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Persifor F. Smith and the Caloosahatchee River Campaign of 1837-38

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Persifor F. Smith and the Caloosahatchee River Campaign of 1837-38 Sunland Tribune Volume 22 Article 4 1996 "All His Wants Should be Promptly Supplied": Persifor F. Smith and the Caloosahatchee River Campaign of 1837-38 Joe Knetsch Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune Recommended Citation Knetsch, Joe (1996) ""All His Wants Should be Promptly Supplied": Persifor F. Smith and the Caloosahatchee River Campaign of 1837-38," Sunland Tribune: Vol. 22 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/sunlandtribune/vol22/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sunland Tribune by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "ALL HIS WANTS SHOULD BE PROMPTLY SUPPLIED”: PERSIFOR F. SMITH AND THE CALOOSAHATCHEE RIVER CAMPAIGN OF 1837-38 By Joe Knetsch proximity to Holatoochee, will be more important upon the results of the campaign, perhaps, than those of any other commander: All his wants should be promptly supplied. The failure of his column from want of transportation, or from any other cause, would be most disastrous, and might lead to the failure of every other column.1 In Jesup's plan of operation, access to the west coast of Florida and the area approach- ing the Big Cypress Swamp had to be denied to the Seminoles and their allies. It was the job of Persifor Smith and his command to stop the Indians from reaching these desti- nations. It was a crucial role in the complex operations of the United States Army against the Indians of Florida and one that Smith was quite capable of performing to Jesup's satisfaction. Persifor F. Smith in 1848 Simon Gratz Autograph Collection, Courtesy Persifor Frazer Smith was born in Historical Society of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1798 and later graduated from the College of New Jersey Writing on December 28, 1837, the (now Princeton) in 1815. He took up the "Maligned General," Thomas Sidney Jesup study of the law while at school and moved ordered Major I. B. Brant, Quarter Master at to New Orleans in 1819. Smith quickly Tampa to take every measure possible to made his mark in the rough and tumble town keep the Louisiana Volunteers in good and rose rapidly in its politics.2 He married supply. In his order he noted: into the family of the prominent Francois Bureau, taking Bureau's daughter, Francis General Smith reports that he will have Jeanette, as his wife. He also became very eight hundred men in the field, and will active in local militia matters, rising to not have transportation for more than command of a battalion in a few short years. half his force. His operations, from his In 1834, his strong political ally, Edward Douglass White, became Louisiana's first orders for their departure back to Louisiana, Whig governor and appointed Smith to the thus ending their brief, but difficult service.5 post of adjutant general in the following year. With his political and military The performance of the Louisiana connections in place, Smith soon received volunteers under Smith's leadership was the news of the outbreak of hostilities in outstanding and widely recognized in the Florida and was in a position to come to the ranks of the regular army, something highly aid of the Territory when General Edmund unusual in a war where volunteers were P. Gaines requested such in early 1836.3 normally considered second-rate soldiers at best. In late July of the following year, Dr. Canter Brown, Jr. has recently shown Smith, again, offered to lead Louisiana's the importance of Smith's role in the 1836 volunteers into the field in Florida. This time campaign. Brown has also noted the the command of the regular army was in the difficulties that Smith encountered in raising hands of Major General Jesup, someone the first force of volunteers, including who knew about Smith's capabilities. As he getting White to help gather the funds for noted to Secretary of War Joel Poinsett: the thirty dollar per man bounty. The internal politics of this command, well Sir: I enclose a copy of a letter received documented by Brown, show the tense today from General P. E Smith, of situation in New Orleans. These included Louisiana. The general commanded a having White turn down a request by his regiment under General Scott and Gen- rival for governor, Major General John B. eral Gaines in the first campaign, not Dawson, to lead the volunteers in Florida. only with credit, but with distinction. If The governor got around the seniority of he could bring a regiment of infantry Dawson by politely noting that the call for into the field- and I have no doubt of his troops from General Gaines was for a ability to do so- the service would be colonel's command, eight companies, and as greatly benefitted. By adding to his Dawson insisted upon maintaining his rank, regiment a small body of regular troops the request was denied in favor of Smith. he would be able, with naval Soon thereafter, Persifor Smith led the co-operation, to commence his volunteers upon the perilous voyage to operations at Charlotte Harbor, or Tampa to begin their service.4 further south, and destroy or drive out the parties of Indians in the southern Smith's troops served with valor and portion of the peninsula. I consider it distinction during their tenure in Florida. of the utmost importance that a regiment They suffered many of the hardships of should be obtained from Louisiana, and army life on the frontier, including bad food, of equal importance that General Smith mosquitoes, worn out clothes and shoes and should command it.6 impossible country for campaigning. Their Peace River expedition was difficult and But, this time, the terms of the service would without many positive results, except the have to be different. As Smith noted in his exploration of about fifty-two miles of new letter of July 30, 1837, to Jesup: "The territory, before the food ran out and they regiment I commanded in 1836 left the ser- were forced to return to Charlotte Harbor. vice of the United States highly and justly The volunteers returned to Fort Brooke on discontented with it. They had served the April 25, 1836, where they were greeted by whole time faithfully; indeed, had passed it nearly two weeks, had been the whole time Persifor Smith and the Louisiana volunteers in constant activity, and when they arrived had left New Orleans, bound for Tampa. here, in rags and poverty, found not the There he was supposed to meet with five slightest preparation on the part of the companies of Philadelphia troops and units government to pay them off, of the 2nd Infantry to outfit and get supplies notwithstanding the most positive orders on for their trip to the Caloosahatchee country. the part of General Scott." The governor of The force from Louisiana was about two the state, Smith reminded Jesup, actually hundred and fifty men.11 The Philadelphia had to borrow money to pay the command. force raised was to be about five hundred The army paymaster, who was supposed to men, which, as noted earlier, meant that have reimbursed the men for expenses, was, when Smith was ready to embark from in one last bit of frustration for the Tampa, his force would number about eight volunteers, remanded to Alabama and was hundred men.12 not on hand in time to perform the required duty. Yet, Smith stated hopefully, a year had Smith's force was to be but one element in a passed since this ugly incident and it was much larger, more elaborate plan than any probable that he could raise the troops Jesup yet attempted in Florida. Jesup's plan was needed for his Florida campaign.7 very involved and set into motion as many as nine different columns at one time.13 The Two of the major reasons for Jesup's main thrust of the plan, however, involved enthusiasm for Smith's Louisiana volunteers four columns, each entering the southern were their proximity, compared to Kentucky end of the peninsula from different routes, or Tennessee, and the fact they came from driving the Indians into the center of the an area with a more similar climate.8 Everglades and isolating them from any Another factor which weighed heavily upon chance for outside assistance. Through the reasoning of Joel Poinsett was the very constant campaigning and pressure on the cumbersome arrangements necessary to food supply, Jesup hoped to end the war by properly staff a volunteer unit, especially March or April of 1838. To do this under an inexperienced commanding officer. effectively would require that his forces Smith, having proven himself an able and would be in the field by no later than willing administrator, would be able to October. This hope was not to be. As the avoid most of the petty grievances master planner stated: frequently voiced by elected volunteer leaders. Also, the expense and time spent in I had desired to commence operations on gathering a new force would be greatly the 1st of October, because, at that time, reduced with Smith in charge of the the St. John is navigable a greater operation.9 Taken altogether, Persifor Smith distance that at a later period; and I was the ideal candidate to lead a major could avail myself of more than two volunteer force when combined with regular months of the services of the Florida troops against the stubborn foe. troops, whose term of service expired in December.
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