a celula de choques osm6ticos (possui ate oito camadas e mede de 200 Durante muito tempo, os fungos foram considerados a 350nm). E composta, de modo geral, por glucanas, mananas coma vegetais e, somente a partir de 1969, passaram a ser e, em menor quantidade, por quitina, protefnas e lipfdios. As c1assificados em urn reino a parte denominado Fungi. glucanas e as mananas estao combinadas corn protefnas, for- Os fungos apresentam urn conjunto de caracterfsticas mando as glicoprotefnas, manoprotefnas e glicomanoprotef- que permitem sua diferenciac;:ao das plantas: nao sintetizam nas. Estudos citoqufmicos demonstraram que cada camada c1orofila nem qualquer pigmento fotossintetico; nao tern ce- possui urn polissacarfdeo dominante: as camadas mais inter- lulose na parede celular, exceto alguns fungos aquaticos, e nas (8~ e 5~) contem beta-1-3, beta-I-3-g1ucanas e mananas, nao armazenarn amide coma substancia de reserva. A presen- enquanto as mais extern as contem mananas e beta-I-6- c;:ade substancias quitinosas na parede da maior parte das glucanas (Fig. 64.2). A primeira e a terceira camadas sac as especies fungicas e a capacidade de armazenar glicogenio os mms ncas em mananas. assemelharn as celulas animais. As ~lucan~ nas ceIulas fUngicas sac normalmente po- Os fungos sac ubfquos, encontrando-se em vegetais, em lfmeros de b-glicose, ligados por pontes betaglicosfdicas. animais, no homem, em detritos e em abundancia no solo, As mananas, polfmeros de manose, representam 0 mate- participando ativamente do cicIo dos elementos na natureza.
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Author, Here Are the Proofs of Your Article. • You Can Submit Your
    Dear Author, Here are the proofs of your article. • You can submit your corrections online, via e-mail or by fax. • For online submission please insert your corrections in the online correction form. Always indicate the line number to which the correction refers. • You can also insert your corrections in the proof PDF and email the annotated PDF. • For fax submission, please ensure that your corrections are clearly legible. Use a fine black pen and write the correction in the margin, not too close to the edge of the page. • Remember to note the journal title, article number, and your name when sending your response via e-mail or fax. • Check the metadata sheet to make sure that the header information, especially author names and the corresponding affiliations are correctly shown. • Check the questions that may have arisen during copy editing and insert your answers/ corrections. • Check that the text is complete and that all figures, tables and their legends are included. Also check the accuracy of special characters, equations, and electronic supplementary material if applicable. If necessary refer to the Edited manuscript. • The publication of inaccurate data such as dosages and units can have serious consequences. Please take particular care that all such details are correct. • Please do not make changes that involve only matters of style. We have generally introduced forms that follow the journal’s style. Substantial changes in content, e.g., new results, corrected values, title and authorship are not allowed without the approval of the responsible editor. In such a case, please contact the Editorial Office and return his/her consent together with the proof.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Entomopathogens: a Systematic Review Rajat Sharma1* and Priyanka Sharma2
    Sharma and Sharma Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control (2021) 31:57 Egyptian Journal of https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00404-7 Biological Pest Control REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access Fungal entomopathogens: a systematic review Rajat Sharma1* and Priyanka Sharma2 Abstract Background: Apprehensions about the safety and the environment regarding the insecticidal application against insect infestations have directed our attention toward advancement of biological mediators so that they are assimilated into the concept of integrated pest management stratagems to develop a more practical approach for the management of insect pests. Management of insect pests by making use of biological approaches (such as fungal entomopathogens (EPF) or others which are antagonistic to insect population) provides a substitute approach which reduces the continuous use of chemical amalgams against insect pests. Main body: The present review provides a framework of the present status of information on EPF as it identifies with their current use as biological control of pest infestations. To utilize a variety of biological control methodologies against insect hosts, it is essential to improve our comprehension of the ecology of EPF and also their role in nature. This article may assist us with understanding the virulence and the virulence factors related with EPF and present the latest developments and accomplishments in the significant field. We focus on recent instances of studies that show the overall patterns in interactions among insect pests and EPF prompting
    [Show full text]