Saudades Do Futuro: O Cinema De Ficção Científica Como Expressão Do Imaginário Social Sobre O Devir

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Saudades Do Futuro: O Cinema De Ficção Científica Como Expressão Do Imaginário Social Sobre O Devir UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS DEPARTAMENTO DE SOCIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SOCIOLOGIA TESE DE DOUTORADO SAUDADES DO FUTURO: O CINEMA DE FICÇÃO CIENTÍFICA COMO EXPRESSÃO DO IMAGINÁRIO SOCIAL SOBRE O DEVIR Autora: Alice Fátima Martins Orientador: Prof. João Gabriel L. C. Teixeira (UnB) Banca: Prof. Paulo Menezes (USP) Prof. Julio Cabrera (UnB) Profª. Fernanda Sobral (SOL/UnB) Prof. Brasilmar Ferreira Nunes (SOL/UnB) Suplentes: Profª. Lourdes Bandeira (SOL/UnB) Prof. Roberto Moreira (SOL/UnB) Profª. Angelica Madeira (SOL/UnB) Profª. Ana Vicentini (CEPPAC/UnB) Profª. Mariza Veloso (SOL/UnB) 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao CNPq, pelo apoio financeiro a este trabalho; Ao Prof. João Gabriel L. C. Teixeira, orientador desta tese, companheiro inestimável nesse caminho acadêmico; Aos professores doutores que aceitaram o convite para compor esta banca: Prof. Paulo Menezes, Prof. Julio Cabrera, Profª. Fernanda Sobral, Prof. Brasilmar Ferreira Nunes; Aos suplentes da banca: Profª. Lourdes Bandeira, Prof. Roberto Moreira, Profª. Angélica Madeira, Profª. Ana Vicentini, Profª. Mariza Veloso; Ao Prof. Sergio Paulo Rouanet, que compôs a banca de qualificação, e cujas sugestões foram incorporadas à pesquisa, além das preciosas interlocuções ao longo do percurso; Aos Professores Eurico A. Gonzalez C. Dos Santos, Sadi Dal Rosso e Bárbara Freitag, com quem tive a oportunidade e o privilégio de dialogar, nas disciplinas cursadas; À equipe da Secretaria do Departamento de Sociologia/SOL/UnB, aqui representados na pessoa do Sr. Evaldo A. Amorim; À Professora Iria Brzezinski, pelo incentivo científico-acadêmico, sempre confraterno; À Professora Maria F. de Rezende e Fusari, pelos sábios ensinamentos, quanta saudade... Ao Professor Otávio Ianni, pelas sábias sugestões, incorporadas ao trabalho; Ao Professor J. Bamberg, pela interlocução sempre atenta, crítica e cuidadosa; Ao Professor Cláudio José Villar de Queiroz, pela disponibilidade, apoio e pela tradução; À Professora Érika de Carvalho Rocha, pela cuidadosa tradução; À querida Ruth dos Santos Martins, minha irmã, pelo trabalho, apoio e participação ativa; A meus pais: Dona Alice Vieira Martins, minha primeira professora, pela ternura, alimento indispensável, Seu David Dutra Martins, em doce memória; À Professora Isabel Maria Vieira, pelo exemplo de vitalidade e disposição para aprender; Aos queridos Fernando Antônio B. Barros, Ana Liése, Aristein Woo, Marconi M. de Araújo, Roberto Lima, Anaí Peña, Virgínia Haeser, Otta Dieckens, Kátia Koramar, pelo carinho, entusiasmo, sugestões, textos e incentivo. Aos caríssimos Luis Carlos, D. Jacira e Bruno, família Silva, pelo inestimável apoio fraterno, além do técnico-informacional; A todos, e não foram poucos, aqueles que, motivados pelo assunto, tenham apresentado suas interpretações a respeito da ficção científica, formulado questionamentos, apontando temas e títulos de sua preferência, memórias, críticas, encantamentos, digressões... 3 DEDICATÓRIA À miríade de homens e mulheres cujas imaginações se abrem para as quantas histórias sobre futuros os mais diversos, expressos nas obras literárias e cinematográficas de ficção científica. E a todos os alienígenas que habitam esses universos. 4 RESUMO A metáfora saudades do futuro apresenta a questão central desta tese: o cinema de ficção científica como expressão do imaginário social sobre o devir, formulado pelos habitantes das grandes metrópoles ocidentais contemporâneas. As preocupações relativas ao futuro, futuros, que acompanham a humanidade desde os seus primórdios, ganharam visibilidade apenas no século XX por meio da linguagem cinematográfica, nos filmes de ficção científica, como resultado dos entrecruzamentos entre desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, espírito inventivo, ilusionismo e arte. As metáforas científico-ficcionais das narrativas fílmicas são vistas como testemunhos dos contextos sociais e históricos nos quais são produzidas, e sua análise parte dos elementos internos da narrativa, buscando estabelecer relações com os ambientes nos quais estão inscritas. O conceito de imaginário social aqui é entendido como a base na qual cada sociedade elabora a imagem de si mesma e do universo em que vive. A idéia de “passado”, “presente” e “futuro” referencia a experiência da construção social humana na noção de tempo, e o futuro, ou, os futuros, projetam as inquietações que habitam o imaginário de homens e mulheres quanto às transformações do corpus social do qual fazem parte. As cidades são as personagens centrais dos filmes de ficção científica, porquanto habitadas por massas humanas, devastadas por guerras, cenários de heróis, palcos de lutas e degradação do meio ambiente. A ameaça de instalação de sociedades totalitárias atravessou décadas, tomando a forma de questionamentos quanto às possibilidades de controle do comportamento social por meio da comunicação de massa, do desenvolvimento tecnológico, e do desenvolvimento da ciência biogenética. Sobre as cidades científico-ficcionais pairam sempre as ameaças trazidas pela presença do outro, seres alienígenas, de origem e natureza estranhos, estrangeiros, predadores, macacos quase humanos violentos e autoritários, máquinas inteligentes que suplantam a humanidade, viajantes no tempo. O discurso ideológico, que orienta as narrativas científico-ficcionais, apropria-se de elementos do universo do imaginário, para justificar seus projetos. No entanto, o imaginário social, situado além das manipulações ideológicas, preside a produção do “amálgama” das instituições sociais. Mais que isso, os mecanismos que dão expressão ao imaginário cumprem papel histórico na popularização de questões científicas e tecnológicas. Nas histórias de ficção científica prevalece o desejo primevo de voltar ao princípio, ao anel de moebius do tempo, ao elo mítico onde o passado remoto e o futuro longínquo se entrelaçam e se confundem para dar sentido à grande viagem da saga humana. Por isso: saudades do futuro... 5 ABSTRACT The metaphor “nostalgia of the future” is within the core issue of this thesis: the science fiction as an expression of the social imagination on the „come to be‟, formulated by the population of major western contemporary metropolises. The concerns related to the future – futures – which go along with mankind since its onset, have gained visibility only on the 20th century by means of the cinematographic language in science fiction movies, as a result of the intercrossings between scientific and technological development, inventive spirit, illusionism and art. Science fiction metaphors of movie narrations are seen as witnesses of the social and historic context under which they are produced, and their analysis comes from internal narration elements, by trying to establish relationships with the environments under which they stand. The “social imagination” is herein understood as the basis in which each society elaborates its self image and the image of the universe it lives in. The idea of “past”, “present” and “future” refers to the experience of the social human construction and the notion of time, and the future, or, futures, project(s) the uneasiness within the imagination of men and women regarding the changes of the social corpus they belong to. The cities are the central characters of the science fiction narrations of the cinema, whereas they are lived in by human masses, devastated by wars, hero scenarios, struggling stages and the environment degradation. The threat of installing totalitarian societies has crossed decades, taking the shape of questions regarding the possibilities of being able to control the social behavior by means of mass communication, of technological development in its different shades, and the biogenetic science development. On the science fiction cities there have always been threats brought by the presence of others, aliens, beings of strange origin and nature, strangers, predators, almost human violent and authoritarian monkeys, smart machines that overcome mankind, time travelers. The ideological speech, which guides the science fiction narrations, take possession of the elements belonging to the imagination universe in order to justify their projects. Nevertheless, the social imagination situated beyond ideological manipulations chair the production of the “mix” of social institutions. Moreover, the mechanisms that give expression to the imagination do not fill a historic role in making public the scientific and technological issues. In science fiction histories the primeval desire to go back to the start prevails, and to the ring of the time moebius, to the mythic link where the remote past and the far future interconnect and mingle to give sense to the greatest journey of human saga. The very reason for: nostalgia of the future... 6 RÉSUMÉ La métaphore de la nostalgie du futur traduit la question centrale de cette thèse : le cinéma de science fiction comme expression de l‟imaginaire social sur le devenir, formulé par les habitants des grandes métropoles occidentales contemporaines. Les préoccupations concernant le futur, les futurs, qui accompagnent l‟humanité depuis la nuit des temps, n‟ont revêtu de visibilité qu‟au XXème siècle, grâce au langage cinématographique, dans les films de science- fiction, à la croisée du développement scientifique et technologique, de l‟esprit d‟invention, de l‟illusionnisme et de l‟art. Les métaphores science-fictionnelles des narrations filmiques témoignent des contextes sociaux dans lesquelles elles ont été produites, et leur analyse part des éléments internes
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