Three Essays on Industrial Organization and Environmental

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Three Essays on Industrial Organization and Environmental THREE ESSAYS ON INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS By ZIYING YANG A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY School of Economic Sciences JULY 2017 © Copyright by ZIYING YANG, 2017 All Rights Reserved © Copyright by ZIYING YANG, 2017 All Rights Reserved To the Faculty of Washington State University: The members of the Committee appointed to examine the dissertation of ZIYING YANG find it satisfactory and recommend that it be accepted. Felix Munoz-Garcia, Ph.D., Chair Ana Espinola-Arredondo, Ph.D. Jill McCluskey, Ph.D. Jia Yan, Ph.D. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my advisor, Felix Munoz-Garcia, for his inspiration, advice and guidance. He helped me know how to be a good researcher and how to be a qualified advisor in the future. It was really nice to work with Dr. Felix Munoz-Garcia. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Ana Espinola-Arredondo, Dr. Jill McCluskey, and Dr. Jia Yan for their insightful feedback, comments, and suggestions. My dissertation was polished with their help. I am thankful to Xinlong Tan, Haowei Yu, Xiangrui Wang, and Sunny. Thanks for their time to discuss my ideas, listen to my presentation, and to provide valuable suggestions for my research. It is worth to note that Jaimie Dahl, Tom Dahl, Rich Hoeft, Karla Makus, and other staff in the School of Economic Sciences provided me with great help during my Ph.D. program. For this, I am deeply grateful. I would also like to thank my friends in Pullman. Without them, I couldn't have such a great time in the past four years at Pullman. Most importantly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my wife, Shuhong Zhang, for her sacrifice and encouragement. I owe much of my achievements during my Ph.D. studies to her. Without her, I couldn't get my Ph.D. program done. I acknowledge the support and understanding of my parents, Shengding Yang and Lanxiang Ye, my sister, Zijiao Yang, and my brother, Helin Yang. iii THREE ESSAYS ON INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Abstract by Ziying Yang, Ph.D. Washington State University July 2017 Chair: Felix Munoz-Garcia This dissertation consists of three papers on industrial organization and environmental economics. The first paper analyzes a two-stage sequential-move model of location and pricing to identify firm’s location, output, and welfare. We consider two pricing regimes (mill pricing and spatial price discrimination) and, unlike previous literature, allow in each of them for a non-uniform population density, non-constant location costs (i.e., the setup costs, such rental costs and land prices, differ by firm’s location), and endogenous market boundaries. Under non-constant location costs, we find that welfare is higher (lower) under mill than under discriminatory pricing when transportation rates are low (high, respectively). The second paper investigates the effect of Beijing's vehicle lottery system on fleet com- position, fuel consumption, air pollution, and social welfare. We find that the lottery reduced new passenger vehicle sales by 50.15%, fuel consumption by 48.69%, and pollutant emissions by 48.69% in 2012. Also, such lottery shifted new auto purchases towards high-end but less fuel efficient vehicles. In our counterfactual analysis, we show that a progressive tax scheme works better than the lottery system at decreasing fuel consumption and air pollution, and leads to a higher fleet fuel efficiency and less welfare loss. iv The third paper investigates the effectiveness and welfare consequences of (i) vehicle and vessel usage tax (VVUT) incentives, (ii) fuel-efficient vehicle subsidy program, and (iii) new- energy vehicle (NEV) private purchase subsidy pilot program. The empirical findings suggest that these policies promote the diffusion of fuel-efficient vehicles and NEVs, and improve fleet fuel efficiency. However, VVUT incentives and fuel-efficient vehicle subsidy program increases oil consumption and CO2 emissions. Although NEV private purchase subsidy pilot program cuts down gas consumption, it raises CO2 emissions. VVUT incentives and fuel- efficient vehicle subsidy program improve social welfare, while NEV private purchase subsidy pilot program causes welfare loss. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iii ABSTRACT...................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES . .x LIST OF FIGURES . xii 1. Can Banning Spatial Price Discrimination Improve Social Welfare? . .1 1.1 Introduction . .1 1.2 Model ....................................................................6 1.3 Second stage: Pricing decisions . .8 1.3.1 Mill pricing . .8 1.3.2 Discriminatory pricing . 10 1.4 First stage: location decisions . 12 1.4.1 Equilibrium results . 12 1.4.2 Numerical simulation. 18 1.4.3 Effects of banning spatial price discrimination . 23 1.5 Conclusions . 24 2. The Effects of Beijing's Vehicle Lottery System on Fleet Composition and En- vironment . 27 2.1 Introduction . 27 2.2 Industry Background, Policy and Data Description . 33 2.2.1 Industry Background . 33 2.2.2 Policy Description. 34 vi 2.2.3 Data. 37 Data Description . 37 Stylized Facts . 42 2.3 Empirical Model and Estimation . 44 2.3.1 Utility Function Specification. 44 2.3.2 Choice Probability and Aggregate Demand . 47 2.3.3 Identification and Estimation . 47 2.4 Estimation Results . 50 2.4.1 Parameter Estimates from the Structural Demand Model . 50 2.4.2 Robustness Checks . 53 2.4.3 Impact on New Vehicle Registration . 54 2.5 Counterfactual Analysis . 56 2.5.1 Impact on Fleet Composition . 57 2.5.2 Impacts on Gasoline Consumption and Pollutant Emissions . 61 2.5.3 Welfare Analysis . 66 2.5.4 Alternative Policies and Comparisons . 68 2.6 Conclusion. 70 3. Welfare Analysis of Government Incentives for Fuel Efficient Vehicles and New Energy Vehicles in China. 73 3.1 Introduction . 74 3.2 Policy and Data Description . 78 3.2.1 Policy Description. 78 vehicle and vessel usage tax Incentives . 78 vii Fuel-efficient Vehicle Subsidy Program . 80 NEV Private Purchase Subsidy Pilot Program . 82 3.2.2 Data. 84 3.3 Empirical Model and Estimation . 88 3.3.1 Utility Function Specification. 88 3.3.2 Market Share and Aggregate Demand . 91 3.3.3 Identification Method . 92 3.3.4 Instruments . 94 3.4 Estimation Results . 95 3.4.1 Parameter Estimates from the Structural Demand Model . 95 3.4.2 Alternative Specifications . 98 3.4.3 Elasticities . 100 3.5 Counterfactual Analysis . 102 3.5.1 Car Sales . 103 3.5.2 Gas Consumption and CO2 Emissions . 107 3.5.3 Welfare Analysis . 110 3.5.4 Government Support versus Gasoline Tax Comparisons . 113 3.6 Conclusion. 114 APPENDIX . 116 A. Proof of Lemma 1. 116 B. Proof of Lemma 2. 117 C. Proof of Proposition 1 . 118 D. Comparison of equilibrium outcomes in Case 3. ..
Recommended publications
  • Deals on Wheels Great Wall’S Haval H2 Has Been Met with Strong Demand Domestic Brands Attempt Turnaround One Trend We Didn’T Forecast
    CHINA Deals on Wheels Great Wall’s Haval H2 has been met with strong demand Domestic brands attempt turnaround One trend we didn’t forecast . Two trends we forecast at the outset of 2013 – strong demand for premium cars and SUVs – have played out as expected. One we did not identify has been the implosion in market share of the domestic brands. This month we take a closer look at who has been winning and losing market share among the domestic brands and by model and the impact on discounting. Our proprietary dealer survey shows that while the domestic OEMs have selectively cut prices on some models, discounting has not escalated. Hopeful of new models reversing the trend Source: Macquarie Research, August 2014 . All four domestic brands in our survey – Great Wall, Geely, BYD and Chery – have lost share this year, with Geely and BYD suffering the biggest losses. Great Wall and Geely are both looking for better performance in 2H helped by Inside new models. We see Great Wall as the best positioned as its new models are focused on the popular SUV segment, which is likely to continue to out-pace Domestic brands attempt turnaround 2 the market. There is no evidence of any discounting on the Haval H2 across JV brands – discounts jump 9 the 14 cities in our survey, with a waiting list of up to 4 months. The Haval H6 Premium brands –intensifying continues to sell well with an average discount of just 0.1%. competition 17 Discounts expand for JV brands Model types – SUV premiums fading 21 .
    [Show full text]
  • Auto Pricelist 2020 3 16 Hyundai, Suzuki, Mazda, MG And
    BRAND: TOYOTA PRICE TOYOTA ALPHARD 3.5L GAS A/T 3,740,000.00 TOYOTA ALPHARD 3.5L GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 3,755,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6E GAS M/T 999,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6G GAS A/T MC 1,115,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6G GAS M/T MC 1,045,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6V GAS A/T MC 1,185,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6V GAS A/T MC (WHITE PEARL) 1,200,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.8V HV CVT 1,580,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 2.0V GAS A/T 1,477,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 2.0V GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 1,492,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.3E GAS A/T 919,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.3E GAS M/T 876,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.3J GAS M/T 743,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.5G GAS A/T 1,012,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.5G GAS M/T 969,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.5G VELOZ A/T 1,077,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5G GAS A/T 1,806,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5G GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 1,821,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5S GAS A/T 1,855,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5S GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 1,870,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5V GAS A/T 1,992,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5V GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 2,007,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 3.5Q V6 GAS A/T 2,175,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 3.5Q V6 GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 2,190,000.00 TOYOTA COASTER 29-SEATER DSL M/T 3,618,000.00 TOYOTA FJ CRUISER 4.0L V6 GAS 4X4 A/T 2,083,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4 DSL A/T TRD 1,831,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4 DSL A/T TRD (WHITE PEARL) 1,846,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4G 4X2 DSL A/T 1,723,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4G 4X2 DSL M/T 1,633,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4V 4X2 DSL A/T 1,947,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4V 4X2 DSL A/T (WHITE PEARL) 1,962,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.7G GAS 4X2 A/T 1,638,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.8V 4X4 DSL A/T 2,286,000.00
    [Show full text]
  • Auto Pricelist 2020 3 11 Kia, Mazda, Jac, Peugeot and Mitsubishi
    BRAND: TOYOTA PRICE TOYOTA ALPHARD 3.5L GAS A/T 3,740,000.00 TOYOTA ALPHARD 3.5L GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 3,755,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6E GAS M/T 999,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6G GAS A/T MC 1,115,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6G GAS M/T MC 1,045,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6V GAS A/T MC 1,185,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.6V GAS A/T MC (WHITE PEARL) 1,200,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 1.8V HV CVT 1,580,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 2.0V GAS A/T 1,477,000.00 TOYOTA ALTIS 2.0V GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 1,492,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.3E GAS A/T 919,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.3E GAS M/T 876,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.3J GAS M/T 743,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.5G GAS A/T 1,012,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.5G GAS M/T 969,000.00 TOYOTA AVANZA 1.5G VELOZ A/T 1,077,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5G GAS A/T 1,806,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5G GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 1,821,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5S GAS A/T 1,855,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5S GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 1,870,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5V GAS A/T 1,992,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 2.5V GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 2,007,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 3.5Q V6 GAS A/T 2,175,000.00 TOYOTA CAMRY 3.5Q V6 GAS A/T (WHITE PEARL) 2,190,000.00 TOYOTA COASTER 29-SEATER DSL M/T 3,618,000.00 TOYOTA FJ CRUISER 4.0L V6 GAS 4X4 A/T 2,083,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4 DSL A/T TRD 1,831,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4 DSL A/T TRD (WHITE PEARL) 1,846,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4G 4X2 DSL A/T 1,723,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4G 4X2 DSL M/T 1,633,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4V 4X2 DSL A/T 1,947,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.4V 4X2 DSL A/T (WHITE PEARL) 1,962,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.7G GAS 4X2 A/T 1,638,000.00 TOYOTA FORTUNER 2.8V 4X4 DSL A/T 2,286,000.00
    [Show full text]
  • Support List : for Instrument Series Brand Model Year/Chip
    Support list : For instrument Series Brand Model Year/Chip Single chip DongFeng 81118(1;570) ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng 90318(1;570) ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng 90408(1;615) ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng 90820(1;570) ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng 90923(1;570) ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng 91007(1;615) ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng 100123(1;570) ATMEGA16 instrument Single chip DongFeng 100305(1;495) ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng 100512(1;495) ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng P100719 ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng P110303 ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng P3820070(1;615) ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng XTD70802 ATMEGA16 instrument Single chip DongFeng XTD70808 ATMEGA16 instrument Single chip DongFeng XTD70830 ATMEGA16 instrument Single chip DongFeng XTD71028 ATMEGA16 instrument Single chip DongFeng XTD71105 ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng XTD80516 ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng XTD90818 ATMEGA32 V1 instrument Single chip DongFeng XTD91126 ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip DongFeng XTD120814 ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip FOTON Auman ATMEGA32 instrument Single chip FuDi ZB157J1D1 ATMEGA16 instrument Single chip HaFei Zhongyi ATMEGA169 instrument Single chip Geely ZB156A ATMEGA169 V1 instrument Single chip Geely ZB127LS ATMEGA169 V1 instrument Single chip Geely ZB137LZ ATMEGA169 instrument Single chip Geely ZB118TYJ ATMEGA16 instrument Single chip Geely ZB106 ATMEGA16 instrument Single chip Geely ZB118 ATMEGA16
    [Show full text]
  • 长安汽车a (000625.Sz) 2014 年一季度业绩强劲:销量增长/产品周期
    2014 年 4 月 14 日 公司最新消息 长安汽车 A (000625.SZ) 买入 证券研究报告 2014 年一季度业绩强劲:销量增长/产品周期依然强劲;买入 最新事件 投资摘要 长安汽车于 4 月 10 日发布了 2014 年一季度盈利预告,预计实现净利润人民币 低 高 18.5 亿至 20.5 亿元,较高华预测高 8%-20%,主要受到长安自主品牌销量强劲 增长 回报* 增长以及长安福特投资收益上升的推动。据 ChinaAutoMarket,长安汽车 3 月份 估值倍数 销量同比增长 39.7%,高于整体乘用车市场 13.6%的增速。长安福特销量同比增 波动性 长 29.7%,受到其翼虎/翼搏/新蒙迪欧/新福克斯车型销售持续强劲的支撑。长安 百分位 20th 40th 60th 80th 100th 自主品牌同比增长 65.7%,高于自主品牌汽车整体 9.2%的平均增速,得益于逸 长安汽车 (A) (000625.SZ) 动/CS35/悦翔 V3 的销售强劲。 亚太汽车及其零部件行业平均水平 * 回报 - 资本回报率 投资摘要指标的全面描述请参见本 报告的信息披露部分。 潜在影响 我们认为合资品牌/自主品牌的产品周期可能依然强劲,原因在于 2014-2015 年 主要数据当前 新车型/换代车型不断上市:新一代马自达 3 于 4 月上市,福特紧凑型轿车 Escort 股价(Rmb) 10.84 12个月目标价格(Rmb) 13.24 于 2014 年二季度上市,中型 SUV 锐界于 2014 年四季度上市,大型轿车 Taurus 200625.SZ 股价(HK$) 13.97 200625.SZ 12个月目标价格(HK$) 15.14 于 2015 年上半年上市,林肯轿车于 2016 年上市,DS4 三厢于 2014 年上市, 市值(Rmb mn / US$ mn) 45,541.5 / 7,332.0 DS SUV 于 2014 年上市,长安自主品牌紧凑型 SUV CS75 于 2014 年二季度上 外资持股比例(%) -- 12/13 12/14E 12/15E 12/16E 市,新奔奔于 2014 年下半年上市,新悦翔于 2014 年 10 月/11 月上市。我们将 每股盈利(Rmb) 新 0.75 1.25 1.56 1.82 每股盈利调整幅度(%) (3.0) 3.5 4.8 4.8 长安汽车 2014-16 年每股盈利预测上调了 4%/5%/5%,以体现强劲的产品周期令 每股盈利增长(%) 142.4 67.3 24.8 16.8 每股摊薄盈利(Rmb) 新 0.75 1.25 1.56 1.82 合资品牌/自主品牌利润率强于预期。 市盈率(X) 13.4 8.7 7.0 6.0 市净率(X) 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.5 EV/EBITDA(X) 99.9 60.6 48.3 41.4 股息收益率(%) 1.2 2.3 3.6 5.0 估值 净资产回报率(%) 20.6 28.2 28.3 27.0 根据调高的预测,我们将基于市净率-净资产回报率的 12 个月目标价格上调至人 CROCI(%) 22.4 23.6 24.7 25.0 民币 13.24 元/15.14 港元(原为人民币 12.72 元/14.69 港元),基于 2.69 倍 股价走势图 /2.43 倍的 2014 年预期市净率和 27.8%的 2014-16 年预期净资产回报率均值(原 13.0 3,000 为 2.59 倍/2.34 倍,26.9%),隐含 22.1%/8.4%的上行空间。长安 A 股价对应的 12.5 2,900 12.0 2,800 2014 年预期市盈率为
    [Show full text]
  • The Lithium Ion Battery and the EV Market: the Science Behind What You Can’T See
    The Lithium Ion Battery and the EV Market: The Science Behind What You Can’t See February 2018 Kimberly Berman Jared Dziuba, CFA Colin Hamilton Special Projects Analyst Oil & Gas Analyst Global Commodities Analyst BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc. BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc. BMO Capital Markets Limited [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (416) 359-5611 (403) 515-3672 +44 (0)20 7664 8172 Richard Carlson, CFA Joel Jackson, P.Eng., CFA Peter Sklar, CPA, CA Autos/Mobility Equipment & Technology Analyst Fertilizers & Chemicals Analyst Auto Parts & Retailing/Consumer Analyst BMO Capital Markets Corp. BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc. BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (212) 883-5141 (416) 359-4250 (416) 359-5188 This report was prepared in part by analysts employed by a Canadian affiliate, BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc., and a UK affiliate, BMO Capital Markets Limited, authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority in the UK, and who are not registered as research analysts under FINRA rules. For disclosure statements, including the Analyst’s Certification, please refer to the back of this report. 17:00 ET~ Contributors KIMBERLY BERMAN JARED DZIUBA, CFA COLIN HAMILTON Special Projects Analyst Oil & Gas Analyst Global Commodities Analyst BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc. BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc. BMO Capital Markets Limited [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (416) 359-5611 (403) 515-3672 +44 (0)20 7664 8172 RICHARD CARLSON, CFA JOEL JacKSON, P.ENG., CFA PETER SKLAR, CPA, CA Autos/Mobility Equipment & Technology Analyst Fertilizers & Chemicals Analyst Auto Parts & Retailing/Consumer Analyst BMO Capital Markets Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • 3D Cars Models Catalogue (On September 30, 2021)
    3D cars models catalogue (on September 30, 2021) Abarth 001 Abarth 205a Vignale berlinetta 1950 AC Shelby Cobra 001 AC Shelby Cobra 427 1965 002 AC Shelby Cobra 289 roadster 1966 003 Shelby Cobra Daytona 1964 004 AC 3000ME 1979 Acura 001 Acura TL 2012 001 ATS GT 2021 002 Acura MDX 2011 003 Acura ZDX 2012 004 Acura NSX 2012 005 Acura RDX 2013 006 Acura RL 2012 007 Acura NSX convertible 2012 008 Acura ILX 2013 009 Acura RLX 2013 010 Acura MDX Concept 2014 011 Acura RSX Type-S 2005 012 Acura TLX Concept 2015 013 Acura Integra 1990 014 Acura MDX 2003 015 Acura Vigor 1991 016 Acura TLX 2014 017 Acura ILX (DE) 2016 018 Acura TL 2007 019 Acura Integra coupe 1991 020 Acura NSX 2016 021 Acura Precision 2016 022 Acura CDX 2016 023 Acura NSX EV 2016 024 Acura TLX A-Spec 2017 025 Acura MDX Sport Hybrid 2017 026 Acura RLX Sport Hybrid SH-AWD 2017 027 Acura MDX Sport Hybrid with HQ interior 2017 028 Acura RLX Sport Hybrid SH-AWD with HQ interior 2017 029 Acura RDX Prototype 2018 030 Acura ILX A-spec 2019 031 Acura MDX 2014 032 Acura MDX RU-spec 2014 033 Acura RDX RU-spec 2014 034 Acura Type-S 2019 035 Acura NSX 1990 036 Acura RDX A-spec 2019 037 Acura ARX-05 DPi 2018 038 Acura RDX 2006 039 Acura MDX A-Spec 2018 040 Acura TLX Type S 2020 041 Acura TLX A-Spec 2020 042 Acura MDX A-Spec US-spec 2021 AD Tramontana 001 AD Tramontana C 2007 Adler 001 Adler Trumpf Junior Sport Roadster 1935 AEC 001 AEC Routemaster RM 1954 002 AEC Routemaster RMC 1954 Aermacchi 001 Aermacchi Chimera 1957 Aeromobil 001 Aeromobil 3.0 2014 Agrale 001 Agrale 10000 Chassis Truck
    [Show full text]
  • China Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Development Annual Report 2016
    China Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Development Annual Report 2016 The Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation September, 2016 Acknowledgements We wish to thank the Energy Foundation for providing us with the financial support required for the execution of this report and subsequent research work. We would also like to express our sincere thanks for the valuable advice and recommendations provided by distinguished experts and colleagues. Report Title China Passenger Vehicle Fuel Consumption Development Annual Report 2016 Report Date September 2016 Authors Liping Kang, Lanzhi Qin, Maya Ben Dror, Feng An The Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation (iCET) Phone: +86.10.65857324 | Fax: +86.10.65857394 Email: [email protected] | Website: www.icet.org.cn -1- Executive Summary One of the main drivers of the national increase of oil consumption, greenhouse gases, and pollutant emissions is the rapid growth of passenger vehicles ownership in China over the past decade. International experience demonstrates that fuel economy standards are one of the most effective policy instruments for improving vehicle fuel efficiency, promoting technological development, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. China started implementing fuel economy standards in July 2005. Since then, the policy has expanded the original by-vehicle weight-group fuel consumption limitation standard to also include by-vehicle weight-group fuel consumption targets, corporate average fuel consumption targets, also known as CAFC, and imported vehicles inclusion (as of Phase III, since 2012). The Innovation Center for Energy and Transportation (iCET), the only domestic non-governmental organization to participate in the development of China’s passenger car fuel consumption standards, continues to track and analyze the implementation of these standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Byd Service Manual
    Byd Service Manual For better use and maintenance of BYD F0 AUTO, please do read this manual carefully. BYD F0 adopts electrical fuel injection (EFI) engine. The wiring harness. Motor Capacity: 1500 CC (240 hp/1750-3500 rpm), Fuel Type: Petrol (Unleaded), Body Type: Sedan (4 doors), Gearbox Type: Manual (5 Speed MT), CO2. To help you use and maintain your BYD AUTO, please read the Instruction Manual carefully. If you have any doubts about the instructions, please contact. Gearbox 6-gear manual transmission VW Golf V 1K 2.0 GTI JQN BYD 230 HP defective in eBay Motors, Parts & Accessories, Car & Truck Parts / eBay. View and Download BYD F3/F3R owner's manual online. Automobile BYD L3 AUTO Owner's Manual. Byd car 1 79 Section 7 Do-It-Yourself Maintenance. The accident happened just one month after BYD e6 taxi service was An AMT (automated manual transmission) was spotted on a test car, adding. Byd Service Manual Read/Download The F5 from BYD Philippines is an elegant compact sedan with the proprietary nor to manual transmissions, while virtually eliminating any interruptions. BYD ebus, designed for driver and passenger comfort with low noise and zero 24-hour service support is provided by a team of highly skilled engineers. Preface Thank you for choosing BYD G3AUTO. For better use and maintenance of your BYD G3, please do read this manual carefully. BYD G3 adopts electrical. Owners Manual To Byd F3/f3-r Byd Auto Co. Ltd. Download document Owner#39,s Manual to BYD F3/F3-R BYD Auto Co.
    [Show full text]