Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2000
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin July 2001, NCJ 187231 Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2000 By Brian A. Reaves, Ph.D. and Timothy C. Hart Highlights BJS Statisticians Number As of June 2000, Federal agencies of officers, 2000 employed more than 88,000 full-time Drug Enforcement Administration 4,161 personnel authorized to make arrests Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms 1,967 and carry firearms, according to a U.S. Secret Service 4,039 survey conducted by the Bureau of Federal Bureau of Prisons Justice Statistics (BJS). Compared 13,557 with June 1998, employment of such Immigration and Naturalization Service 17,654 personnel increased by about 5%. Federal Bureau of Investigation 11,523 U.S. Marshals Service 2,735 The BJS count of Federal law enforce- U.S. Customs Service 10,522 ment officers includes personnel with U.S. Postal Inspection Service 3,412 Federal arrest authority who were also Internal Revenue Service 2,726 authorized (but not necessarily required) -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% to carry firearms in the performance of Percent change in the number of Federal officers their official duties. Nearly all Federal with arrest and firearm authority, 1998-2000 officers are armed while on duty; Federal Bureau of Prisons correctional • Duties for Federal officers included $ Twenty-one States and the District officers are the largest group who do criminal investigation (41%), police of Columbia had more than 1,000 full- not carry firearms during normal duty. response and patrol (19%), corrections time Federal officers. Texas (12,225) (18%), noncriminal investigation and and California (12,074) had the largest All counts include both nonsupervisory inspection (13%), court operations number. New Hampshire (84) and and supervisory personnel. They (4%), and security and protection (3%). Delaware (104) had the fewest. exclude officers in the U.S. Armed • About three-fifths of Federal officers • Nationwide, there were 31 Federal Forces and those serving in U.S. Terri- were employed by the INS (17,654), officers per 100,000 residents. tories or foreign countries. Federal Bureau of Prisons (13,557), FBI Outside the District of Columbia, agencies reported employing about (11,523), and U.S. Customs Service which had 1,397 per 100,000, State 1,200 officers in U.S. Territories as of (10,522). Nine other agencies ratios ranged from 76 per 100,000 June 2000. Data on Federal officers employed at least 1,000 officers. in Arizona to 7 per 100,000 in Iowa stationed in foreign countries were not and New Hampshire. obtained. • Among major employers, the INS (1,102), Bureau of Prisons (970), and • Women accounted for 14.4% of The 69 agencies included in the survey DEA (856) had the largest increases Federal officers in 2000. Minority employed about 72,000 additional full- in number of officers from 1998 to representation was 30.5% in 2000, time support personnel and had a 2000. The largest percentage increases up from 29.2% in 1998. Hispanic combined annual budget for fiscal 2000 were at the DEA (26%), ATF (14%), or Latino officers comprised 15.2% of approximately $18 billion. and Secret Service (13%). of officers in 2000, and African American or black officers, 11.7%. In response to the BJS survey, Federal Primary function of full-time Federal officers agencies classified their personnel with with arrest and firearm authority, June 2000 arrest and firearm authority into one of six categories according to their Criminal investigation primary area of duty. (See page 15 for the category definitions.) The largest Police response and patrol number, about 36,000, performed Corrections duties related to criminal investigation Noncriminal investigation and enforcement (41%) (figure 1). Court operations The next largest categories were police Security and protection response and patrol with about 17,000 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% officers (19%), and corrections with about Percent of Federal officers 16,000 (18%). About 12,000 Federal Figure 1 officers performed duties related to noncriminal investigation and inspec- About half of INS officers worked for ports of entry. These officers were all tion (13%). Smaller numbers performed the U.S. Border Patrol. These 8,819 classified under the noncriminal investi- duties related to court operations (4%), officers accounted for 53% of all gation and inspection category. or security and protection (3%). Federal officers in the police response and patrol category. The Border Patrol, The INS operates three Interior Major employers of Federal officers the mobile uniformed branch of the Enforcement Units C the Investiga- INS, is responsible for the detection tions, Intelligence, and Deportation and Department of Justice agencies and prevention of smuggling and illegal Detention Divisions. These Divisions entry of aliens into the country, with employed 2,255 criminal investigators Four of the five largest employers of primary responsibility between the ports and immigration agents responsible for Federal officers were within the of entry. Border Patrol officers work investigating crimes under INS jurisdic- Department of Justice. The largest along, and in the vicinity of, the 8,000 tion, and 2,518 officers performing employer of Federal officers with arrest miles of U.S. boundaries. corrections-related duties related to and firearm authority, the Immigration detention and deportation. and Naturalization Service (INS), had The Border Patrol is one of two Border 17,654 such personnel in the United Management Units within the INS. The As of June 2000, the Federal Bureau of States as of June 2000 (table 1). The other is the Inspections Branch, which Prisons (BOP), was the second largest INS enforcement operations budget for employed 4,062 immigration inspec- employer of Federal officers, with 13,557 fiscal 2000 was about $2.8 billion. tors with arrest and firearm authority at correctional officers maintaining the security of BOP institutions and the Table 1. Federal agencies employing 500 or more full-time officers 124,000 inmates in custody. BOP with authority to carry firearms and make arrests, June 2000 correctional officers comprised 84% of Full-time employees the Federal officers in the corrections Officers with arrest Support category. Their daily duties include Agency and firearm authority personnel supervision of inmates, conducting Immigration and Naturalization Service 17,654 11,377 searches for contraband, and respond- Federal Bureau of Prisons 13,557 18,364 ing to emergencies and disturbances.1 Federal Bureau of Investigation 11,523 16,230 BOP reported a fiscal 2000 budget of U.S. Customs Service 10,522 8,210 approximately $3.1 billion. Drug Enforcement Administration 4,161 4,052 U.S. Secret Service 4,039 1,274 The third largest Justice Department Administrative Office of the U.S. Courtsa 3,599 -- U.S. Postal Inspection Service 3,412 811 employer of Federal officers was the U.S. Marshals Service 2,735 1,492 FBI, which had 11,523 full-time person- Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Investigation Division 2,726 950 nel with arrest and firearm authority. National Park Serviceb 2,188 843 Nearly all were FBI special agents, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms 1,967 2,545 responsible for criminal investigation U.S. Capitol Police 1,199 164 and enforcement. The FBI, with a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Law Enforcement 888 142 fiscal 2000 budget of $3.3 billion, has General Services Administration, Federal Protective Service 803 412 investigative jurisdiction over more Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Diplomatic Security Service 617 338 USDA Forest Service, Law Enforcement & Investigations 586 610 than 200 categories of Federal crimes Note: Table excludes employees based in U.S. territories or foreign countries. 1The BJS survey limited the BOP count to full- --Data were not provided by the agency. time correctional officers, and others with direct aIncludes all Federal probation officers employed in Federal judicial districts responsibility for dealing with inmates such as that allow officers to carry firearms. correctional counselors and captains. BOP bNational Park Service total includes 1,544 Park Rangers commissioned as law provides most of its other employees with arrest enforcement officers and 644 U.S. Park Police officers. and firearm authority so that they can respond to emergencies and disturbances as needed. 2 Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2000 including bank fraud, embezzlement, 7,729 inspectors and 2,779 criminal These officers provide protection for the kidnaping, and civil rights violations. It investigators. Customs Service officers White House complex and other Presi- also has concurrent jurisdiction with the interdict and seize contraband entering dential offices, the Main Treasury Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) the United States, process persons Building and Annex, the President and over drug offenses under the Controlled (1.3 million daily), vehicles, and items Vice President and their immediate Substances Act. at more than 300 U.S. ports of entry, families, and foreign diplomatic missions. and administer certain navigational laws. The DEA, the fourth largest Justice The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) was Department employer of Federal officers, As the Nation’s primary border interdic- the third largest Treasury Department had 4,161 employees authorized to tion agency, the Customs Service employer of officers with arrest and make arrests and carry firearms as of maintains an extensive air, land, and firearm authority, with 2,726 such per- June 2000. DEA special agents inves- marine interdiction force as well as an sonnel. All were special agents within tigate major narcotics violators, enforce investigations component supported by the Criminal Investigation Division, the regulations governing the manufacture it own intelligence branch. The Customs law enforcement arm of the IRS charged and dispensing of controlled substances, Service has investigative responsibilities with enforcing the Nation’s tax laws. and perform other functions to prevent covering more than 400 laws related to Its fiscal 2000 budget was about $438 and control drug trafficking.