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h.. 1 S: Newah Vijiiana (The Journal of Newar Studies) Editorial ISSN 1536-8661 1125 Numberd 2004-05 One can sec that Newah VijiiLina has evolved wit11 time. It has seen much rnctarnorphosis since its first issue back in 1997 not only in the Publisher issues the~nselveshut also the entire Newah cornmunity. The Newah International Nepill BhashZ community has been impacted hy the demise of Inany great Newah Sev3 Samiti (INBSS) scholars and personals. We would like to extend our c~~ndolenccsto Center For Nepale.\e Language Bhikshu Sudarshan. lswarananda Shrethacharya. Revati Ra~n:~nananda. & Culture Sahu Jyana Jyoti Kansakar, Pror. Rernhard Kolver and Bert van den Portland, Oregon USA Hoek. We are very grateful for their c~~ntrihutionsto the Newah c~~rnmunity. Another type of metamorphoses is seen in the creation of a worldwide community with the advent bo~~mof the internet. Due to accesses of international exchanges of information in sophisticated way through the internet, the popularity of Newah Vijiiina is growing rapidly. Recently. last summer, a Nepal Bhasa web magazine, Editor nvw~v.ne~r.a~~osr.corn.~~p~was launched by dedicated Newah people Day3 R. Shakya whose voluntary work has lead to uploading of inforniation pertaining to the Newah Vijaana journal. We highly reci)mrnend you to please Assistant Editor visit the wehsite and click on the Ncw3h VijiiZna section to ohtain Sudip R. Shakya inform;rtion on previous issues of this journal. Of the rn.rny other websites that promotes the Newah heritage. ~rtviv.~~~.ajn.rrlu~~~l.rorn Advisor deserves a mention. The wehsite contains a froup mailing and Prof. Todd Lewis subscribers get a chance to participate in various topics on regular basis allowing than to update and promote thc Newah world. For further details of the availahlc wchsites information about Newah heritage is given in the page 30. One can feel the impact of the rapidly-spre;~dinp regarding the recognition of Newah heritage and values. Scholars wi~rldwidehave disc~~ntiriuedthe use of the word Newari since a paper w;~s submitted Designer on naming of Newah languagc Similarly. our voice against the Nepal Digital Babu ' Samhat as Newari Sambat or New;lr NewYear h;is also hecn taken into 2189W. 15"Ct. consideration hy Newah community around the world as well as by Eugene, OR 97402 world scholars. It is believed that Nepal Samhat does not pertain to a specilic ethnic group. hut it is a calendar of Nepal and rnust he fi~llowcdhy entire Nepalese peoplc. Within these 25 years of Blrinrrr,ra movement, the Nepal Samhat celebration has seen a global recognition. We have received news of Nepal Sa~nhatheing cclehrated in faraway places such as London. The Netherlands, Hong Kong, Japan. Washington DC. California. Texas and Oregon. The founder of Mailing Address this Samhat, Shankhadhar Sakhwa. was honored for the estahlish~nent New3h VijKina of such amazing era. 1719N~47'~Ave. 'i Lastly. we would like to extend our apologies lilr the much delay Portland, OR 13 972 hetwcen current issye and past issue and thanks every one of their patience and constant support. Our thanks also go to Suva Shakya. Urncsl~ Shrestha for typing the Devnagari rnsterials. We itivitc everyone lo kecp submitting their papers on Ncwah herivage so that Newah VijRana can continue 111 prow. The valuable comments. suggestions and suhniission on relevant topics arc the glue that extends the life span of this journal. Like a met:~morphosis of seasons, we ;ire Cover: Siddhilaxmi at Patan Museum hoping that the Newah community will continue to evolve for the better. Thank you for your support Typical Newah Bhoye (Feast) Photo Courtesy of Raja and Sunita Shresfha, Portland Oregon ontents m-Newah Vijiiana Number 5 cAD 2004-05 NS 1125 BS 2061162 English The Challenges of Multilingualism in Nepal................... Tej Ratna Kansakar............. 01 The Karmacharyas of Bhaktapur LeCoyle .......................... 12 The Ritual Composition of Sankhu :The Socio-Religious Anthropology of a Newar Town in Nepal........................................................ a Gopal Shrestha.............. 22 Commercial Recordings of Traditional Newar Music: A Review Article..................................................... Brent Bianchi .......................25 Newah Jhii Newah hey Jui............................................ Y R. Shakya................... 31 In Memoriam Bert van den Hock Bal Gopal Shrestha and .......34 Han F. Vermeulen Newah Language Workshop: Newah Bhaye Jynsah.... Tribhuvan R. Tuladhar 30 Cultural, Spiritual, and Nutritional Value of Samaybaji(A Newah Cuisine)................................ a Rajbhandari............ 44 .. 9 - rams........................................ 0 0 Nepali Nepal Bhasha , . Flm 67 7rrTq ; 69 m + ~m4 ~~~~~~~...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~HwT??m:-. *dm~~....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 70 mh? 4"h e~~~......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..-~~~~..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... 71 hftr md9m w~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ m3lwm7 . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....72 mS . FFF ?m:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... ~~~73 -F q.rr (News Collection) 74 Members and Subscribers' Directory .............................................................................. 79 SCTB (NcwZh VijZgna) (Newih Vijiiiina) The Journal of Ne~mrSltrclic A Journal Of Nrwnr Studies k3<-. ,k5 .eii \*l I M,-..*%. NO I \.,,unhh"\trhrb,O. .i"rnhrn - 2 H5 11'8 1 1991 IW&W NS1119 2USSR6 qf\q kw~i 1 (New5h Vijiiiina) (Newih Vijiiina) The Journal Of kwar Studies - The Journal Of Nrwai ~ludies. ~hlmLhldlis.'i,lr,ih p-...- 3". p-...- d,+d5",b.:, sI"d*..r.in., ,h.C.. liuinh.r l U"*..., AD2WIO2 N> 4i?l RS 2USM9 1D I.1. I1Md NS ,124 W >al. I < for subscription please contact the editor: Drashaaaol.corn The ChaIIenges of Multilingualism in Nepal Tej R. Kansakar Tribhuvan University [email protected] Introduction generalired as a single language. e.g. the K;~i/Kiranti languages of which Hanson (1991) cites 37 distinct 'This paper seeks to provide an overview of the language names. See Te!on Languages of Nepal cornplex lingu~sticand ethnic diversity of Nepal and the where Ilist over 100 languages and dialects. The one \;irious prohlen~sthat arise from this situation. It will important aspect of the demography of language users locus on three aspects of multilinguiilisrtl in Nepal, is that the Sino-l'ihctan family ha~sa large numher of n;irnely the distribution of dominant and mini~rity languages but few speakers, while the Indo~Arynnis I:~ngoages. language contact and language use. and charactcri7ed by few languages with a 1:lryc number of language endangerment due to rapid decline and nati\e speakers. extinction of languages spoken by minority groups. hlany Nepalese languages ;Ire also poorly The paper will illustrate these problen~swith data on documented and linguistic descriptions in the fotm 01' the demography of spcakcrs. lexical horrouings and gr;~~nmars.dictionaries and written texts are a\aililhlc I~~ngua~gefunetinns in a multilinguatl settine. only on a few languages 1h;lt have written scripts. It is quite possible thatt surveys in othcr parts of the country 1. Aspects of Multitingualisrn in Nepal $nay pro\'ide information on h~thcrto unknown Ii~nguagesand dialects. Althi,ugh Ncp;~l 1s a sn~all country of less than 132 thousand square k~lo~ncters. there is thus i~nlnensescope for research on linpui\tic. Like nlafny rnnuntainous countries. Nepal is a social. cultur;~l and ethnic diversity prevailing in the cuontry of great lingui\tic and cultural di\ersity. The country. cxtcnt of this diversity can he sccn in the largc nulnher of languages spoken by over 60 ethnic groups. There ;arc no reliable sources on just how many languages and dialects are in active use in the country. while the When people speaking different languages come cstirnales of linguists and scholar?. hot11 native and into contact. their langua~gesconverge and influence forcign. have ranged from 56 to 130 languages: see each othcr. Such con\.ergences take place through hlalln (1989): 56 languages: I'ohn (1902): 70 langua- increasing tnigrations and developmcnt of hasic g'" B.Grirnes (1991) : 104 l;~ngo;~gcs:Noonan (Z(XX1) : ir~frastructurein communic;~tion systems such as roads. 130 I:~ngoages. 'l'l~eofficial rcport of the Central air services. and electri~nicmedia whicl~serve to bring Bureau of Sratistics(Cl3S). His Majesty's Goxrnment people together. The growth of social. culturnl and l had recorded 32 lalnguages and the 'Other' cornrnercial contacts in turn have encouraged lin2uistic category of unnamed languages uhich alone consists of influences (In. for example. Newar fro111 lndo-Aryan (I- half a rnillii~nspeakers. 'The must rcccnt census data of A) and othcr Tiheto-Burman (T-U) languages of Nepa~l. 2001 records a dra~rlaticincre;~sc in the number 11f Mutual inlluences of this kind lead to lexical and Innguages from 32 to 93. and these languages are the structoral borrowings and promote bilinpu;~lism or ~clrcxntativesof four gre;at language families, namely ~nultilingualis~nwithin changing social relationships. I'ihetcr-Burman. Indo-Ary:~n. Austro-Asiatic and For example. it is very rare to find mono-lingual Newar l)ravidi;~n. tiigether with two controversial language speakers today. Borrowings itself Inay take various isol:ltcs: B;ldi and Kusunda Tile CBS cnurnerations. f11rms. as can he seen in Table 2a and 2h whrre wc howckcr. may not he reliable as language groups are notice various fi)rrns of loan words. sucll as (i) direct Newah Vijiiana-5 Kansakar, Tej R./ The Challenges of Multi1inguism.l 1i1 irnplernent
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  • The Campaign for Justice: Press Freedom in South Asia 2013-14

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    THE CAMPAIGN FOR JUSTICE: PRESS FREEDOM IN SOUTH ASIA 2013-14 The Campaign for Justice PRESS FREEDOM IN SOUTH ASIA 2013-14 1 TWELFTH ANNUAL IFJ PRESS FREEDOM REPORT FOR SOUTH ASIA 2013-14 THE CAMPAIGN FOR JUSTICE: PRESS FREEDOM IN SOUTH ASIA 2013-14 CONTENTS THE CAMPAIGN FOR JUSTICE: PRESS FREEDOM IN SOUTH ASIA 2013-14 1. Foreword 3 Editor : Laxmi Murthy Special thanks to: 2. Overview 5 Adeel Raza Adnan Rehmat 3. South Asia’s Reign of Impunity 10 Angus Macdonald Bhupen Singh Geeta Seshu 4. Women in Journalism: Rights and Wrongs 14 Geetartha Pathak Jane Worthington 5. Afghanistan: Surviving the Killing Fields 20 Jennifer O’Brien Khairuzzaman Kamal Khpolwak Sapai 6. Bangladesh: Pressing for Accountability 24 Kinley Tshering Parul Sharma 7. Bhutan: Media at the Crossroads 30 Pradip Phanjoubam S.K. Pande Sabina Inderjit 8. India: Wage Board Victory amid Rising Insecurity 34 Saleem Samad Shiva Gaunle 9. The Maldives: The Downward Slide 45 Sujata Madhok Sukumar Muralidharan Sunanda Deshapriya 10. Nepal: Calm after the Storm 49 Sunil Jeyasekara Suvojit Bagchi 11. Pakistan: A Rollercoaster Year 55 Ujjwal Acharya Designed by: Impulsive Creations 12. Sri Lanka: Breakdown of Accountability 66 Images: Photographs are contributed by IFJ Affiliates. Special thanks to AP, AFP, Getty Images 13. Annexure: List of Media Rights Violations, May 2013 to April 2014 76 and The Hindu for their support in contributing images. Images are also accessed under a CreativeCommons Attribution Non-Commercial Licence. Cover Photo: Past students of the Sri Lanka College of Journalism hold a candlelight vigil at Victoria Park, Colombo, on the International Day May 2014 to End Impunity on November 23, 2013.