Archaeological Notes on Some Harbours in Eastern Scotland 201

Archaeological Note somn so e Harbour Eastern si n Scotland by Angus Graham

The purpose of this paper is to record and discuss the remains of a series of old harbours. archaeologican a s i t I l exercise historicad an , l matte onls i r t servei y s introducea o r st fa o s n di explai r illustratno e structureseth survee Th . y cover coast-line sth e from Burnmoute th o ht Perthshire-Angus boundary, and was carried out between 1966 and 1968. Subjects in all states of preservation have been included, together with ferry-terminal certaid san n unimproved landings which were never developed as havens, but no attempt has been made to deal with the technically advanced workindustriae th f so l period harboure Th . describee sar alphabetican di l orderd an , a list arranged in topographical order, to correspond with the map (fig. 1), is given at Appendix A. Plans, where given, are sketches adapted from Ordnance Survey maps. The plates represent a selection from abou hundrea t twentd dan y photographs lodgew no , d wit Nationae hth l Monu- ments Record of Scotland. The descriptions are preceded by an Introduction summarising the resultsurveye th f so , with observation somn so e point f interestso . Abbreviated title f somso e source t commonlsno y quote expandee dar Appendidn i . xC wisI recorho t . indebtednesDobiey R d m . M , r C.B.E.M l stagee o st helr al th ,fo f n p i so work; to Miss A. Young and the staff of the National Library Map Room; to Mr R. G. Cant, Mr J. di Folco, Miss J. Gordon, Mr J. Howdle, Dr M. Pyke, Dr J. S. Richardson, Mr B. C. Skinner, Mr D. A. Stevenson, and to all local informants not mentioned in the articles

INTRODUCTION Origins and functions The sites included in this study number no less than a hundred and twenty-five, and this figure, like the pattern of distribution (fig. 1), reflects the operation of many diverse causes over a period of several centuries. Some of these causes have worked at all periods alike, and among these the most important probably has been the wealth of the local fisheries - particularly, until recent years vere th ,y large catche herringf o s fisheriee Th . s constantly figur locan ei l history, from legendary times, when fish were believed to have helped St Kentigern's mother in the course r miraculouohe f s voyages, unti latels a l 1965s ya , when Eyemouth harbou reorganises wa r n di the fishing interest. Again, harbours on these coasts were placed conveniently for contact with the eastern English and northern Continental ports, a fact of great importance for the trade of the Royal Burghs, whatevef o r 1o r mercantile communities preceded the mearlien i - r an dayst Ye . other permanent reason for the multiplication of harbours was the generally poor condition of the roads, which naturally told in favour of the transport of goods by sea. As recently as 1837, for Royae th lis 1f A o tl Burgh aree th gives ai n s i Appendi n ni . xB 200 GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND 201

harboursf o p Ma FIG. .1 .

example, the 'pows' in the Carse of Gowrie were said to form 'the small harbours by which the commerce of the district is carried on'.1 The small size and comparative cheapness of ships, and the relative simplicity of their repair, must have simplified the business of sea-faring, while the fact that navigatio taughs nwa Torryburn i t n village schoo 1793n i l illustrate importance th s f eo seamanshi typicaa o pt l community addition I . suco nt h general 2causes neee th f expor, do t facilitie r coalfo s , salt, limestone, preserved fis r surpluo h s agricultural producee calleth r dfo building of harbours at the places individually concerned; and ferries, with regular terminals, naturally were required on the Firths of Forth and Tay. It is interesting to recall that the bridging of the Tay at Perth in 1771 noticeably diminished the volume of traffic on the ferry between Ferryport-on-Craig and Broughty.3 Dating earliese Th t harbour aree th a n si wer e presumably those whic Romane hth s must have formedperioe on r anothert do a , supporo t , t field-armie r garrisonso s t aparbu ; t from some

1 NSA, x, 371. 3 ibid., 457. The date is given as 1766, but see Anony- ' Stat. Acer., vm, 452. mous, Memorabilia of the City of Perth (1806), 17. 202 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 possible traces of a breakwater at Wardie,1 and a doubtful record of a 'mole' at Cramond, evidenc Romaf eo n harbour-work totalls i y lacking sizobviou e d vien th eI an . f wo s importance of the establishments at Inveresk it is clear that a harbour must have been associated with them; much the same could no doubt be said of Carpow, and Perth could have served usefully as a beach- head in Agricola's northern operations. However, any such ports naturally went out of use with Romae th f o nd occupationen e th consequentld an , y provid materiao en presene th r lfo t study. In the Dark Age, however, if the distinction between ports and harbours is temporarily dropped, something of the existing system begins to emerge. Two important strongholds, Din Eidyn and Giudi, were conveniently close, respectively, to the mouth of the Water of Leith and to riverside berths corresponding with Stirling harbour; Watson's Din Bar, if it occupied the suggestive hill- top site of Knockenhair, would have stood only half a mile from what was later the port of Belhaven; whil distance eth Clatchard'f eo 2 s Crai Lindoregf o for w t froPo se mwoulth d have been approximatel samee yth . Further Dar evidence kAg probably ema t S Life f seee th yo e b n ni Kentigern, which make saint'e sth s mother sail fro mputativa e Belhave land t nCulrossan da , the inference being that when this legend was first put on paper, in the eleventh or possibly as early as the ninth century, these places were already known as ports. Early Christian St Andrews, again, overlooked a natural harbour in the mouth of the Kinness Burn. When regular records begin, in the twelfth century, we hear of ten ports or landings, and to these four are added in the thirteenth and a further seven in the fourteenth century. In the fifteenth century no new 3 names appear befor eresule Middl e th 1491th thatt s f i t o bu ,e , d Agesbeforen t e leasa ,th e t twenty ports or regular landings have found their way into the records. Surprisingly, neither Allo Burntislanr ano mentionedds i theit ,bu r absence fro liste mth , like tha somf o t e less naturally attractive sites, may be due simply to the records' own defects. In the succeeding phases the list lengthens notably, with twenty-two fresh names appearing between 1491 and 1596 and a further twenty in the course of the seventeenth century. The real increase, however, may be less than it seems, in view of the improvement in the quality and volume of the records; but that the ports were being improved at this time is corroborated by other evidence sixteente r exampleth Fo .n i s i h t ,i centur y tha begie tw heao nt 'bulwarks'f ro , evidently breakwaters protecting or partially enclosing a beach or tidal anchorage; while the frequent references to 'decayit' harbours imply the existence of built structures constantly liable to damage. James IV's harbou t Newhavena r , Petwortshowe th y nb h House pla havo nt e consisteo tw f do piers projecting fro open ma n shore-line earln a s yi , sixteenth-century example charted an , r o r other reliable evidenc constructioew existne r sfo fifteet na n sites between 1526 (Morison's Haven) aboud an t 1650 (Methil), with less definite information abou moreo ttw , Elie (1582 Cockenzid )an e (1630). This appears, in fact, to be the stage in the ports' evolution in which they assume the qualit regulaf yo r harbours thid san , poin importans ti wore th f dti 'port' (portus),e uses th a n di earlier documents, is not to prove misleading. For example, Pittenweem was described as a 'portus maris' in 1228, but only obtained the right to build a harbour in 1541; consequently, at earlier dates ships and fishing-boats must have worked off a beach or in and out of inlets among rocks. Fishing was probably one of the principal reasons for these developments, and is likely to have underpinned most other maritime activities. Anothe rdoubo facton increasine s th t wa r g trade, includin overseae gth s Royatradee th f o ,l Burghs, theid an r influenc probabls ewa - yim portan eightees ta arethosf e no th a en weri e actual seaports, 4whil inlane eth d Burgh Edinburghf so , Haddington and Linlithgow possessed ports of their own (Leith, Aberlady, Blackness) and Cupar 1 References to sources are normally given in the • See bracketed figures, indicating centuries, against descriptive articles. name f portso Appendin si . xA On these two sites, see Watson, W. J., History of For a list see Appendix B. 2 the Celtic Place-names of Scotland, 135,141. 4 GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 203 rightd ha somf so Motrae sorth n to y Water. Coal, again, occurre mandn i y seaboar parte th f so d and was actively exploited, particularly for the making of salt, although whether any of the ports that exported coal and salt originated at this time or earlier does not appear. The same may be sai limestonef do , althoug place-name hth e Limekiln standingd ol f so seeme b . o st The sites first mentioned in the eighteenth century seem to be connected with new industries, or with the improvement of estates that had by that time come into vogue. Thus the old harbour of Charlestow seventeen-sixtiee buils th nn wa ti lime-workin servw o st ne ea g industry limed an , - stone was later shipped from Starley Burn for use in Carron Company's industrial processes. Other new harbours were established at various sites to serve individual industries, among them the Carron iron-works at Carron itself and Cramond, shipbuilding at Kincardine, brewing and distillin t Kenetpanga Cambusd san potterd an , t Portobelloya , whil Forte eClydth d han e Canal was given a terminal harbour at Grangemouth. The abortive undertaking at Cove, the work of improvinn a g laird probabls ,wa y inspire fisherye th smalle e somd y dth b an ,f eo r harbours, such as those on the Firth of Tay, may well have represented estate improvements. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries rebuilding and enlargement proceeded on an in- creasingly large scale, with results which generally outru presenscope e nth th f eo tw studyne t bu , wor s beekha n note t Coveda , wher harbouea completes wa r d successfully afteearlieo tw r r failures, as well as at Burnmouth, St Abbs, Fisherrow and elsewhere. The lime industry reappears, at Skateraw, where a harbour was built early in the nineteenth century to serve the limestone deposits south of Dunbar. In the second decade of the century new arrangements were made for the ferrie t Newhavesa Queensferryd nan , with lighthouse equipmend san r signallingfo t a d an , little lateferriey Firte Ta rth f hso were likewise reorganised industrian A . l curiosit eighteene th f yo - forties is the Slamannan Railway's terminal on the Union Canal.

Sites Mentio bees nha n made abov so-callef eo d 'bulwarks' protecting customary landingsd an , their construction points to the earlier use of open beaches without artificial improvement. These, however, although they may have sufficed for fishing-boats, and for occasional calls by larger ship finn si e weather, cannot have made good base r establishesfo d trading communitiess i t I . unnecessar streso yt hazarde sth on-shorf so e windslaboue th r pullinf o ,ro g boat beyonp su e dth wavese reacth f chartee ho th ; Morison'f o r s Haven specifically mention casualtiee sth s suffered fishermee byth n through lacharboua f ko shelterr rfo . Nevertheless, when nothing better offered, open beaches must have been in very common use. Areas of beach may be seen where boulders or rock-ridges have been cleared to permit boats to land (e.g. Braefoot Bay, Earlsferry, East Wemyss, Lundin, Redheugh), and several unimproved beaches are mentioned as landings in the records (e.g. Crail creeks, Gutcher's Hole, Roome Bay). An obvious method of betterment was moute th rivera don f this f makd o o ht o san e ,wa e eregularlus periodsl al t ya exampler ;fo x si , of the sites first mentioned in the twelfth century occupy positions in the mouths of rivers or stream tidan o r ls o reache riversf so , whil nineteente lats th ea s ea h century small estuary-harbours still functioned Gowrie , th e.g n o . e coast. Natural shelter, thoug othere sidth e h r eonlon o , n yo could also be obtained from a promontory or tongue of rock, particularly one which formed the horn of a bay (e.g. Aberdour, Blackness, Dysart, Earlsferry, Kinghorn). Similar partial shelter coul inshorgiven e da b y nb e island (e.g. Dunbar ree,a Elie)y fb whicr o , h rose even slightly above high-water mark (e.g. Culross, Limekilns, North Berwick); Burntisland was probably once the best exampl artificiae rock e th point n ei th d t san l ,bu work s that formerly enclose basis dit n have beel al n obliterate constructioe th dn i modere th f no n port. Failin islann g a ree a r dfo whics hwa never submerged pockea , t among tidal rocks seem havo st e been well regarded doubo n ; e th t o | PROCEEDING 4 20 SOCIETYE TH F SO , 1968-9 rocks, never very deeply covered, checke wavee force th d th f so e even whe hightids e nth e wa , while keeping them out altogether at other times. Such rock-pocket sites are common, some examples being Cellardykes, Cockenzie, Cove, Port Seton t Monance t AbbS S , d san ; todayf o , course, artificial harbour-works exis thest ta othe d eoriginaan e rkinde th site t th f ,sbu o l arrangements appear clearly enough.

Harbour-works Harbour-works seem to fall into the following classes. 1. Breakwaters. The most notable of the earlier harbour-works are long, massive breakwaters, partially enclosin harboue gth r areat leasa r sto screening them fro mose mth t exposed quarter. Their masonry includes a considerable proportion of boulders, with large blocks and slabs; their outer faces finish in stout parapets, and on their inner sides they carry quays or walkways whico t , shippine hth frod g man tie p dwhicu basinfloore e hth th f so s coul reachee db y db stairs. The quays and parapets may not always have been original features, as at Fisherrow there is recorde additioe dth parape a quaa d f pre-existinna o y an o t g 'bulwark' longese Th . t breakwater is the East Pier of Dunbar, 920 ft. long, including a stretch of sea-wall. Other striking example Cellardykt a e sar e (PI. 25a), Crail, Dysart, Pettycur (PI. 25b), Pittenwee Andrewst S d man , whil comparablea t Norta e heon Berwic bees kha n shortene storm-damagy db anothed ean t a r West Wemys bees sha n rather heavily modernised. Their alignment generally tendslightle b o st y sinuous, no doubt on account of irregularities in the rock below. A structure which formerly enclosed part of the bay at Blackness Castle seems to have been a breakwater, but if so is of exceptionally light construction. Charters authorising the construction of 'bulwarks' generally date fro latee mth r sixteent earlied han r seventeenth centuries. Detached breakwaters, unconnected with the rest of a harbour, are found at a few sites. At Limekilns exampler ,fo parto tidaa ,tw f so l reef, lyin eithen go r passagsid a shipping r f eo fo t ecu , have been faced and extended with masonry. A smaller detached work may be seen at Brucehaven, and what may be another at Torry; at St Monance three have been built since the Ordnance surve f 1854yo t SoutA . h Queensferr originalln ya y detached block seem havo st e become incorporated in the harbour's seaward side. The so-called 'breakwaters' at Tayport, however, are connected with a salmon fishery. 2. Piers. Piers, smalle lesd sran massively built than breakwaters, were generally sited, like givo t thems ea protectioo s , anchoragn a o nt accommodato wels t e a s a l e shipping usualld an , y took advantage of some favourable natural feature. Aberdour (PI. 26a), Brucehaven (PI. 26b) and Culross are some typical examples of this arrangement. Piers are often run out towards the heads of breakwaters, covering the otherwise open side of an anchorage and leaving proper en- trances, often fitted with booms (see below). Piers on these lines may be seen at Cellardyke, Crail, North Berwic Anstruthed kan r Easter. Pier parapets, where they occur lese ,ar s hig massivd han e than those on the great 'bulwarks'. l sitesal coursef t o , No , were suitabl singla r straigha efo n e o pier d t ,an stretc coastf ho r fo , example harboua , r might formee havb paia o epierst f y dro b , buil t fro shore tou mwit d th ean h entrance th e between their hsads e PetwortTh . h House plan shows thafirse th tt harbouf o r Newhaven (c. 1506) consisted of two converging piers; and the same kind of arrangement obtains t Cocken/iea , Fisherrow, Muirhouse, Societ Starled yan y Burn exampler ,fo , although individual plans are influenced by the lie of the rock-foundations. In some parts of the Firth of Forth, where wide flats of mud or sand are exposed at low tide, especially long piers have been required. The one at Crombie Point (c. 1750), is some 920 ft. long verd an y narrow, almost resemblin graisea d causewa mucr lengths it yfo f t Torrho A . y traces GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN5 20 | D ma seee y b whaf probablns o wa t ysimilaa r work ,quarte a runnin r mila smalfo a f t o reo t g ou l islet built up to serve as a quay; at Torryburn the wreckage of the so-called 'Auld Pier' lies far out in the mud, approached by the traces of what may have been a causeway, and at Dalgety and Burntisland (Bath House) again there have been long causeways or jetties, the former ending in a pier-head lengte Th .thesf ho e workforeshorese poiny th siltin a f sma o o t p gu , with consequent widening of the flats, and the fact that low tides do not now reach even the heads of the works just mentioned suggests that silting may still be in active progress. studyinn I g thes similad ean r remain grounde th weln s si o remembet o ,i lt r tha heaviese th t t damag always ei s suffere zona n i de clos high-wateo et r mark, while more significant remains survive further out and are only to be seen at low tide. This is probably due to undertow from the breaking waves, an effect which the profile of many of the beaches would have favoured, although perhaps in some cases dressed stone may have been robbed from the easily accessible landward end of the structure. 3. Jetties. In additio regulao nt r piers numbea , structuref ro conveniently sma classee yb d jettiess a , these being slopin flattisr go h ramps whic weln hru l dow beace nth givd han e acceso st boats at all states of the tide. The best examples are at ferry-terminals (Alloa, Kincardine, Newhaven, Queensferry Passage), wherHigginsneut a stone-builtl jettiee e al e th on e e sar th t k ,bu timberf o s wa , possibl r lac yfo f soli ko d foundation foree th r stonewor f -sfo o d sofe th mu t n ki shore mid-eighteenth-centure Th . y Coal Whar t Dunbara f , which flank innee th s e r th fac f o e breakwater, takes the sloping form of a jetty, no doubt to allow carts to be loaded direct from the coal-boats. Landin t versometimetids ga w eywa lo s provide speciay b r dfo l jetties r eveo t na , below normal low-water mark (e.g. Blackness Castle, Dysart (Old Harbour), Elcho Castle, Pettycur) t CulrosA . s lac low-tidf ko e landing facilities sometimes made wading necessary. 4. Rock-cuttings. Some piers and jetties have been formed, in part, by the cutting of the native rock t SkaterawA . r examplefo , , abou maie th tnf o 11breakwater-pie . 5ft r consista f so natural rock-ridge trimme suitabla o dt e breadth t Pittenwee;a m (Boat Harbour jett)a y similarly has been contrived on the spine of a ridge; at East Newport the landward end of the pier is continue rock-cua s da t roadway t Cova d parapeee an ,parNorte th f th o tf hto Piebees rha n carved rocke th f .o Againt ou t Donibristl,a e (Old Harbour seaward-runnin)a g tongu rocf beees o kha n foundatioe useth s d a jetty a r nfo . Similar rock-ridges elsewhere show evidenc f structureeo f so some sort having once been secured against them, or of having themselves served as landings (e.g. Blackness Cas., Earlsferry, Lundin, Redheugh, South Queensferry, Torryburn), while at Dysart (Old Harbour) ther post-holese ear t Castletoa d an , n socket fittine woodea th f r go s fo n platform on top of a flattish rock. At Castleton and South Queensferry the work may well be medieval. Rock-cutting was evidently common in later times, when quays were being laid out or basins enlarged (e.g. Cellardyke, Kinghorn, North Berwick Abbst ,S Andrews)t S , , whil t Dunbarea e th n ,i seventeen-fifties, there was a good deal of blasting in addition to ordinary pick-work. What seem to have been shallow berths for boats have been cut out at Skateraw and North Queensferry; at Cove an extensive system of notches was cut in the face of a cliff to form tusking for the breakwaters attempte seventeen-fiftiee th n di eighteen-twentiesd an s . 5. Quays. Quays were site t onl pierd n no ybreakwatersd o san t alsbu ,o very commonly on the landward margins of harbours. This was not the universal practice, as some harbours even today retain a strip of natural foreshore in the inner part of the basin, which is used for the beachin boatf go adapter so somr dfo e maritime industry (e.g. Cellardyke, Cove, Fisherrow, South Queensferry). Where houses stand alon harbour-fronte gth , however, wit moro hn e thae nth breadth of a roadway between them and the edge of the quay, a revetted quay-face is called for to prevent collapse; this arrangemen sees i t n commonl smale th n yli Royal Burghs, suc Crais ha l 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 (PI . r Kinghorn27ao ) b , . Manhousee th f yquestioo n s i n date fro seventeente mth t frono m f hi the sixteenth century, and the same arrangement may well have obtained much earlier, at such place Leits sa Perthd han . Land-based quay t forminsno frontage gth towa likewisf e o enar e common enough. 6. 'Shores'. t thiA s point something shoul saie db d abou wore th t d 'Shore' applies a , o dt quay-sides and streets close to harbours. At least a dozen instances suggest themselves, in various form samon- g them simply 'Th Wateee Shore'th Leitf n formerlro o d s han ,a Pertht ya same ;th e and 'Shorehead' at St Andrews, also along the quays; a more extensive 'Shore' at Alloa, embrac- ing not only the quay-side but also a street behind; a similar 'Shore' area at Newburgh, marked O.Se onth . maps inland fro existine mth g quays'Shorea d an t ;Dysar a ' t which seeme b o st relate harboua o d buriet w rno d under invading shingle naturas i t I . supposo lt e that these names may antedat constructioe eth regulaf no r quays. 7. Castle landings. Improved landing-place associatee sar d wit castlee hth f Blacknessso , Elch Tantallond oan , althoug las e doubo hth tn t serve fishine dth g communit Castletof yo s na castle welth s ea l itself beace Th . h belo t AndrewwS s Castle must certainly have been usea s da landing, although the surviving traces are indefinite. The report of an entry to Fast Castle from a

tidal cave proved locan o , l enquiry withoue b o t , t foundation. 1 Construction Useful information on the age and development of harbour-works might naturally be looked for in their architectural features, but in fact this source is disappointing. These works do not lend themselves to classification in the manner of castles and churches, partly because of their lack of decorative detail, partly because little is known about the dating of their masonry styles, and not least on account of the confusion in builds that has resulted from frequent reconstruction. The persistenc f traditionaeo l methods among local craftsmen, combinel al t a e d us wit e hth period localle th f syo available stone likewisy ma , e prove highly misleadin exampler fo , as t g- a , Kingsbarns. The paragraphs that follow accordingly do no more than note and discuss some common structural features, without attempting to build them up into a comprehensive system. 1. Timber. timbeo N r piesurviveds remaine rha th d t Clackmannaan ,sa n Pow Devoe th , n nineteente Kennetpand th an f o l al he centurysar . Timber constructio t ofteno ns ni mentionen di the records, althoug piere h th t Leits a Newhave d han n show Petworte th n i h House plan wero en doubt of timber, and Adair's specific allusion (1703) to stone piers may imply that in his day a numbe f piero r s were wooden. Late vagued an r r records refe o Belhavent r , Kingsbarnd an s Roome Bay. A good deal of wood evidently was used at St Andrews in the later sixteenth century and at Dunbar in 1650, while the decision that Fisherrow pier should be repaired 'with balks of timber. .. [and] filled up with stones to the balks according to use and wont' suggests that timber crib-work with stone filling was common in 1682. The footings and remains of piling at Limekilns suggest something similar t theibu , r dat f origieo unknowns ni earte sand Th .han d use t Leitda 139perhapn hy i 8ma s have been packin timberea r gfo d quay-face quaa d y an ,wit h at least some timber in its face seems to have existed at Crail until the early nineteenth century. That the fitting of timbers into rock presented no particular problem is shown by the post-holes t Castletona , Dysart (Old Harbour Laige th d h Crai)an g beacon near Torryburn. 2. Stonework. Piers and breakwaters consist of a pair of facing-walls of built masonry with cora f stoneseo , boulder largd san e quarrie judgee b n ddca fragmentsfros a r m fa ruinous A . s examples core th , e materia uncourses i l d though roughly fitted together somd an , e bondins gi

Macgibbon, D., and Ross, T., The Castellated and 1 Domestic Architecture f Scotland,o iii, 222. GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN7 20 | D obtained by the tailing in of the facing-blocks and the occasional insertion in the core of long, transverse pieces. The outer face of a breakwater is more or less heavily battered. The following are the most distinctive types of masonry seen in the facing-walls of piers and quays selectioe th , n bein fror gfa m exhaustive. (i) Boulders. Undressed beach-boulders occur in a number of piers, particularly in their lowermost courses. Dunbar, North Berwick and St Andrews are cases in point, and it is noticeable tha Petworte th t h House plan shows collection f boulderso s supportin r reinforcingo e gth piers at Leith and Newhaven. Though these three are all in fact among the earliest recorded piers, t suggesteno s i t i d that boulder constructio mors nwa e favoure sixteente th n di h century that na other times t rathebu , r tha worke tth s containing boulders were buil virgin o t n sites thad e an ,tth first courses to be laid were thus formed of boulders which lay ready to hand. This suggestion perhaps is borne out by the presence of boulders in the ruins of Lundin pier, which probably dates from the first half of the eighteenth century. (ii) Very large, rough blocks. Dry-stone constructio largen i , rough blocke sees th si n ni breakwater t Cellardykesa , Dunba Nortd an r h Berwick, together with other larg t crudelebu y dressed material. Similar but rather smaller blocks occur at St Andrews, and some large material fragmene inth parapef o t t Wesa t t Wemysslas e dato bees th n t er ha n Fo recorded. e th t bu , analogy of other great breakwaters suggests the sixteenth century (see above). Dry-stone work of this kin consolidates dwa drivine woodeth f o y db n g i n wedges; this techniqu recordes ewa t da Dunbar and Alloa in 1718 and 1774 respectively, and wedges were found still in use, at Crail and North Berwick course presene th th n f i ,eo t survey. (iii) Squared blocks in courses. Another distinctive build exhibits dressed blocks of moderate size, squaris r oblonho facneatln d go an e y coursed without mortar oblone Th . g blocks often tend to have their longer axes vertical. Good examples may be seen at Charlestown (PI. 28a), Culross, Dysart (PL 28b), Limekilns and Torry, or in the cross-pier at St Andrews (PL 28c), the last rebuilt, but clearly with the old material. The pier at Morison's Haven may have been similar, but too little now remains visible for valid comparison. Other work of the kind, but less tidily coursed founs i , t Anstrutheda r Easter, Brucehave Crombied nan . Wha knows i tl al f no these piers' history tends to date this style to the eighteenth century, excluding probably its final thirty years. (iv) Poorly coursed rubble. Rubble masonry, poorly dresse coursed dan ofted witt dan nse h mortar, is hard to isolate as a class, but it is met with frequently in one form or another and some of it, at least, goes well back into the eighteenth century; the inner quays at Dunbar, for example, were begun in 1717. It is insufficiently determinate, however, to provide any basis for dating. (v) Ashlar, etc. The best piece of ashlar construction is the North Pier at Cove, of 1831, but familiar Renaissance features suc channelles ha rusticater do d blocks string-coursa r o , acceno et - tuate a line, frequently occur in additions or patches made at or soon after the beginning of the nineteenth century. Construction in long, thin slabs seems also to belong to this period. Examples r anotheo e of theson fo r eseee b formt Anstruthena y ma s r Easter, Burnmouth, Cellardyke, Dysart, Port Alien t AndrewS , Queensferryd san lase th ,t includin Norte gth Soutd han h Ferry jetties. (vi) Vertically slabs.t se thi n I s typ constructiof eo n large, roughly dressey dr dt slabse e sar in courses with their longer axes vertical, or sometimes oblique. (This style should not be confused with the squared oblong blocks, sometimes set on end, that have been mentioned above.) It can be dated at Crail to 1826, and the large amount seen in the East Pier at Dunbar inevitably connects it there with the repairs that followed the disaster of 1806. It may therefore be regarded as a techniqu earliee th f eo r nineteenth century frequens it d an , t appearanc isolaten ei d patchest a s a , 208 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Cockenzie in a pier which is itself no older than 1833, suggests that it was favoxired for repairs. Its utility in marine construction may be due to the fact that waves, acting on the narrow ends of upright slab longse insteath n sideo f dhorizontallf o so y bedded ones, exert less lifting effect, with resule th twor e tha facth e lesf ks tth i e o s easily eroded. (vii) Quay margins. margine Th quayf so formee sar largf do fitteed slabsan dt togethecu , r with varying degrees of care. The slabs are often secured with iron cramps or straps, and are sometimes keyed together with small plugs of lozenge or oblong shape inserted in sockets at their joints. At the Town and East Battery piers at North Queensferry the plugs, in both cases oblong, are set in pairs. At some sites the sockets are filled with cement instead of with plugs, and in the low-tide landing-jettie Dysart sa t (Old Harbour Pettycud )an r the emptye yar Fisherrot A . d wan South Queensferry keys of this kind appear in the coping of a parapet. As the piers at Queensferry Passage can be dated to soon after 1810, and as a series of keyed blocks at Alloa is broken by an insertio f 1848no , this feature evidently date structure sth e that exhibitearle th yo t nineteent t si h century. Occasionally a quay may bear a wide, shallow hollow a few inches back from the lip. 3. Fittings accessories,d an Pawls) (i (PI wood.f 29ao e . Pawlb b) ,, y iro sstoner ma n o d ,an appea varieta n i r theiformss f ya o t r bu variet, y evidentl influences yi standardy db f craftsso - manshi availabilitd pan materials,f yo stons a r irod eo an n pawls could easil- salvee re yb d dan used if a quay fell down or was altered, they cannot safely be used as evidence of date. Subject, however, to this proviso the following points may be noted. Wooden pawls no doubt have the longest history, and several are found to consist of butt- logs set with their larger ends upwards; sometimes, however, they are shaped, or they may even be made up of two or three small timbers conjoined. Interesting specifications for wooden pawls at Alloa, dating from 1767, are given on p. 213. The stone pawls that bear the greatest appearance of age are undressed, or roughly dressed, slabs or blocks; but these, when worn with use, are difficult to tell from shaped stone posts, having 'waists squared an ' d top preveno st t ropes slipping off. Contrasting with these rather roug- hob ject clasa s scarefullf i so y made stone posts, apparently turne lathea n do ; thes frequentle ear y associated with nineteenth-century construction (e.g. Cairnie, Kingoodie, Fisherrow, Pittenweem, North Berwick), while some slender post t Nortsa h Queensferry, simila makn i r t intendeebu d to control pedestrians, can be dated to the period soon after 1810. Cast-iron pawls are probably not older than the nineteenth century, and their substitution for wooden ones at Alloa is recorded in 1839. They vary in size and pattern, but their tops generally are mushroomed or turned over to form a lug. A common substitute is a length of iron piping filled with cement t Dunbara d an , , Dysar bees Pertd ha n an te guns madd hus ol f .eo positione Th pawle th doubf o so n t depende thein do r particular functions examplr fo , n ei the case of large pawls, the warping of vessels into and out of the harbour; and on piers with parapets and narrow walkways pawls are usually set close to the face of the parapet, or even inside recesses in its facing-wall, to prevent the obstruction of traffic along the pier. Pawls so placed are als lesn oi s dange beinf ro g pulletheif o t r dsettingou quaye s th tha f ;o n thef i p li y e werth t ea evidence thadeeple b t t comeo pawlt y se d sha from North Berwic Alload similaa kan d an , r precautio notes ni t Wesda t Wemys case f somth e o n si e heavy rings. Rings moorinr fo , r go warping, some very large, are commonly found, sometimes in a quayside street well away from the quaye edgth f e.o Provisio repaie th ringr f r'makfastiso nd fo san t Leita ' recordes hi earls da s ya 1582.1 (ii) Mooring-poles. Tall, free-standing mooring-poles are now found only at Largo, but formerly they seem to have been in fairly general use. They are shown, for example, in Slezer's 1 Irons . CampbellJ , s Antiquities,,it Leith d an , 482I . GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 209 illustratio anchorage th f no t Culrossea recorn o the d e t Rooman , ydar a 1772n i y t Kingsa , eBa - barns in 1781 and at Crail in 1782. (iii) Booms. The purpose of booms is to reduce violent wave-action within an enclosed harbour t appea theno d o an y,d r befor earle eth y nineteenth century. Booms were first mootet da Dunba 1804n ri t non installes ,bu ewa d there until afte finare 1827th l d systean , developes mwa d onl 1888n yi disusew . no The t e Dunbarda yar alss a ,t Cellardyke oa , Dysart, Grangemouth, Pittenweem, West Wemyss and St Abbs, although the grooves into which they fitted may be seen quays e walle ith n th f so . They still functio t Crain a Nort d lan h Berwick t bota , whicf ho h places they were installed in 1854. (iv) Machinery. Apart from pawls and boom-mechanism, few items of quayside apparatus have survived from befor daye eth f wholesal so e industrialisation survivalse th f O mos.e th , t interestin probable gar ycrana primitivf eo e appearanc t Inverkeithingea parsemaa d f an ,o t - phore of about 1810 on the Hawes Pier, South Queensferry. A crane of before 1840 figures in Leighton's illustration of Pittenweem harbour, and the base of what may have been a crane was noted at Fife Ness, together with rock-cut traces of some other mechanism, of unknown purpose. A capstan at Pettycur shows the date 1813, with the name of a known Leith iron-works, but a tall iron socket for a pole at Pittenweem Boat-harbour bears every appearance of origin in a local foundry or forge. (v) Sluices, etc. Harbours were continually liable to become choked with silt and rubbish, to say nothing of ballast dumped by skippers when preparing to take on cargo. This practice was forbiddet leasa earls w a t la 1623,s ya y nb t evidentl 1bu t persistedyi . Charge clearine th r sfo f go rubbish constantly appear in the records, and at Dunbar in 1807 a regular contractor was en- gaged. Mud or sand, however, could be flushed out with water, and advantage was taken of

streams2 , where these debouched into harbours, or in some cases of tidal currents (Balmerino, Kingoodie, North Berwick), although an experiment on these lines at Fisherrow did more harm than good artifician A . l flush coul securee db forminy db g ponds (e.g. Limekiln Pettycur)r so r o , by holding up water at high tide, again in ponds, by means of dams or sluices. Examples of sluices streamsn o , although with modern sluice-gates seee b t Eyemouthna y ma , , Inverkeithing, Port Alien and St Andrews. A pond filled by the tide, and not fed by a stream, survived at North Alloa ferry until 1967, and traces of another may be seen at Airth, while both the 'pows' at Alloa harbour were ponded provisioe Th . tide-millr nfo chartee th n sMorison'i f ro s Haven shows tha earls ta y 154s a 1 craftsmen were availabl coulo ewh d tackle this kin constructionf do thin o s d analog,an y the sluice in St Andrews harbour may perhaps be an early feature. (vi) Docks. A dry dock was installed at Dunbar in 1785, and filled up again in the nineteenth century; two are shown on Wood's plan of Leith (1824), and others are on record at Alloa, all at lat t doce dateswe t Dysar ka e Th . t deserves passing mention t occupiei s a , s what previousls ywa quarrya large Th e. commercial nineteente dockth f o s h centur outside yar scope eth f thieo s study.

Various 1. Roadways to foreshore. It need not be assumed that a ramp leading down to the foreshore (e.g. Anstruther Easter, Crail, Fisherrow, Andrewst S paver roadwao a t r )o d ou amont ycu g tidal rocks (e.g. Cove, Kinkell, Roome Bay t AndrewsS , Monancet S , ) must necessaril associatee yb d with a neighbouring harbour or landing-place, as farmers and others needed access to the fore- r varioufo a se shors purposesd ean e collectioTh . f sea-weeno r manurdfo recordes ewa t da

1 RFC, i, 268. 2 Dunbar Burgh Records, H.M. General Register f 30.3.1807o , House21 x .Bo , 21 | 0 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Dunbar at least as early as 1636.1 The rock-cut access to Redheugh Bay, however, may safely be regarde Preventive wore th th f ks o da e Service. 2. Railways. Some harbours were connected with neighbouring collieries by railway before introductioe th steaf no m traction lone th g d narro,an w pie Crombit ra e Point reputee ,th d datf eo whic abous hi t 1750, carrie alone d on lengths git . Otherrecorn o e t Allodsar a a (1776), Inver- keithing (before 1794), Methil (before t David1795S d . 1760)) an sthesf (c remain o o N y .e an f so railway identifiee b n sca d today apart fro mstretcha squarn i , whic e 4074T froon n e N f hra mo , the Tranent coalfield to Cockenzie, and which has been dated to 1722.2 3. Lights. No remains of arrangements for lighting the harbours have been found, with the possible exception tale th l irof so n socke t Pittenweeta m boat-harbou pilla e Davidst S th t d ra ran . Whatever stood on the Laigh Craig, off Torryburn, is more likely to have been a warning beacon than a light. Three lighthouses, however, survive in association with ferries. Two of these, at North Queensferr Hawee th d syan Pier , serv . endeS f Queensferrrespectiveld o s an . N e yth Passag reorganises ea d after 181e th thirde 0 f th (PIo t Newhavend a ,d . an 29cen ; . S d) , e th , Burntislan Hawee th t a se Piedon ferry re showTh . s remarkable Classical ornament othere th t s,bu are plain and the one at Newhaven may not be in its original state. The light-chamber built above the upper storey of the Northern Lighthouse Board's depot in Harbour Road, Granton lighthousa t no disusea s i ,t ebu d testing-statio lampr nfo othe d san r equipment.3 1 Brown, P. Hurae, Early Travellers in Scotland, 135. 3 Information from a member of the Board's local Dott, G., Early Scottish Colliery Waggonways, 30 f. staff. 2

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES Aberdour, Fife (fig. 2a, PL 48a). NT 194851

Early record harboua f so t Aberdoua r lackinge ar rtru s i t eI .tha pora t t existed ther 1565,n ei but this was most probably the naturally sheltered anchorage 1 at the mouth of the Dour Burn. A pier seems mentionee b firso e t th t r timdfo 1703n ei , when Adair noteloadinr fo sy 'agke coan salt',i d d an l 2an the following year the port is granted by charter to the Earl of Morton,3 with liberty to repair it or to

buil freda e porancillard an t y works anywher propertys hi n eo pla A f .1750 no marke pieth sa n i r positio existine th f no g one, althoug crudelo hinformativeto e b o yt t anotherbu , f 1785,o , 4 5 marks whas ti doubo n same th t e structure more accurately, showin straighs a gt i givin d tan lengta t gi . somf ft ho 0 e38 outline outwards-curvinn Th a f eo g extension . lon aboubeeft s 0 gha n25 t adde t somda e tim penciln ei . lateA r pla f 1811no 6 seem inaccurate b o st showinn ei shortinteresto s i to t pie. e somgft bu s , th ra 0 - e10 in markins ga 'Easn ga t harbouPier'e . sidth f W e ,o e aboulong. rth ft betwee n 0 o ,7 t maie nth n pied ran the burn-mouth. The harbour consists today of a tidal pocket, which the scour of the burn may help to keep clear of piea y rb aligne. S e th d n slightl o lande d th an ,y b sout. f NE h o e th d an . encloses W i silt e t I .th n do sid. eastE opens ee i widta ;th o ,t som f ho yds.5 harboue8 e ,th r itself measuring about 15 yds5 0 yds.13 y .b Fro lande m piee th ,th r runs relatively the d ft.straigh0 an n, 39 swing r tfo s southward foro st m pier-heaa d 26a)straighe L abou. lon (P Th wit ft .d d g0 an hflight8 ta en stretc e stepf o th t t sa h thus correspondn si length so closely with the complete pier as shown on Mitchell's plan that we may confidently regard it as older than 1785 probabld an , y tha samne th 1750 en showingO . pier-heae th , probabls di ymodifiea d realisation of the much longer additional work sketched on the plan in pencil. The pier is about 30 ft. wide junctios it t a . ft n par e wit0 i npier-head4 th e t o hnearest th p u lan e d tth narrod ,a an w sectio middle th n i e being abou. wide alignmene ft 5 Th 2 tside.e th irregular s sf i o t bulgea d an ,, wit . sidN h e e stepsth n o , t suggest23ou . 0ft searlien thaa n i t r phas havy piee eth erma ende t thada t point masonre Th . y varies considerably from plac placeo et beste th , , consistin largef go , well-coursed blocks, appearin. N e th n go side between the bulge just mentioned and a second flight of steps, about half-way back to the land. Inland of these steps, by contrast, the stonework is uncoursed snd may represent an unskilfully executed GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND 211

Breakwater

Outer basin

FIG. 2.

replacement; patche poof sirregulao d ran r coursing alsoe occuth n o r. sid d botN ean e hth furthen o t ou r bes e S.. appearin S pier-headth ,e tclos e d worth th , an en to , k o g in , wher blocke eth vere sar y largd ean securee ar d with pinnings . sid fairle N eslabar e e yth Th .shomogeneoun o formin p li e gth s throughout; . sidS ee carrieth parapesa f receno t t construction. f stonePawlo e sar , wooston e irond th dan f e o ; examples one has been worked to an oval section while two others are unworked and heavily worn. 212 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Ease Th t Pie f 181o r longeo 1n r existsrebuila t bu , t jetty occupies what seem havo t s e bees nit position. 1 RFC, i, 381. - In H.M. General Register House (R.H.P. 1022). 2 Adair, , Description,J. . 10 Mitchelly B 5 , ibidR. , . (R.H.P. 1023). RMS, unpublished f 30to , h March 1704 H.Mn ,i . Drysdaley B , R., ibid. (R.H.P. 57/2). 3 General Register House. 6 Aberlady Bay, East Lothian. NT 460801 (approx.) Aberlady Bay, wher lowermose eth t Peffereace th f hro Burn form navigablsa e channel througe hth tidal sands and mud, is mentioned as early as 1336, when boats were requisitioned there by the Governor of Edinburgh Castle. t belongeI 1 Royae th do t l Burg Haddingtonf ho confirmatioe ,th charte e s o rwh f no (1633) mentions 'the port of Aberladie lyand in the bossome of pepher water and common gait leading to the said port'.2 The Burgh had been in treaty, between 1614 and 1630, with the Convention of Royal Burghs for 'support of thair harberie' of Aberlady,3 but no evidence exists for actual harbour-works, and Adair (1703) clearly implies that vessel estuary.e s th simpl n i y 4yla Blaeu's map,5 presumably reflecting the conditions of the early seventeenth century, marks a long row of houses at the water's edge, closely set and with their gable-ends turned landwards. On the other hand, a report of 1694 states that the place 'cannot be made navigable, or a safe harbour, without ane extraordinary expences'.6

Traces of a wide pend piercing the rebuilt house of Kilspindie (456803), which was a ruin in 1807, might sugges originalls t thawa t ti ycommerciaa l buildin somf go e sort thert evidenco n bu , s ei cono et - 7 nec witt i tharbour e hth . Some surviving wide chamfers probably indicat seventeenth-centurea y date. ' Cal. ofDocts., in, 352. * Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, ed. 1654, v, 'Lothian and . 2a APS,2 9 , v Linlitquo'. CKB, n, 463 ;, 296 m90 , , 317. ° Corporations, Appendix (1835). 37 ,

' 3 Adair, J., Description, . 7 ' Information from the Earl of Wemyss.

Airth, Stirlingshire. NS 899878 A Terry of Airth', which may or may not have been the same as the one later worked from Higgins-

neuk (q.v.) recorn o s i ,1565agai dn d i an 1592,n i whil exportinn ei afted coas an gr hi n l1596i Brucf eo

2 3 Airth presumabl1 y made use of his own port. In 1624 quarantine precautions are recorded.4 In 1723 there wa bussa y shipyar Airtht da , wit wind-driveha n saw-mill invente owner,s it y daftet b 5bu r about 176e 0th town's trade tended to move successively to Carronshore and Grangemouth.6 Communication with the Forth was maintained by means of the tidal channel of a small stream, which now runs, as a marshy hollow almos tland-drainage y drieb p du trace sid. th kf , e o alontha NW e tshorg e th lead th eo st from the end of Shore Road, and a low grassy hummock some 200 yds. NE. of the last house in Shore Road probabls i yvestig a quay e th f e .o Scotlan f Roy'o p sma d (1747-55) mark chan e hea e docsa th th f d-t o k a

. ShaplaJ a nely d nwb an , (1810) shows thadykee th t d enclosure betwee quae villagne th yth sitd eean was a reservoi7 r with sluices for regulating the flow of water. The plan also marks 'Quay Hard' on the SE. bank below the reservoir, and two mooring-poles on either side. * RFC, i, 381. ! Geogr. Coll., I, 327. ibid., IV, 719. ' RCAM, Inventory of Stirlingshire, 440.

' H.M PSAS,2 . Genera xxivl Registe(1889-90)r Hous, 474e. (R.H.P. 49/1).

13 KPC, xin, 623. Alloa, Clackmannanshire. 88492S N 0 histore Th Allof y seaporo a s aa doubo tn t goes much further back than written records place th es ,a possessed two natural advantages which would have attracted shipping at all periods. These were, first, a sheltered creek, known as the Pow of Alloa, at the mouth of the Brathie Burn, and second, a position at the highest point on the Forth accessible to larger vessels, the higher reaches of the river being twisty besed shallowsan y tb earliese Th . t published mentio pore whice th tf non seemo he b date o st s from 1502,

when the king paid for the victualling of a ship bound there, but more interesting in the light of later development recore th s coasf i d o l being carried from Allo Inchkeito at s wa 1558. n hi w 157n Po I 2 e 3th 1 bein exporge th use contrabanf r o tdfo unfred dan e traders' goods.sixteente th n I 3 h centur pore yth t doe t sees no mhav o t e been estater mentionechartea t Ma e bu ,162f asse n ro th a f s 0dto a grant Eare sth l 'portum marinu ejusdemw Alwa me Po privilegi d e m li cu ,t ye o litori anchoragit se i consueto cimbim ,cu s GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 213 portatoriis et lieferrie super aquam de Forth ex utroque latere infra et juxta dominium de Alway'.4 None of these records coursef o , , need impl existence yth buil a date e f eth o tquestionf n sharboui o y an t t r,bu a 'herberiee th 1655f probablo 's swa y something artificial consequentld ,an expressioe yth n 'Por Shoar'd tan ,

of 1685, need not be taken as meaning that vessels had still, at that time, to be beached on an unimproved foreshore6 . In 1722 a 'commodious harbour' existed,7 and Roy's map of Scotland (1747-55) marks a pier Powe sid. th f ,e o wit NW oe hsluicing-ponn a shorth a w t Po distanc e th dn i eperiodr higheFo . srup later than the middle of the eighteenth century very full records are preserved in the minutes of the Alloa Harbour Trustees, evidence th d 8an e obtainable from thes discusses ei d below. Few remains of the older works have survived the improvements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the changes that have followed the closing of the harbour in the late 1950s. Today (1967) ther straigha s ei tlong. quayft 5 , frontin,46 g south-westward anothed en . rivere frord SE th s n man , sit o stretc quaf ho y running eastward . Thi somr ft s0 fo s elatte20 r qua yinlet n . sidforma N f eo e , soutsth f ho which lie some abandoned wooden piers and other works, while at the head of the inlet, east of some disused dock-gates larga , t doc bees ewe k ha n fille latelyn di . This t presenarea s ai t inaccessiblee Th . inlet and the dock in combination represent the remains of the former Pow of Alloa; the 25-inch O.S. surveyep ma 1854n di , seven years befor constructioe th e doce th kf n o began , show creea s k 1,01. 0ft long by 145 ft. wide at the mouth, receiving the Brathy Burn at its upper end through a sluice behind which wate pondes flushing-oui e r th r dfo f silt secono tA . d main featurearliee th f eo r harbous wa r evidently the West, or Little, Pow, which formerly entered the river just SE. of the Mar Inn but was filled up in 1848 ;9 Wood's Town Atlas (1825) shows it as about 120 ft. long by 85 ft. wide, and with a sluicing-pond at its head. The formation of this pond was decided on in 1768, and may or may not have been connected with the construction, in 1776, of a waggon-way from the collieries,10 which Wood marks as passing over a bridge between the Pow and the pond. While the Harbour Trustees' minutes preserve a full record of their works, they suffer from two serious defects as a source of useful information, namely, a total lack of plans to illustrate the verbal state- ment alsd san ogeneraa l vaguenes allusionn si pointcompasse o st th f so consequencen I . rarels i t i , y possibl correlateo t e existing structures with works mentione mereln minutese ca best th e a y dn i d t on ,an presume probable phase harbour'e th n si s development seventeente th n I . eighteentd han h centuries these seem to have been as follows. (1) An unimproved foreshore,11 with natural shelter provided by the Pow: quaa ) y(2 frontin rivere th Powe n ,. e bang o wes th N additioth ) f e f k: (3 o lonto . th quaft a n g5 f o n o y 26 Pow (1757): addition of another quay, 118ft. long, linking up the two already existing ones (1761); further construction, impossibl locato et e fro minutee mth t evidentlsbu y important (1778) widenin) (6 : g (1791). ft 0 late7 n I .o t r yearw procese Po sth e oth f improvemenf so t continued particularlt we e th t ya dock t nothinbu , interesf go t emerges regarding these works apar Weste fro th fillin e f tm o th Pow n gi . The evidence of the structures themselves is also rather meagre. The quay-wall along the river is faced with large, well dressed blocks in courses, and may well date from about 1756; in that year the Trustees decided that extensive repairs were needed to avoid total ruin, and that the wall should be raised to one foot above high-water mark. The section inserted when the West Pow was filled in is clearly defined joints,y bt containyi dr d 12an . doorwawidsa in e4 . whicft y4 h gave acces staia o st d r leadinan o t p gu debouching on the top of the quay. The slabs along the margin of the quay have been secured partly with cramps and partly with lozenge-shaped or oblong keys, and therefore are presumably later than the date suggested for the wall-face below them; they must, however, be earlier than 1848, as their continuity is broke stretca y nb unkeyef ho d slabs aboulong. ft 5 ,5 t wher filline ebees th gha n insertede holth A . n ei surface of the quay, now covered with rails, was presumably the outlet of the stair mentioned above. Spaced out along the quay are six larger and four smaller cast-iron pawls with expanded tops, as well as two wooden ones and an upright piece of piping, and beside the filled-up wet dock there are several large iron pawls of the same type and at least two wooden ones. Purchases of iron pawls to replace wooden ones were recorded in 1839 and 1856, the latter consignment consisting of second-hand pipes, but groundo thern e connectinr ear sfo existine gth g pawls witparticulay han r purchase t earlieA . r dates wooden pawls are described as of oak or 'firr'; a minute of 1767 specifies an oaken pawl to be 8 ft. long by sun e . int b ground e ft . squarko 5 th t in d 8 ean , whil otherse eth , presumabl Scotf yo s pine, were b o et . squarin sun2 d 1. lon. 1 Dee2 eft ft an y k7 gb p sinking seem havo st e been occasioe essentialon n o ns a , largea paw a pulley s b ,t lwa heavdou y vessel. Pawls were place quaye t onlth t als dn no sbu y oo along the 'beach', wherever this was, for mooring ships which were waiting to enter the Pow. Some minor points of interest mentione minute e wedgef th o suggestioa e dn i e securinus n sar i e th r nfo g masonry (1774)e ,th fixing of an iron bar along the lip of a quay to prevent the displacement of stones by ships' ropes, and the 214 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 attachmen mooring-rina f warpino te smalf th o r bare t fo lth g, ou craft o gt . Arrangement sluicinr sfo g out mud were evidently of great importance, as both Pows were constantly in trouble on account of silting. Agreements with contractor minutee sar d from tim timeo e t deserv d noticed,an e b o e t exampl n A . e (sew e Po above) contrac e e . banisth th N whicr f e ko worr fo , th fo t hplan a k beeo d nha n preparey db one Fairbairn.13 Under this, the contractors, John Hutchison and Thomas Fotheringhame, were to pro- cee followss da ) Excavat(1 . efoundation-trenca h dow wateo nt r leve wide. t leasft a l 0 receivo 1 t , ea wooden frame to support the building: (2) make and lay in the trench a frame of Copenhagen red-wood . thick . broain in 6 ,2 1. y broad d1 0witb ft cross-loge e loge hb th th ,o s t s undermos uppee th d r logan t s notched in an inch: (3) drive in piles 12 ft. to 14 ft. long along the front of the work and in places between logs e pie thibuilw ) th n ro :(4 s ne dfoundationa stonetope e th th , t o sa bast e thic. 3. d ^ft th ft ean t 9 ,k a . lon 'proportionableft d 5 gan d an . ft 4 e b othen i ' r ways finis) whol(5 :e hth e fron squaredn i t , jointed Longannet freestone, set dry and battered: (6) build up behind with dry rubble, rammed and with clay outsidee th fillen d o witp an ,d u h rubbisbuildinge levee th th f lo o h t mak) :(7 e three flight stepf . so ft s7 . 1wide0in . Other contractors mentione minutee th n dJamei e sar s Kirk (10th July 1778), Hugh Condie (5th September 1791), John and James Murray (23rd March 1798), John Smith (8th September 1814), McRobbi Mailled ean 1830)ry (2nMa d, William Anderson (7th September 1838), James McVicar (4th May 1847), Thomas Paterson (18th July 1857Georgd an ) e Macfarlane (7th January 1861) engineee Th . r t doc Charles we k wa e foth rscontracto e Owerth d an , r Thomas Paterson (1st January 1861). 1 Accts. LHT, m, 342. are the source of all statements made below without 2 ibid., x, 432. other authority being quoted. 3 RPC, ii, 446. 10 NSA, vin (Clackmannanshire), 30. ' RMS, 1609-20 2125. No ,. name "Th e 'The Shore O.Sapplies e i ' th . n mapdo s ! CRB m 412. quayside botth o ht esom o t road d e san adjoinin g ' APS, . b vin8 50 , groun landwardo dt . ' Geogr Coll I 308 " Details may be seen conveniently from South Alloa, indebtem a •I d to British Railways Historical Records „ opposit°e "th erivere banth f .ko Department for access to these minutes and for " The full text of th,s contract and detailed esUmates, assistanc thein ei r study. are lncluded ln a ml™te dat Mah eyd7t 1757. 9 Trustees 1848y 'Ma . minut t Thes1s f eo e minutes Anstruther Easter, Fife (fig .56803 O 2b)N . 3 The thirteenth-century mention of the mouth of the Dreel Burn1 no doubt applies to whatever settlement t aparbu , t it frosf o the m. nthiW recorexisteo o st n d Eastef do dan . botE r o Anstrutheht r seems to be available before the sixteenth century. The bay no doubt had been long in use as an anchorage t harbour-workbu t havno ey originatesma d until after, perhaps shortly after, 1541, when Anstruthed ran Pittenweem were both created burghs wit righe hth builo t t d harbours, 'unu plures'.u mse 2 Anstruther's harbour was certainly in existence by the 1580s, when two pirates 'war hangit on our Pier end' (1587)

and a ship of the Spanish Armada arrived 'within our herbrie' (1588). A 'bulwark, peir, schoir andheaven' mentionee ar same sais th i e1601,t n n di i i passag d 4an e tha 'bulwark'e tth , probabl ybreakwatea r with 3 a quay, here called the 'peir', on its inner side, was 'weill and substantiouslie biggit' before it suffered damage in a storm and its 'remanent [was] schaikin lous'. There is probably no significance in the re- presentation on Blaeu's map of East Fife (1654) of an L-shaped palisade in front of the town, as Gordon's map (1642) mark ordinarn sa y piebasind Blaed ran an , u himsel palisadefe showth t no n pier sa o , d an , generaFifes f o 170hi n I p . 3 lma 'longa ther s ewa , higwell-build han t Pee Stone',f o r 5 which seemo st have run out straight for some 540 ft. and then to have returned towards the west for a further 120 ft. Thi incorporates w worno s k i existin e th n di g central pier (see below) originas it t bu , l featuree th d san traces of periodical repairs6 are all obscured by cement. It can hardly have done more than provide some limited shelter to the Shore Street frontage of the port. A great improvemen effectes constructioe twa th 1753 n di y b , secona f no d pier7 origina e NWth f .o l formo t s a ,one o wits basia , , hit n describe 183n di 'commodious 7a safe'.d san 8 This phas illustratees i d by the 6-in. O.S. map surveyed in 1854. Originally about 550 ft. long, the new pier was later extended to a total lengt 1,35f ho 0 anotherd ft.an , ,long. builsomft s 0 ,wa te96 betweene 186eas1877d th e f th an 6t o o 9t original pier, forming an outer basin with an entrance in its S. corner. Today the harbour thus consists of two basins, echeloned north-wes south-easd tan separated tan origina e th y db l pier, this latter having been truncate cuttine th y db g throug seawars it f ho d portio provido nt accesn ea s fro innee outee mth th ro rt basin in place of the direct entry closed by the extension of the W. pier across it. The returned head of the original pier, cut off in this way, has been incorporated in the extension of the W. pier. Traces of GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 215 these alterations appear very clearly on the outer side of the W. pier, though most of the inner side is again masked by cement. The landward part of this work (1753) is of dry-stone blocks, but the innermost 90 ft., lik adjoinine eth g revetmen frontage th f o t e roadway largf o s i ,e blocks with mortar, probabla s ya resul f reconstructiono t alignmene Th piee . th rathes i r f o t r irregular facs it ed slightlan , y battered. Beyond the angle, some 550 ft. out, a short mortared stretch no doubt represents a repair; this is followed neatf o . ft , rusticate0 by16 d work, evidentl ynineteenth-centure parth f o t y extension thid turn an si , n connects with a stretch of rough and irregular work, clearly the detached and partially rebuilt head of the original pier. The rest of the W. pier is all of the nineteenth century. 1 Dryburgh, . 192No . s Description,. 12 2 RMS, 1513^6, No. 2292. A confirmation of 1587 6 For repairs, etc., see RFC, loc. cit. and 3rd ser. i, mentions 'portum et ostia lie heavin' (ibid., 1580-93, 652; xm. Als11 , o CRB, n, 239 ;, 406 in12 , . No. 1396). i stat. Acct., xvi (1793), 244; Fife (1803) 341 n. 3 The Diary of Mr James Melvill (Bannatyne Club), • NSA, ix, 295. 173 f- " Fleming, D. H., Guide to the East Neuk of Fife, Pt. I, . 59 - RFC, 232, VI .

Anstruther Wester, 56403Fife.O N 5 This harbour occupie moutDreee e dth th f lho Burn, which separate Anstrutheo tw e sth r burghs fronn i Anstruthef y o t ba e th debouche d f ro an Wester'd en . s W int se quay oburn-moutth e Th . s hwa evidently serving both communities as early as 1225,1 and in all probability had done so since the earliest times, but modern conditions associate it with Anstruther Wester. There is no question of artificial harbour-work thirteent e earls sa th s ya h century documene th s a , t referre stateo dt s that ship fishingd san - boats were fixing their anchor beacha earliese n so Th . t hin f structuro t e comes onl 1604n yi , witha referenc 'burne th o e t harbou, e porhaven',d th s tan a t r neede2bu d repai 1613,n ri whicr 3fo t hsecurei da grant of £200 in 1620,4 it is unlikely to have been built later than, say, the 1580s, as some time would have been necessary for dilapidation to proceed, failing some sudden disaster. In 1620 it could accommodate a ship of a size to trade with the Baltic,5 but later it fell on evil times. In 1661 the burgh reported the loss shippings it l al f trado s o ,fit d apparentlean Civie resula th s ya f l o tWar, burgha s gavd it 6p an e u l privi-

lege n 1670.i s Sibbald's editor further states thainundationo tw t latee th rf o sseventeent h century 'destroye r 7 chokeharbourde o th p du , washed awa bulwarkse yth swepd an , t of lona f g street',f o e 8on

them having probably bee greae nth t stor f 1655.mo Wood date chokine sharbouth e e th th f gd o an r destruction of the 'bulwarks' to 1670,109 but it is disquieting to find him going on to state that the 'fore- harboue streetth d an r' were carried secone awath n yi eighteentde halth f o f h century everythinf i s a , g beed ha n misdate hundrea y db d years sucf I . hconfusioa suspecteds ni 167e th , 0 dat probabls ei e b o yt

preferred as the harbour was largely ruinous in 1703. The port, however, cannot have gone completely

1 out of business, as dues were being charged in 169512 an1 d 'Sea Box' papers exist for the years 1659-1720.13 In 1710 the harbour was described as 'mean and inconvenient'.14 As might be expected in view of its disastrous history, the place now holds little of archaeological interest l thaAl .t survive quaya s si , reconstructe car-parka s da , which flank burn-moute sth . S e th n ho and measures about 150 ft. by 60 ft. Its face is of well dressed blocks set vertically; these are probably old material, but their regularity suggests that the face has been rebuilt. A flight of steps which descends originale b t no y , whilthrougma parapet e r eo th facy e hth e ma , which extend adjoinine th o st g stretcf ho frontage, shows every sign of reconstruction. The 'long street' that Sibbald's editor records as having been washed awa moss ywa t probabl ysouthwara d extensio thif no s end frontagew sno t blini s n a d,o rocks about 90 ft. from the quay. Crichton Street and the next street to the S. of it likewise end blind on same th e stretc whicy rocksf hwa o h a wouln ,i d agree wit morr o h . roadwaf somft e o 0 ehouse40 d yan s having been carried away. ' Fife, 33. 8n 1 Dryburgh, 192. No . 3 Inventor Charterf yo Papersd san H.M, 7 , . sect.no , .I 9 Fleming . H.D , , EastGuidee th o Neukt of I Fife, . pt General Register House file L/14. quoting Lament, Chronicle f Fife.o * CRB, . ra68 , Wood, W., The East Neuk of Fife, 344. * ibid., 108. 1 Description, 12. ' RPC, xn, 766. 2 Inventory of Charters, etc., as above, sect, I, no, 17. * CRB, m, 532. 3 ibid., sect. H . 7 ibid., rv, 14. 4 Fife, loc. cit. 216 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Balmerino, Fife. NO 355247 This harbour originally was designed for the shipping of lime from the Fife hills to Dundee, a trade which it later lost to Charlestown and Sunderland, but from about 1760 local wheat and barley were shipped here instea previouslys a , dof , from Dunde fror eo m som Firte por th Forth f beehd n o to ha n t I . entitle chargo dt e dues since 1755. 179n I 1 harboue 3th describes wa r 'trifling's da , though capablf eo improvement gooa t d,bu bottom allowed ship delivetakr 'lid o o s t e an n e i r with ease'. 183n maie I 2 8th n export was potatoes.3 The pier has been an L-shaped structure, consisting of a 'stem', perhaps about 110 ft. long when its vanished landward end was intact, by 18 ft. wide, and a pier-head, returned eastwards, measuring about transversely. ft 7 3 y b . t thuW I . 6 fro. o 5t sft . protectmE s fro wese mth smal ta l tidal pocket boundedo t landward by a shingly beach, the upper edge of which has been fortified with boulder revetment. The facing is all of large, well-dressed and neatly-fitted blocks, most of which are droved or broached; part of the N. face stands as much as 8 ft. above the tidal shingle, and this probably represents nearly the original heighuppee th f rto surface. Several tall, upright timbers stan junctiods it . facealon t N A e . gnth wite hth pier-head 'steme ,th pierces i ' culverta y druine b toppet w ellipticafillen d bu ,no a dp an y d u b l arch-head, spann i . in ; 8 thi . sft featur5 duplicates ei t Kingoodida probabls e (q.v.)wa d yan , intende alloo dt wa tidal curren sluico t t siletou fro harboure mth pier-heae Th . originalls dwa y both narrowe shorted an r r than at present, and has been enlarged in two successive operations; this is shown by the emergence, throug surface pier-heade hth th f uppermose o e th f o , t formeo stonetw f so r faces, wit stumpe hth f so upright timbers in front of them, the earlier set of facing-blocks being set upright and the later being droved. There is also evidence that the whole pier-head was extended eastwards when the northernmost, i.e. the latest, section was added. The characteristics of the masonry suggest that none of these operations, thar norfo t, matter constructioe th , presens pie'steme e it th th n r i f f no to ' form, shoul datee db d earlier tha beginnine nth nineteente th f go h century. 1 Tidal Harbours, 172. 2 Stat. Acct., ix, 221. 3 NSA, ix, 593. Balmerino (Kirkton), 35925Fife.O N 2 This pie jettyr reducero w foundationss no , it o dt bees ha , n aboulon. ft 1wide. y g0 2b ft 5 t , witha squar whicd een h doe t reacsno h low-water mark footinge sidee Th whinston.e th sf ar so e blockse th d ,an core is of similar blocks broken smaller and more roughly. The littoral rocks have been cut out to receive work e landwar e vanishedth w th f o ,no structure d den Th . wel y elma have been connected wit hsalmoa n- fishery, as the neighbouring farm-buildings of Nether Kirkton are said to incorporate a 'boiling-house', formerly use par-boilinr dfo g salmon before dispatc Londoe th o ht n market.1 Campbell, Rev , Balmerino.J. Abbey,s it d an 596; Third Statistical Account of Scotland: Fife, 666. 1 Belhaven, East Lothian. 66278T N 4 solio N d grounds exis identifyinr tfo g Belhaven wit Dar e Aberlessice hth kAg , wher Kentigern't eS s mothe supposes i r havo dt e begu r miraculounhe s voyage Professos a t bu , r Jackson places Aberlessic somewhere in the Tyne estuary,1 the guess becomes attractive. The harbour was certainly established as early as 1153, when the Earl of Dunbar granted the monks of May a toft in its neighbourhood;2 and in 1369-70 the Earl of March received it as a free port, with free entry and exit of ships, along with the grant o burgfa t Dunbar.ha t continueI 3 figuro dt Dunban ei r charters afte burge th begurd hha builo nt s dit own 'Old Harbour fac n 1574,n attempi n i ' a td mads 4an wa tchargo et e vesseduea n so l unloadint ga West Barnes, west of Belhaven, as lately as 1814.5 The harbour occupied a well-sheltered, tidal area, now reclaimed by a sea-wall, in the mouth of the Biel Burn, where Highwa by-roae 108yth A d 7Belhaveo dan t n Sands forScotlanf . Roy'o T mp a sma d (1747-55) shows the place as tidal sand, traversed by the mouth of the Lochend Burn, which is now piped under the adjoining children's playground. Some structural remains, including a fragment of a masonry

piesomd ran e posts, were visibl 184en i othe d 1an ;r masonry, probably bloc parwhare a a d f on to k s ha fa ring fixed in it, was found i6 n recent years in the SE. corner of the reclaimed ground.7 1 Studies Earlye th n i British Church, . Chadwicked , s Dunbar Burgh Records, H.M. General Register . K.N , 293. (13tHouse2 2 x h SeptBo , . 1814). 2 PSAS, xc (1956-7), 74 f. " Dunbar Burgh Harbour Accounts, ibid., Box 20. 3 RMS, 1306-1424, No. 340. 7 Local information, 1966. 4 RFC, 1569-78, 417. This subject is discussed at greater length in PSAS, xcix, 173 f. GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 217 Birkhill, Fife. NO 329233 This small ruined pier or jetty may or may not have been associated with the mansion-house of Birkhill, whic buils h178 n wa i greatlt d 0an y enlarge 1857-9.n di landware Th coveres 1i d den d with shingle t belobu , worwe th thi visibles kf i o s . abou ft breadt s 0 it , 10 t h increasin . wherin g6 frot . ei ft m3 squareds i d roundee thersigen d o th ende n e f ,an n o s eth i Th .t l firsa showe . th tin emergen 6 n o . ft 5 o st 25-in. O.Ssurveyep .ma 1894n di ; besid t therei e stand masonrsa y markerbasa r efo . Campbell, Rev , BalmerinoJ. . Abbey,s it d an 596. 1 Blackness, West Lothian. 05280T N 1 Blackness was a landing-place at least as early as 1304,1 and in 1389 the 'port' was granted to the Royal Burg Linlithgow.f ho 146n I burg2e 5authorises th hwa buildo t dharboua r there, with permission tako t e stone limd thar san e fo t purpose fro castlee mth demolitio e ,th whicf n o ordere s same hwa th t eda time.3 The area granted for the port comprised the whole promontory ('montem et rupem') of Blackness norte Ninian't S th f ho o t s Chapele th f sito e whic f eth ,d o en marke s h. i O.Se th NE . n e mapdo th t sa village extendind an , high-wateo gt r mar eithen ko unnecessars i r t i side t ;bu infeo yt r tha inclusioe th t n promontore . sidth E f ee o oth f y implie connectiosa n sout e wit remainth e f ho th o t y sba notee th n di Blackness Castle (q.v.), seeing custom-housetha e village th th t d ean t Ninian' wels S a , s a l s Chapele ar , . bayW .e 'Biginth n reparatiouo d l gan al schore th hewin d f no ean ' wer progresn ei 1602-4,n si n i d 4an 171 place '0ad th harboueha Ships'l al r rfo , wit hcustom-housa warehousesd ean ranke d onle ,an th ys da safe anchorage in that part of the Firth.5 Roy's map of Scotland (1747-55) marks a pier very much hi the position of the existing one, but the latter is evidently not the same one as was standing in his day as the harbour was in ruins by 1843,6 and in 1856 the 25-in. O.S. map marked nothing more than an ill-defined rickl f stoneseo l beloal , w high-water editioe mark onls th i t n yf 189I i n. o 5 tha piee giveth s ti r s nit present form, and its rough, irregular masonry, combined with the cemented top and remains of timber fenders, suggests quite recent construction. However, the pier's present length, of 220 ft., may be approximatel same earlieye th thas th e a f to r work latter'some d th ;an f eo s material wely lsma have been re-used, particularly the very large boulders on which the seaward end is founded. The structure is now partly ruinous. CRB,* n, 105, 204. 1 Cal. ofDocts., 461, IV . 2 RMS, 1306-24, No. 776 s Linlithgowshire, 16 f. 3 ibid., 1425-1513, No. 857. « NSA, n (Linlithgowshire), 72 f.

Blackness Castle, West Lothian. 05680T N 3 Blackness Castl shapees i plan do n lik eshipa , aligned north-eastwards shars ,it p stem being founded on the littoral rocks. East of a line drawn seawards from the end of the structure, the rock has been awat roughla cu o yt y vertica hig. ft h6 labov o facet beacp e u ,eth t decreasin hbu heighgn i t seawards, and in this way a small tidal cove has been formed with some slight shelter from the west. The naturally smooth upper surface of the rock on the lip of the cutting has evidently been used as a quay, serving boats t higa h tidelarga s a ,anotheed castle e 'steme iro an lattee th th t ni f n Th o i s r.' rinn r i beei s t gha n se probably not of any great age, as it is practically free from rust. Before reaching low-water mark the rock dips under a muddy beach, but further out there may be seen the footings of a landing-jetty, evidently for use at low water. This has been formed of a double row of squared blocks, about 4 ft. wide over all and probably over 120 ft. long, but its length is doubtful as its junction wit littorae hth l roc bees kha n washe undedseawars s await wa d rd yan wate den r when visited. smale Th l amoun debrif to s seem suggeso st t tha wore tth k never stood very high, whil presence eth a f eo block which has been cut to take an iron cramp, and of another, evidently re-used, which shows traces of droving, indicate a date later, and perhaps a good deal later, than the beginning of the nineteenth century.

Blackness Castle Bay, West Lothian. 056800-T N 1 mudde Th souty y ba f Blacknes ho tide w s seene contaio lo Castlb t , t y a , ema nlona g ricklf eo debris thid s,an proves examinationn ,o ruiwalle a f th n o e , b presumabl o ,t y onc ebreakwatea r protecting the N. part of the bay. The footings of both faces of the work survive over a stretch about 110 ft. long, and give it a breadth of about 10 ft. at foundation level; the footings are roughly broken blocks of whinstone, unsuitable for coursed construction, combined with a few boulders, and the core is of similar material broke evidentld nen . smallerN ye resteTh . rockn do s formin baye a . hor th t N a ,f gne o parth f o t 218 [ PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 point 240 ft. east of the custodian's house inside the Castle enclosure (05638019), and although, as is usual in such cases, the work has been very heavily damaged in the zone near high-water mark, the rock has clearly bee t intncu o wher structure eth e abutte . Frodit m this pointhed an nt runi . t ft s0 sout32 r hfo swings SSW. for a further 340 ft. before fading out in the mud. The space enclosed between the breakwater and the beach thus approximates to a longish triangle, with a greatest width of about 300 ft. bees Asha n said abov . 217)e(p , these remain unlikele sar represeno yt harboue tth r authorisey db charter in 1465. Boarhills, 57014Fife.O N 9 Boulders have been cleared away, and two or three ridges of rock have been flattened out, to make a boat-landing abou. widft 0 e5 t immediateltrace th kf o thad ten ydescende wes th shor e f th o t eo st from Chesterhill. This wor moss kha t probably been don accommodato et life-boae eth t formerlthas wa t y stationed here. Bo'ness, West Lothian. 99981S N 8 Bo'ness was evidently a port before it possessed a harbour. The port is on record at least as early

as 1565, when it had to be watched for disaffected persons, but the construction of the first harbour was

authorised onl 1707n yi Acte th , mentionin inconvenience gth e previously suffere 1 waitinf do calr gfo m weathe suitabld ran e tides earliese Th . t2 work seem havo st e bee nsingla anchore wesee th pierf th to n -,o age Ease t builth ; tno Pies t untirwa l 1733 ,gives whe wa ft. nlengt8 bein. a furthet na i ,ft 36 0 f gho 18 r added in 1787. The works included a tidal basin and sluice which served to wash out silt.3 Roy's map of Scotland (1745-55) duly shows the two piers, with the harbour between them. Notwithstanding the fact that Roy's map seems at first sight to accord with the existing arrangements, nothing of archaeological interest actually survives. A comparison of the 1856 and 1895 editions 25-ine ofth . showO.Sp ma . s tha greata t dea grounf lo reclaimes dwa d between thos topoe dateth d - san

graph harboue th f yo r area materially altered. existine Th g West Pier exampler fo , , evidently extends thaa earliese s n furthe. it som o ft t 0 t re 30 ou counterpartr shore-line Th . 1755f eo factn ,i , seem4 s likelyo t have lain as far south as Shore Street, and on that showing Roy's piers will have been obliterated by the nineteenth-century improvements. 1 RFC, I, 381. * A major reorganisation was completed in 1881 2 APS, ix, 481. (Salmon , BorrowstounnessJ. . ,T and District, 467). 3 NSA, (Linlithgowshire)I I , 140.

Braefoot Bay, Fife.18483T N 7 The Ancient Monuments Commissioners noted, on the headland just N. of Braefoot Bay, the remain fifteenth-centura f so y building suggested an , d tha jette tth y this d soman , e trace e whicf b so n hca

seen havin closy pointe, ba ee by g th bee do t n uselandina Inchcole s da th y gb m monks. This suggestion seems quite probable, especially as th1 e Bay is the nearest point on the mainland. However this may be, the jetty seems to have gone out of use before 1768, as it is not marked on an estate-map of that date in the possessio proprietore th f no Stirlinr ,M Garden.f go structure greatlTh 2w no es yi wasted thal ,al t survives being a double row, about 80 ft. long, of heavy boulder footings, set side by side but not fitted closely together, with some core material betwee verw ynfe largthea d mean blockabovd an t esa high-water mark. beac e levee worth e th f vanisheht ls o th kA ha d altogether seawars it d taild ,an dsen off raggedly breadts It . h varies from 12 ft. to 16 ft. A strip of foreshore immediately west of the jetty has been cleared of boulders alloo t w groundedboate b o rocst a d k othee an ,ridg th strie n r ebees o sidth t bac pha a f n ecu o o kt straight face. The fact that this strip is still clear, and not blocked with debris from the jetty, suggests that latte e havy th erma been dismantled purposely materialss sake it th f eo r fo , ; alternatively strie y th , pma have been kept clear, for the benefit of local boats, long after the jetty was disused. 1 RCAM, Inventory of Fife, . etc.,99 . p indebtem Stirlinr a 2I M accesr o dt g fo thio st s map, whic preserves hi t ColmS t da e House. Bridgeness, West Lothian. NT 014818 A pie markes ri Bridgenest da Ainslie'n sFifo f Kinros d o ean p lengthenes ma s wa (1775) t i d d,an by fifty yards 'some years' before surroundings 184it d bott 3 ;*an bu ht i s have been very much altered even sinc firse eth t Ordnance surve mads ywa 1856n ei t thaA . t tim structure eth e consiste singla f do e pier GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN9 21 | D projecting from a blunt point of the foreshore, but since then made ground has covered up much of the landwar alss ha o dpie e d extende parth r an f o t d sufficientl alloo yt wsmala l harbou formee e b th o rt n do east.2 A second pier has also been built to the W. of the original one, a dock has been formed between them and subsequently filled up, and an entry to the dock has been cut through the E. pier. In later years the area has been occupied by industry, with the result that little survives of archaeological interest. The original pier must have been over 500 ft. long, exclusive of made ground at its landward end; slightls wa t i y club-shape plann d o outermose th , t remaindee 13 . th bein. wid0 ft ft d 7 egan 2 s rIt 1. 8ft . faceE , whic slightls hi y battered largf o s ,i e drystone blocks, well dresse coursed d margie dan th d f no an , finishes i p to ver n di e yth large slabs with occasional iron cramps openine Th . g int filled-ue oth p docs ki about 50 ft. wide. Reclamation of this part of the coast has obliterated the old shoreline, and consequently no remains of some recorded landings, such as Carriden, Cuffabout and Grange, can now be identified. 1 NSA, (Linlithgowshire)n . 72 , latel 1888-191s ya Storye 2 f Th (Caddello , M. . H , 2 Some ground east of the pier was reclaimed as the Forth, 234 f.). Brucehaven, Fife (fig , PI2c . 26b)07983S N . 0

A local author suggests, although not very lucidly, that Brucehaven harbour, formerly known as 'Capernaum', originate eighteente th n di h century1 Scotlanf Roy'o d p an , sma d shows tha piea t r existed there before 1755. As it stands, the pier shows no obvious dating features, but it might well go back to Roy's time (PI. 26b). It is based on a projecting rock, runs SSW. for 280 ft. on a slightly sinuous line, and then swings E. of S. for its final 100 ft., its average breadth being about 25 ft. Its W. face is of squared, well-coursed blocks parapee th , t bein differena f go t buil smallen di roughed an r r material; aboue th t middle of the final curve the parapet formerly contained a door-like opening, perhaps for access to steps, but this has been built up nearly to the height of the parapet, and now forms a kind of shallow embrasure. The E. face is less well coursed and shows some vertical slabs at the top, probably representing a repair. Near the landward end, on the east, a flight of rock-cut steps descends to the beach. piee rTh give sharboue shelteth o t . r froW area e m pocketh ,a tidaf to l sand whichs it widen t a t sou inner end. A longish stretch of the flat rocks that flank it on the E. has been cut back to a straight face, least larga e d ton ean mooring-rin fittine th another d gfo gan r survive there entrance Th . protecte s ewa d detachea y b . froE de mbreakwaterth , about 13 long. 0ft , which standrocke th n sso abouf o . t 18SE . 0ft the pier-head; it is built of large blocks, but is largely ruinous except for the lowermost courses. 1 Cunningham, A. S., Inverkeithing, North Queensferry, etc., 162 f. Burnmouth, Berwickshire. 95761T N 0 Burnmouth seem havo st e existe beginnin e earls da th twelfts ye a th f go h century 'Cramesmouth's ,a ,

mentione chartea dn i abouf o r t 1100 sais ,i havo dt e bee nplace.e parthat th A f to time doubto ,n d an , also for centuries later, the fishermen 1 used the beaches in Burnmouth Bay and below the houses of the village, which lie behind the protection, such as it is, of tidal rocks. At any rate, no harbour is marked on

Roy's or Adair's map, and no record of construction has been found of a date earlier than about 1830, whe n'boat-harboura fisherme e formes th wa 'd dan n considered tha 'additionan a t l pierneededs wa ' o t , 2 contrac mouth.s tit harboue Th 3 enlarge s rwa enclosur e 1879,dn i th inned e 4th an f re o basi completes nwa d by the construction of a W. pier at some time since the Ordnance survey of 1908. originae Th l portion structure th f s o readile ear y littlf identifiedo e ar interes t bu , t except insofar as they supply a date for the type of stonework employed - rusticated ashlar, battered on both faces of the piers but more heavily outside than inside. The plan is L-shaped, a pier about 170 ft. long, with a parapet walkwaa hig. d ft wide. h6 an ft 0 y1 , runnin . fro t slightlbasN e mf g ou th whatf o e o . almosys W i clirTta , and a cross-pier 100 ft. long by 18 ft. wide returning westwards across the front of the inner basin. The terminal corners of the cross-pier are formed of rounded timbers, and close to its end there stands a roughly cross-pier e shapeth f o dd t befor stonen bu , e e eth eth t pawl entranca e w basiTh e . no th s no i et construction of the W. pier (supra) its whole W. side lay open. On the landward side the steepness of the ground allows no space for a wharf, but only for a terraced road. Beyond the junction of the cross-pier, the main pier has been extended for a further 370 ft.; its end returns to an outer entrance, from the opposite sid whicf eo hligha t concrete breakwater run slande bacth .o kt 1 Lawrie, C., Early Scottish Charters, 17, 225. * NSA, n (Berwickshire), 143. a Tidal Harbours, xx. ' Groome, F., Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland, 1,202. P 220 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Burntisland, Fife. NT 228856 Burntisland harbour originally consiste basia f do n protecte describes islandn wa a d y db an n ,di 'beste 170th s ,3a larges Firth'. e safesd th an t n i t possesse I 1 lonsa g histor particulan i port a d s ya an , r served as the N. terminal of a ferry across the Firth which ran at successive periods from Leith, Newhaven Grantond an . Today, however, nothing survive archaeologicaf so l interest, althoug generae hth l outline reae b place don th f int emoderca e oth n lay-out Innee . sidth .f W reo Thu Harboue quae th sth n yo r

evidently conforms wit so-callee hth d 'Cromwell's Dyke',e th whilf o streee . th e tNE frontagd an . eN Harbouf o d en . r PlacewhicSE f o e l th markes al h,i s a r docfa d s k'Shorea Wood'n i ' s Town Atlas- re , 2 present extenbasie e sth th thesn f i o t e directions structurao n t ;bu l remainidentifiee b y sma eithe n di r locality as dating from before the middle of the nineteenth century. 'Cromwell's Dyke' is now masked by a shipbuilding yard and made ground; the island, with the piers that formed the harbour entrance, has been disguised by modern construction, the 'Shore' has made ground in front of it, and the 'Herring Craig'3 has vanished from what is now the inner dock. The former ferry-pier, as it stood in 1895, has disappeared, its site being covered by the dock that opens north-eastwards out of the outer harbour; the existing ferry- slip dates from after 1895. The course of these various changes may be followed by comparing Wood's plan of 1824, the 6-in. O.S. map surveyed in 1854, the 25-in. one surveyed in 1895, and O.S. Plan NT 2285/2385.

Description, 10. Other recorded forms are 'Earne Craig', 'Iron Craig' 3

'Herod an n Craig' crediy 21 Whethe r an thio t fo .o t s e n wor r du o rs ki Cromwell, 'peire d bulwarksan s ' were certainly harboue builth n Jamei ty b r (RFC,sV ser.d 3r , i, 519). Burntisland, Fife; Bath House. 24186T N 2 'ole d Th site pierth e t markea ' d 'Bath . outskirt House'E e th Burntislandf n o si , showe s i , th n no 6-insurveyep ma . 185n di reachins 4a belo. ft t leas ga 0 wt43 high-water mark t toda;bu y nothing survives excep shora t t lengt landwars it f ho d portion, apparently rebuildischarge th s a tsmala f eo l watercourse, together with a rickle of stones and boulders running out seawards from it. Another, slighter, rickle can be seen some 50 yds. to the W. and this, although not marked on the map, no doubt also represents the remains of a pier or jetty. One or other of these structures was evidently used for the shipping of lime in the early nineteenth century,1 and it may be noted that part of the former road to a limekiln marked on the map of 1854 seems to have been perpetuated in the lay-out of the modern streets. 1 NSA, 420, IX . Cairnie, Perthshire. NO 195192 Cairnie buils pie muco wa r ts reed d abouw han sencroacheno d thats i 1832,mu t i a t y t b 1bu n do descriptio eke e frot b O.S surveyee p dou o m t th .s ma n ha 1860-2 n di wore Th base s .kriversidi a n do e landwardyks it t ea d end projectd ,an southwardsy s Ta int face . oth W e s runIt . s straigh abour fo t t 180 ft., forming a quay built of well-coursed blocks and slabs which now stands up to 5 ft. above the mud; where visible, the lip shows marginal slabs secured with iron cramps, and there are two cylindrical pawls of black whinstone, the larger one 2 ft. high. The E. face is completely hidden by reeds and herbage, but the breadt hstraighe musth f o t thavd stretchen ee beewore th t ,th nkA abou disappear. ft 5 t4 s int mude oth , showp ma se thatth t t aboua ,bu t this distance out lowe,a r section curved eastward continued san r dfo about a further 130ft. markp ma ferrse a Th y plying between this pieFerryfield ran Carpof do w righe (q.v.)th tn bano , k of the Earn and less than half a mile from its mouth. 1 NSA, x, 633. Cambo Sands See Crail, Creeks. Cambus, Clackmannanshire. 85393S N 5 The creek that is shown on the O.S. maps as running south into the Forth from the neighbourhood of Cambus Distillery has been blocked off from the river, and partially filled up, by a dump of earth and debris. Until recent years, however, its wider, lowermost, portion could accommodate small boats, and GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN1 22 | D delivermouts quae e it th th uses t yr a hgraidwa f fo y o n shippe distillere th o dt y from Leith. creee Th 1k probably has had an artificial origin, as the first edition of the 25-in. O.S. map shows it as discharging water drawn fro Rivee mth r Devo passed nan d throug distillerye hth . Some slight remain quae th yf s o stil l project from unde river-banke dume th rth n po , consistin upstread an drystond a f men g o . cornereNW , together with decayed piling alon front e masonrye gth Th . , which merely face massa stonef so earthd san , largef iso , well-squared block embodied san chamferesa d base-course marginae th ; p to l blocke th n so have socket keysr st thesfo block e emptbu e ,th esecuree ar d sar yan d with cramps. Althoug quae hth y is not marked on the O.S. maps, the evidence of the socketed blocks may connect it with an early phase of the distillery, which dates from 1806 but originated as a brewery in 1768.2 1 For local details I am indebted to Mr James Camp- 2 Gordon, T. C., A Short History of Alloa, 74; Butt, bell, Alloa. ]., The Industrial Archaeology of Scotland, 241. Carpow See Ferryfield of Carpow. Carriden See Bridgeness. Canon Harbour See Starley Burn. Canon River Estuary See Grangemouth. Carronshore, Stirlingshire. 89482S N 9 Carronshore, or 'the Coalshore upon the north side of Carron', was described in 1723 as 'a good harbour for small boats and barks yea sometimes at spring tides there comes ships here of 60 tun burden'.1 Roy's map of Scotland (1747-55), while showing no harbour-works, significantly marks a road running to the river-bank from the neighbourhood of Quarrel, where coal was mined, and there is evidence for a branch of the Carron-Kinnaird system of colliery railways having served the place in 1766.2 Legal proceedings begu 1757n i 3 poin larga o tt e export-trad coaen i that la t date fro 'harboue mth Quarrelf ro - shore', and after the opening of the Carron Works in 1760 the harbour became the Company's seaport, being connected wit Worke hth privata y sb e canal village same buils Th th . t ewa a t time. plaA 4f no 1797s marks 'Carron Shore Harbour', with mooring-pole botn so h bankspoine th t ta , wher rivee eth r turns sharpl . 'StonE y o frot . em N Pier likewiss i ' e shown just belo turne wth , 'Carron Whar t Carroa f n House, and 'Remains of Dry Dock' a short distance further downstream. All that now survives of these works is the opening of a small, filled-up dock at the angle of the river, in what appears on the plan of 1797 as the mouth of a 'pow'; it is built of massive blocks secured with iron cramps, and the filled-up portion originally occupie groune dth d behind Numbers 1-15, Dock Street. 1 Geogr, Coll., i, 330. ' Nimmo, Rev , History.W. f Stirlingshireo (1777), 1 Dott, G., Early Scottish Waggonways, 31 (plan). 453. 3 H.M. General Register House, GD/65/206. I am ! By }. Ainslie, in H.M. General Register House indebte thir dfo s referenc . ButtJ r D . o et (R.H.P. 242). Castleton, East Lothian (fig. 3, PI. 30a). NT 594850 The villa of Castleton is mentioned in 1452 as pertaining to Tantallon Castle,1 but it certainly was in existence much earlier, probably as a fishing village, as the English governor of Edinburgh Castle requisitioned boats from it in 1335.2 Its landing was no doubt the same as the 'haven' of Tantallon, mentioned in 1565,3 and this was situated in the cliff-bound, tidal inlet that flanks Tantallon Castle on the NW. It was described in 1703 as 'a little clean Bay, where Boats ly'.4 Traces of the landing may be seen among the rocks just below the W. corner of the Castle bailey, as follows, (i) A flattish rock (59458509) bearing on its upper surface an assemblage of post-holes, to be described below, (ii) Flanking the NW. side of this rock naturaa , l channe abouwid. o t probabl ft d p 0 elu an 3 t y negotiabl t higea h tid boaty eb shallof so w draught evidentls ha t I . y been cleare boulderf do largd san e stones rickla , whicf eo h lies piled alons git . side channel e landware ,NW th th (iii f t stilo t )A d ,bu l d beloen beache wth shallow,a , bag-shaped pool from which, again bouldere th , s see mhavo t e been cleared alsy oma havt i ; e been deepened slightly yb 222 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 some cutting of the rock floor of the inlet. The pool and the channel may be made out, in the middle distance, in Plate 2 of the Official Guide to Tantallon Castle (ed. 1960). survivine Th g post-holes, includin vestigian gte l ones erode inc e depta lessr hon o do t f h,o number fifty-four and are arranged as shown in fig. 3.5 That is to say, a row (AB) of twenty-five holes (1-25) borders the NW. edge of the rock for 79 ft. from its SW. end, which projects into the pool; another row (CD twelvf o ) e (54-43) long. ft 8 ,3 similarly border sid. thif eSE o se projectionsth thed an ,n returns NW., with four holes (42-39), to meet the first row at about its mid-point (E). Holes ACDE thus mark out an elongate whicf o d lefs h(ACp i en t. d ga ope ) figura 1wide. o t SW 6 ft y n. b e ft e th , 0 somlon. 1 ft y g4 b e 4 of 12 ft. between holes 1 and 54. In addition, a row (BF) of thirteen holes (26-38) strikes off the NE. end angln a t abouf ea larg o a firse w n o fo th etro tstraigh n 105°rockd ru en o t ,o - t t . acrosft 5 roc3 e r sth kfo pool; while four further holes, now vanished, seem to have been visible in 1931 prolonging the line ED south-eastwards as far, perhaps, as G. Except for three gaps (1-54,10-11, 46-47), the holes are generally

A- •

- *3 D «"<" .«

JO Feet G ' 58 FIG. 3. CastletoQ, post-holes for landing-stage. Nos. 1, 2, 19-22, 34, 47, 53 and 54 are vestigial, 55-58 were invisible e recordear w no 1931 .n dt i bu ,

spaced about 3 ft. apart; they are oblong in shape, as if to receive squared timbers rather than naturally rounded posts theid an , r longer axe alignee sar d wit rowe h th whic n si h they occur. They var lengtn yi h from 8 to 12 in., in breadth from 4 to 8 in., and hi depth from 2 to 10 in.; they are eroded in varying degrees. These post-holes presumably supported a wooden landing-stage or quay, something better, no doubt, tha 'briggise nth ' employe t ferry-terminalda fifteente th n i s h century, s actuait t lbu 6 sizd ean character remain uncertain. The holes in the area AEDC could easily have supported a quay, but the spans in DEBF, even with the assistance of the vanished row DG, would have been too long for joists without intermediate support thif indicationo O s.n s were found t packinbu , somf go e sort might have been used in a manner which dispensed with post-holes, or such cuttings as were made may have been sufficiently shallo havwo t e vanished through erosion gape Th s. 10-1 46-47d 1an , bein oppositt gse e eon another, sugges transversta e interruptio structuree th f no . Other rock-cut base landing-stager sfo s found course inth f thieo smallea s surven o e r yar scalegooa t dbu , parallel, from Canada illustrates i , y db Bartlett, shape heava th f n eo 7i y platfor rock-ridgea boardf mf o o d sen restine , witth n ghtimbeo a r support underneat overhanginn ha g side. Whil suggestee b post-holesdate o n en th eca r d fo naturas i t i , associato t l e them generally with Tantallon Castle thit ,bu s means littl castla s existees sita e eha eth sincn do e befor presene th 1300 d tan , building was only abandoned as a residence in 1699.8

APS,« , , 10810n 97 , . 1 RMS, 1424-1513 . 584No ,. ' Willis, CanadianP. . ,N Scenery (1840) 2 Cal., illustrate of Docts.,y d. b f 2 m35 , 3 RPC, i, 382. cop EdinburgA n i . s y i opp, Bartlett96 I . , p . H. h. ,W 4 Description, 6. University Library, press mark RD. 3.26-27. • For the survey and plotting of the post-holes, and ' RCAM, Inventory of East Lothian, pp. 65, 67. other field-work on the site, I am indebted to Mr J. Howdle. GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 223 Cellardyke, Fife (fig , PI.2d . 25a) 57703O N . 8 t CellardykA e (Nether Kilrenny ridg)a rockf eo , mainly tidal, runs mor r leseo s parallel wite hth shore, enclosing withi pockea t ni t know Skinfass na t Haven. Thidescribes swa 157n di 'nea s 9wa seaport ... previously little used', and authorisation was given for its 'repair and construction' in the in-

terests of poor and unemployed fishermen. On this showing the place had evidently been used to some extent before 1579, and the allusion to 'repair1 ' indicates that harbour-works of some sort then existed. By 1623 the harbour was 'decayit', and a grant for its repair was obtained two years later;2 in 1703 it was describe 'pretts da y deep covered an ,hewe a y db n Hea Stone',f do mentione s 171n 3i wa 0t i d cursorily yb Sibbald, Roy'd (1747-55p 4an sma ) mark piersa . Befor improvemente eth s institute 1829n di worke th s s appear to have comprised a breakwater about half the length of the present one, a cross-pier projecting from the NW. side of the basin towards the returned head of the breakwater, and a quay running from this pier north-eastward basine improvemente th f Th inneo .e d th ren o s t s resulte extensioe th e dn i th f no breakwater to its present length, the removal of the cross-pier, the building of a new one on an alignment paralle existine th excavatio e o th t l g d it,f Weso 6an . somf no t NE Pie t . someft rocrbu 0 e5 k alone gth basie sidth nf eo betwee demolishee th site nf th eworo thi w d sne k an d cross-pier double Th . e flighf o t steps fro streee mth t seems als belono t thigo t s operationsphase th f eimprovemento e cose th f tTh o . s i recorde £1,700.s da 185n I 7 3 more wor evidentls basine . sidkth wa f econtinuouo a , NW ye donth n eo s quay being formed alon whole gth equay-fac d lengthol presentt e a s th a , d e beinan , bact gcu k slightlo yt suit. somt A 8 e later date evidentld ,an y afte Ordnance th r e surve cross-pie w 1854f yo ne e removes ,th rwa d south-westward presens it o st t position; later agai hea s extende s nreducit o t d wa s breadta e eo th d s f ho harbour-entrance th abouo . et Thes ft 5 2 t e frequent structural change wely lsma have been connected with the less than satisfactory results attained by the extension of the breakwater.9 The harbour is aligned from NE. to SW. and today measures about 350 ft. in length by 120 ft. in breadth at its head and 220 ft. at its SW. end. The breakwater, with a massive parapet to seaward and quaa y alon innes git r side foundes i ,inne e th r n protectin de o slop th f eo g rock-ridge landwards it ; r o , original, portion runsouth-westerla n so y alignmen fro. abou r corne ft e house e mtfo 0 e th th tth 23 f rt o sa Harbourhead, the extension being deflected SSW., running on for about 170 ft. (PI. 25a), and ending in a pier-head which returns nearly W. for 28 ft. The landward stretch is mainly built of large square blocks wide . verticallyt ft se 4 1 , wito t quas hp ;it u roug s yi hirregularlp pavinli a d gan y aligned parapee Th . s ti likewise rather irregularl. y ft built6 o t , varyinp thicknesn to i e d heigh th n gabouan i o t n . so ft p u t8 t Close to the deflection the parapet contains a recess which has held a wooden pawl. The stretch beyond deflectioe th n present obvioun sa s contrast thif facs o it n s ei s blocksa , , neatly dresse weld dan l coursed, althoug parapee hth rougf pier-heade o th s ti f ho materiald en , like Wesee Th .tha th f t tchaso Piera s e,ha for booms. The West Pier, about 170 ft. long, is of neatly coursed blocks, rather thicker than those of the breakwater extension junctioe ;th n betwee originae n clearlth s i d additioe lyen wor th e markedd th kt an n a . There is a flight of steps 15 ft. short of the original end. basie th nf o innee retain d Th r en natura s sit l conditio . corneN beache a s th rn a thern I sli.a s pei added since 1854. 1 RMS, 1564-80, No. 2831. This expression of care The fully detailed specifications are of considerable for fishermen recalls the charter authorising the technical interest. construction of Morison's Haven (q.v.). « See 6-in. O.S. map surveyed in 1854. 1 CUB, in, 146, 201. •> Corporations, I, 145. 3 Description, 12 * Fisheries, 1853, p. 7 and plan in Appendix. 4 Fife, 343 f. » Corporations, loc. cit. 5 On which see Fisheries, 1829, pp. 23 f. and plan. Charlestown, Fife (fig , PI.4a . 28a) 06583S N . 5 Neithe rf Scotlan o Roy' p sma d (1747-55 r Ainslie' f Fifo no ) ep (1775sma ) mark harbousa t a r Charlestown, but the Statistical Account of Scotland1 credits the 5th Earl of Elgin with having built one a programms parhi f o t industriaf eo l development date Th e. given hi this Earl'source th r sefo nine draw-kilns, which inne e facth er w greatlwhae basino th s f i tno y enlarged harbour 177s i , r 17787o t bu , the kilns must have been standing as early as 1772, as they were visited by Pennant in that yeai and described by him 'as perhaps the greatest in the world'.2 Consequently, even if the kilns were new when Pennant saw them, the harbour's origin may be dated to the early 1770s. The identity of the 5th Earl's works may also be inferred with confidence. The 6-in. O.S. map | PROCEEDING 4 22 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1968-9 surveye 185n di 4 shows that t thaa , t date, . portioneithe existine SE th e f no th r g outer harboue th r rno block of made ground to the E. of it had come into being, with the result that the pier that encloses the inner basin on the S. fronted on the open Firth. Again, the NW. portion of the outer harbour bears every appearanc nineteenth-centurf eo y work should an , d probabl yeare datee yb th so dt befor e 1844, when improvement record.n o e sar 3 maie Th n featur interesf eo thus i tpiee sth r enclosin innee gth r basin (PI. 28a) t consistI .o tw f so 'sections, of different build and alignment, and on plan resembles a sickle. The E. portion, or so much of it as has escaped the encroaching made ground, is curved, is battered externally in steps, and measures 275 ft. in length by 12 ft. in width on the top; its general alignment is approximately from E. to W. but

\Pt.. I SOOj

CharlestownFIGa . 4 . , showing positio eighteenth-centurf no y lime-kilns Crai,b l (1914) Crombic , e Point.

pare th t that basioriginalle th nf o lie d sy moren forme . E ee nearldth y portio. nort southW d e han nTh . is straight less i , s heavily battered smoota s ha , h outen i r. faceft measured lengtn 8 i 1 an . , ft y hb 2 s13 breadt topn ho . Apart from some patchin verticallgn i masonryt yse slabe th , scurvee useth n di d portion seem longe thinned ran r than straighthose th contain d n ei en t. stretchW s e somTh . e very large blocks. whole Th e upper surfac provides ei d with numerous mooring-rings curvee thad th f an ,o t d par bees ha tn partially paved wit chair-blockd hol s fro mdemolishea basie th neatlf s ni o d yden facerailway. E de Th . with coursed blocks and is pierced by a large arched culvert, the stream from which would have served to similaf o s i d r constructionen . . sideW scouN e e t silt, th whicTh ou r .t bu ,h must have constitutee dth wharf servin Earl'e gth s kilns bees ,ha n obliterate railwaa y db y embankment entrancee Th . , which opens betwee pier-heae nlanth e th d d oppositewide. denclosee an ft 0 Th . 12 lon. froft d s di , 5 g an mare 63 s ai wide. ft 0 184n ;i 18 greatese 4o 10th t . 0ft t dept t sprinha g tide 16s £swa ft.4 peculiae Th structurae th pierr e plad th ,an f no l difference portions. W s d betweean . , E sugges s nit t that it may embody work of two periods. If so, the earliest harbour would have been a small U-shaped pocket open towards the W.; its entrance, about 100 ft. wide, would have been partially sheltered by the basine th f o lan. . dW 1 Vol. XIII (1794), 467. 3 Chalmers, Rev. P., Historical and Statistical Account 'A Tour in Scotland (1776), in, 217. of Dunfermline, , 404I . 4 NSA, ix, 827. GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 225 Clackmannan Pow, Clackmannanshire. NS 895903-898904

In 1841 there existed 'pretty extensive piers at the mouth of the Black Devon', a muddy tidal creek opening int Forthe o th thoug d an , remaine hlittlf th o e sarchaeologicaar l interes site eth t deservee b o st 1 placnotes by-gonit a r n edi fo e patter industryf no . Toda piere yrepresenteth e sar d onl fouy yb r groups of decayed piling on the left bank, two close to the entrance and two on the upper part of the lowest meander. Other stake probable sar y remain revetmentf so dyke Th e. that protect reclaimee sth d ground coveres lowes i it d d ren dan , witit f ho moundp roaa to s n d o whaf ha so . probabls ti SE e th o yt dredged material; these recall the loan of dredging plant by the Alloa Harbour Trustees to the Clackmannan Coal Compan 1887.n yi 2 (Cf. Kennetpans.) 1 NSA, vm (Clackmannan), 123. 2 Harbour Trustees' minut 22nf eo d Jan. 1887. Cockenzie, East Lothian. NT 398756 Cockenzie is on record in 15651 and in 1592,2 at the latter date as a free haven. Blaeu's map marks 'Cockeny hauen showd projections,an o ' stw 3 presumably representing correlatepierse b thes d y an , ema d with the harbour begun by the 3rd Earl of Winton, about 1630, in connection with his salt-pans.4 This

work is said to have been destroyed by a storm, but the place must have continued in use, as a document

probably datable to the turn of the century lists 5 Cockenzie as a 'sea harbour', while Adair (1703) records 'a harbour within a stone Peir', although noting that it was going out of use o6 n account of the narrowness entrance.e ofth Yore Th 7k Buildings Company renovate enlarged dan harboue dth buil d 172n ri an 2a t

railwa t froi Tranene o ymt th t colliery, some remain whicf so stil y seee b lhma n village soutth f hn o ei squar 4074T eN . Collier harboud yan 8 r were bough Johy tb n Caddel harboue th rebuil d s 1774n li an rwa , t by Messrs Caddell to plans by Messrs Robert Stevenson and Sons, being completed in 1833.9 The harbour occupies a tidal pocket of mud and flat rock, partially protected by a pair of rock ridges which extend acros frons sit t from eas weso givt d t an te acces t througi betweeo p st ga ha n their . ridgE e eends th ther n O .e stand breakwater-quasa lon. ft g7 wity22 hreturnea d pier-head buils i t f ;i o t squared red-sandstone block coursesn si , with some rusticated wor seawar e partn ki th f so d facee Th . parapet is up to 8 ft. 6 in. high by 2 ft. thick, and is secured along the top with a stout iron strap. The W. breakwater has rusticated masonry in its terminal portion, and a patch of vertically set slabs further in, no doubt representing a repair. In spite of minor differences in masonry, there is no reason to doubt thawhole th t e work, includin cuttinge gth underlyinf so g rock that appear from plac placeo et subs i , - stantially of the period of the Caddells' reconstruction. The entrance is 90 ft. wide, and the enclosed area amounts to slightly over 5 acres. 1 RFC, i, 381. « Geogr. Coll., m, 111. 2, 641APS,m . ''Description,!. 3 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 'Lothia, v Linlitquo'd n ' an Dott Early, G. , . Scottish Waggonways,. 15 ' M'Neill, P., Tranent and its Surroundings, 195. » For this information I am indebted to Mr D. A. 5 ibid. Stevenson. Coldingham, Berwickshire. NT 918665

Although Coldingham could serve as a port at least as early as 1602, there is nothing to suggest that it ever possessed a harbour. That no harbour existed in the parish in 1791 4 is noted in the Statistical Account,2 but Coldingham Sands were used at that time by fishing-boats. 1 RFC, vi, 373. 2 Vol. xn, 45. Cove, Berwickshire. NT 784717 Cove Harbour occupie tidasa l inled t an amon . W , gt encloseS. rockse bu . th E n ,de o ope th o nt NW. by high cuffs and partially protected on the N. by a massive, cliff-bound bluff. The inlet has a longish histor seaporta s y a seemt i s a ,hav o st e bee nrecognisea d landing-plac t lease a beginnin e earls ta th s ya g of the seventeenth century.1 In the seventeen-fifties, and again in the eighteen-twenties, attempts were

mad builo et dharboura eacn i t h bu ,cas worke eth s were wrecke stormy db s before completion.e Th existing works, which were finished in 1831, consist of two 2 piers, a northern one extending south-eastwards from the end of the bluff just mentioned and a southern one running northwards from the S. arc enclosee bayTh e ofth . d area amount juso st t over threwatew lo ewhol e t racrest driea th i t f d eo s ou an , as far as the entrance which is at the low-water head of a channel running through the tidal rocks, perhaps deepened artificially in 1751, and is 72 ft. wide between the ends of the piers. | PROCEEDING 6 22 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9

Both pier builte light-redf sar o , greyellowisd yan h sandstone blocks, ver coursedd y an wel t cu l , with iron strapping3 , 2 in. wide by 1 in. thick, along the edges of upper surfaces and on external angles. Beddin underlyine th gn i foundationge rocth r k fo lowest-lyin e th f so g part extremels swa y difficul cuto t t , wors onla s kywa possibl bottoe lowese th th t ea f m o t tide thed verr san n fo y short spells. Norte Th 4 h Pier is angled, its outer portion being 70 ft. and its inner one 140 ft. long externally; it carries a walkway, 13 ft. 6 in. wide, about 9 ft. above high-water mark, and a parapet 9 ft. 2 in. high and 5 ft. thick on top. A fligh stepf o t s mount ende th parapee e t . angleswide e th a a th Jus th e f d o t t a on rt an ,p belo li e wth walkway seventeen pair round-endef so d stones project, like corbels, fro face mthf th eo e pier; they were probably intended to keep in place the mooring-ropes of craft lying below. At the end of the walkway ther doubla s ei e iro stone n thre d pawlon ean d e an woode, n ones elsewhere alon lengths git ; also several iron mooring-rings and remains of the attachments of others. At its landward end the walkway widens rocke th f ,o protecte intt ou seawaroshels a t it cu n fd o d ridgea sid y eb , left uncut, which prolonge sth parapet landwards and may originally have carried some continuation of its coping. On the shelf there stand two houses inhabited until 1946 but now used as stores, and from it rock-cut steps give access both to the top of the unexcavated rock and, at low water, to the bottom of the harbour. At high water there is no land access to the rest of the harbour area except by a tunnel through the cliffs (see below), itself reached fro roaa piee my th drb which mount seaware sth bluffde facth f .eo Soute Th h Pier project bay e stretched . sidth s E f an ,froe e o th mclif a n s o facros flattissa h aref ao tidal rock-ridges and channels. It consists of two sections set at an angle, the outer one being much the stouter; neither has a parapet, and they seem to have been primarily breakwaters. The outer section is 15 . wid5 in top n paveydss 3 e i o . t ;i ft .d 2 lon 1 wit y gb h large slabs, partly replace cementy db wherd ,an e surface th brokes ei nrubbla e corcarriet i irod woodeeo e appearsen n stw on e pawlsd o th n n t an t A .bu , rings innee Th .r section, whic buils hi smallef o t r block slon. tha ft onl wid. y outerg0 e b ft n th y17 4 e s i , on top. It is secured with longitudinal iron straps and also with transverse hoops, of which latter seventeen are still in position. Its landward end, close to the cliff, is crossed by steps, and carries a mooring-ring an iron da n stanchion. Thirty-eight yards E. of this pier, there can be seen, cut in the cliff-face, two flights of step-like ledges, evidently tuskin squaree th r gfo d block slab d masonra san f so y structure. This tuskin flankegs i e th n do flighto tw cutting f o sy b . differena f W so t character, e whicth f o h p stairseee to b accesr me o st fo th o st structure; whil . agaieW furthee n th ther o t r e appear horizontasa f footholdso w ro l . Proof thae th t structure receive tuskin e facn i th breakwate a s t n do g wa mor, or re- probably successivo ,tw e breakwaters corresponding with the two abortive projects mentioned above - is provided by cobble foundations between the cliff-face and the first of the transverse ridges of tidal rock, as well as by scatters of large stones between the second and third and the third and fourth ridges, presumably remains of the heavy bottoming require deepee th n di r water. The most interesting features of this site are not the harbour-works themselves but the access tunnel that pierces the bluff on the W. side of the bay, and the system of cellars cut in the rock alongside.5 The tunnel is 183 ft. long, and wide and high enough for carts; the cellars comprise a main passage 114 ft. 3 in. long by up to 10 ft. 6 in. wide, a series of four lateral cellars measuring in respective length, with their entrance-passages, 55 ft. 6 in., 49 ft., 42 ft., and 21 ft., and a small chamber just inside the entrance. The entranc bees eha n blocke landslidesy db obtainee t accesb y bu ,passaga y sma d b e brokeo t t nou tunnee th n 1830i l purpose cellare t recorded.Th th no f s eo si t the likele bu ,y ar hav o yt somd eha e function in the storage or processing of fish. For help in the survey of this harbour I am indebted to Miss G. Vaughan Johnson. 1 MS. Register of the Privy Seal, LXXV, 127 f.; H.M. 3 Detailed specifications are given in Reports by the General Register House. Commissioners e Herringth r fo Fishery, Fishing 2 These earlier works, and the cliff-tunnel and rock- 1829, 22 f. t cellarcu s associated wite eighteenth-centurth h y 4 Somerville, e AutobiographyA.Th , a Working f o project, are discussed in detail in PSAS, xcvn (1963- Man (repr. 1951), 79. 4), 214 ff., with illustrations Pis. xn-xvil. s PSAS, loc. cit.

Crail, Fife (fig. 4b, PI. 27). NO 611073 earle Th y histor Craif yo l harbou obscures ri existence th y d somewhab a f eo t shadowy 'old harbour', and by the uncertainty that results therefrom in the referring of records to one site or another. There is positivo n e guide exampler fo , positioe th 'havine o th t , f nf 1498.o o 'expressioe Th 1 n 'cu barberiee mli s novi antiquist se simple b t legayno a ' usey chartea l ma formulan d i d r o 1635ol f 184 n ri o y e t 5th 2 ma bu , GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN7 22 | D harbou places rwa d definitel Roomn yi e Bay,3 about hal mila f e distanNE.e th ,n evidenco buto tn s a , e has been found for harbour-construction there, the opinion is expressed below (p. 267) that this bay served only as a natural haven. On this showing, references to structure should all apply to the harbour below towne th t thibu ,s raise furthee sth r difficulty that, wherea 'buildine s th bulwark e th f go , porhavind an t ' was only authorised in 1575,4 two earlier documents, of 1512 and 1537 respectively, allude to a street leading por'te oCraif th to another d Pan 1540f 'tenemeno ,a o t , harboue th t a t Crail',f ro 5 whil recorea d o harboua f 155n ri notes 3i d below. These records mak t cleaei r tha 'newa t ' harbout openeno s drwa suddenly below the town in or immediately after 1575, as a substitute for an 'old' one in Roome Bay or elsewhere, but that the town-site had been in use well before that date, although perhaps not enclosed by a breakwater. This conclusion seems natural enough, as skippers might well have wished to tie up near the merchants' place businessf so evend an , , perhaps, obtain some protection fro castlee mth ; whil recordea 6 of 1553, when a boat was damaged by a ship lying in the harbour, suggests moored craft crowded together at a quay or in an organised anchorage. While the state of affairs in earlier times is uncertain, a substantial breakwater certainly has existed since the later sixteenth century. This is shown by an allusion to 'decayit harboris and bulwarkis' in 1583, grana y 7b t mad 158n ei 7 'pro sustentatione portu Bulware li t se k dicti burgi, tune aren t ventiae s orientalibus devastati',8 and by a further report of 'decay' in 1588.9 On the other hand, the breakwater as it stands is unlikely to show very much of its original fabric, at least in recognisable form, in view of a long list of disasters and of the repairs that they constantly entailed. A particularly destructive storm was tha f 1655o t , wheseveraf o e n on Crail s portlwa s whose piers were 'doung doune', mucd 10an h patching and rebuildin takes gha n plac laten ei r times r exampleFo . 168n i ,pier e 9th , describe 'os da f lairge stone work built far within the sea', was 'exceidingly broken down and overturned' through storms and lack of proper upkeep muco s , thao hs t contributions were calle fror dfo m othee somth f reo burghs; 1170n 1i 7 'a grea beapies e t parth rwa t f douo storme'ta y nb t beini , g then 'olruinous'd dan , whil s rese eth wa t ready to follow;12 in 1720 the harbour as a whole was described as ruinous;13 and in 1756 some serious damage seem havo st e been suffered repairs 1a 4 s were stil progresn li 1760.n si 15 Again, some work donen i 1745 may have included alterations, and not simply repairs, as its object was to make the harbour 'commodious'.16 In view of such facts, dates hardly can be suggested for existing structural features. harboue sitth e f esmalo a Th curvin e s ri th l y rockb g. breakS yd pocketan . - SE ,, encloseE. e th n do water-pier, on the W. by a straight pier running out towards the head of the latter but leaving an entrance in the SW. corner of the harbour, and on the N. and NE. by quays based on dry land. The enclosed space measures about 180 ft. from N. to S. by 220 ft. transversely, and amounts to little more than three-fifths acren omaie a f Th .n pier measures . alon abouft 5 curves git 37 t , witf sea-walo . hfurthea ft 0 l 10 rcon - tinuin lins git landwardo et outes It . r fac rathes ei r irregularly aligned showd an , s large rough blocks, partly dry-built and secured with wooden wedges and partly pointed with cement, standing on a heavily battered and mortared base. The internal face, below the walkway, is mainly of dry-stone masonry vertically set, although wit patcha irregularlf ho y coursed horizontal work abou centree th t . Tha piee th tr once had wooden fenders or protection of some sort is suggested by a record of 178817 to the effect that its timber was then very rotten, and with this may be compared allusions to 'coal walling', i.e. presumably timbering along the face, in 1827 and 1829.18 The parapet varies in height from 5 ft. to 10 ft., and was 12 ft. thick on top where measured, although this dimension likewise varies. It is provided with five flights o fwhicf stepso pier-heae e hth on ,t descend a als d d doan en gives sit outsida sse accespiere e eth th ,o st while the others are recessed laterally into its face. A sixth flight has been destroyed in some reconstruction of the parapet, and the existing ones seem to belong to a fairly recent phase. The walkway is 20 ft. wid. ft narrowestt 9 ea d innewidan s it d paves t ei ra en t ;i d with slab largd san e unshaped stones, perhaps lai relair do 1879,dn i edge1s 9i d with uneven slabs carried ,an s eight rough stone pawls, thre whicf eo e har se stair-recesserecesn a ti own s pier-hean it e i f e so Th . rebuilon s d dwa s an 1871 n ti 20 but booms a , d sha already been installe 1854,n di 21 some earlier reconstruction must presumably have been don narroo et w the entrance suitably. It is now about 30 ft. wide, and has chases for booms which, with their crane, are presen workinn i d an t g order. The West Pier originated in a plan for improvements prepared by Messrs Robert Stevenson and earliee Sonth n si r eighteen-twenties, n 182i d estimatn 5a 2an 2 f £1,095eo r buildinfo , e pied gth an r deepening the harbour, was accepted from John Gosman, with whom Alexander Wishart seems to have been associated.23 A grant of £500 had been received from the Convention of Royal Burghs.24 The work, which was finished in 1828 25 is 130 ft. long by 16 ft. wide over a parapet 2 ft. 6 in. thick and 4 ft. high; parapee th t ends wel differena l pier-hea e f shoro th s f i o t td builddan pier-heae Th . clearlds i y later than 228 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 the rest of the work and was no doubt added when the entrance was narrowed. Both faces of the pier show vertically set masonry, partly mortared, and smaller and neater than that of the main pier. The

walkwa paves yi d with setts, probably lai carrie1866,d n di an large foud son ean r small stone pawls,

6 two of them in recesses in the face of the parapet2 . The quay on the N. side of the basin carries a street which forms the town's harbour-frontage, and communicates, by means of a ramp at its W. end, with the sandy beach west of the West Pier. This arrangement recall 'pate sdrivinr th hfo g seaweed fro Wes e pierm w th whicr tne fo ' Shore hth estimateo et s were calle 1827.n di 27 Fro Wese mth t Pie thequad e ran th n . y abour turn ft runfo 0 . s14 tE SSE., sloping downwards for some 90 ft. along the face of the main pier and thus filling up the NE. corner of the original basin. Both section quae facee th yf ar so d with verticall t dry-stonyse e masonry, apart froma lon. patc ft well-coursef go 2 4 h d horizontal work, whic bees hha n inserted belo splayed-oue wth f o d ten the Shore gate (PL 27b). Three very large rough stone pawls stand against the house-fronts in the W. part of the quay, and two others, less rough, respectively in its E. part and at the former N. end of the pier walkway. Two record items bear on the date of the quay in its present form, (i) As late as 1829 a long-stand- conditiog in stils nlwa attache annuae th o dt l rou thf po e Customs whicy b , h ships were forbiddex fi o nt

their ropes Upstandere 'toth Barkelr so Piere upot th Poles.'e bu ,f sno th This seem implo st y thae th t

8 quay-fac t thaea t time contained uprigh2 t timbers, which could have been vesselpulley b t dsou mooreo dt them, and also that, to avoid this dangsr, mooring-posts were set up clear of the face, like bricole for gondolas outsid Venetiaea n palace, (ii 1833n )I constructioe th , authorises nwa facing-walla f do e th n i , form of a slip, which the contractor, David Gavine, subsequently stated to be 99 ft. long by 13 ft. 4 in.

high. Thoug language hth minut e t altogetheth f no e o es i r clear littl,e therb en doubeca t tha struce tth -

9 ture o2 f 1833 was the sloping E. part of the quay, particularly in view of the close correspondence of their lengths thus i t sI . temptin dat o gt quaypresene s it eth n i , t eighteen-thirtiese formth o t , than o td an , showing the distinctive patch below the Shoregate would fall into place as a repair of 1872, when a forty- foot length of the N. side of the harbour was taken down and rebuilt, being considered unsafe.30 ramA p . somlonft 5 ge8 run down-slopine fron th fooso e mf th o t g portio e quae th th o yf t n o botto harboure th mf o , still flankin maie gth n pier's inner face. Compariso O.Se th f .n mapo s shows that this was built after 1856 but before 1912.

1 Acts of the Lords of Council in Civil Causes, 1496- " CRB, vi, 183. 1501, 240. 17 Minutes, 3rd Nov. 1788 (B/10/10/4). 2 RMS, 1634-51, No. 303. 18 ibid., 29th May 1827 and 17th Oct. 1829 (B/10/10/5). 3 NSA, ix, 962. 19 Minutes, B/10/10/8. 79 . p , 4 RFC, ii, 431. 20 ibid., p. 30. 5 MS. Inventory of Crail Charters, H.M. General 21 Memo, quoting Burgh records, by Col. J. K. Register House (B/10/12/2), Nos , 132.54 , 140. Murray. For access to this memo, which is in the 6 Beveridge , e ChurchyardE.Th , Memorials f Crail,o keepin e Craith f l go Preservatio - nin Trustm a I , 267. debted to the Rev. W. J. Macintyre. 7 CRB, i, 180. 22 Minutes Mard 2n , . 1825 (B/10/10/5). 'RMS, 1580-93 . 1162No , . 23 ibid., 5th Nov. and 1st Dec. 1825 and 29th May 1827. ' CRB, i, 239. 24 ibid., 16th Jul. 1825. 10 The Diary of Mr John Lamont (Maitland Club), 95. 25 ibid., 2nd Jun. 1828. 11 RFC, 3rd ser., xiv, 506. 26 ibid., B/10/10/8. 9 . p , 12 CRB, iv, 405 f. 27 ibid., B/10/10/5, 13th Oct. 1827. " ibid., v, 236. 28 ibid., 15t1829y wordinhe Ma .Th quotes ga d here 14 Crail Burgh Council Minutes, H.M. General is taken from an earlier minute to the same effect. Register House h Apl5t , . 1756 (B/10/10/2). This 29 ibid., 8th Apl. and 15th May 1833. source is referred to below as 'Minutes'. 30 ibid., B/10/10/8, pp. 46 f. 15 ibid., 14t Novd h3r Apl .d 1760an . e formeTh . r provide 'crabba madr e b dfo o et ' 'to hiv stonep eu s for the more forwarding the said work'.

Crail, Fife; Creeks Several small bays and inlets on the coast between Fife Ness and the Kenly Burn were classed as 'creeks' of Crail, in the sense of that word meaning subordinate customs stations. The Burgh Council minutes of the later eighteenth century regularly record the rouping of their customs, teinds and anchor- agessitee Th s. thus mentioned from tim followss a timo et e ear . Cambo Sands (NO 6012). No remains. GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN9 22 | D Fife Ness. Seep. 241. Fluckdub (NO 626106). A landing-place for summer herring. Boulders and broken rock have been cleared away from the beach.1 Kingsbarns. See p. 246. Old Haiks (NO 611113). A landing-place for summer herring. No remains.1 Putiken Water. This name was applied to the Kenly Burn, which marked the N. boundary of the area, extending from the River Leven, in which Crail claimed the right to 'pack and peil herring'.2 The burn-mouth contains many landing-places suitable for small boats, and just east of the E. horn of the estuary (NO 585143) there is a sandy inlet still used as a salmon fishery. An iron ring may be seen here, let int oridga rockf eo . Randerston. Probabl Haikd same Ol y th s sea above 161n I . 6t issu a Crai s e wa lwit laire hth f do Newhall over dutie fisn so h pore 'a Randerston',f th t o t 169n agais i d 9wa n3an assertin rights.s git 4 r thesFo e observation mucd san h other local infor- ibid. . 290No , . 1 matio indebtem a Rev. e MacintyrenJ I th . .o dW t . «ibid. . 468No , . 3 . InventorMs 2 f Craio y l Charters, H.M. General Register House (B/10/12/2), No. 468.

Cramond, Midlothian. NT 189770-187765 estuare Rivee Th th f ryo Almond ,natura e lik blocketh w Eskee siltd y thano th b lan ,s f , p i o dtu harbour formeriver-moute th y consequencn db i y hma usee eb dlightese onlth y yb t craft. Formerly, however, the place was in regular use, and may even have served the Romans seeing that the supposed remains of a Roman 'mole', suggesting a 'Dock for small Ships', were recorded, rightly or wrongly, at the beginnin eighteente th f go h century. proximite tower-house Th churc1e th th d f yo han e e pointh o t t existence of a medieval settlement, perhaps largely, as later, of fishermen;2 in 1335 the governor of Edinburgh Castle requisitioned boats from Cramond,3 and in 1565 it had to be watched for disaffected persons crossing the Firth.4 In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the lowermost reach was navigated weie th t Cockl a r o t p eu Mill depte th , t springha s bein 16ft.o harbout e p Th gu 5 r constructiow nno visible consists of a quay on the right bank, with revetment extending upstream from it as far as Cockle rama Mill d p,an descending seawards alon quay-facee gth stretc quay-faceA e . th f ho , long . abouft 0 , t25 which shows large, roughly squared and poorly coursed blocks, is evidently older than the rest, but is un- likel antedato yt purchase eth developmend ean mile Carroy th b l f o t n Compan 1759.n yi plaA 6f no 17867 marks a small pier or jetty but no quay, and also indicates that the small inlet, resembling a dock, now seen just below Cockle Miloriginalls lwa outlee tail-raceya th f o t .

Sibbald , HistoricalR. , Inquiries concerninge th Skinner , 'ThC. . e B ,Cramon d Iron Works', Uni- 6

1 Roman Monuments, etc., 33. versity of Edinburgh Dept. of Adult Education, 1 Maclean, C. M. (ed.), Cramond, 24. etc., duplicated pamphlet (1965), passim. Cal. ofDocts., m, 352. ' By Johnston, T. and MacQueen, R., H.M. General

3 4 RFC, , 381I . Register House (R.H.P. 2) . 5 NSA, i' 594.

Crombie Point, Fife (fig. 4c). NT 301845 In 1603, Robert Colville of Cleish obtained the right to build 'lie bulwarkis, portis et havannis' between high- and low-water marks on the lands lying E. of the Torry and W. of the Ironmill Burns. He was further authorised to charge dues, including 'anchoragia et lie hevinsilver', and to apply them 'pro sustentatione diet, propugnaculorum et portuum', with the additional concession that a single sasine should cover everything, payable 'apud portum lie Quailheavin'.1 The identification of this place is not completely certain, as Blaeu, the only authority for its position, marks it on one plate at Crombie Point, and on another in Ironmill Bay,2 but either would agree with the charter. No record has been found to show that this Colville laird ever actually built any breakwaters, ports or havens as the charter envisaged, and in fact a local author states, though without quoting his source, that Crombie became important only middl e eighteente th th n f i eo h century, when Robert Ayton Colville buil substitutpiea e s th tra e th r efo 'Auld Pier t Torrybura ' n (q.v.).3 Howeve 1775y b , t latest,a be r y thi piea , s ma unusuaf o r l lengtd hha certainly been buil thin o ts site, carryin grailwaa y from Torryburn, therd 4an e doub o neen e db t that this was the same as the very long pier now existing. In describing the pier as 'small' in 1843, the writer in the New Statistical Account* mus supposee b t t whicmina n i havt o shipparde i e t d hdf th th e o tha s were actually worked havo t d e regarde,an kinresa e s elevatedf th tda o d causeway. 230 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 The pier, whatever its history, runs out south-westwards from the shore across a wide zone of tidal rocks and mud, the rocks being largely flattish and rising little above the level of the mud. It was probably give remarkabls nit e length f som seawarft.o o ,brin0 o t t , r e92 heas gfa it possible s s da da , where eth deeper water coul reachede samde b th landwar e ef o buil Th .s sea-wal a i s d a den l which runs just above high-wate landy dr . w rfirswhae lengt s n Fromarkit o no th t f s e d ti m16o h ar . an ,5high-wate ft r mart ki continues straight for a further 355 ft., its breadth, where the top is intact, being 12 ft. Beyond this point it diverges slightly southwards, and at 825 ft. develops a definite south-eastward angle of some 30°, on which lin continuet ei divergence ende Th th . o st e seem represeno st seconta d phas constructionf eo t i s ,a has been effected by adding a massive facing-wall to the E. side, the dressed stones of the original face appearing within the core and being traceable, where the upper surface has vanished, for some 70 ft. This arrangemen accompanies i t somy db e increas breadte pier e measurementt th th n bu e,i f ho s- e.g . 23 ft. where the original face disappears - are unreliable owing to the ruinous state of the top and faces. The faces are of large squared blocks in courses, the core being of undressed material and the top unpaved. whole Th e structur mucs ei h ruined t intac,bu theight n parti . ft s9 . stan o e shor. About ft th p df 0 u to 14 t angle, on the E. side, some steps of a stair are tumbled in the debris, and another stair is shown on the mountins a p O.S ma terminae . gth l portion. Heavy iron mooring-rings occur h istum e placesth f d po ,an woodea n post nea ende rth . piee th r f partlouteo e d Th yren encloses protectd SW.d an , an . smal,a s W fro e lm th tida l pocket whic slightls hi y deeper tha mude nth , sand flat-topped san d rock landwardo st . e rockSome th th n f seo o W. side of this area show comparatively unweathered fractures, as if their faces had been quarried back to enlarge the anchorage. 1 RMS, 1593-1608, No. 1402. The name recurs in 3 Westwood, J., That Portion of Scotland, etc., 142, RFC, vi, 373 f 1602,o . 196. 2 'Fifae Pars Occidentalis' and 'Lothian and Linlitquo' * Ainslie's map of Fife and Kinross, in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, . v s Vol. ix, 736.

Cuff/about See Bridgeness. 98385T N . Culross,7c) , b 0 3 FifeL P , (fig5a . Herbertiae Th n Life ofSt Kentigern bring saint'e sth miraculour s he mothe f o d Culroso ren t s e th t sa

voyage, and on Professor Jackson's dating of the sources this fact should indicate that the place was know seapora elevente s na th n ti ninte hth earlierr centuryhn o i t no . f i ,Historica l records mention i t ni 1 the later sixteenth century,2 and the usual references to grants for the repair of the harbour occur periodi- seventeente callth n yi eighteentd han h centuries. recordo N 3 , however, establishes when harbour-works first appeared, or of what they consisted, with the result that the history of the surviving structures remains largely obscure. Culross originally possesse dnaturaa l tidal anchorage, partiallAilie th ey b y. protecteSE e th n do Rocks extendind 4an g inlan furthe. dft fro0 m20 r thao t 15 artificiae . 0nft th l high-water mar fixew kno d railwae byth y embankment fact n 25-inI e . th , f 186.o O.Sp 1 show.ma s high-water mar. ft onls k0 a y14 fro Towe mth n House, whil significane eth t name 'Sand Haven' appear intervenine th n si g space. This anchorage has been improved by the construction of two piers, named respectively the 'Long Pier' and the 'New Pier' on the 6-in. map of 1866, with an elevated wooden walkway ('Platform') connecting them (PI. 30). The Long Pier is sited so as to protect the anchorage from the W. Its alignment is irregular, and it shows several phases of construction or repair (PL 30b). Its seaward end is separated from the Ailie Rocktidaf o . abouly ft ssanb 0 distanmuds d i t25 dan d ,an t fro . abouft m0 high-watet64 s r wa mar t i s ka befor buildine e th embankment e th f go evidentls wa t I . existencyn i 1689n ei , whe securite nth Culrosf yo s harbour was contrasted with the dangers of the open roadstead at Valleyfield,5 and may well, of course, be much older in view of the records of earlier repairs; although this need not necessarily follow as any of repaire th s might have been mad land-baseo et d quays vanishedw no , . Thi conflicsn i datin t no ts g i wit h recore harbouth a f do r having been built, presumabl perioe th n ydi 1710-20 Lory b , d Cochrane,s a 6 'Cochrane Haven' is marked in the E. part of the town on O.S. Plan NT 9885, along with 'Blackadder Haven' and 'The Haven', while a 'once-busy harbour' in the same quarter is mentioned by a recent writer.7 No remains of any of these works are visible today, much ground having been reclaimed from the foreshore. GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND I 231

Culrosa FIG . 5 . s (ruined portio Pied Ol r showf no brokey nb n line) Donibristle,b Harbourw ,Ne Dysart,c , West Harbou , sluicer(A boiling-house ) ;(B , tunnel);C , rfEli , granary)e(A .

From the seaward end, which is rounded, the pier runs on a slightly curving alignment, concaved abour ft.fo toward0 , , 23 tbein E. wite o s sgth outermos e hr faceo th large . r ft dfo 0 , 15 roughlt y squared blocks, set in courses and tailed into a rubble core; it stands to a greatest height of 7 ft. and varies in breadth from about 15 ft. to 25 ft., the widening having perhaps been intended to permit vehicles to pass turnr surface o Th . thif eo s par paves ti d with very large sett holdd sstumpan e sth fea wf so wooden posts; the similarity of these setts to those on the New Pier (see below) suggests that they may represent a fairly recent repair. Otherwis piee eruinouss th r i sais i havo dd t an e, becom Earh afte9t o efailurls e e th rth f eo Dundonald'f o s chemical projec 1790s.e th northernmos e n ti Th 8 t portion, aboulong. ft 0 ,t8 evidentls yha been rebuilt, as it is faced with split, unsquared stones set vertically, in the style attributed elsewhere to the beginning of the nineteenth century, and its landward end is finished with a well-built transverse face, partly mortared. At this point the work is aligned on the head of the New Pier, distant about 240 ft., 232 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 and originally it may have run all the way to the land as a strip of debris produces its line for about another 40 ft. and thereafter a few footings, as if of an E. face, can be seen in the piles of blocks that serve as bases for some of the 'platform' uprights (PL 30c). More noticeable, however, are the remains of a section of the pier, nearly 100 ft. long, which strikes off north-westwards from the end of the rebuilt work; this is totally ruined, no part of it standing more than two or three courses in height, but its breadth was 18 ft. and it was of the same unsquared material as the adjoining rebuilt section. It ends in a collection of high-wated fro. ol ft e m0 th debri Pier 34 w r r o ,Ne nevesmark froy . e abouheaft e th mma 0 rth f t d;i o 17 t have been intende reaco dt land y perhapt hdr ,bu s rathe defleco rt tidaa t l curren obviatd tan e siltings i t I . interesting vien i , thif wo s possibility fino t , locada l author writin 188n gi 8 tha Lone th t gno Pies rwa originally connected wit lande coulhd th an , d onl reache e watewading,yb y w b lo r t ro d a 9 whil 184n ei 4 beed ha n t i said that landin onls ygwa possibl higt ea h water1 0- i.e. , presumably, whe boana t coule db actually beached. On this showing, which does not accord with the presence of the supposed footings under the 'platform' (see above), the Long Pier would have been a detached breakwater, like the one at Brucehaven (q.v.). The New Pier emerges from under the railway embankment, only its terminal 60 ft. now being visible. The remainder is covered by, or barely shows through the surface of, the made ground inland of the railway, but the map of 1861 gives it a length of some 230 ft. It is 14 ft. wide at the embankment but expand club-shapea o st d terminal concealee outline b th ,shiftin o e t whicf th t e o y ap db g s hi e santh f do beach piee badls i rTh . y wasted t enoug,bu h survive shoo st w tha t containi t s structure phaseso tw f so , the upper work being simply laid on top of the lower and not bonded into it. In both phases use is made of very large dry-stone blocks, brought to courses and carefully shaped to the curve of the rounded end, but the lower courses are distinguished by slugging or horizontal droving, while the upper are simply hammer-dressed lowee th f ro workp to e , whicTh . paves hi d with large setts, stands abou abov. ft 3 te eth piere tracet th staia ,f bu o f so rd recesseen beace e leveth th f t hdl o a . sid intE es o it sugges t tha heighe th t t must originally have been naturagreates i s modificationa e vien - rth li f wo levef o s l which must have followed the building of the railway-embankment. The stair rises N. along the side of the pier, three of the four exposed steps being in the lower structure and one in the upper. The recess has a rounded arris. pie e uppee th r th f o r d woren ruinousks e i th t furthet A ,bu landwardo t r , wher stils i t eli intact surfacs ,it e is at least 4 ft. higher than that of the lower, and its level, in fact, corresponds more or less with that of the Long Pier; while the 'platform', most of the uprights of which still stand, evidently ran at approximately same th e height purpose 'platforme Th . th f eo ' thus seem havo st e bee carro nt y traffic betwee Lone nth g Pier and the New Pier in the latter's final phase. observee Th d sequenc constructiof eo perhapy nma explainee sb followss da epithee th f I .t 'new' he taken as applying to the New Pier's upper level, the testimony of Roy's map, which marks a pier in this position, would carry bac lowee kth r leve data leaso t let a middl e earleighteents e ta th th s yf a eo h century. landware Ith f d connectio Lone th f gno actuall Pies wa r y wrecked suggestes a , d above beforr o t a , e this time, a reason for new construction would have been provided. With the addition of the upper level could then be associated the record that a new pier had been built 'a good many years' before 1888, and that it had been 'joined to the outer pier by a long jetty',11 the probable date for this work apparently falling between 184 1861d 4harbour-worke an Th . s might thus have reached their present shape afte secona r d disaster had struck the Long Pier, damaging its already truncated landward end - part of the damage being repaired in the vertical technique and the rest abandoned, while the 'platform' was erected to link it with a suitably heightened New Pier.

1 Studies in the Early British Church, ed. Chadwick, evidently the 4th Earl of Dundonald, who died in. N. K., 286. 1720. 2 RFC, , 381I ; CRB, 265, I . ' Cunningham , CulrossS. . A , PastPresent,d an 101. 3 CRB, n, 162, 180 , 271,90 418, 29667 ; , , mv ; 48 , 8 Imperial Gazetteer f Scotland,o . Wilson, ed W. . J , 404, 476, 491, 535; VII, 197, 259. I, 335. 4 Illustration in Slezer, Theatrum Scotiae, PI. 47. • Beveridge, D., Between the Ochils and the Forth, 195. ' RFC, 3rd ser., xiv, 392. 10 The Topographical, Statistical and Historical ' Loch, D. Tour,A through Most of the Trading Towns, Gazetteer f Scotlando (Ferguson, Glasgow), i, 280. etc., 18. The Lord Cochrane in question was " Beveridge, D., loc. cit.

Dalgety, Fife.17083S N 7 The 6-in. O.S. map surveyed in 1855 marks 'Old Pier' just W. of the old parish church of Dalgety, indicating no structure but only a strip of loose stones or boulders running down from high-water mark GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 233 across the tidal flats. This feature still exists, and in its seaward portion there can be seen a row of large laid stones, evidently the footings of the E. face of a pier or jetty. About 120 yds, below high-water mark these run into some transverse footings which suggest a pier-head about 30 ft. wide; but the remains are too scanty to reveal a definite plan, and their explanation is made more difficult by some further transverse footings about 60 ft. further out. As nothing is marked at this site on an estate-map of 1768,1 one must suppose either that the pier was built after that date, and became ruinous or was demolished before 1855, gooa s dthar wa o deat ti 1768already d l b older ha e d .us y f an , gono t eou undee 1Se r Braefoot Bay. Devon River Estuary, Clackmannanshire. 84993S N 5 Some remain timbef so r revetmen banklowermose e seee th th b f n i so y ma t t Rivee reacth f hro

Devon, but nothing to suggest the 'pier' that existed in 1793. The earthwork on the left bank seems to have carried some structure, presumably industrial fairln i t y bu , recent years1 . 1 Stat. Acct., VHI, 599. Donibristle, HarbourFife;w Ne (fig. 5b) 16382T N . 9 This harbour is a tidal pocket at the NE. end of the bay that lies immediately NE. of Donibristle Bay, and is formed by a breakwater-pier projecting, on an axis rather S. of W., from the bay's NE. horn. Measured along its outer face, which continues the line of the littoral rocks, the pier is some 90 ft. long; internall landware yth d structurs limiit f to difficuls ei defin o innes t t it s era face coalesces wit hrevettina g wall which runs all round the bay, protecting from erosion the policy ground behind. The masonry is of large dry-stone blocks, well square coursedd dan , wit hcora rubblf eo graveld ean seaware th ; d facs ei protected by a heavily battered apron of smallish material, not bonded into the pier and probably an addition. At its head the pier turns slightly inwards in a short, broad hook, its breadth just behind the head being 18 pier-heaft.e th ; innede heighstanda th in.o rd 6 t face1. f ,an p 3t o sft u , furthe landwardo t r , to 10 ft. On the inner face there are two flights of steps, 4 ft. and 4 ft, 6 in. wide respectively, and neither going below the level of a grounded boat's gunwale. The top of the pier is ruinous and encumbered with debris.

A pier is marked in this position on an estate-map of 1768, but that this structure, in its present form, goes back to the mid-eighteenth century cannot be taken for granted1 . 1 See under Braefoot Bay. Donibristle, Harbour.Fife;d Ol 16182T N 9 The point at the NE. end of Donibristle Bay consists of parallel rock-ridges striking seawards, with linear hollows between them formed by differential erosion. On one of these ridges, no doubt cut down to receive it, a pier or jetty has been built of large dry-stone blocks, much less regularly dressed than those of the neighbouring New Harbour (q.v.) and poorly coursed. At one point the W. face stands to a height of 7 ft. 6 in. Part of the top is still intact, and is roughly paved with smallish unshaped blocks; where it disappears unde landware r turth t showt i fa d den s trace gravef so cobblingd lan . marginaMane th f yo l slabs, still in place along the W. side, have been crudely shaped but not regularly squared, and are notable for theiwore bees Th rk ha t leaslarg n. a in te6 . sizeft 1 sampl a ; y b foun s . ft e wa measur3 o dt y b . ft e5 14 . long0ft , measured alon slighe gth t curve tha lowes it tmaked en r s towardbreadts it d E.e an s,hth decreases seawards from about 15 ft. to 10 ft. The hollow that flanks it on the W. has been improved to make it suitable for boats. A shallow recess, resembling the end of a berth, appears in the revetted bank revetmen e beachjettye e th th th t thi s f s a ,o quit s a bu ,s i p associated s i teto ol unlikele s a th e t b a do yt wit police hth y ground behind. The jetty is marked on an estate-map of 1768,1 and it should probably be thought of as contemporary with Donibristle House, built about 1720.2 1 See under Braefoot Bay. 2 RCAM, Inventory of Fife, Kinross and Clackmannan, 98. Dunbar,1 East Lothian. 68179T N 2 Harboud Ol e Dunbaf origis rTh o it natura a d n i rha l tidal anchorage, partially sheltered froe mth LameCastly e b th . y N erb promontorIslan. W frod e dman th t otherwisybu e much exposed mose Th .t importan texistine iteth mn i g comple work f Easxe o th ts si Pier longa , , slightly curving structure which anchorage cover. sidth E f ee o islande sfinisheth d th acces n ef an o A . . sS s channel disusedw no , , passes | PROCEEDING 4 23 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1968-9 betwee pier-heae nislande th th d .d an Fro pier-heae mth d another pier returns south-westwards, flanking the channel, the entrance from the channel to the harbour proper lying between the end of the returned quaa pied yr an formin harboure sid. th f W e go e parth . f Froto entrance mth e quay continuoue sar s along the W. and S. sides of the harbour, the enclosed area being about 565 ft. long and varying in breadth from smallisa n i large5e . 8ft th h n inneri . northerft r5 basi17 no nt portion access-channee Th . l formn sa outer harbour, know Broas na d Haven, whic flanke s hnorti e causewaa th y hn b d o y leadin islande th go t . This causeway likewise separates Broad Haven fro Victorie mth a Harbour Harboud Ol entre d th r,an yo t obtainew isno d throug Victorie hth a Harbou openinn a causeway e d th an rseaware n g i f th o s d a , den Broad Have bees nha n blocked. anchorage Th wely everlma a havr yfo elone bee us gnames n it timei d ,an , Lamerhaven, occurs in a charter of 1555, some twenty years before the building of the harbour began. This may be dated to 1574 or shortly afterwards, as the burgh was authorised in that year to raise money for the purpose and repairs are already on record before the end of the sixteenth century. These repairs, and others noted between 1600 and 1613, dispose of the commonly-quoted error that the East Pier was first built by Crom- well's government, and it is clear that a breakwater in the position of the existing work would have been required from the outset for protection from the NE. The earliest breakwater was evidently in part of timber, as 'the bulwarke of the herbrie and the timber thairof' was pulled down during the Cromwellian occupation of the town.2 A causeway to the island is also likely to have been one of the earliest works, for the sake of protection from the W. The rest of the works were added at various dates from 1717 onwards. The East Pier is about 920 ft. long, including a stretch of sea-wall at its landward end, and shows many varieties of masonry including beach-boulders, large, roughly dressed blocks, and slabs set obliquely or vertically. The boulders, which tend to appear in the lowest courses, may well belong to the oldest phase of construction, while the other variations no doubt represent repairs following storm-damage. suce hOn disaste cause s greae th rwa y td b gal 1655f eo , whe ngrana repairr tfo obtaines swa d from Crom- well's government; another collapse, which occurred in 1906, was probably responsible for the vertical obliqud an e seaware wor seeth w n ki no r d fo portionabou o . widt d ft topp n 6 an piee u o 1 t , s rTh i . much of its length has two walkways, at different levels, a fact which may suggest that its height was raised at some time. The parapet is up to 5 ft. 6 in. high. At one point a flight of steps, formed of large slabs protruding fro quay-facee mth , goes bottodowe harboure th th o nt f m o . Three woopawlsf o d o dan tw , recessen i wall-fact e ironth f se o e n si e ar , eon that rises fro lowee mth r walkway; the saie yar d locallo yt have served for warping ships round in the N. basin. pier-heae Th originalls dwa yroundela alteres wa t d bu ,afte disastea r piee 1879n rTh i r tha. t returns from it to the harbour-entrance is 170 ft. long by 16 ft. 6 in. wide at the top over a parapet 2 ft. 3 in. high and thick. Its masonry differs greatly from that of the East Pier, being of squared and well- coursed blocks. At the end there stands a massive pawl made out of the butt of a tree, and three other pawls have been removed. This pier was probably built in 1717, and is in any case shown on Roy's map of Scotland (1747-55). The quays on the W. side of the harbour and at its S. end were also begun at this date, the Burgh records being full of information about the progress and cost of the work, which included cuttine th g roce bacwhicn th k o f quayke o hth s were founde increaso dt harbour'e eth s area alsd e o,an th widenin Broaf go d Haven storehousd earle ol Th e y, th quay s a er sknow fa extende s a nd en d. S fro e mth as Spott's Girnel, itself on record in 1719, Later improvements include the Coal Wharf, a jetty built in 1761 alon innee gth Ease r facth t f dockePiery o dr 1785f a ,o , , whic'Holeye lates th d hwa r an fille' , dup (hollow )same Pierth ef o ,date , just nort f Spott'ho s Girnel calleo s , d becaus frons originalls eit wa t y recesse givo dt e spac whicn ei h ships coul warpee db d round pawle Th thesn . so e quays includ eheava y tree-butend. S , e threth t gund ta muzzle-upwardet ol sse filled san d with cement pieca d irof eo ,an n pipe; ther alse e ar onumbe a heavf ro y mooring-rings. harbour-entrance Th rathea d ha r s complicateeha d history accounn measureo ,e th f o t s takeo nt equip it with booms. In summary, it seems that the question of booms was raised in 1804, that about 1827 'booa m pierbuilts wa ' , extendin greturnee inwardth f o d s pieen fro e rm th (se e above opposito t ) e Spott's Girnel, and booms were established there, that this pier was ruined by a storm before 1842, only a fragment surviving in the short work with steps at the end that now projects southwards from the end of the returned pier, that a position for the booms was then tried in the entrance itself and found unsatis- factory thad 188n an i ,t existine 8th g concrete spubuils t obliquelwa rou t y fro fragmene mth e th f o t 'boo mboome pier'th d s, an installe channea dn i l thu breadthn i s . reduceft provid0 o 3 T . o dt . froeft 0 m4 attachment for the booms on the opposite side the face of the Holey Pier was built up flush. These booms GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 235 remaine untie us l dn fairli y accesrecene th Broan o si t t yearsalsd se d di o a Haves a , n fro Victorie mth a Harbour. The Battery, on Lamer Island, was built after an American ship had attempted to raid the harbour in 1781. It is a red-sandstone structure with an open gun-platform, embrasures for sixteen guns, and a covered magazin quarterd garrisone ean th r sfo . 1 This accoun resuma maie s i th t nf eo point a f so * Dunbar Burgh Records document quoten i d recent and much fuller study (PSAS, xcix, 173 ff.) Transactions of the East Lothian .. . Society, xi, 11. to which reference should be made for sources. The Victoria Harbour is omitted, as being outside the scoparchaeologican a f eo l project. Dunmore, Stirlingshire. 89389S N 5 harbouA recorn o s r i Dunmort da (1747-55y 1792,n ei Ro d 1an ) mark channesa leadins la g through bele tidatowardf d th o t lmu poinsa t whic namee hh s 'Elphinstone Pans' thus i t sI . probable that some trade in salt was carried on from the small inlet north-east of the village, although the only installation at the place today is a modern landing-stair suitable for serving small boats. No record has been found of any ferry which may have run between Dunmore and Ferryton, on the Clackmannanshire shore opposite (q.v.). 1 Stat. Acct., m, 489. Dysart, Harbour.Fife;d Ol 303928 Dysar sais ti havo dt e existe pora t s leasda a t earls doubo a t origi n s s 1450,it yy a o g td nma 1an back considerably further 'wesA . t havyn recorn o s i '1464, dn i reasond 2an givee sar n belo . 236w(p r )fo regarding this haveforerunnee th s existinne a th f ro g West Harbour (q.v.), althoug breakwateo hn r seems havo t e bee nwestere builth n o tn site befor earle eth y seventeenth century 'oln A d. port', howevers i , mentioned in 15343 in a passage which implies that it lay somewhere E. of the West Haven, and while a

'port' need not necessarily possess built harbour-works, the fact that this one was 'dekayitt' in 1588 clearly point somethino st g more tha unimproven na d anchorage 156n I Tow.e 6th n Council agreeo dt 4 build a pier at their 'port and haven',5 but it does not appear which of the two harbours, the 'old' or the 'west', was in question, or whether the decision was ever carried out in fact. Tradition places the Old Harbour on the tidal beach below the present NE. end of The Shore, where significant remains exist now known as 'the Jetty'. The 6-inch O.S. map surveyed in 1854 marks the Jetty, with a fine double line, as descending the beach for some 300 ft. and ending about 150 ft. west of the tidal reef called Partan Craig. The site is thus some 800 ft. NE. of the West Harbour breakwater.

remainse Th sees a , n when visited, compris outcron ea rocf po k wit hcut-baca kcomplea facd ean f xo further cuttings at its 6 lower end. The outcrop emerges from the shingle a short distance below high-water mark rund ,an s straight dow beace n th abou r hfo ft0 .t 9 wit surfacs hit e dipping north-eastwards. Wheret i first appears it is only a few inches high, and it is interrupted here and there by drifts of overlying shingle as the foreshore has filled up considerably in recent years with debris washed in from the neighbouring Frances Colliery. Its lower end, however, which reaches to the low-tide mark of normal, although not of excep- tional, low tides, stands as an irregular lump about 3 ft. 6 in. high above the beach. The W. side of the outcrop has been cut throughout its length to a vertical face, and the terminal lump shows angular recesses presumably intende holdo t d timber masonrr so y structure, together with five post-holes. These last have been much eroded by 'pot-hole' action, but one still shows traces of an original rectangular shape; the largest, worn oval, measures 1 ft. 10 in. by 1 ft. 7 in. and is more than 2 ft. deep. Four of the holes are arrange straigha n di tlon. lineft 2 g1 ,ove r all. Clos , foueby r smaller holes diametern i , . onlin y2 , still hol bute dth t end woodef so n rodsworw no ,n flush wit rocke hth . Below ordinary low-water mark there are further remains, under water at the time of the writer's visit, for the following details of which, as also for much other local information, the writer is indebted Alberr M o t t Kiddlonstrip. A ft wide. 1) y 1g3 ft b (i 6 ,. well-cuf o , t block thicr so k flag-stonese th n i t se , sand on a slightly more easterly alignment than the cut face of the outcrop. Some of the slabs are socketed to receive rectangular keys, like those in the low-tide landing at Pettycur (q.v.). (ii) Another strip of stone blocks , continuint separateft.7 bu ,1 f o p lindgn ga i fro e a las e witPartamy o th t b t hi n Craig. This strip . wideft . lonblockse 9 ft th ;y g5 b 3 s ,t . socketedi whicin no 4 e . hlengtar n ft i 1 . , ft measury hb 4 o t p eu in width and thickness, and resemble some in the base of the West Harbour breakwater which are locally believed to have come from the Old Harbour. | PROCEEDING 6 23 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 An explanation for these works below low-water mark is suggested by the low-v/ater landings at Pettycur and West Wemyss, namely that they formed a causeway to Partan Craig, which dries out more or less at all lower-tide levels. Anyone using Partan Craig as a landing-place, except at the lowest tides, woul dwado t hav crossind n ei e ha gbeache oveth dons o rt , just wa Culross,e a s a t wadind 7an g would have been less hazardous wit soliha d underwater footway explaio T . Jettye nth , however gooa s i , d deal more difficult, and to do so it is necessary to resume consideration of the Old Harbour, and more particularly of the evidence bearing on its position. Its basin or quays are unlikely to have been at the level where the Jetty ends, i.e. at the bottom of the beach, and this for several reasons, (i) The natural place for quaye tradinth a f so g burg alon s hcasi e sea-fronDysarf e th e o g th n town e i th d tf ,an thio t s would mean roadwae th y knowShoree Th s n.a This poin reinforces ti similarite th survivine y db th f y o house d gol s along The Shore to their counterparts in other local ports, one of them, moreover, bearing the significant name of the 'Tidewaiter's House', (ii) A Charter of 15348 alludes to 'terre pecia apud os seu introitum ejusdem' (i.e. veteris portus), and this language inescapably implies the existence of a basin indenting the foreshore in such a way that its entrance was close to the parcel of land in question. To interpret 'os seu introitum lane th ds a entranc' enclosen a f eo d dock-side area woul difficule db t enoug casey d an an , n hi her locae eth seem ly rule e topographyb b t o dst ou , (iii) Althoug Harboud badlo Ol s e s hyth rwa silte p du

by 1631 that 'no small barke darre hazar ankeo dt r there', high-water mark still reache Shore dTh e when the O.S. map was made in 1854. From all this it seem9 s to follow that the pre-1631 harbour was so placed impingo t s lana y partn dr de o bel e leastt lyinw whaf ,a th t o no f seawar go o ,s t e t i Shore e th Th s f A d.o end of the Jetty is distant some 350 ft. from the fronts of the houses on The Shore, there would seem to have been ampl Crailt a thien e rooO s.on showin e mthin i th s s basi a a Jettbel e r g th least tn fo ybi a s ta might be thought of either as the rock foundation of some extended harbour-work or, perhaps more probably, a natural pier contrived on the surface of the outcrop as at Donibristle Old Harbour or Pitten- weem Boat-harbour (q.v.). The post-holes and cuttings would then fall into place as footings for some pier-head structur e- possibl ystagea suggestes a ,post-hole e th r dfo t Castletonsa beacona r t o a , s a , Laigh Craig, Torryburn (q.v.). 1 NSA, ix, 130. visiblextene e th 6Th f o et remains appear varo st s ya 3 RMS, 1424-1513, No. 782 the shingle is moved aboutby the action of the waves. 3 ibid., 1513-46, No. 1368. 7 Beveridge, D., Between the Ochils and the Forth, 195. • CRB, i, 293 ' ' RMS, 1513-46, No. 1368. Muir , NoticesW. , from Locale th Records of Dysart,' RPC, set.d 2n , IV, 386.

5 33.

Dysart, Fife; West Harbour (fig. 5c, PI. 28b). NT 302928 Dysart Harbour abandonedw no , , dates fro earle mth y seventeente yearth f so h d centuryOl e Th . Harbour (q.v.) havin gdangeroua silteo t p du s extent Towe ,th n Council desire buildo t d'commodioua s surd ean thaif o harberie wes 'foun e d platd ra th tout ha ten t ta d dou n an ' mei thar tfo t purpose'n i t ,bu

1631 lacked means to finish the work, which seems to have been in progress since at least 1615, and petitioned the Privy Council for support in an appeal for help.2 It is true that a West Haven, later 1 defined as 'apud occidentalem limitem ville de Dysert', had been in use at least as early as 1464,3 but the two records sit. econflict W d wouloe no th s a td have enjoyed some natural shelte could ran d consequently have served naturaa s a l anchorage even while unimproved neer issue No d .confuseth e e b fac e th t thay db 'Easn ta t

Pier sais i ' havo dt e bee dangen i fallingf havo ro t d e needean , d repair, about 1640, this a s description fits the E. component of the West Harbour; nor i4 s it even impossible that the author was alluding con- fusedly to the work done in and before 1631. In 1703 the East Pier was described as 'a strong Bulwark of Stone'.5 The East and West Piers are shown on Roy's and Ainslie's maps (1750, 1775) sustantially as they stand today, but repairs to piers and harbour are mentioned frequently in the eighteenth and

nineteenth centuries, and the patching and rebuilding that they called for must have modified the structures' outward appearanc6 e considerably. Especially bad damage was evidently suffered in 1705, 1724, 1803,1837-8 and 1843, in the last year about 100 ft. of the point of the East Pier having been washed away.

The wet dock, formed from what had previously been a quarry, was opened in 1831, and most of the works now seen insid enclosure eth maie th nf e o pier s see mhavo t e followe thin do s development. 7 harboue rocka y Th b y . . sid protectes bluffE ri whicf W e o e e bees th ,th h ha nn d o quarrie a o dt high, vertical face; the S. end has also been pierced by a short tunnel, 6 ft. 4 in. high by 7 ft. 4 in. wide, to give access to the harbour from the west by land. The opposite side is enclosed by the East Pier, aligned mainly from N. to S., but deflected south-westwards at its head. The entrance is at the S. end, beween the GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN7 23 | D head of the East Pier and a shorter W. pier which projects south-eastwards towards it. From its junction wit Shore hth e Road Ease ,th t Pier runs virtually straigh abour deflecte e ft.tfo 0 th , t58 d pier-head measur- innes it in additionan n rga O sid . t ecarrieft i 0 12 l squaya , generall abouo t e p yon u t t 1a wid. 8ft t ebu point reaching 24 ft., with a parapet up to 12 ft. high; from about the middle of the straight stretch to beyond the junction with the pier-head, a distance of some 340 ft., this parapet has been raised by the additio uppen a f . highno rft parape6 , o flust t leavin p bu hu t , wit gfacverE. a e he th ey th belo n o wt i narrow walkway on the W. This addition must have been made before 1835, as it is marked on Sang's plan of that year.8 The outer face of the pier clearly reflects numerous repairs, including the re-use on a concrete foundatio blockf no s locasaia y db l informan havo t t e been takee th Pierd nt Ol frobu , e mth irregular alignment of the N. portion of the face is presumably an old, or even an original, feature. Vertically-set blocks appea botn ri h faces, being particularly conspicuou W.e th , whiln so pier-heae eth d and the adjoining part of the pier itself show, above the level of the quay, neat rusticated work of the early nineteenth century, no doubt representing a repair after one of the disasters that occurred at that time. pitchinSome th seawar e f eo th gn i d footing piee evidentls th ri f so y even more recent, having been added since the Ordnance survey of 1895. Of the ten pawls on the quay, one, as at Dunbar, is an old gun set muzzle downwards; other eithee sar casf ro t iron, with flanged section e topsar r o ,irof so n piping filled with cement stano shallodn Tw .i w recesse bact scu k parapet e int facth e of th e o . The W. pier, which forms the other side of the harbour entrance, itself 67 ft. wide, is about 190 ft. long by up to 30 ft. wide. It is better preserved than the East Pier, and is mainly constructed of large blocks set vertically in courses, some of them being shaped to fit together. The pawls, of cast iron with flanged tops, are of the same pattern as those of the East Pier. From the landward end of the pier, a quay-fac similaf eo r construction heavilw no , y banke witp du h shingle, runs forofo t f. m slightlN f o . yE open-ende n . sida f W e o e th d piebasia y rb n projectin. boundeN e th n gdo eastwards int harboure oth . This pier is about 70 ft. long, and ends on a large rock which has been suitably shaped; its masonry differs adjacene th . piefrod W an rmt e quay-facethath f o t , being largel horizontaf yo l blocks t leasa t t i t bu , antedate markes i 183t i s Sang'5n a d o s plan. Nort thif ho s pie quay-face rth e continue abour sfo - tan other 100 ft., thereafter mergin entrance sid. th g f W inte o dock t e junctiooee th we int Th e . oth markens i d by a change in the style of the masonry, as much of the facing of the dock-entrance is lightly droved. The quay varies in width from about 30 ft. to 100 ft., and is backed by the vertical quarried rock-face which stands up to about 50 ft. in height. Close to the dock-entrance it carries the shell of a building which may or may not be the 'boiling-house' for whale-blubber marked on Sang's plan, and shown by its legend to have been the subject of interdict proceedings in 1835; it stands on the same site, but is differently oriented. The passage into the dock is flanked on the E. by a pier which extends to a point opposite the end of the pier that projects from the quay-face (see above). Its end and that of the pier opposite are both provided with chases for booms to span the space between them. Unlike the other works inside the harbour, it is not shown on Sang's plan but seems to have been built in accordance with a report made in 183Johy b 8 n Leslie, whose pla thaf no t year9 show witt si h boom margi. placen si W s It n. contains some slabs secured with lozenge-shaped keys, which agree with a date in the early nineteenth century, and it carries three rough'stone pawls and one of shaped cast iron such as are seen elsewhere in this harbour. The quay from which it projects is shown by Sang as a pier about 140 ft. long, based on dry land in the NE. sectoharboue th dock e f doc formine . rsidd o th f ran Th ekSE .o e itselgth irregularls fi y triangular shapen i . transverselyft 0 , measure17 e backe s facei e y th b th d f . so y an S ,db so . frot som ft . m5 N e27 quarry in which it has been formed, or by other rising ground. Its quays are levelled up in neatly coursed masonry. entrance docTh e th abougreatls kwide. a i o e t ft d 5 3 t,an y decayed pai gatef ro stils si positionn li . They are mounted on wooden pintles turning in heavy iron collars, the mechanism being housed in the worke d E.e qua,an th hand.n y yd o b gate e presencurvedo e 1t Th 0sar s a conveo ta ,s x face towarde sth dock when closed; they differ materially fro originae mth l installation Sang's ,a s plan shows tha gate tth e of 1835 consisted of one leaf only, fitting into a recess on the E.

» Taylor, J. W., Some Historical Notices, etc., 18; CRB, \, 131, 148, 479; Sibbald, R., History of Fife, Muir, W., Notices from the local Records ofDysart, 319 n; Tidal Harbours, 158 f. 48. ' Cunningham, loc. cit. * XPC, 2nd ser., iv, 386. > In H.M. General Register House (R.H.P. 207). ' RMS, 1424-1513, No. 782; 1609-20, No. 800. , Tidal Harbours, 158 f. and plate opp. p. 164. NSA,• ix, 131. 5 Adair, J., Description, . 11 10 Measured drawing e preservear s e Kircaldth n di y 8 Cunningham, A. S., Dysart: Past and Present, 43; Museum. 238 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Earlsferry, Fife. NT 4899 Earlsferry has a long history, as the ferry to North Berwick was established by Duncan, Earl of Fife, before 1154.1 Thi mentiones si severan di l record fourteenthe th f so sixteento t h centuries,y b t 2bu 1572 the traffic had fallen off and a charter of that year granted the place, with its 'heavin', to Alexander

Wood, with a view to repair and reorganisation. The town was created a Royal Burgh and free harbour in t som1589,a d e an 4stag t acquireei pierda , whic markes hi f Scotlan o Roy'n do p sma d (1747-55)3 . Thi ruinous s wa 188 completely s 1835b y s7b d wa 5an y burie sane th ddn ; i may6t i factn ,i , never have been of much wan e valu'propea th f o s te a r harbour mentiones i ' drawbaca s d a 1870s.e th n ki 7 Traces suggesting an improved landing-place rather than an actual pier may be seen in a position approximatin thao gt t recorde pier,e th r 8 dfo i.e . immediately behin dhousa e named Craigendarroch (483996) accessibld an ,e 'Cadgers th y eb ' Wynd', opening between houses named Roseberit S d ean Leonards shorA . t distance below high-wate sidseaward-runnin. a r f markeo SW e th , g ridg rocf eo s kha been cut back to a straight face for a distance of 60 ft., while its NE. side also shows some signs of less regular cutting cuttinge Th . s presumably were mad assiso et bringinn i t g boats alongsid rocke ed th an , their waterworn condition suggests a considerable age. Some iron rings, however, which are fixed in the rock above them, closely resemble those on the pier at Elie, a structure of the nineteenth century. Further cuttings can be seen, near low-water mark, on the NE. side of the next rock-ridge to the SW., perhaps intended to ensure a clear entry to the cove between the two ridges. What seems to be another improved landing, again presumably intended to facilitate the beaching of boats, exists at the SW. end of the bay (481995), about 230 yds. north of the pilgrims' hospital and accessible by an opening between houses named Katherine Bank and Easter Carrick. A strip of sand has here been cleared of boulders, and these are now piled in a rickle along its NE. side. Northberwic, pp. xxix, 5. Corporations, I, 278. 1 5 2 Cal. of Docts., n, 368; iv, 461; The Diary of Mr " Wood, W., The East Neuk of Fife (1887), 196. James Melvill (Bannatyne Club), 167 f. ' Imperial Gazetteer of Scotland, ed. Wilson, J. M., 3 RMS, 1546-80 . 2067No , . s.v. Earlsferry. 4 ibid., 1580-93, No. 1652. ' Wood, W., loc. cit.

East Newport, Fife. NO 419279 Arrangements for the ferries to Dundee, as they existed in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, are described in the article on Woodhaven (q.v.). Before the building of Telford's jetty at New- port, the Newport terminal, named South Ferry by Collins and East Ferry by Roy, was formed by the small harbour in East Newport. This, like its counterpart at Woodhaven, was described in 1795 as 'very inconsiderable' and fit only for ferry-boats and sloops carrying coal and grain.1 It consists today of a triangular tidal pocket opening northwards, which measures about 120 ft. across its outer end and is flanked on the E. by littoral rocks and on the W. by a ruined pier. The rocks, which must originally have included a considerable bluff, have been cut back to a straight face for at least 120 ft.; the pier, including a short stretch of cut rock-ridge at its landward end, is some 160 ft. long by 20 ft. wide and towards its hea slightls di y concav rock-ridgeaste e th Th .n eo bees eha n squared straigh a of o ft t junctioedgs it t ea n wit stonewore hth roadwa. wid a pier beee s in d alont th e6 ha , an n. f kbeincu t o ft spine s yg8 cu it s e ga ,th deep as 5 ft. 6 in. at one point. The pier now is reduced virtually to a rickle of debris, but its outline may tracefootinge e b th oute s y it d b f sro faces, which consist mainl largf yo e horizontal blocks, although some vertical ones appear towardy b outee . sth in r3 end. ft sampl2 A . founy s b . ewa measuro dt in 6 . ft e4 core eTh seem. in contai6 o st . ft 1 n some large rounded. laicornes outei e dd th NW slabsf ren ro e .Th . onle yTh surviving fittingiron a rock-cune e rinth sar y gb t roadway, some . iroin n3 sla. pegsa ft d b6 ,an long which seem havo st e serve pawla s da . A row of posts west of the pier agrees with the 25-in. O.S. map in suggesting the former presence here of a wooden quay. 1 Stat. Acct., xvi. 90 ,

East Wemyss, 34096Fife.T N 7 East Wemyss was one of the places that had to be watched for disaffected persons in 1565,1 and was joined with West Nav e Wemysth 1664,r n yi fo Adait provido n st 2bu me r x callesi onlt si y'smala l Creek r Placo Fisher-Boats',r efo 3 Roy' markp spier ma o bot d sn Statisticae an ,hth l Accounts a ignor s a t ei harbour. However 6-insurveyee p th , ma . 185n di 4 mark narrosa w channel throug tidae hth l sand. sSE GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN9 23 | D of the church, and here some traces of an improved landing survive. That is to say, a ridge of rock lying more or less parallel with the water-line, just above low-water mark, has been partly cut away to a straight transverse face, to give boats access to the beach, a tall post has been set up to mark the rock at high tide, and higher up the beach the boulders have been cleared from a strip about 55 ft. wide, and thrown to its W. side wher irregulan a e n thei e yli r rickle.

1 RFC, , 381I . 3 Description, 11. 1 ibid., 3rd ser., i, 606. Eden Estuary, Fife. NO 4519-4920 estuare Rivee Th th f yro Eden extends inlan abour dfo t three miles entrancs ,it e opening abouo ttw miles nort Andrewst S f ho t coulI . doubo dn t have serve refuga s dsmalr a efo periody l crafan t t a tbu , Adair depreciate accounn o shallowness t si it f o t dangeroud san s quicksands. mentiones i t I 1 Royaa s da l port, apparently with a standing equal to that of St Andrews, in a charter of 1362,2 and the Burgh of Cupar had a 'haven' in its tributary the Motray Water.3 A short tidal reach of this stream, which enters half a mile below Guard Bridge, is wide enough to have accommodated small craft, although the record clearly implies tha 'dockso n t ' existed extene Th .whic o t estuare hth use s lateyn dwa i re b time y sma questioned appeart i s ,a havo st e been close shippingdo t interestdoube o ,n th Andrewst n S ti f so e th n i ,

earlier seventeenth century.latee th r n I eighteent h century small vessels were delivering barlea o yt distillery at Guard Bridge, an4 d coal and lime to farms.5

Description, 14. ' Geogr. Coll., n, 403.

s 2 KMS, 1306-1424, 38. Stat. Acct., xra (1794), 198.

Lordse Actsth f Councilf o o Civiln i Causes, 1496- 3 1501, 187.

Elcho Castle, Perthshire. 16421O N 1 Immediately below Elcho Castle a small water-course, dry when visited, has formed a narrow inlet lefe th trighe ibann th o t thif Tay e kd bano th s an ,f inle ko seee tremain e b ther nth y quaa e ma f so y locar fo e l purposeus n whici s hwa s until recent years remaine Th . s consis dry-stonf o . somf o ft t 0 e8 e facing-wall, inaccessibl largelr eo y overgrow t probablnbu greao n f yt mouto e inlet e ageth th t f ,h.A o which is about 30 ft. wide, the remains of a landing-jetty emerge on to the muddy foreshore from under the raised bank of the river. The jetty is about 4 ft. 6 in. wide, being formed of slabs of this length laid transversel largn yo e unshaped stones; beyon sevee dth n slabs tha stile ar tl mor lesr eo place n si , traces of the foundations run on for a further 15 ft. or so. This jetty is probably of nineteenth-century date, as one of the slabs shows droving and is therefore presumably in re-use from a demolished house. Although the artificial works thus seem to be much later than the Castle, the inlet is likely to have been used at all periods, wit withour ho t improvement.

Elie, Fife (fig. 5d). NT 493997 Elie and Earlsferry together front on a south-facing bay, protected from E. and W. by promontories abou mila t e apart. Elie harbour itsel larga s i f e tidal pocketbay'e . parth f sNE o t swee, e lyinth pn gi and behin dtidaa l island which give t additionasi l protection fro S.e m,th wit resule hth t tha onls it t y exposure is towards the SW. Sibbald, in 1710, described it as 'most convenient',1 and Pococke, in 1760,

'suitabls a largr efo e ships'. t comeI recorn thast o 'por a a hevin d y s td a tim tan ma 1491, n i t ' e havbu e

3 possesse artificiao dn l 2 harbour-works majoa s a , r building-operatio evidentls nwa y undertake 1582n i ,

with help from the Convention of Royal Burghs, which may have been the first improvement. The fortunes of the place need not be followed in detail,4 particularly as nothing is known as to the extent and depth of the harbour in its early days,5 but it is important to notice that Adair, in 1703, described an arrangement simila thao r t today, f to 6 namel ycausewaa ya joinind an islanmainlan. e e gE th th e o dt th n do pier returning northwards fro NWe mth . corneislande th f ro . However d 179y harbouba b ,e 6n th i s rwa order, t soma d e 7an dat e well befor t throwi ef o 183 . breachepies e nft 6 th 0 downr wa 7 d dan , while eth communicating dyk alss oewa admittin s ruinouwa d san g sand from Wade's Bay. 6-ine Th 8. O.Sp .ma surveye 185n di 4 markcausewayo n piee t sth rsituatiobu e Th . restores nwa Williay db m Bairdo wh , bought the Elie estate in 1853, as he shortly afterwards extended the pier and built a new causeway,9 forming the latter by means of a pair of walls, the inner one of which is now masked by a continuous dun blowf eo n sand. 24 | 0PROCEEDING THF SEO SOCIETY, 1968-9 onle yTh point archaeologicaf so l interest that have survived Barrel's reconstructio followss a e nar , generae (iTh ) l lay-ouworkse th f o t, which perpetuate arrangemene sth t - itselfrecorde y o n ,Ro y db doubt originan a earlien t a , no lf ri feature , (ii) Boulder herp therd u r usiet an pawls s efo sse a e d an , evidently belongin olden a o grt phase tha iroe nth n piere pawlth ,n so (iii fin)A e four-storeyed ware- house, the fenestration of which suggests a late eighteenth-century date. 1 Fife, ed. 1803, 334. . « Description, 11. 2 Tours Scotland,n i 275. 7 Stat. Acct., xvn, 540; NSA, K, 281. 3Lordse Actsth f Councilf o o Civiln i Affairs, i, 203. * Tidal Harbours,. f 0 16 • CRB, i, 135. • Wood, W., op. cit., 231, 211. accoune Th 5 t give Woody nb , EastW.e Th , Neukf o Fife, 211 less i , s than lucid. Eyemouth, Berwickshire. 94564T N 5 This harbour has been formed in the mouth of the Eye Water, a straight tidal reach opening into whicy ba itsels ha i f partially protected, eccep NE.d projectinan y ,b . t froN e mth g rock. y hornsW e Th . side of the harbour, on the left bank of the estuary, consists of a quay with houses behind it, but the east sid flankes ei piera y db , betwee nrighe whicth td banhan kchannea bees rivere ha l nth r lef. fo tCraf t harboue th n thui e ar r s unaffecte streame th y b d, which may, however lee througn i b t, hsluicea f i , necessary, to clear out sand and mud. Owing to the natural shelter that the river-mouth provides, shipping may well have resorted to the place at any period in the past, and Eyemouth's old standing as a port is attested by the mention of anchorage dues collected as early as 1288,1 but neither this record, nor one of 1597, when the town was made a burgh of barony with a free port,2 nor its inclusion, in 1602, in a list of 'portis and harboreis quhair his Hienes hes na customeris',3 necessarily proves the existence of harbour- works at any of these dates. In 1703, however, Adair writes of 'some little Keys up along the Shoar', i.e. presumably somewhere on the left bank, and adds that 'they are about to build a strong Peir of Stone out fro EasShoae e mth th t n side'.ro 1748n I 4 , however place stils th , elwa onl ysmala l harbour, good for fishing boats,5 and the plan for a stone pier does not seem to have been put into practice until 1768, when, on the advice of John Smeaton, the existing N. pier was built on the right bank, the contractor being Cramon Dunbar.f do 6 Meanwhil epiea beed ha r n lefe builth t bankn o t , shortly before 1750,7 although whether extending or replacing Adair's 'little Keys' does not appear; in 1847 the face of this repair.r fo wal e e notes quar Th lo 8du wa s yda d wortha givins an ty k wa protecte gwa harboue dth r from spateriver-channee th n si pulles wa l d dow rebuiltd sluica n an formes d heads eit wa an , t 1843.n da i , 9 quarryine Th g require constructioe th r dfo Smeaton'f no somso t pie d erle enlargemen harboure th f o t , and a maximum depth of 20 ft. was obtained.10 The harbour has been improved so thoroughly in the interests of the herring fishery, and most recently in 1965, that few remains of earlier construction survive. The S. face of the N. pier, however, overlooking the lifeboat slip, exemplifies two points in Smeaton's report, i.e. the stone used is a conglomerate obtainable at the NW. end of the bay,11 and the foundations are set on a ledge quarried from rocks conveniently site naturey db . blockSome th vere f largese eo sar th y f largeo t o measurin. tw , in 6 . ft g6 by 3 ft. 9 in. and 7 ft. by 2 ft. 9 in. respectively. The outer (N.) face of this pier is made of similar material but her t obliquelybasblocks e . it highse e th defines ein d i e 6 stringparapesa e ar an , . y ft Th db .5 -s i t entrancee . sidth . facf W e S o f e eo e th piee th ; coursepien e th ro concretes th s rese i ri f o o tTh s . d an , this latter shows some conglomerate blocks thet smallee bu ,y ar r thae n b neeeas e d thost th an t d no n eo contemporary. e History1 RaineTh Antiquitiesd , an J. , f Northo Tidal Harbours, xi101d xan . Durham, App.. ccxxxnNo , , with whic . SHR,hcf Stat. Acct., f.3 ;m CRB,11 , vi, 353. r thesXLFo V e. 6 (1966)reference - . n in 7 3 m , a I s Tidal Harbours, 101. . SimpsonG . G debter .M o dt ibid. ' Corporations, Local Reports (1836), 172. Stat. Acct., loc. cit. 3 RPC, vi, 373. NSA, n (Berwickshire), 321. ' Description, 4. ' 'A Gentleman', A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain,. rv,47 Ferryfield of Carpow, Perthshire. NO 194180 The 25-in .surveye p O.Sma . 1860-n di 2 mark ferrsa crossins a y g from Cairnie pier (q.v.o t ) Ferryfiel Carpowf do righ e th tn Ear e bano , th nf k o abou t hal milfa e abov confluencs eit e wit Taye hth . GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 241 terminae Th l hersmala s ei l qua rathef yo r rough dry-stone masonry, recallin oldee gth r e quayth n so front at Newburgh (q.v.). The quay is about 50 ft. wide, is margined with roughly dressed slabs, and carrie singlsa e wooden pawl masonre Th fac.s it ef y o continue s downstream, flush wit river-banke hth , in a descending slope which brings it to low-water mark in a further 60 ft. On its upstream side the quay projects somfro. bankft e m5 th emasonre 4 , th upstrea e th f yo m face coalescing wida n ,i e curve, wite hth revetment supportin approach-roade gth concavite Th . formeo ys d probably serve defleco dt currene th t t outwards provido s d an ,e easy water alon quay-fronte gth quao N jettr .y o y opposit e existth n so e side of the Earn, but the bank there forms a steep beach, on which boats could land. Ferryton, Clackmannanshire. NS 898899 place-name Th e Ferryto recorn o s n i least da earls ta 1502s ya 1 and, althoug evidenco hn bees eha n found of a ferry-terminal on the opposite shore, it is probable that one existed either at Airth, as suggested expressioe byth n 'Ferr Airthf yo f 1565t Dunmoro 'a r 2o e (q.v.), whic mors hi e nearly opposit fare eth m now known as Inch of Ferryton. However, this may be, the creek some 400 yds. W. of the farm can have connectioo n d ha n wit formey han evidentl s r wa ferry t i s ya , forme reclamatioe th n di thif no se parth f to coast from its previous condition of mud-flats. The river-dyke is carried all round the creek, two large drainage-ditches are led into its head through a sluice, and there are no remains of any structure or traces of industrial use. 1 RMS, 1424-1513, No. 2643. 2 RFC, I, 381. Fife Ness, 63709Fife.O N 8 Immediately west of Fife Ness, and below the coastguard station, the littoral rocks are pierced by a narrow, angular creek leadin smala go t l shingly bay. Notwithstandin exposes git d situatio obvioud nan s navigational hazards, this creek is on record as a 'haven or harbour' at least as early as 1632,1 and in fact may well have been in use in considerably earlier times.2 The 'ports and landing-places of Fifesness' are mentioned customa n i , s context 1704.n i ,roupine customse Th 3th f go , which belonge Crailo dt s i , regularly recorde Towe th n di Council's minute latee th rn si eighteent h centuryplace th ed stilan , l ranked as a 'little harbour' in 1836.4 Local tradition has it that the Cromwellian citadel at Perth and the Scots church at Rotterdam were built of stone quarried near by at Craighead, and shipped from Fife Ness.5 Backed against the sloping rock that forms the NW. side of the creek, there stand the ruinous remain dry-stona f so e quay formes i t ;i pardn i t of very large blocks alst ,bu o contains some smaller material, set vertically. The front, which is battered, stands up to 10 ft. in height where best preserved; the ends, also battered distinguishee b y ,ma d amon ruine givg d th structure san eth elengta somf ho ft.5 e,6 whiln ea original breadt abouf seem. ho ft 5 t2 s likel this ya s would levee quahave th f th lo eo yf t o brough p to e tth roce th k behind paviny An . g whic oncy hema hav disappeareds eha coverep to e just dth bu ,t withie nth outer face there survive the footings of a roundish or U-shaped structure about 14 ft. in diameter, probably the base of a crane. No dating can be suggested with confidence, but most of the observed features can be matche workn di s attribute eighteente th o dt earlr ho y nineteenth century. The surface of the rock behind the quay seems to have been flattened artificially. On this flattened surface, about 15 yds. back fro quaye mconcentrio th tw , c grooves have been cut innee ,th r one, whics hi 6 in. wide by 2 in. deep and has vertical sides, enclosing a space 1 ft. 8 in. in diameter, and the outer one, surfacee . wid th . deein n witin d e2 o . p4 , an hslopinft a 1 g outer side, enclosin gmuca h larger area. ft 9 , diametern i . 6in . Outside ther tracee concentriea ar f so c levelled zone .grooves e Easth f o trocke th , - surfac bees eha n sun smoothed kan segmentaa o dt l linconcentrit eno c with them reachind an , ggreatesa t distance of 4 ft. 2 in. from the outer one; a similar but larger smoothed area, partly covered up with shingle, is also seen on the NW. The marks suggest some mechanical installation, perhaps connected with local limestone workings;6 a lime-kiln stood close by, and the bay to the N. has been developed as a pond for a tide-mill.7 1 V.10 Misc. Doc. No. 329 in H.M. General Register ibid. . 473No , . House e cop f Th thio y. . s documenMS e th n i t NSA, ix, 956. Inventory of Crail Charters (ibid., B/10/12/Book 2 Jackson, Rev. J., Official Guide to Crail, 59. No. 329) is wrong in respect of both date and place. 2 Stat, Acct., ix (1793), 443. Grail's rights to customs, etc., in the area between Descriptio photographd nan wite Nationae sar hth l the River Leven and the Kenly Burn were regarded Monuments Record of Scotland, as ancient in 1699 (ibid., No. 468). Cf. also article on Crail, creeks (see above). 242 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9

IFt . . i Ift- .

Fisherrowa FIG. 6 . Larg,b Lundid oan bas, ruinenf (A e o d pier ruin, ;B pierf so , boulders);C ; c Grangeraouth, entrance to Forth and Clyde Canal (AA, locks).

Fisherrow, Midlothian (fig , PI 33473.T 6a . 29aN . 0,b) Fisherrow harbour stands on a wide bay three-quarters of a mile W. of the mouth of the River Esk, servepord e Musselburghf th an o ts sa . Reasons wil givee lb n belo believinr wfo estuaryk g Es tha e th t, now unnavigable, provided facilitie harboua r Middle sfo th n ri e Ages and, decreasingly, later siltins A . g progresse rivere th n d,i however Burge th , doubo hn t found necessart i develoo yt p Fisherrow, improving whateve existed ha r d beforshape fishermen'a th f n eo ei s landing-place. Notwithstandin presene gth t appearance of the adjoining shore as an open sandy beach, the harbour has in fact been inserted in a shallow pocket among tidal rocks 'breakwatere th , ' mentione Fisherroe th n di w Harbou t (1840Ac r )

having been a natural rock-ridge, which gave some protection from the west. No record has been found buildine o th fearliese th f go welty harbourlma havt i t e bu ,bee existencn i 1592y eb Fisherros a , ws i 1 mentione than di t yea lisa f 'town o tn ri heavynnis', d san 2 although placeliste e somth th , f e.gn eso i . Skateraw, probably did not possess built harbour-works. The port must have been fairly active in 1626, when no fewer than twelve Fisherrow skippers were listed by name as available for certain duties.3 In 1703 a single pier was marked on Adair's map, with a westward curve, and it may be inferred that this timbef o pies rrwa with stone fillingBurge th s ha , Counci decidedd lha 1682n ,i 'trepaires ,e o b tha wa t ti d with balk timbef so r wher same filleee th wantinr b wite a p do u t hd stonebalke gan th so st accordingo t use and wont'.4 Adair states elsewhere that there had once been a pier of timber.5 beginninBe yth eighteente th f go h centur harbouw ne needed, s ythir a chose rwa fo sits a d ewa 6an n mout e Eskearliee n th i th t s f ,a a h o r times. Constructio repaid nan r wer progresn ei 171n s i 1713d 2an , harboud ol e th r being treate quarra s downera d yan boatf so Fisherron si w being require carro dt y stone from it to the new works. This experiment evidently failed, as in 1740 a petition for another new harbour was presented to the Burgh Council. A return was made to Fisherrow, and building was begun there in GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN3 24 [ D harbour'd ol e 174th n 3so foundations done b o ewort e sam'is e nTh y k. harbouwa d e ol manne e y f ri s ra was built' 1744n I .harbou e ,th describes rwa 'nos da w building 175n i 'latels d 3a an ' y built' formee th n ;i r year William Adam was employed for survey work on ground adjoining the harbour, but it is not stated that he had any part in the construction. Repairs are mentioned from time to time in the ensuing thirty years, John Adam being employe pla a 176 dn Williai d y nb 2 an m Milne approve 1767dn i . Mentioe th f no 'west head' proves the existence of two piers in 1772, and Taylor and Skinner figure them in 1776.7 In 1787 yet another scheme was considered, a long report being submitted by Cuthbert Clark, an architect in Dunbar. He advised against the estuary site and recommended alternative plans for wet docks or, failing either enlargemene th , improvemend an t existine th f o t g harbour. Thi describee h s s wellda - planned, but suffering from never having been completed. It may have been as a result of dark's report tha Burge tth h Council approved 1790n i ,buildin e th , 'Kea Paraped f go y an t wall', presumabl addis ya - . PierE e ,tion th whic o st tha n ho t showing would previously have bee moro nn e tha nbreakwatera , without facilitie r workinfo s g ships 182n I . estimatn 3a f £70 eacceptes o 0wa d from William Watson and James Forbes, of Edinburgh, for repairing the harbour, but the nature and position of the repairs are t statedno . They must, however, have been fairly extensive followine th n i s a g, year Watso Forbed nan s were paid £130 for work additional to the contract. A map of 1824s shows the E. element of the harbour as a pier, but the W. one only by a single heavy line which probably represents the rock-ridge built up and improve breakwatera s da . interestinn A g experiment, suggeste 182n di connectio2n i n wit deepenine hth harboure th f go s wa , made in 1835, when an archway was opened under the E. pier with the idea that a tidal current would was t siltt morhou bu , e harm than good resulted archwae th closed s an , ywa agaip du 1838.n i laten I 9 r years, too, repairs and improvements to the E. pier seem to have been fairly frequent. In 1847, for example it was refaced after damage by a storm, and an extension of 50 ft., the character of which is not clear, was made to the landward end. Including a concrete pier-head, added in 1939, the E. pier is today about 75 . long 5curveft d an , s westward harboue . sidth cove o N t outef s overla ed o it e d t th ran sa r en e pth end of the W. pier, the entrance-gap between them being 60 ft. wide and facing NW. The pier is mainly built of red-sandstone blocks, rather roughly coursed and in some places rusticated. The quay-face has chases for fenders, and its lip is rather irregular. There is a stout parapet with a step, the slabs of the coping being jointed together with lozenge-shaped keys. Several black whinstone pawls recal minuta l e th f eo Harbour Commissioners of 1850 authorising the purchase of two, and it is interesting to see how closely they have been copie cast-iroa n di n example. Externall heavila piee s yth rha y battered base below high- water mark, rather roughly constructed of material not all of which is dressed. At the landward end of the pie rama r p lead s thi beachn e dowi sth d havo nt an , e been re-used some stone chair-blocks fron ma obsolete railway. While the E, pier thus belongs in the main, subject to additions and alterations, to the phase of construction begun hi 1743, the W. pier is wholly of the nineteenth century, having been built new, on the old foundations 1843-4n i , plaa Robery o n,t b t Stevenso Sons d contractoe nan Kinghorn. Th . W s rwa , of Leith, and the contract price was £1,450, to be paid in three instalments of £400 each, on completion respectivel 'talue th f syo wall' quae th ,hearting e y th wall d an , , pitchin parapetd gan , wit balance hth e whe wore finishedns th kwa . This figure, however, seem havo st e been exceeded iten a £1,68m f s d o , a 5 . 52s for 'building of New Pier' appears in the accounts of 1845. The pier is now about 460 ft. long, including the revetment of some made ground at its landward end, and its head, added in 1939, curves slightly inwards red-sandstons It . e masonr morys i e neatly dresse heavilde thath . pier d E nye an , thabattereth f o t d external base is smooth and regularly coursed. The lip of the quay has a rounded arris, with a broad, shallow hollow immediately behind. The S. side of the harbour is formed by a beach, backed by masonry revetment. The interior dries out completely at low tide. For this and other local information I am indebted 27th Feb, 1744; B/52/3/3, 17th April 1762, 25th Jul. . ScarlettL . R r . M 1o t 1767, 10th Jul. 1772 Febd 3r , . 1787; B/52/3/4, 15th 2 APS, in, 615. Jul- 1789, 24th Dec. 1790; B/52/3/5, 30th Jun. 1723; 3 RFC 2nd ser., I 222 f. B/52/6/6, 15th Jun. 1843, 4th Feb. 1845, 17th Dec. ' Musselburgh " Burgh ' Records, H.M. General 1847'10th Dec" 185°- Register House, B/52/3/1, 27th Apl. 1682. This ' Survey artdMapsofthe Roads of North Britain, PI. 1 . source is referred to below as 'Records'. " Hay's 'New Plan of Musselburgh and its Environs'. Records° , B/52/3/7, 18th Aug. 1835, Description,26th Feb .. 18387 ; followine «5Th g accoun bases ti Recordn do s B/52/1/1, NSA, i, 293 e datTh .e 180thin i s6A giveNS y nb Nos. 75, 80, 100; B/52/3/1, 5th Jun. 1712, 22nd Jun. passage does not correspond with anything in the 1713; B/52/3/2, 14th Jun. 1740, 22nd Sept. 1743, Records. 244 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Fluckdub See Crail, Creeks. Grange, West Lothian See Bridgeness. Gmngemouth, Stirlingshire (fig. 6c). NS 918822, 923825 Although suspected in 1573 of being used for the export of contraband,1 the mouth of the River Carron hardly comes into notic harboua s ea r befor buildine eth Forte Clydth d f hgan o e Canal whicf o , h it became the terminal (1777). The lowermost reaches must have been difficult to navigate before about 1765, when they were straightened and shortened.2 The 6-in. O.S. map surveyed in 1854 marks 'Harbour' mout e canale th th n f i ho , immediately abov junctios eit n wit Carroe hth n estuary plaa t f 1797no bu , y b , Ainslie,3 shows 'Grange Mouth Harbour estuare th n i ' y itself, with 'Captain Hamilton's Whar whan fi s ti no Grangemoute wth h Dockyard Company's yard. Par thif o t s company's whar faces fi d with masonry which might possibly go back to Ainslie's time, and much of this right bank of the estuary probably has been use wharfags da time another on e o t ea various ra s dilapidated remain seee wastb n ny o esma ground near the canal junction. The entrance to the canal is a cut about 500 ft. long by up to 200 ft. wide. The outer portion has sloping sides faced with dry-stone masonry, and its E. bank recedes to form a small bay, doubo n t intende facilitato dt turnine eth shipsf go innee ;th r portio faces ni d with ashlar margine th , f so wharvee th s being forme verf do y large slabs secured with iron cramps place Th derelict.es i fitting o n d s,an survive apart fro mnumbea heavf ro y mooring-rings. 1 RPC, ii, 446. 3 H.M. General Register House (R.H.P. 242). 2 Nimmo, W., A General History of Stirlingshire (ed. 1777), 454.

Gutcher's Hole, Berwickshire. 77372T N 5 The name 'Gutcher's Hole O.Se givens i ' th . n mapso inhospitabl,n a o t , e piec foreshorf eo - eim mout mediatele Dunglase th th f f o h o . ysSE Burn, which toda artificiaf yo showr o - e signo im ls n us f so provement, but it seems to have been recognised as a landing-place at the beginning of the seventeenth centur righe th chargo t ts ya e dues theret Cova s a e, (q.v.) mentiones i , confirmatioa n di n chartef o r 1606.1 This may perhaps have been done less on account of the intrinsic merits of the place than in order discourago t e attempt evado st duee eth s chargeabl t Coveea . MS. Register of the Privy Seal, LXXV, 127 f., in H.M. General Register House. 1 Higginsneuk, Stirlingshire. 92187S N 0 The landing at Higginsneuk, the Stirlingshire terminal of Kincardine Ferry (q.v.), is situated about 200 yds. upstream from Kincardine Bridge 'Ferre Th .Airthf yo t ' mentioneno y ma r o 1565n di y 1ma have been located here, but in later times the crossing was much used by drovers making for Falkirk Tryst, todad mosan 2e yth t conspicuous featurwallee place th th s f ei de o drove-road that e leadth o st ferry fro highwae m th Keite th t hya Arms Inn wide. . ft Thi0 4 , matcheunmetalleds e si b y ma n d i d an , many places where drovetraverso t d sha e improved land. edgwalline e th th e3f d o Betweeg an d en e nth of the mud-flats, the course of the road is marked by kerbs and revetment; the jetty, which ran out across the mud to the deeper water, was of wood and has gone to ruin, but the piles on which it rested, set in rows transversely to its axis, may still be seen at low tide. NWOe nth roadwaye . sidth f lowermoss eo it n ,i t part mud-bane th reces a , n i bee s g d sha nkdu an revetted with timber doub o . sid ,n docferry-boat a a ruineSE s r e timberta thera e k th fo f th se o en ar O -. built sluice set on a small watercourse, evidently designed to keep the landing clear of mud. 1 RPC, i, 381. 3 e.g. RCAM, Inventory of Selkirkshire, 78, 81; Inven-

Haldane, A. R. B., The Drove Roads of Scotland, 114. tory ofPeeblesshire, 345 f., 349. 1

Inchyra, Perthshire. 18320O N 3 This harbour was described in 1792 as 'tolerable good',1 and in 1843 as being more conveniently situated for the adjoining parish of Kinfauns than two harbours of its own, which had been 'rendered nearly useless by the late improvements'.2 The harbours in question were probably at Seggieden and GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN5 24 | D Tofthill. Inchyra harboumoute th Cairnif n i ho s ri e Pow consistd an ,pie a f rso projectiny g Ta inte oth quaa d y an forme facing-wala y db l which continue piee . facth r E f inlane o sth d alon curvine gth g right bank of the pow. The O.S. map surveyed in 1860-2 shows the pier as being about 230 ft. long on its W. side, and the pier and quay together, on the E. as over 300 ft. long, with a breadth of 80 ft. to landward and of 25 ft. at the outer end; today, however, reeds, herbage and turf disguise most of the structure apart from some 165 ft. of the facing-wall and the outermost 55 ft. of the pier. This portion is built of large dressed slabs and blocks, without iron cramps; the end, which is squared, has in its centre a flight of steps wide. masonre ft 4 facing-wale Th . th f yo alss i l o well square neatld dan y laid. ferrA y formerly frocrossey mTa e Inchyradth sais i t d locallbu , havo yt e been discontinued before 1914. The opposite terminal appears to have been the mouth of a small stream, dry when visited, below Muirhead (180199) artificiao n t bu , l works were found there. 1 Stat. Acct., in, 574. a NSA, , 1221x .

Inveresk, Midlothian See Musselburgh.

Inverkeithing, Fife; Town. 138T N 2 Inverkeithing Bay is a naturally enclosed basin, now roughly triangular in shape and measuring 900 yds NEo t .som y . ydsfrob 0 . me70 .SW transversely. Formerly, however largers wa s madt a i , e groun encroaches dha d considerabl . portionN enteres s i passaga it t I y n .yb o d . eE fro lese mth s than entrance 10th f 0o yds. eS waterbein.d w wid an headlandlo e g. t e ,th a knowN e th n so respectivele th s ya East and West Ness (q.v.). The O.S. map shows that as lately as 1895 the whole bay dried out at low water, with the Keithing Burn, which debouches in its NE. corner, forming a channel through the flats. The town stand risinn so g. N groun e th o dt Wit naturas hit l advantages basie th , n must have provided shelte shippinr rfo periodl al e t gth a n si firse th pastt d placnotice an th , dates f ei e o abouo dt ISO.1 t 1 This allude 'passagiue th o st navet me e md Inverkethin', suggesting that Queensferry Passage, in its earliest phase, had its N. terminal here and not at North Queensferry (q.v.) pore mentiones Th i t. thren di e document fourteente th f so h centuryn i d an 2 anothe 1565,f o r althougd 3an h nothin saigs i thesn di e about harbour-works, structure somf so e sort have certainly existed sinc latee eth r sixteenth centur leastt ya record e vien th ,i f w recurreno f so t expenditurn eo repairs.4 'Peer heidsd salsan e ar 'o mentione 1666.n di s Moreover 'dekayitte th , ' conditio harboue th f no r

in 1587 suggests that the works were by no means new at that date. The earliest description of the place appears6 hi 1703, when Adair states that 'the entry to Inverkeithing Bay or Harbour is large and open... . Alon Shoae gth r below [the town] ther larg a convenien d s ei ean Stonf o Rivolee y eth Ke ..tr .fo t that enter N.We sth . CorneBaye th f , o rrunnin g , alonmakeit y gb sor sa narrof o t w Chanel e dowth o nt Entry.'7 Adair's quay was probably built new or repaired in 1686, when stone was 'furnisht to the building of the peer' ;8 his allusion to the 'rivolet', supported by a passage of similar content in the Statistical Account,9 serve identifo st earle yth y harbour wit mout e Keithine hth th f ho safs gi infe o t eBurnt i d r an , tha 'Shoars thi ' W.adjoinee th , althougn o t di whole hth thif e occupieo sw areno s aMessri y db s Cowans' paper-mill same Th e. passag Statisticale th n ei Account also records that another qua beins ywa g builn i t 1794, possibl 'Mie yth d Pier', whicburn-moute th t ha joine e flanked on witp an h du e hth a 'Wesd t Harbour obliteratew no ' paper-mill;e th y db 10 hav y thiesma bee same nth e operatio 'lengtheninge th s na ' of a pier in the later eighteenth century that is recorded by a local historian.11 The Mid Pier was the terminu waggonwaya f o s , opene n 1783,di whicy 1b 2 h broughcoas wa l t from Halbeath Collierr yfo export; in 1794 it was of timber, but iron rails were installed in 1810.13 No record has been found of the formatio harboure sai s easi th e havquat o de f i t th o tth t n eyf o n,bu o bee n extende 15y dh. b 0 ift 1825.14 This extension may be reflected in the stretch of heavily battered facing at its S. end, with long, massive slabs, although this is in fact only about 130 ft. in length. Otherwise neither quay shows any feature of long. buraboue e ft archaeologica5 Th on n .. t56 enter W e sth d an l. abousignificances ft i 5 e 32 ton . E e th ; the head of the harbour through a sluice installed in 184015 the need for getting rid of mud had been noted in 1836.16 The remains of an early crane survive at the S. end of the E. quay. They consist of a wooden stock, . highin 0 mechanise ,1 parth . 5ft f o t whicy mb itsel m turneds movable ar hth fwa e havinth m , ear g vanished, and one of the two iron stanchions, 18 ft. 6 in. long, that were attached to the top of the stock. | PROCEEDING 6 24 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1968-9 The turning mechanism embodied a pair of roller-bearings working against a flanged collar, and recalls hige th h reputation enjoye locae th ly diron-foundrb 1794.n yi 17 1 Dunfermline, No. 2. » Vol. x (1794), 505. Cat. f Docts.,o iv, 461; Corporations, . npt , App. r bygonFo e topographical features O.Se se ,. 25-in. 2 (1835), 7 f. 10 map of Fifeshire, XLIII, 2. 3 RFC, I, 381. "Cunningham, A. S., Inverkeithing, North Queens- CRB, i, 268,415,445; n, 2 f., 24,239; iv, 486; v, 148, ferry, etc., 47.

4 493. >2 Dott, G., Early Scottish Waggonways, 13. ! RFC, 3rd set., n, 141. " Cunningham, loc. cit. « CRB, i, 268. " Cunningham, loc. cit. 1 Description, . 9 " ibid. 8 Inverkeithing Burgh Records, H.M. General " NSA, loc. cit. Register House B/34/20/165. No , . " Stat. Acct., (1794)x , 507.

Inverkeithing, Fife; East Ness. 13582T N 2 This pier, on the N. side of the entrance to Inverkeithing Bay, seems, on the evidence of two successive O.S. maps havo t , e been altere lengthened dan d betwee t mentioneno ns i 1851895d d an 4an d , in either of the Statistical Accounts. It deserves notice, however, as a good example of the heavier wave- damage that is suffered commonly at the landward rather than at the seaward end of a work, a stretch of adjoinin. abouft 0 14 tlane greplaceth e d b havino t concreted n di g ha .

Inverkeithing, Fife; West Ness. 13582T N 0 Adair, in 1703, recorded 'a long, high and strong Peer of Stone, built out from the S. Point' of the

entrance to Inverkeithing Bay, and Collins likewise marks a pier in this position presumably on the strength of his survey carried ou1 t in the 1680s.2 It is also shown on Roy's map of Scotland (1747-55), and . therft recora 8 repais es 1 landwar i e widit . d f ft th d 1768.o n t 0 reloni an . a abou3 s ft i d y gt 0 db I 3 en t20 at the pierhead, which still stands 11 ft. high above the low-tide shingle. The masonry consists of large irregular blocks, poorly shape coursedd dan , wit corha largf eo e rubble materiae ;th igneouss li doed ,an s not lend itself to neat dressing. The structure is ruinous throughout, but dilapidation is worst at the landward end. 1 Description, 9. 3 CRB, vn, 293, 299, 322. 2 Pilot, 'Edinburgh Firth'.

Kennedy's Pier, West Lothian. NT 067793 This mol heapef eo d stone detailr ,fo whicf so write e . Skinnerhth C . indebtes ri B r ,M run o t dt sou for 225 yds. across the mud-flats about a mile E. of Blackness Castle. Being about 8 ft. wide on top, and havin stumpe gth woodef so n postt 12-fta t sse . intervals alon centres git resemblet ,i groynsa e rather than pier a need an ,d consequentl includee b presen e t th y no n di t survey.

Kennetpans, Clackmannanshire. 91388S N 7 The creek at Kennetpans, although described as a harbour in 1841,1 seems to have been essentially the outle certair fo t n local industriecreee th kn o itselfhinterlane s- distillerya th n i d dan , Kilbagie Distillery or the works that succeeded it, and some coal and ironstone mines. The distilleries are known havo t e been working befor eplace 1788,th ed figure2 an ful n i ls 25-in e sa industria th n .p o O.S e ma .lus surveye eighteen-fiftiese th n di impossibls i t i t bu , dato eremaint e eharbour-installationth e th f so y an o st particular period. The following features, however, may be worth noting, (i) Stone foundations in the mud of the creek-bottom, apparently representing more than a single system of wharfage, together with ruined timber piling, (ii) A deep and wide ditch entering the head of the creek, through a sluice; it pro-

bably originate canae th s lda fro m Kilbagie Distillery, doubo n d t an served laten i , r times cleao t , e rth cree siltf ko , (iiilargA ) creek. e ban E mounth e f ko , th localln do y forme e saib do t dallas f do t dumpe3 d by ships taking on cargoes, but more probably material excavated and dredged from the creek (cf. Clack- manna long. n ft Pow)0 , 16 . e (ivon ). DimensionsE e th d eighteen-fiftiee an . th ft n :i 0 whar. 30 s W e fwa th s . widft t high-wate0 ea 10 creee s th f k wa o inne e rd th levelren d an . 1 NSA, vin (Clackmannanshire), 123. whicn 3 O ibide Beveridged hse an , , BetweenD. , e th 2 Stat. Acct., xiv (1795), 623. Forth,e Ochilsth d an 206 . GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 247 Kincardine, Fife. NS 927872 beginnine th eighteentt e A th f go h century Kincardin littld eha e coasting trad owned ean w dfe boats, such as there were being largely used for carrying salt, made locally, to Leith. Subsequently a shipbuilding industr starteds y wa continue d ,an flouriso dt h durin latee gth r eighteent earlied han r nineteenth centuries, the place enjoying such natural advantages as a good roadstead and a hard gravel beach, whicn o h vessels coul cleanee db repaired.d dan 1794n locaI 1e th , l shipmsters were beginnin builo gt da pier, but the work was not actually completed until 1811-3.2 pierderelicte w Th no , , stands immediatel Kincardinf o . ySE e Bridge buils i squaref t I o t. d dry- stone masonry, rather rough but coursed, the outer end being of a different build and much neater in appearance. Steps lead watedowe th eac n o nro t h side t high-wateA . r leve NW e lon. ft th l g5 . sid13 s ei breadt e sid. ft.5 th , eSE 18 e hth beind thest ft.an 0 gbu ,6 e measurements were take n faca e onlf th e o yo t embankment buil 182n ti reclaio 9t m tida piee l flats,th r d mos3an t probably once extended further inland. This point is reinforced by the facts that the access-road to the pier lies higher than the reclaimed ground and is underbuilt with masonry, and that the embankment-face is structurally later than the pier where contactn i e ar o . tw e th 1 Stat. Acct., xi , 552(1794)n. 1 ; Beveridge55 , , D. , Storye 3 CaddellTh ; NSA,Forth,, e f. o th f8 M. . 22 ,H Culross Tulliallan,d an n, 226. x, 868; Tidal Harbours, xxm. 3 Tidal Harbours, 153.

Kincardine, Fife; Ferry Landing. NS 926873 The jetty that served the ferry between Kincardine and Higginsneuk in its latest phase was built in 1826 or 1827,1 but the service itself is likely to have been much older, as a 'Ferry of Airth' is mentioned in 15652 and this most probably had its northern terminal at Kincardine. The use of the ferry by drovers mentiones i d under Higginsneuk (q.v.). The jetty lies about 150 yds. upstream from Kincardine Bridge, is solidly constructed of scabbled widthashlan i slopine . ft Th r5 . 4 blocks gs i surfacd an , paves ei d with high-wateo settt p su r markd an , the margins are bordered with slabs; these are checked along the lip to hold a wooden batten, bear a wide, shallow groove, and are provided with mooring-rings. Abutments, similarly treated, merge into the revetment of the shore on each side.

1 NSA, x, 868. 2 RFC, I, 381.

Kinghorn, Fife. NT 271868 Kinghor firsns i t Roya a hear s a f dlo Burg twelfte th hn i h century, doubo n bee s d tha n1 seaporan a t since very early time scertainl- y since befor acquisitioe eth n of Pettycu positivo n t 154n ri bu e 1 - referenc e to artificial harbour-works, as distinct from an open beach on which vessels could have been drawn up, bees ha n found before 1609, whe harboure nth Kinghorf so Pettycud nan r were bot neen hi repair.f do 2 obtainepies w rwa ne gran A a 1698,r dn i tfo 3 wor beint i n ko g still unfinishe 1707.n di doub4o n Thi s tswa Adair's 'stone pier 'harboue f 1703,th o ' d 5an r lately built' notethas Sibbaltwa y db 1710.n di 6 Neither Roy' Ainslie'r sno markp sma piesa Kinghornt ra implt no y tha piema e ,r 169f twhicth d o r o y 8ha hma been ruined perhapr o , s supersede Pettycury db middl e eighteente th th y f b ,eo h century pies e rTh wa . raty ruinn ean i harbou e t 1846,a n th si d an 7r 'of little use' excep fishing-boats.r fo t 8 The remains of a dilapidated pier, very probably that of 1698, still survive in the N. corner of the beacs it tide w d backebas hi lo an , y sea-walt a driea beloy y t db ba town e sou we th l Th whic. h contains bass init e large boulders, suc mighs ha t well have been cleared fro foreshore mth mako et suitablt ei r efo the beaching of boats. The pier is sheltered from the NE. by a high ridge of rock, the Kirk Craig, and by the Skellies Rocks to seaward, being separated from the former only by a small cove, 30 ft. to 70 ft. in width. Of the landward portion of the pier there survives a fragment about 60 ft. long by 35 ft. wide, the buil e . sid on whicf W edo f o wit adjacens he i hth t sea-wall whicd an ,. abov ft h leve8 e stand eth o t l p su of the tidal sand. Several courses of very large blocks may be seen here, and at the junction with the sea- wall there is a flight of modern steps on an older base. To seaward of this fragment the pier is reduced confusea o t d rickl largf eo e blocks, among which, however . facouted footingW d e ean e th ,en r th f o s foune b y d froma m plac placeo et totae Th .l length, includin fragmene gth t first mentioned havy ma e, been about 180 ft., and the breadth across the outer end, which is slightly rounded, about 60 ft., but as the . footingE s have vanishe impossibls i t di determino et originae eth l wherplandiscoved o t an r o ,e w rho | PROCEEDING 8 24 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 breadte th increases hwa d fro landware mth d measurement . footingW e sTh . sho wgentla e westward curve throughout their length. They consis verf to y large, roughly squared blocks, tailed inwards froe mth face somd an , e have been worked wit ridgha e along their upper edge preveno st course th t e above from slipping outwards. The cove E. of the pier evidently has been used as well as the bay on the W., as a mooring-ring has roce poina th t ka n beei t t inlannse d fro head s mpresene it Th . t vertica Kire l facth kf eo Craig , which flanks it on the E., likewise appears to have been cut back artificially, while debris, fallen from the pier into the mouth of the cove, seems to have been cleared away and piled back on to the ruins. 1 Dunfermline, No. 55. though the record is not perfectly clear as to which is 2 CRB, n, 279. meant. 4 APS, b2 xi- 48 , 3 ibid., iv, 265. The possibility of this harbour having s Description, 10. • Fife, 313. bee Kinghornt Pettycurt na a t no d discounted,an s ,i , 7 Tidal Harbours, xxiv. 8 NSA, ix, 815. Kingoodie, Perthshire. 33929O N 3 The pier and quays at Kingoodie all seem to be of nineteenth-century date, and are of little archaeological interest followinge th t ,bu feature worte sar h notin purposer gfo comparisonf so vere yTh ) large(i , , well-coursed block slabd san spiewharfagee d useth r an dn i : (ii archen )a d culvert unde piere rth , presumably intended to give passage to tidal currents to clear out silt: (iii) a massive stone pawl, circular in section . higstandind in an h4 . abov. deepft in g3 2 ebasa . : ft (iv e3 ) remain smala f so l timber landing-stage, for use at low water, running out beyond the pierhead. A hook-shaped rickle of large stones, perhaps the remains of a pier, was observed from a distance mud-flate inth s mout e soutMonorgae th th f f ho ho n Bur . 330290)n(c examined e t coulb t bu , dno . Kingsbarns, Fife. NO 601125 Notwithstandin ruinous git s conditio generad antiquityf nan o r lai , Kingsbarns harbour dates only fro thire mth d quarte nineteente th f ro h century, having been buil t soma t e time after 185 farmera y 0b , John Duncan, who designed to use it for shipping his potatoes to London.1 Its late date gives the harbour onls it y clai archaeologicamo t l interest mere th es a ,appearanc remainse th f eo , resultin doubo gn t from the use of traditional methods by local craftsmen, might well have suggested a very much earlier origin in the absence of other information. The contrast with sophisticated nineteenth-century harbour-construction is notable. For what a description may be worth on the foregoing basis, the works comprise two piers, both ruinou witd san h their lowermost courses largely maske sandy db , whic north-eastwardn hru s dowe nth foreshore and enclose an area of just over three-quarters of an acre. The SE. pier is about 220 ft. long, and 20 ft. broad for the greater part of its length, although broadening and turning slightly northwards at its outer end, wher l detail eal long. ft obscure e uppes 0 sar it , . pie 41 s rri debris y NW portiod b e Th . n running mor lesr eo s parallel wit othee conveniena h th n ro t ridg rockf eo t theI . n curves south-eastwards, increasing in breadth from 20 ft. to 33 ft., and slightly overlaps the other pier at the entrance. This is well above low-water mark, and is only 18 ft. wide. Both piers are faced with large, roughly dressed blocks, set verticall mose th r t ypartfo , although lowermos e somth f eo best-preservee flate li tTh . d sectioe th f no NW. pier now stands 7 ft. 6 in. above the encroaching shingle, and still retains a few slabs of its marginal coping largese Th .severa f o t . wide. 11ft in l 1 . thic . long sla,in d in splayin0 bk3 an 1 , . pawl ft 6 t gs a si the base to 2 ft. 2 in.2 A landing-placesa , however, Kingsbarn muca s shha longer history eighteente th n I . h centurs yit customs, teinds, anchorages, etc., belonged to Crail, their rouping being constantly mentioned in the Burgh Council's minutes. In 1808 they were conveyed to the Earl of Kellie.3 The language of the minutes suggests some general commerce, as well as a local fishery. In 1758 the Kingsbarns fishermen reported that their harbour was in a ruinous condition,4 and again in 1781 they petitioned for 'some reparation on the pier and poles'.5 On the first occasion the Council granted them £3, and on the second agreed only to repair the poles. This mention of 'poles', evidently mooring-posts, suggests that the pier of the day was ligho to construction i t stano nt straie dth mooref no dbees craftha ns a suggeste, case Craif th e o n di l (q.v.), and if this light structure survived until 1836, the record that there was then no 'proper' harbour, and that coal had to be delivered 'at the shore'.6 may readily be understood. indebtem 1a r thifo d. s M informatio . J r CraiM lo t n Council Minutes, 12th Sept. 1823, H.M. 1Turnbull , Boghall3 . General Register House (B/10/10/Book 5). r thesFo 2 e measurement i d . indebteJ m a r 4sI M ibid. Maro h dt 6t , . 1758 (B/10/10/Boo. k2) ibid.a , 1781 (B/10/10/Boo NSA,« . , ix102k3) 98 , . Folco. GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN9 24 | D Kinkell Ness, 53815Fife.O N 6 Adair 1703n i , , described this harbou 's ara little Creek wit hHeaa Stone',f do 1 i.e., presumablya , stone-built pie jetty r 25-ine o r Th .f 189 .o O.Sp 4 markma . s 'Kinkell Harbour' immediatele th f o . ySE Ness though without showing any works. Today no structure can be found, but the creek is approached

by a track deeply rutted in the littoral rocks.2 Description,1 14. in Wilson, J. H., Nature Study Rambles round St r informatio1Fo thin o n sindebte m sitr a eI M o dt Andrews, 194. Folcoi d als o . J owh , note referencsa creee th ko et

Kirkcaldy, 28591Fife.T N 9 Kirkcaldy was a seaport at least as early as 1655,1 but its former harbour, which occupied the N. part existine ofth g basin bees mucha ,o n s h altere enlarged dan d durin nineteente gth twentietd han h centuries tha earlies tit r lay-ou bees tha n disguised virtualld an , y nothin structurs it f go e remains visible onle Th y. innermose . facth E f eo e . exceptioendth N basine te s b par ,th it y whicf t a o t,n ma h shows irregularly coursed rubble and cubical blocks, with some much-worn slabs on the lip of the quay above. Efforts to raise money for repair of the pier, harbour and shore are noted in several records of the later sixteenth and earlier seventeenth centuries,2 and in 1648 a harbour was under construction which was describe 'conveniens da commodious',d tan whicd 3an h had 1703n ,i 'longa , , hig strond han g Molf eo hewn Stone'.4 It was no doubt the E. pier of this harbour, probably corresponding with the landward end of the existing E. pier, that had to be repaired after a disaster which befell in 1723.5 Roy's map of Scotland (1747-55) marks only a single pier, and this item must therefore have been noted just before the building of the W. pier, which was added about 1754" but has now been removed from the area of the enlarged basin. 1 RFC, i, 381. ' Description,. 10 2 CRB, I, 389 (1592), 489 (1596); n, 55 (1599), 241 s Corporations, pt. n (1835), 157. (1607) (1608)4 26 , ; (1615)ra3 1 , . «ibid. 3 RFC, ser.d , 3r 380 x , . Largo, Fife (fig. 6a). NO 416024 place e watchee th 'Largoburnb f o o st disaffecter thae d dfo on ha t s wa ' d person t 1556,n si a t 1bu that tim moute Keie eth th lf hBurno , which form harboure th s probabls wa , y still unimproveda s a ,

charter of 1542 makes no mention of a port in a list of the estate's assets. These included a salmon

fishery 'apud sinu2 m torrentis de Largo'. In 1703 there was a 'Creek for small Vessels and Fisher Boats', again doubto burnmouthe n , th n i ,170 n i d 4 theran , referencs ei 'custome th bur e o eth t nf so mout f ho 3 Largo'. middle eighteente th th y f 4B e o h century Lundin Pier (q.v. evidentls )wa existenceyn i relatione ,th - ship of which to the Keil Burn harbour is unknown, but the 'stone quay' of 1792, which was suitable for tons,0 probabls 20 5wa o vesselt existinp e u y th f so theny g pierma , t howeverI . , have bee mora n i e primi- tive state than at present, as the harbour was not in good order in 1836, and the pier has no doubt been rebuilt. 6 lowermose Th t stretcbure th nf h o arrive t sea-levesa l throug hgorge. bana E e k th ,bein g revetted with masonry which coalesces, lower down, with the face of the quay, while the W. side is bordered by a strip of tidal sand interspersed with rocks. About a dozen high mooring-posts have been set up on this strip, but some of them are now reduced to stumps. The beach and the harbour in general are screened from the W. by the seaward-running ridge of rock utilised by Lundin Pier. Largo pier projects fro. somft line mhig0 f th eo e. wid 21 h ft foreshore e t wate0 ea 3 th s n i ro d an , landwars it rathed dan r mor seawars it t ea sidd. endbuileW s i s It .t mainl bouldersf y o bees ha n t patche,bu d apparentld an y raised somewha heighn i t t with large irregular slabs whole th , e being also mortaredt i ; shows a slight batter, and is provided with upright wooden fenders. On the E., the batter at the base is very pronounced slopine th , g surface being forme boulderf do s with heav piee th ryf o pointing p to e Th . unpaveds i , bears four large tree-butt numbepawla d formerlan s f mooring-rings o r wa p li y s it d an , edged with a wooden batten, now replaced by cement. Inventor• Craif yo l Charters . 472No , , H.M. Genera1 RFC,l i, 381. * RMS, 1513-46, No. 2691. An earlier charter (1482- Register House (B/10/12/2). 3) mentioned only 'terras et villam' (ibid., 1424-1513, * Stat. Acct., iv, 538. No. 1563). « NSA, ix, 442. 3 Description, 11. 25 | 0PROCEEDING S OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Leith, Edinburgh. NT 270764 The estuary of the Water of Leith must have served as a shelter for shipping at all periods of the

past, and the existence of a port is implied, by the charter of Holyrood Abbey, as early as 1128. In early times, craft presumably were beache foreshoree th n do , especiall righe th tn yo bank: , wher streee eth t 1 fronting on the water is still called The Shore. Improvements, however, were certainly in progress by 1398, when Edinburgh, which owned the port but not the adjoining land, received permission to dig up buildinearte santh d r han d fo enlargemen r go port.e righe th bridgf Th o 2to tt rivee eth r obtainedalss owa . It may have been at this time that The Shore acquired the form that it still retains, of a combined street and quay firse tTh . bridg probabls ewa y buil t thia t s time too thers ,a nothins ei shoo gt w that Abbot Bellenden actually built the bridge for which he made provision in 1493.3 Tolls for the repair of the har-

bour were authorised more than once in the course of the Middle Ages, and of particular interest are allusions removae th 1508 d o 150n t i ,an stone f ,5 o l s fro entrance-channel,e mth trouble vien th i 5f wo e 4 caused late shiftiny b r g sandbanks firse f theso Th t. e passages give furthee sth r information thae th t channe markes lwa d with beacons secone th d d an ,tha 'bulwarka t . side' E existe s .it n do This mention of a 'bulwark', presumably a breakwater, is the earliest notice of a pier as distinct from the quays in the town, and it is corroborated by the Petworth House plan of 1560,6 which shows a pier continuin Shore finishin d Th line ef an gth rocke a o n go y shoa r accumulatioo l f bouldersno A . simila rchannel e shoa construction. sido th n f W emarket o s i l e bu ,th n do . Another map,7 surveyed betwee publishet no t n1689d bu 168an ,d 2 until 1756, show same spiea th en ri position , with enclosurer so buildings adjoinin landwars git whicd represeny den hma earln a t y phasTimbee th f eo r Bush. addin I 8 - tion, a pair of piers on the W. bank, apparently just N. of where the Custom House stands today, are shown. These latter pier oddle sar y arranged themf o e , on whic s ,a continuouhs i s wit left-bane hth k quays towne th n ,i take forhooke a sf th m o , formin bag-shapega d straigh a basiy b n. tN covere piee th r n do which projects slightly int channele oth paintinA . abouf go t 17109 suggests tha outee th t r likepies rwa - wise hooked, and ended in a timber section, its inner part, and the whole of the inner pier, being of ashlar, most of it rusticated. The E. pier was all of timber. Adair (1703) notes the 'high and strong Peir' on each side of the entrance, and the 'fine Key of Hewen Stone built ail-along from the Bridge downwards'.10 Maitland states that the reason for building an E. pier was to check the formation of sand-banks in the harbour-mouth. By his account,11 'a strong Head or wooden Rampart was erected a considerable way into the Frith' about the middle of the sixteenth century, and this was no doubt the work shown on the Petworth House provet plani t ,bu d unsuccessful furthea d an , r lengt 'woodef ho n Fence addeds wa ' , with westwara d inclination. This also failin effectf go , 'the present [1753] Stonern norther e Pierth t a ,d nEn

of the said Fence, was erected about the year 1722'. He adds that, in spite of all these measures, the bar

2 continued to form, and the necessity for procuring a1 deeper entrance-channel was a principal factor in the planning of the new docks in the nineteenth century.13 piere thes Th sa y existe 1777n di , just after Maitland's time showe towe plaa ar ,th y f n b n o o Alexander Wood.14 On the E. side of the channel there is a 'timber pier', apparently founded on or reinforced externally with boulders, prolonged 15an addition a y db stonn i describes ea Maitlandy db . This combined work timbef o , stoned ran , seem havo st e followed muc sammargi. e e hth W th ee f linnth o s ea present dock-area, and to have ended somewhere short of the Albert Dock entrance-basin. West of the channel oddly-shapee place th th , f eo d pier pood san l figure Colliny db s (see above bees )ha n e taketh y nb 'Ballast Key', opposit Timbee eth r Bush, wit indentation ha n marked 'Carpenter't i f o . sW Yarde th o t ' thif o s. andagainW , 'Norte ,th h Pier' anglen ,a d work wit outes hit r section . pointinThiN f so las. gW t ends at a point just E. of the present entrance to Victoria Dock, leaving a wide entrance to the harbour approach whic protectes overlae hStone wa th th y b f ep o d. Pier E fro e m.th Another important featur harbour'e th n ei s development must have bee bridgese sitine th nth f go . positioe earliese Th th f no t bridg securels ei y fixed t Churca , h Street associatios it y b , n with Bellenden's chapel,16 and as Collins' and Alexander Wood's plans both agree with the record evidence on this point it seems necessar infeo yt r thaPetworte th t h House plawrons f no wa placinn gd i en bridge e gth th t ea Tolboot hbridgd Wyndol removes e ewa Th . d after functions 1791it d takes 1an 7 wa n drawovea y rb -

bridge at Tolbooth Wynd, to which another was added, at Bernard Street, before 1826. The effect of

8 these change mako t s es wa mor e space available upstream showappearances e i s th ,a y nb John ,o n Wood's 1 dry-docko platw f 1825f no o ,bridge d s ol abov e th sit.e f eth eo Other features deserving mentio docke shipyardth d e san n ar s marke boty db . hW Woode th n so side of the harbour, A. Wood's 'New Quay' at the end of Tolbooth Wynd, and the ashlar facing of The Shore noted by Maitland.19 GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND 251 Of structural remains, however matco t , recordee hth d features, virtually nothin founde b n s ga ,ca por e bees th tha n constantly worked over from perio alss periodo t oha beed dan n completely redeveloped sinc beginnine eth nineteente th f go h century r exampleFo . , althoug Shore hTh toda f eo y seems identical with the harbour frontage on the plan of 1560, there is nothing to suggest that any given piece of quay-face eves i npara Maitland'f o t s 'Ashler Stonern Wall' earlie y t alonle ,an f ero construction. Similarlye th ,

filled-up . bandry-dockW ke corresponth n so d with those marke . characteWoode A th y e t db th bu , f ro

0 masonry would agree with a date much later than 1777. Again, although Church Street still exists, n2 o trace of bridge-abutments appears either at its returned end or on the opposite bank, which latter has been first adapted as a quay, and then heightened and built over. The sole portion of the estuary's banks that seems to have escaped adaptation to industrial uses is the stretch bordering North Leith Cemetery. This was instituted in 1664,21 but the heavily battered, dry-stone facing cannot be attributed to any particular period. On the other hand, past vicissitudes have left their imprint on the general scene, with the result that such matters as the harbour's size and shape, and the relationship of buildings to quays, bridge-sites and foreshore, have an archaeological significance. 1 Lawrie, A. C., Early Scottish Charters, 117. 10 Description, 8. 2 Charters and Documents relating to the City of " op. cit., 497. Edinburgh (Scottish Burgh Records Society). 48 , 12 ibid. See also Irons, op. cit., n, 147. 3 RMS, 1424-1513 . 2193 seemo No ,s .d Thasdi e h t 13 Irons . cit.. if op , ,8 n19 , simply to have been assumed by Maitland, W., The 14indebtem 1a Leite th ho dt Docks Commissioners, History of Edinburgh, 498. and Mr Sinclair of their staff, for an opportunity to ' Charters and Documents, 133, etc.,66 , . 63 stud ycopa y preserve thein di r office. Extracts from the Records of the City of Edinburgh 15 Illustratio Ironsn ni . cit.op , , plate opp . 198.p .

5 (Sc. Burgh Records Society), 1403-1528, 99, 113. " RMS, 1424-1513 2193. No , . 6 PSAS, xcv (1961-2), 280 ff., PL L. 11 Map of 1791 by W. Morison marks 'Road to the 7 Pilot, 'Edinburgh Frith'. Old Bridge'. H.M. General Register House (R.H.P. 'The place callit the Burse', along with Little London, 20). Irons (op. cit., n, 178) says 'after 1788'. 8 had been appointed for the reception of Norwegian Wood'. 18J s plan marks 'Old Draw Bridge Tolboott a ' h timber-cargoes as early as 1582 (Extracts from the Wynd and 'North Draw Bridge' at Bernard Street. Records Citye f th Edinburgh,o f o 1573-89, 235)t i ; . cit.19op , 487. confuseshoule b t dno d wit 'Boursee hth Pauncn i ' h 20 Now renamed Quayside Street, but appearing as Market, on which see Irons, J. Campbell, Leith and Church Stree mapsn o t .

its Antiquities, , 303 I Maitlandd an , . . f cit. 6 op , ,49

1 RCAM2 , Inventory of Edinburgh, No. 219. 0 Preserved at Trinity House, Leith, and reproduced by Irons . cit.op ,, n, opp . 146.p .

Leven,Fife. 38000O N 4 The port of 'Levenmouth' is mentioned in documents of 1565,116022 and 1621,3 in the last case as a 'porte and heavin'. Sibbald, in 1710, noted a small harbour at the mouth of the river,4 and Pococke, in 1760, said that this would take vessel betweef thred so an eo hundrentw d tons.5 Roy, however, marked no pier on his map of Scotland (1747-55), and until a 'small quay' was built shortly before 18366 the harbour was probably the natural river-mouth. The curved building-line of the street named Shorehead suggests that a bay formerly extended into the town, as seems to have happened at Culross (q.v.), with its 'Sandhaven'. The existing wharfage on the river-front shows no features of archaeological interest. 'RFC, , 381I . 4 Fife, 328. 2 ibid., vi, 373. ' Tours Scotlandn i (S.H.S.), 276. 3 APS, 673, IV . « NSA, ix, 273. Limekilns, Fife (fig. 7a) 07583S .N 3 No date can be suggested for the origin of the port of Limekilns, but shipping is likely to have used this comparatively sheltered tidal anchorage inside the 'Ghauts',1 or 'Goat Rocks', at any period of the past. The records first mention Limekilns, under the name of 'Gellald', in 1362,2 when David II gave the por Dunfermlino t e Abbey t thaA . t tim must ei t already have bee ngoina g concern, wit establishen ha d trade in wool, skins and hides. Later records are fairly numerous,3 although they make no mention of harbour installations. At the end of the seventeenth century the harbour was 'commodious' for the shipping of coal,4 and Roy's map of Scotland (1747-55) marks a pier in the middle of the bay. The harbour are larga s ai e tidal pocketw lo a , y encloseb . E e seawaro dth t Ghaut e n o th y d db san bank of shingle interspersed with flat rocks, and partially covered on the W. by the pier, which is probably the same as the one marked by Roy whatever changes may have been made to it since his time. This pier 252 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9

FIG. 7. a Limekilns (AA, sites of former sluicing-ponds; B, site of pier; C, probable site of quayside structure), Newhavenb Nortc , h Berwick.

runs straight out southwards, its head being separated from the Ghauts by about 120 yds. of mud; its length is 230 ft. on the W. but more on the E., where its face turns into a sea-wall revetting a roadway, averags it d an masonre e breadtTh rathef . o ft s yi 5 hr6 roughly squared dry-stone blocksends it t , bu , which seems to have been rebuilt, is mortared and has a flight of steps on its E. side. The surface is grassed ove carried ran s three light wooden pawlende landwarth s ;t it sa d portio dividens i d longitudinalle th yn i long. centrft wala 9 ,y ebuil10 lb 187n i t shelteo 0t r craf scourinn ti moore e E.e ponus A 5th r gn dfo do mud out of the harbour formerly existed about 80 yds. E. of the pier, where the house called Carey now stands ;6 another alsw o,no vanished markes ,i 6-in e landware 185f th o th .n df 4O.Sp o o jus . d ma . dtW en of the pier. The Ghauts are formed by a low ridge of rock, which runs from ENE. to WSW., and separates the harbour area fro Firthe ridgme th bee s Th througt .e ha ncu makho t entrn e a ships r y fo passag e ,th e being abou abouo . widett ft 15widthp e 0 . lonu 09 t ft th ; y gb , however difficuls i , estimato t t accounn eo f o t collapse roughle th t cu y d e trimme stoneworksid. th f W e o e th d n rock-facO . heightn i . eft stand5 , o t p su with a built wall, heavily battered, rising as much as 8 ft. in addition. This wall runs straight for about 120 ft., decreasin heighsurfacgn e reei e th th fs f a tslope eo s downwards t curvebu , s bac t eacka h ends it , footings disappearing under fallen debris. There was once a quay here, flanking the cut, but its size is impossible to estimate as the top of the reef is widely strewn with boulders and tumbled stones, many of them roughl high. ft . 5 . side y,ft rocE o wit e fac t shaped9 a e ,th p agai o o ks hewalth t t u i a t n p nlu O cu . seaware thif Th o s . d walit d en f o l curvep higto n ho s eastwards footings it d ,an s return northwards across reefe th ,f evidentlo p to e yth definin quaga y abouwide. ft 0 2 t. Mooring-posts survive botn do h quays GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 253 at least until 1900.7 From the N. end of the cut, the E. wall or its footings may be traced shorewards for

about 230 ft. along the edge of the bank of shingle mentioned above, but it is stated locally that a breakwater originally followed this line all the way to the land, and in fact some suggestive trace8 s may be seen from place to place on this alignment. The chief of these is a pier, running out from the sea-wall at a point about 90 yds. E. of the main pier and now reduced to footings and the stumps of timber piles; this no doubt

represents the pile-built structure that is said to have existed in the early nineteenth century. It seems to have been some 10 ft. to 12 ft. wide, and probably ended at a flat rock, the W. side of which 9 has been cut into and which carries a massive iron ring. Again, beyond this rock and about 90 yds. from the land, there ma seee yb nlarga e roundish patc stonesf ho , heaped togethe witd ran h large blocks lying roun cire dth - cumference, which may possibly have been the base of some quayside structure.

Scots 'goat' trencha , . Anonymous, Limekilns (private circulation, 1929), s

21 Dunfermline, No. 391, p. 270. 13. 3 e.g., Laing Charters, . 117No 7 (1589); Dunfermline, " Informatio . MackenzieJ . n H fro r mM , Limekilns, (1603)6 49 . p ; (1565)1 RFC,38 , I ;(1602) 3 vi37 , ; 7 Cunningham . S.A ,, Inverkeithing, etc., 163. ser.d 3r ,(1672) 1 m50 , . > Informatio . MackenzieJ n. H fro r mM , Limekilns. Geogr. Coll., i, 287. ' Cunningham, op. cit, 167. 4 Lindores Pow, Fife. NO 2418 Opening as it did into the South Deep of the Firth of Tay, Lindores Pow, like the neighbouring Shor Newburgf eo h (q.v.)conveniena s wa , rivee th Perth. o trt p plac u thein y vesselr o A 1ee rfo wa li o st ferry was also crossing the Firth from Lindores at least as early as 1600, when a charter mentions 'liber-

tatem cymbe vulgo ane ferrie boit' ;while a record of 1722 states that 'from this to the pou of Erroll which

lyes opposite to it is a common ferri2 e each side keeping two boats'. Before the days of agricultural improvement resula s a whic,f o t hlarga e fielbees dha n reclaimed fro mud-flate mmoute th e th th d f ho san 3 Pow canalised, a natural tidal inlet probably existed here, by which boats could have approached conveniently Abbe e closth o et y precinct r thaFo coult. w matterPo d e equallth , y well have serve pree dth - and proto-historic dwellers in the fort on Clatchard's Craig, distant some 800 yds. from the Abbey site. 1 Description, 15. 3 Geogr. Coll., i, 305. 2 Laing, A., Lindores Abbey and its Burgh of Newburgh, 498. Lundin, Fife (fig. 6b) 41502O .N 4 A Parliamentary Report of 18471 speaks of a natural rock-ridge, west of the harbour of Largo (q.v.), whic names hwa d 'the Pie Lundin'f r o attributio e th t ridgname e ;bu th th ef o ent o woul d seemo t incorrece b remaine th actua n sites e a a t f seeth e s ,o b l n althoug npieo y lase rma th t staghn i dilapif eo - dation landwars It . d end, repaire rounded dan d off, stand masonra s sa y platform facine th sea e t gth ,bu remainder, whic belohs i w high-water mark reduces ,i stria tumbleo df t p o d boulders. This runs seawards ridge . sidth roc alonf end f eW d o westware a o e kan n gs i th d curve, whil ridgee flane th eth f k,o above high-water mark bees t bacha ,n cu for o kt mnaturalla y protecte piee a d th s ri walk f beace o . Th .h W stretc f barho e tidal sand bouldere th , s piled . sidalonW e s perhapgit s representin remaine gth a f so companion work, intended to enclose the other side of a harbour. It is believed locally that such a harbour was made by a former proprietor of Lundin estate, as a rival to the haven at Largo (q.v.), but that the venture was foiled by a sand-bar between the two pier-heads.2 The small building by the landward end of the pier may well be contemporary with the structure. A pier evidently was standing in the seventeen-fifties, as it is marked on Roy's map of Scotland, but perhaps not in 1703, as Adair alludes to a 'creek',3 probably meaning the mouth of the Keil Burn. In 1565, too name ,th e use'Largoburn'.s dwa t havno wore y surviveTh 4kma lats da 1792s e a th s ,a Statistical Account5 again suggests Largo pier, and by 1847 its existence had clearly been forgotten. 1 Tidal Harbours, xxv. 3 Description, 11. * Letter (20th August 1970) from Mr M. O. Shepherd, ' RFC, I, 381. Leven. 5Vo l. iv, 538. Methil, Fife. NT 3799 harboud remainol o N e f Methith o rf so l see havmo t e survive constructioe dth modere th f no n placdockse th t e deserve,bu mentionee b o st variour dfo s reasons face buils tTh .tha wa t t abouti t 16501 points to activity at that time in the local coal-mining industry, and as its builder was the 2nd Earl of 1 PROCEEDING 4 25 SOCIETYE TH F SO , 1968-9 Wemyss one is tempted to regard the harbour at West Wemyss, the date of which is unknown, as a parallel

and contemporary development. This seems the more likely as the plans of the two harbours, as marked on Roy's map of Scotland, are distinctl2 y similar, both consisting of a pair of piers which curve out from the shoreline to enclose a harbour-area segmental in shape. Adair, rather earlier, had noted 'two strong, high and well-built moles of hewen stone'.3 A poin incidentaf to l interes colliere th s ti y waggon-way mileo tw , s long, that serve harboue dth t ra the end of the eighteenth century.4 1 Stat. Acct., xvi (1795), 522. 3 Description, 11. ibid. " Stat. Acct., xvi, 519. 2 Morison's Haven, East Lothian. 37273T N 8 In 1526 Newbattle Abbey was authorised to build a harbour on the lands of Prestongrange, its stated purpose being to provide shelter for fishing-boats as fishermen were suffering casualties and loss 'defectu boni portus', t constructio1bu t havno ey begunma n before 1541, whe Alexandee non r Atkinson (Acheson) received the place in feu-ferme in order to build a harbour, with tide-mills, and to repair boats. By 1553 Acheson had expended a large sum on building and fortifying the harbour, and his son John was

offering to complete the work on certain conditions. The existence of the tide-mills seems to be confirmed by the use of the name 'Port au Moulin' in correspondenc2 e which passed at this time. Adair's record (1703), presumably base observationn do s made some time earlier, describe harboue th s s 'aa r small Creek, with a Rocky and narrow Entry', but considerable improvements, if not wholesale reconstruction, seems to be implied by the request for an imposition, made by William Morison of Prestongrange in 1700, 'for building an harbour at Morison's Haven'. Further improvements were made in the eighteenth and nineteent Firth;e safese hth th centuries n f i t t serveo 3i 179 n e i harboue e d 6on d th th e , an hel s b o drt wa seaborne trade of Prestonpans, and also the local industries and coal-field, but fell into disuse after the first World War. The harbour in its final phase is illustrated by the 25-in. O.S. map revised in 1913-4.4 This shows it as being about 720 ft. long on an E.-W. axis, with an inner and an outer basin, each up to some 160 ft. wide, connecte shorta y db , narrow neck totas It . l arejuss atwa unde acres No e .r tw formesid Th s . ewa d b ybreakwatea r pie rhea e . longabou th ft f whic do t 0 a , 55 t hentrancn a ther s ewa e . somwideft 0 e7 . South of the entrance, a slightly curving pier about 110 ft. long covered the W. end of the outer basin; at its head there was a roundel carrying a light. South of the outer basin there was a large pond, supplied with water from the adjoining colliery and probably intended to wash silt out of the harbour. Between this pond and the inner basin is marked the site of a 'fort', the remains of which were still visible in 1853; presumablthis swa wore yth kAchesone builth middl e y sixteente b tth th n sf i eo h century. Of the foregoing structures very little now survives, as the remains gradually are being buried through the reclamation of the foreshore, but the record made in 1961s helps to fill in the picture. Some stretche breakwatee th f so r pier still emerge throug encroachine hth g shingle wore th , k being faced with large dry-stone block slabsd san , well-dresse somt se ed verticalldan somd ybedan n eo . Many show holes for a lewis, and at least one fragment of the core, which is largely of boulders, has been drilled and split by blasting. The part of the top that has survived contains both boulders and large blocks, the latter roughly shaped but not regularly squared. The work is thus not homogeneous, no doubt as a result of frequent repairs, but some of it may well go back to the reconstruction of the early eighteen century; the top, in particular, resembles that of the Old Harbour at Donibristle (q.v.), for which a similar date was suggested. The pier-head is probably later, as many of its slabs show slugging, but it too has been patched considerably and rebuilt. The short pier S. of the entrance is now covered up with debris, but in 1961 it was founneatle b o dt y buil well-dressef o t d dry-stone blocks, som thef eo welmy drovedlma havt i d e ,an dated, in its final form, from the early nineteenth century. The roundel at its head was of concrete, and evidentl ylata e addition. 1 References to sources will be found in PSAS, xcv 3 Stat. Acct., xvii, 72. papea ff.0 n i , 30 (196r , describin2) 1 g this harbour « Reproduce PSAS,n di loc. cit.

at greater length than does the present account. s HJJ,}. Illustrations PI. LVII. Maitland2 Miscellany, r thi ff4 Fo s . ireferenc23 , eI am L. indebte.A Murrayr M o dt . Motray Water See Eden Estuary GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 255 Muirhouse, Edinburgh. NT 209770 Some remain 'smale th f so l Tide Haven' that belonge Muirhouso dt e seeth e b 1703n n eni o y 1ma foreshore at a point just east of north from the Commodore Hotel (Broomfield), In Adair's time it comprised 'two stone Peirs' identifiabls i todat e ,bu on . has'beeye onlW eon e . whilyth E ne ereduceth o dt a belt of tumbled boulders, in which not even footings can be recognised. Of the W. pier there survives only a double row of set boulders, the footings of the facing-walls, and these show the work to have been about 16 ft. wide. They begin well below high-water mark, at the bottom of a strip of beach, run straight northwardst ou , then curve north-eastwards fad d t closan ,e ou low-wate o et r mar t wha kprobabla s twa y the harbour's entrance. Some of the boulders used at the landward end are exceptionally large, and none of them seems to have been dressed. The length of the enclosed area from N. to S. may have been about 150 ft. The debris representing the E. pier lies at a slightly higher level, and may be founded on a ridge of rock, but if so this is hidden by the debris itself. Just W. of the W. edge of the belt of debris a row of dressed blocks appears through the sand of the beach, suggestin margie gth roadwaya f no relativele Th . y smal blockse l sizth f ewelo s a ,thei s la r neat arrangement, contrasts strongly with the boulder-construction of the piers, with which they may very well have had no connection. 1 Description, 8. Musselburgh (Inveresk), Midlothian. NT 3472, 3473 mout todae Rives e i Th th k f yhrEs o totally unnavigable tidaa s ,a l ban sanf kshinglo d dan e stretches frot lane ou mormr th d fo e than 1,000 drawbackss spit n betteyds.i it e t f th e o f ,bu ro facilitied ,an s available at Fisherrow (q.v.), it seems to have served Musselburgh as a port at various times in the past. Proof of the existence of harbour-works of some kind comes in 1713, when a Burgh Council minute refers to a

new harbou beins ra g situated 'at waitee tth r harbourmouth'.w ne A , presumably thi facsn i one td ha , been decided on in 1703, was still being discusse1 d in 1707, and seems to have been under construction in

1712, its position being defined later as at the mouth of the Mill Lade (NT 345733). This experiment,

3 however2 , evidently proved unsuccessful anothes a , harbouw r ne begu s rwa t Fisherrona w (q.v.) 1743.n ,i 4 On a later occasion the disadvantages of the estuary site were described at length in a report to the Burgh Counci architecte th y lb , Cuthbert Clark,5 while Adair's likewis d opinioha t i f eno been unfavourable.6 Records of a port, although not specifically of harbour-works, at Musselburgh or Inveresk as distinct from Fisherrow, may be quoted from some earlier periods, (i) A charter of David I to Dunferm-

line Abbey mentions ships 'qua portn ei Inuerese ud c aplicuerint'. (ii Papa)A l lette sam e 118f ro th e4o t Abbey8 allude7 'burguo st mportut e Muskilburgo'me d . (iii 133n )I Englise 5th h governo Edinburgf ro h Castle requisitioned boats at Musselburgh.9 (iv) In 1565 Musselburgh was on the list of ports to be watched for disaffected persons. 162n I ) 41 (v 0Musselburg Fisherrod han w were both mentione same th edn i con-

text as ports from which coal was shipped. It thus seems likely that the silting up of the estuary has been

1 gradual, and that in the more distant pas1 t the drawbacks were a good deal less serious than they later became, and this inference seems to be supported by the geological evidence, which is said to make it

'entirely possible that the mouth of the Esk could have constituted a usable port hi historic times'. It

2 is thus interesting to observe that, if the Esk had been navigable in the Middle Ages as far, or nearl1 y as far. as the Old Bridge, the Burgh would have possessed a site for a quay similar to the harbour-frontages of several Fife seaports eved an ,n reproducin association ga f Higno h Street with riverside strongly resembling that which existe t Pertda h (q.v.) theorA . progressivf yo e silting, which only reached serious proportions hi recent centuries, would naturally bear on the problem of Roman arrangements for the service of the forts and road-terminal at Inveresk. 'Musselburgh Burgh Records, 22nd June 1713, 7 Dunfermline, 11, No. 13. H.M. General Register ibid.Hous* , 157 esame (B/52/31).Th e wordin. repeates gi similaa dn i r 1703y 2 Ma Junibid.h ,d 7t e3r , 1707 Junh 5t , e 1712. letter f 123o , 4 (ibid., 175). 3 Leith Burghs Pilot, Dec8 . 1866 r thi.Fo s reference » Cal. of Docts., Ill, 352. I am indebted to Mr R. L. Scarlett. « RPC, i, 381. • Musselburgh Records as above, 22nd Sept. 1743 " ibid., xm, 555. (B/52/3/2). 12 Letter (9 Jan. i967) from Mr R A. Edenj institute of 5 ibid., 1st Mar. 1787 (B/52/3/3). Geological Sciences, Edinburgh. e Description,7. Newburgh, Fife. NO 235186 126n I 6 Lindores receive dchartea r from Alexande whicI rII h erecte tow s freda it s ena burgh, with | PROCEEDING 6 25 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1968-9 usuae th l liberties t nothinbu , sais gi d abou claus a port a t d an e, specifically reserving righte e th th ; f so King's burghs no doubt prevented or restricted maritime trade.1 Like Lindores Pow (q.v.), the Shore of Newburgh probably served laten i s ra , times stopping-placa s a , e where vessels coul tidee d th wai r , fo t wherd an e those whos eshallowee draughgreao th r to s tfo twa r water upstream could tranship cargo into journee lighter resth e f th to Perth. nineteentr o ye t sfo th n I 2 h centur yferra Poro yt t Alie recordedns i . range Th quayf eo s constitutethaw no t town'e sth s river-frontage contains littl archaeologicaf eo l interest, but a hint of some earlier arrangement is perhaps to be seen in the fact that 'Shore' is marked on the O.S. maps in an area lying somewhat inland from the river, and now fully built over. On the front it is possible to identify the 'three continuous piers' of 1793,3 as well, probably, as the two others built shortly before 1836.4 The latter, at the E. end of the range, are mainly of concrete and brick, while the former, and the bays between them, show for the most part squared and well-coursed masonry, some of it scabbled rusticatedr o , with cement patche mortad san r westernmose froth mf o placp to placeo et e t pierTh . t a , f Weso d t en Shor e th e Road completels i , y covered with cement onle Th y. evidence b f whay eo ma t earlier work occurs at the lowermost levels, and that not everywhere; it takes the form of a basal layer of smaller irregular masonry, poorly dresse . piecoursedd W dan r e alsTh o. carrie stono stw e pawlse on , squared and the other a slab, which may be earlier survivals. The length of the whole frontage is about 550 ft., and that of the W. portion, with the three piers of 1793, about 270 ft. Laing, A., Lindores Abbey and Burghs it of 'Newburgh, ibid., 172. 1 3

NSAf 4 Ix> 72. 142. 2 Slat. Acct., vin (1793), 172, 182. Newhaven, Edinburgh (fig. 7b). NT 254771 Newhaven first comes to historical notice1 at the beginning of the sixteenth century, when James IV navaa site f choseth o s l a dockyard t ei , introduce bodda workpeoplef yo , and 1506n i , , founde chapeda l for their benefit havee Th .n evidently comprise ordinarn da y harbou shipbuildine wels th r a s la g yards a , the charter of 1510-1, by which the place was given to Edinburgh, mentions bulwarks and defences for protecting ships as well as a foreshore to which they could be anchored, with their cables led inland as far as the inner frontage ('frontem interiorem') of some houses on the S. side of the village street. Whether one or two piers existed at this time is doubtful, as the charter uses both the singular and the plural - in one passage 'munitionem, videlicet le per bulwarkt ee anothen i d an ' r 'in le bulwarkis 155n i t 6 therbu - ' e were certainl'wesa s a t o bulwerkytw mentioneds i ' . With this recor Petworte dth h House pla Leitf no h (1560) agreementn i s 2i t showi piers o a , stw s buil frot shore ou tm th wha n eo t look like boulder founda- . pietionsW r e inclininth , g somewha shorteo t f i opee s na . th side doubno e tN N towardon .e . tth E e sth shore between the piers was left in its natural state, so that vessels could be beached and secured in the manner indicated in the charter. The Petworth House plan shows no trace of the dockyard, which had doubo n t disappeare 1560y db t som bu , e remain harboua f so r survive 1703,n di Pococked 3an 1760n i , , could still mention both the dockyard and the harbour as matters of history.4 To judge by their relationship to the church and village, the works of 1560 would seem to have occupied much the same position as the existing harbour, and it is possible that what seems to be an arc of boulders or rocks on Collins'

plan of Leith may represent ruined foundations; for that matter, a rickle of boulders is marked, on a plan of 1831,6 in th5 e position of the present W. pier. By Pococke's time Newhaven had become a 'poor fishing village',7 but it also served, with Leith, as a southern terminal to the ferries from Burntisland and Kinghorn, or Pettycur (q.v.). In 1792 an Act was passed8 for improving these ferries and 'for rendering the Harbours and Landing Places more commodious', perhaps i t i d thio st an s period tha earliese th t t worvisiblw kno Newhavet ea n shoul attributede db . This consist profile slopinth a f f so eo g jetty, which appear pier. E s e clearl, fac e th togethe f th e o n yi r with some courses of masonry which heightened its lower portion before the pier was built on top of both. This supposed jett abouys i t 110 yds. lon measures ga d fro edge m Pieth f eo r Place, which override landwars sit d end surfacs ;it hers ei e abou lowe. ft t5 r tha stonewor seaware s streete it th n th d n fadei d ,an t den f sou k o the pier just above low-water mark. On this showing, the pier itself, with the high wall on its E. side and its returned end as far as the disused light-house, would belong to a later phase, as illustrated by the plan of 1824 in Wood's Town Atlas. Light-house. The light-house, of which the seaward side, as well as the interior, was inaccessible visiteds whewa t nfoundei s ,i batterea n do d bas scabblef eo d ashlar. Par thref to e coursee b thiy f so sma see seawardno t , althoug resbeee s hth tha n overbuil latee th ry breakwaterb t buildine Th . circulags i n ro plan, wit externan h a moulde e th f o l diametep d to cornice e th abouf ro o t measure-d . ft.t8 in an , 6 . ft s9 GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN7 25 1 D course; above this there is a blocking-course, and on top a cement-covered dome, from the top of which protrudes the end of a ventilating pipe. The masonry is sandstone ashlar neatly cut to the curve, the base- course projecting slightly. The door, facing E. along the pier, is 6 ft. 2 in. high by 2 ft. 9 in. wide; a window 2 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 2 in., looks inwards over the harbour. Insofar as the inaccessible seaward side may be seen, the light seems to have been shown in a NW. direction, i.e. towards the approach to the harbour- entrance, by means of a small horizontal window set about half-way up the side of the building. 1 Excep otherwiss a t e stated, this article follows Irons, * Pilot. J. Campbell, Leith and its Antiquities, i, 115, 258 ff., « Dall, P. and Leslie, J., in H.M. General Register App. No. 28; II, 456, 468. House (R.H.P. 3169). 2 PSAS, xcv (1961-2), PI. L. i loc. cit. Geo2 3 » . indebteIllm a , I cap thir . dfo .s93 reference Description, . 8

3 4 Tours in Scotland (S.H.S.), 308. to Mr B. C. Skinner. Newmiln See Polerth.

Newport, Fife. NO 417277 The ferry from Newport to Dundee was discontinued in 1966, on the opening of the Tay road- jette bridgeth y d thaan , t formerly inaccessiblserves wa t di e whe presene nth t surve mades e ywa Th . 25-in. map, however, indicates that it is 360 ft. long by 70 ft. wide, its outermost 260 ft. being subdivided lengthwis buils walla 1823- n wa i desigt e y t eI b th . Thomaf 6o nt o s Telford. earlier Fo 1 r arrangements t thia s ferr undee yse r East Newpor Woodhavend an t .

1 Tidal Harbours, xxvii.

North Alloa, Clackmannanshire; Ferry Landing. 88192S N 2 Alloa Ferry is mentioned in a charter of 1620,1 when it was given to the Earl of Mar along with the port and 'pow' of Alloa (q.v.). The grant included the ferry-boats, and applied to both ends of the ferry although the S. terminal was not on the Earl's land. The ferry was formerly an important link hi local communications, particularl nineteente th yn i earlied han r twentieth enturies, when South Alloa handled coal and pitwood in considerable quantities. jette yTh that . serveterminaN fooe stile y dGlasshousseef th e th o ltb t ma ln a e Loan. Measured fro heae smala m th f do l doc k. side E forme doubo s n ,it accommodatn o t do e ferry-boats abous i t i , t . longft breadts 0 it , 40 h bein flankew g. sid no abou madW y s e i db ft.e 5 th e3 ;t ground outee Th . r part of the E. face consists of large, rough blocks, poorly shaped and coursed, while the landward part and the doce heawele th kar f dlo buil f droveo t d ashlar surface Th . paveds uppei e th n ri , part, with small blocks of irregular shape, and in the lower with large setts. Just E. of the dock, below Forth Street, there is a pond, not now holding water, with remains of timber sluice-work outes it t sa r end;2 this serve holo d t wate p du higt ra washo t tidd h ean awa y silt from besid jetty 25-ine e eth Th . . surveyeO.Sp .ma 186dn i 5 also mark jettysmalse a sid. th f W e .lo e ponth n do RMS, 1609-20 . 2125No , . When revisite 1968n di , this pon founs dwa havo dt e 1 z bee obliteratednd fillean p du .

North Berwick, East Lothian (fig. 7c, PI. 31a). NT 553855 Betwee Ease Wesd nth an t t Bay t Nortsa h Berwick there projects int Firte oth hmasa f roco s k formerl smalya l tidal island joinemainlane th o dchurcbridget d a stoot Andrei t ol y dS b n e f hdO th o . w hospitaa d an pilgrims.r fo l lattere Th 1 , lik counterpars eit t Earlsferra t y Fif e (q.v.th e n coasto ) s wa , founded in the twelfth century by Duncan, Earl of Fife.2 Along the NW. side of the island, and separated narroa froy b mt wi tidal channel aligne SW.do t fro. , mtherNE e liePlattcoce sth k reef straightisa , h ridg rocf eo k which rises above high-water mark harboue Th . bees ha rn formed broughd s an ,it o t t present condition over the years, by building a breakwater along the crown of the ridge so as to flank the channel, cutting off the wider (SW.) portion of the channel from the rest, with a transverse work, partially closing its SW. end, and improving the interior with wharfage. Adair's record (1703) of a harbour on the W islane . sidth f deo 'withi nPeia f Stone'o r 3 would correspond wit firse r seconhth o t d stag thif eo s process. The harbou clearls ri y very old. pilgrimse 'Portsth f o eact a 'd 'h ferren Fif o mentioneye t ear a dn i | PROCEEDING 8 25 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 charter of 1177,4 travellers were crossing to Earlsferry in 1304,5 commercial use is referred to in 1373,6 North Berwick bein thay gb t tim freea e novodamusa port d an , charte 1658f ro 7 implies tha 'haventa d ha ' existe indefiniteln a dn i y distant past althougt Bu . h record harboure worf sth o n k o fairl e 8ar y numerous, no clear picture emerges of the actual stages by which the works developed, as more recent construction inevitabl disguises yha evidence dth r earlieefo rt recorde alwayphaseth no d e ssar san lucid.9 Apart from the features mentioned in the next two paragraphs, there is nothing in the general appearance of the harbour to suggest a date earlier than the eighteenth century. The breakwater, in the first place, presents a sharp contrast to the rest of the works, its NE. portion consisting maine th boulderf n o ,i larged san , rough blocks 31a. L seee P ,Thes b n togethey i ema r with patca f squareho d masonry said locall havo yt e been inserte 189n repaido i t 8 r damag storma y eb . Messrs Robert Stevenson and Sons remarked in 1812 on the breakwater's rude workmanship and its appearanc 'greaf eo t age'. alignmens 1It 0 slightls ti wide. yft sinuous 5 unevens 1 i , o t d . tops ft ,it an , 2 ,1 its outer irregulaf faco s ei r dry-stone masonry secured with wooden wedge 31a)L s.(P This typ stonef eo - work may be matched, on this part of the coast, only in the East Pier at Dunbar (q.v.), where a date in the later sixteenth centur suggestes yi wherd dan e wedges were also used. t end1I 1 s e abou. shorth ft f 0 o t5 t harbour-entrance, beyond which poin breakwatee th t bees rha n rebuilt. The pier that closes the inner (NE.) end of the harbour, separating it from what is now a swimming- pool, goes back at least to the first quarter of the eighteenth century, and very possibly earlier.12 The eighteenth-century date is established by references to a sluice, or sluices, in the Burgh Treasurer's account f 172 laterso d 6an , their purpose bein harboue waso gth t f theid o h t silran rou tpositio e th n i transverse pier being vouched for by Robert Stevenson in 1811. No structure, however, can be seen today which suggest comparablsa efacn i date sketca td an , h mad 1885n ei 13 shows that, befor swimminge eth - poo formeds lwa wale th , l that backe piee dth r consiste stone-worf do k simila mose thao th r t tn i trecen t harboure partth f so consequentlyd an , thif i , s pier ever bor distinctively ean y early features, they must have been obliterate latey db r addition alterationsd san . To come down to the most recent works, the harbour as it stands is sub-rectangular in shape, and measures from 270 ft. to 306 ft. in length by 102 ft. to 110 ft. in breadth. It encloses an area of just over two-thirds of an acre, which dries out completely at low water. Its general appearance, of wharves faced with squared and coursed blocks of red igneous stone, is naturally due to the most recent repairs and additions, particularly those called for by storm-damage suffered in 1788, 1802 and 1811,14 but a sketch- plan in Robert Stevenson's note-book, drawn when he was inspecting the damage of the last of these storms, shows that the quays were then laid out just as they are today, although the breakwater may have been somewhat lengthened in the reconstruction that followed. disastee breakwateth e th n I f 1811f ro o oute e levelles d th , ren rwa d almosgroune th a r o t d fo lengtopposit e ft. 8 pier. th 8 , f n whilhSW o o , e entrancee eth sidth f e o alss badlo os wa , y shattered that uppermos e heighs th it f o t. needeft 6 t d relaying renewee Th . .portio breakwatee dSW th f no r contains some pulvinated work and a string-course, both rather reminiscent of the revetment behind the harbour at South Queensferry parapee th d tan , pier-head endse th t ,a smala n ,i whicf l o rounde p reaches hi to e lth d . quabyNW y stair a variee Th par . owind sinuositbreadt e n sft i f ol th o t0 e 3 o g t th o ht f y . o fro ft 2 m1 breakwatere th , which rises parapet a abov s thia n greates, a eO sit o qua. ,t in y6 t . therheighft e 8 ef ar to some very large pawl t fro locae scu m stoned th lre larges e th , whicf o t heighhn i measure. y in b t 6 . ft s4 roughla s ha diamete n i yd . topquadrangulae an in ,th 2 t . ra ft sidea 1 . in . 0 Therr1 bas. ft anothes eei 1 r similar one on the SE. quay. Stone pawls up to 9 ft. in overall length are mentioned in the Burgh records 1770n i , this dimension evidently includin sun e gbasa b ko et deepl y. qua y int wharfe SE yma oth e Th . 'nee welth w e quaylb ' mentione Burge th n dhi record fligha d stepf 1788n si o t en . s ;descend froSW s mit s to the sands of the West Bay. The SW. transverse pier, at the outer end of the harbour, was presumably 'cross-piere th ' contracteonle th y 1802s n i a othe r , dfo r 'cross' structure . pier beed NE ha , n i e th , existence long before (see above) harbour-entrancee Th . , which open s. pie betweerSW e heae th n th f do and the main breakwater, is 25 ft. wide and has chases and a crane for booms. The booms were installed in 1806 and were held to improve the safety of the harbour,15 but Messrs Stevensons' report states that they contributed to the disaster of 1811 by increasing the pressure on the SW. pier. Steps to the harbour- bottom are provided in the N. and S. corners, and also on the SE. side. Cut-back rock-faces appearing her therd ean e unde quaye rth s show where encroaching rock removede deepeninb e so th t hav d d e,an ha g harboue oth f recordes ri d more than once, e.g 180n i . 4 Messrs Grieve Bamberd san Nortf o , h Berwick, estimate deepeninr dfo buildingd g186an n . i Young J 2d an , Sunderlandf o , , deepene whole dth e harbour entrancedepte e th th f ho o t . GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAND 259 Associated with the harbour was a yard where boats were repaired or laid up. This seems to have

occupied a position immediately SE. of the swimming-pool, and to have been approached by way of a

6 harbour'e slith pn i . cornersE , wher masea rocf so k evidentle th t bees no awayt y ha slit e n cu pbu Th . 1 yar showds i Robern i t Stevenson's note-book alsplad a on an ,ni produce firs 1861mhi n site i y deb Th . of the swimming-pool is marked 'Basin' in the note-book, and Messrs Stevenson suggested enlarging the harbour in this direction, but the proposal was not taken up. 1 RCAM, Inventory of East Lothian,. 58 compass directions. The Burgh Treasurer's Ac- 2 Northberwic, 5. counts may likewise be subject to startling omissions; 3 Description,. 6 see, e.g., Corporations, 270. 10 4 Northberwic, 5. MS. 'Report to the Chief Magistrate. . .' of North s Cal. ofDocts., IV, 461. Berwick, dated Jan. indebteD 1812m a r I M . o dt 6 Alan Stevenson for permission to quote from this Northberwic, 27 f. report and from notes made by Robert Stevenson ' RMS, 1564-80, 1831. in 1811, as well as to consult certain of the firm's 8 The sources chiefly drawn on have been as follows: plans. CRB; Tidal Harbours, ; typescrip 5 App , C . t Records " PSAS, xcix (1966-7), 178 f. of the Burgh of North Berwick, 1727-1800, and ditto r example1Fo 2 , some rather costly operation seemo st 1801-83, preserve Towe th n ndi Clerk's officer fo , have been undertaken in 1696-9 (CRB, iv, 210 f., acces . WotherS whic . o sindebtet R m a r h-I M o dt 294). spoon, the Town Clerk; and North Berwick Burgh 13 Records, preserve H.Mn di . General Register House By the late Dr J. T. Richardson, and preserved and . RichardsonS . J r D y b .showe m o nt Burge th d h an Museum, North Berwick advicr fo , e 14 on which I am indebted respectively to Mr G. R. Burgh records and Messrs Stevenson's report, as . RichardsonS . J Barbou r D d .an r above. ' Typical sources of obscurit obsolescence th e yar f eo 15 NSA, ii (Haddingtonshire), 388. e oldeth r descriptive name d imprecisioan s n i n 18 Information from Dr J. S. Richardson.

North Queensferry, Fife; Ferry Landings (PL 29c). NT 1380 . WhilterminaN e eth Queensferrf lo y Passag representew no Tows ee i th y ndb Pier (131803e th t )a lower end of Main Street, and by the West and East Battery Piers (133801, 134803) on the rocky point under the Forth Bridge,1 it would be wrong to suppose that this arrangement has always obtained in the past fact n earliesI e . th , t record that mention ferre sth y allude 'passagiuo st mt navee Invirkethin'e md 2 abou, if s a t 1150 ferry-boate th , s worke Inverkeithinf o t dou rathey gBa r than North Queensferrys ha t I . also been suggested that the thirteenth-century terminal was on the so-called Hospital Lands, which bordered par Inverkeithinf o t g Bay.trus i t eI 3 that this arrangement would almost have doublee dth length of the crossing, and would probably have increased its hazards, but in view of contemporary conditions, countervailing difficulties should perhap lane alloweth e d sb n routo r Nortdo efo t h Queensferry by the Ferry Hills. However that may be, it seems certain that North Queensferry had come into use by 1323, as the chapel that stood just N. of the Town Pier was founded in that year.4 Later records point to morf o e e us tha e nth singla e landing muss ,a doubo tn t have been necessar suio yt t variation winf so d dan 179n i tide d 4 theran , e were sai havo dt e been severa eacn lo hFirth.e sidth f eo 5 Trace earlf so y landing- places, or of berths for laying up boats, are probably to be seen in the shallow cuttings in the rock just Towe westh f no t Pieimmediateld an r y below high-water mark. Evidence for actual piers, as distinct from landing-places, seems to begin with Adair's map (1703).6 This show singlsa e pier, while Roy' (1747-55p sma ) mark piero sn , although namin village gth e 'North Ferry'. Before 180 piee 9 therron onlyfes a wt ewa year,bu s later doubo ,appointmenn resule a s th ta f to t of Ferry Trustee 1810n si Ease Wesd th , an t t Battery Piers wer maie eth buil nd piean t r lengthened.7 In view of this record it is puzzling to find the Trustees' regulations allowing boats to land at 'either of the piers', f theri s a 8e were only two, whereas f boti ,Batter e hth y Piers were then standing, there should presumably have been three 183n I pier.e 6th s wer e'unrivalled',e saib o dt hino n give s t i thei9f bu n o r number. The Town Pier. This work, which runs SSW. in continuation of the Main Street of the village, is substantially a jetty about 610 ft. long and from 45 ft. to 50 ft. wide over all. It is said to bear the date 1834,10 but this was not found when the structure was examined in 1967. It is clearly not a structure of a singl facten i period, ,is knowd an , havo nt e been lengthened soon after 1812. landware 1Th 1 d part con- jette sistth yf spropero wide. ft 0 3 , paved with sett bordered san eacn do h side with large slabs, together with a pier-like structure about 10 ft. wide which flanks it on the W. and separates it from some adjoining raised ground. This pier, however, is itself a complex work, seeing that (i) the coursing of its E. face suggests that it originally formed a parapet for the jetty, before this latter was lengthened, having apparently | PROCEEDING 0 26 SOCIETYE TH F SO , 1968-9 come down to the level of the jetty some 300 ft. out but having later been raised and extended; (ii) its surface poina t a , t. out abouft 0 , begin17 t shoo st wlongitudinaa . widel in division 6 ) . . parft E 5 s ( t it , continuing at a slight downward slope while its W. part (4 ft. 6 in. wide) runs on at its previous level and ends, . outaboupier-heaa ft 0 n i , 35 t d from which steps descend shoreward watere th o t s. Thi. sW division of the work seems to be later than the rest, and its surface is distinctively keyed with small oblong blocks arrange pairsn di . Beyon pier-heade dth . divisioE e fore parapet-wala th , th f nm o n runi n so l protectin exposee gth jettyde sidth fairln f i ,e o y good preservatio showind nan same gth e arrangemenf to key jus s pairsn si ha t s beea , n noted structuralls i t I . y later tha stretce nth jettf ho y along whic t runshi , . facE es it override s a jetty'e sth margin . sW parapet-wal e Th . l endbeacona basa r n partlsi efo w no , y ruinousjette th y d returnan , s roun bacdn thiru ko st landwards walle narrowa th s f a , o . , W ,low-leve l quay. This pier-hea e endth t sa flighd dstepf an o t s described above Towe Th . n Piewhola s ra e thus seems to exemplify four phases of construction: (i) a short jetty, with a wall on the W.; (ii) the addition of a pier thi, of s . wallW e ; th (iii o extension t )a d jettye an th , f n;o on (iv additioe ) jettyth e th o ,n t outward s from formee th r pier-head parapet-walla f o , , combined, probably, wit returjette e hth th yf nalono wall'e gth s . side evidenco W N . e wor existe visiblw th kf no s o olde s e thai y an tr tha nineteente nth h centurye th o t , earlier years of which keyed slabs may be attributed with particular confidence. The five slender, tapering stone posts at the landward end of the pier are clearly not mooring-posts, as marked on the O.S. maps, but are intended for the control of passengers; their tops show traces of attachments for a chain which acted as a kind of handrail. West Battery Pier. This is a jetty, 320 ft. long and varying in breadth from a minimum of 25 ft. risine th y gb groun . E flankes e i whicn dth t o I n dho stand. cantileveN e Forte sth th f hro Bridgee Th . masonr wels yi l coursed rubble largd an ,e p wit slabto he s. marginsettth alon W n so e distinctivgth A . e feature is the droving of the marginal slabs, which show coarse grooves 6 in. apart. East Battery Pier. This is another jetty, 230 ft. long by 30 ft. wide and partly flanked on the N. by dry land, which runs eastwards from a point just E. of the landward end of its neighbour. It resembles the surfacs sette it th n lattesmaller e s o t genera a ear bu n ri rubbl e y masonrs ,th it lwa f eo drovedys e i th d ,an marginal slab keyee sar d with oblong block Tow those pairse n si th ar f ns eo a , Pier (see above). Light-house (PI. 29c). The light-house was built by the Trustees soon after their appointment in

1810, and stands just above the landward end of the Town Pier. It is a hexagonal tower of droved sand-

2 stone projectina 1 ashlar n o t se , g circula high. in r 2 measuret bas;i . heighbotton ft e i e1 . th ft o t 4 mf s1 o the cornice and 4 ft. a side. The lantern is octagonal, and has a copper dome from the top of which rises crucifora m metal flue glase th ; s panes have broken hig. away ft dooe h5 Th s abov. ri ft base 2 eth y eb semicirculaa s . wideha in d 4 an , r pediment abov doo. e Thereit d th string-coursra f an o s e i p to e th t ea another higher up. Access to the light was obtained by a wheel-stair of stone. Signal House. The Signal House, like the lighthouse, was built by the Trustees in or very soon after 1810. t stand1I 3 risinn so g groun Tow e landware th th f nf do o jusPier . d positioa dtW en n ,i n suitablr efo sendin receivind gan g signals connected wit runnine hferry-boatsTrusteesth e e th th f f go o e ' regulaOn . - tions require nighd signalr an dwatca kepe fo ty b 'blazes'.d da to hs an t housee 1Th 4o , tw whic f o s hi storeys, comprises a rectangular N. portion, built of harled rubble with square-headed windows, a semi- octagona . projectioS l f droveno d ashlar . corne, facinSW smala re gth ove t lFirthe a towerth rd an , , apparently containin doubo n gstai a d tr an use signallingr dfo . Eac semi-octagohe facth f eo grouna s nha d first-flooa floo d ran r window wit pointed-archeha d head haunchee ,th archese th f so , however, being only very slightly curved mouldeA . d string-course mark divisioe sth n betwee floorse nanotheth d an , base rth e oparapea f t which carries weathered crenellation anglee Th . s betwee semi-octagoe facee th nth f so e nar reinforced with stepped, weathered buttresses, the tops of which rise higher than the merlons of the parapet. The tower is of three storeys, and has slit windows, string-courses, crenellation and a slated conical roof. Inside the crenellation there appears to be a narrow parapet-walk. The Railway Pier is not included in this account, as « Description, 'The Frith of Forth'.

1 wholls ii t y modern landing-place th t bu , e described ' NSA, n (Linlithgowshire), 11. as 'at Haugh-end, inside of Long Craig island' » Mercer, A., History of Dunfermline, 241.

(Mercer, A., History of7 Dunfermline,23 , hav y 229ema ) X I NSA been in its vicinity. Mercer gives no date for the use „ Cunmngham; A. s Inverkeithing< North Queens. of this landing ferry, etc., W*. 3 Dunfermline, No. 2. „ NSA^ IQC ^ 3 Stephen, W., History of Inverkeithing Rosyth,and ., »!.,'' ' •* IT: onn *• T\ f !• TWT f\cn iviercer , opv. en., £,jj. 309, quoting Dunfermline, No. 250. 13 ,

4 Dunfermline. No. 345. ! !'

242 • Stat. Acct., x, 505. ' " lbld GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN1 26 | D Old Haiks See Crail, Creeks Perth, Perthshire. NO 1121, 1222 Whether or no the Romans created a beach-head on the site of Perth in support of Agricola's operations, burge certainl1th s hwa yseapora earls a t fro 114s n granya a shippin s ca ms 7it a f o t- re - gi corded in the Holyrood charter.2 The port is further mentioned from time to time hi later medieval docu-

ments. Nothing seems to be on record about early harbour-works, but it is safe to assume that quays existeburgh'e th n do 3 s river-frontage charteA . f 1600ro 4 shows tha harboue th t e thaf th ro n to dats ewa 'Old Shore', at the E. end of the High Street and just below the bridge that was destroyed in 1621, but as time went on it evidently moved downstream, either partly or wholly in consequence of progressive silting. Thus a Board of Ordnance plan of!715-65showsa small basin with a quay at the mouth of the canal that then occupied Canal Street, this position having perhaps been chosen for the quay, which seems to have long. abouft y accoun n 0 frontag a Ta ,o promixit e 10 e td th th f ha o tn eo Cromwell'f yo s Citadel.6 Again, Robert Reid's plan of 18097 marks 'Coal Shore' at this point, 'Merchant Quay' beside the South Inch, and 'Lime Shore' still furthe . TherS r alss oquaea wa t Friarton ymodera e th f o . n S ,harbour , whern ea gund ol , onc river-bank.e th e f usepawlo a t s da ou , recentl8g Accesdu harboue s th y wa mado s st rwa e difficult t Stirlinga s a , shallowy b , lowee th n sri reache rivere vesseld th f an ,so deepef so r draugho t d tha tranship part or their cargoes into lighters at Lindores Pow (q.v.) or Newburgh. harbour-sited ol Streey e obliteratew Ta Th no e t e th embankmen ar sy db d othean t r modern developments, and the existing wharves and basins are of no archaeological interest except in so far as they

illustrat latese eth t stag lona en gi process. Their rather complicated nineteenth-century history outsids i e scope th thif eo s study. 9 r thi1Fo s suggestio t S . indebte K. J m S .a r nI D matioo dt n use thin di s article indebtem s a I Mr , o t d Joseph. K. S. Simpson. APS (reb 8 ,d I35 pagination), . 7 Burgh archives, Perth, e.g. RMS, 1306-24, . 556AppNo ;, NSA,2 . , 101x - Scotsman,e Th 23rd Sept. 1968.

RMS, 1593-1608, No. 1098. 8 " Tidal Harbours, 173 ff. and plan opp. p. 268; NSA, National Library; Z 2/3. *, 102 f. r thiFo s suggestion other wels fo a , s ra l local infor-

Pettycur, Fife (fig , PI.8a . 25b) 26486T .N 1 The harbour of Pettycur appears to have gone through at least three phases, and it would be rash supposo t e tha existine tth g structure shows trace anythingf so older tha series e thire th n th f do . Thiy sma thoughe b beginnins a f o t 1743gn i harboue ,pla th whe w r submittes nne fo nra wa Conventioe th o dt f no Royal Burghs, constructiod 1an n presumabl finishes ywa d soon after 1759 whe ngeneraa l contribution projece Burghs. e th mads th o t wa y t eb 2 This conclusio supportes ni recordy db s tha harboue th t s rwa built about thirty years before 1794, thad an 3t great improvements were made about 1760. pieA 4s i r likewise shown on Ainslie's map of 1775. The previous phase, in which a stone pier was recorded in 1703,5

may have begun hi 1625, afte stila r l older harbou beed rha n destroye storm. a suppose e y db Th d second- phase harbou notes wa rbeins da disrepain gi 1615n ri pie whicr w fo r,ne e 161 e hth 1655,d th 7 an t 7bu 6 Burghs gave a grant in 1698,8 and which was still unfinished in 1707,9 can probably be ignored as it was almost certainly at Kinghorn and not at Pettycur.10 The first phase probably may go back to the middle sixteente ofth h century Kinghors ,a sains i havdo t e acquired Pettycur hi 1541." Repair maintenancd san e

mentionee ar d fairly ofte botn earliei e hth r phases, earliese th t evidenc actuaf eo l harbour-works appear-

2 ing to date from 1582.13 Pettycur'1 s main function at all periods was to serve as the N. terminal of a ferry plying from Leith or, later, from Newhaven. harboue Th sandya s ri , tidal steeply-risin NEa bayd y an .b ,. encloseN e e th th n gdo n shoro d ean combinea y b . SE d breakwate quayd ran . This wor lon. somft s k i all gn 0 i e,39 bein g aligned south-westwards at its landward end (260 ft.), and then turning W. (130 ft.). Its outer side is formed by the breakwater, massiv heavild ean y battered, which serve protectiva s sa e parape quae th yo t twithi n (PI. 25b). The combined structure is about 65 ft. wide at the landward end, but where the westward turn is made it increase maximua o slandwart e Th som. mf o ft d3 e9 portio breakwatee th f no bees rha n heavily breached, nowhers i p to ane edth intact buils i igneout f I .to s ston amenablt eno regulao et r dressing comprised ,an s two faces of large rough blocks, secured by pinnings, and a core of large rubble. Where best preserved, it stands about 16 ft. above the quay, in which height the batter reduces its thickness from about 20 ft. 262 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9

•^/Slr"1"*

FIG . a8 . Pettycu , step embarkatiod (A r an s n ramp) Pittenweeb , , disturbancm(A e marking positiof no former pier , granary);B t AndrewS c , , rock-cus(A t roadway , sluice-gate)B ; Pord , t Alien.

to 10 ft. An opening broken through it, at the westward turn, and a look-out platform contrived outside openinge th finishee ,ar clearle brickn ar d i originalt d pier-heaye no ,an th t A parape.e dth t diminishen si height, and has been cut back to allow the quay to return into part of it thickness. The quay is about 30 ft. wid lengths mosr it e fo f t alono t bu ,returnee gth d pier-heae piecth t ea masonr e t dmeasurei Th . ft y5 s6 of its face is not homogeneous, but shows evidence of repairs and patching; it consists largely of dressed blocks which vary in their degree of weathering and may be partly older material re-used. Some of the verticallyblockt se placee n i s ar d s,an bricks have been inserted pier-heae pare th f Th to . formet dno y db the end of the breakwater is rather neater than the internal face. A flight of steps descends the face just in from the pierhead, the height above the sand being here 15 ft. Nearer the angle, the face is broken by a steep ramp endin abov. ft gsand5 e epavinth s It . g looks newer thalarge sidess th n it e d slab,an s forming its lower sill show lozenge-shaped keys such as seem elsewhere to be dateable to the early nineteenth century surfac e quae Th th . yf e o beyon slightlo tw angl e t da th y s ediffereni t pavelevelss i d dan , with large, shapeless blocks. Inland from that point similar blocks see mhavo t e been remove mako dt etraca k railwaye foth r vanishedw ,no , whic surveye p marke s hpier-hea i e O.S e ma th th . n n 1895dn o O i d. there stands an iron capstan round the top of which runs, in raised lettering, the inscription ANDERSON, LEITH, WALK, FOUNDRY, FECIT, wit date hth e centre e 181th n 3i . Parwoodea f to n sla stils ti n li GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN3 26 | D barrel e placwoodea th brokes d i n eo r an , sockets e nba th nbasin o f ofo sluicinr Tw fe . sshorfo on n i tg sant ou d were recorde 1846.n i O.Ssurveyee e p 1803dn 1i on Th 5 .ma d 1 4an 185n d siti e 4eth markn o e son existine oth f g car-park traceo n t sbu , survive. Low-water Loading Slip. The same O.S. map marks a jetty, with this legend, immediately east of the breakwater, wit landwars hit d portion flankin basie . sidth E f ne o mentionegth d abov abour efo t 170 remaindere th d ftan . ,. long somft 0 , e42 runnin south-eastwardn go low-wateo st r mark. Par f thio t s owermost portion still parapetsurviveso wide. n buil s ft i s 6 drovef d ,ha s to i ,an t ;i d ashlar with sockets for lozenge-shaped keys betwee blockse nth , althoug actuao hn l keys were present keys A thif . so s sorn tca be earliee dateth o dt r nineteenth century interestins i t i , fino gt t statedi d tha attempn a t mades wa t n i , 1810, to run the ferry from Pettycur at all states of the tide,16 for which a low-water landing-place clearly would have been required.

CRB, vi, 127. " Tidal Harbours, 155. No charter to this effect, how- 1 ibid., vi, 567, 572; vn . 8 , ever printes i , eithen di r RMS r RPC.o 3 Stat. Acct., xii, 237. " e.g. CRB, (1582)8 i13 , (1589)1 ; i30 , (1609);9 n27 , ; . n • Fife,2 31 m(1619)0 .9 ;(1655) 6 m,40 . 5 Description, . 10 "ibid -. L 138. ' RPC, 2n CRB,; d ser. 69 229, , I ,m . " f'/«. 31. 2n ' CRB, m, 12, 43, 406. " Ticial Harbours, xxiv. s ibid., iv, 265. " Douglas, H., Crossing the Forth, 29. » APS, xi' 482 b. 10 The records sometimes fail to make clear which of the two places is meant.

Pittenweem, Fife (fig. 8b) 54902O N . 4 A charter of 1228 mentions revenue arising 'de portu maris de Pettynwem',1 but does not imply that any built harbour existe time earliese e th t Th d.a t constructio only ynma have followe erectioe dth e th f no town as a Royal Burgh in 1541,2 with power to build a harbour specifically provided, a confirmation charter of 1633 alluding to the 'reid, port, heavine and harberie'.3 Nothing has come to light about the nature of the earliest works, but in 1703 Adair noted that the harbour below the town was 'covered from Sea Storm by a long and strong Peer',4 and Roy's map (1747-55) marks this as curving towards the W. from the E. end of the bay. This pier still stands, as the main component of the harbour-works (see below), and formerly its head must have faced a quay, then based on the land to the W. but now incorporated in the pier. entrance W ,th e hea th f do e between them being wide.. noteft 5 7 184 dn 5i s a Earleighteent6e th yn i h century fresh construction began, with the help of a local tax on ale and beer obtained by the member of Parliament Johr Si , n Anstruther 172n I . 1 negotiations were recorded with William Adam, describes da 'architect in Lynktoun of Abbotshall', for the building of a pier which may safely be identified with the pier that formerl south-westwardn yra s fro Ease mth t Shore ,. basinthrougW e . th Worhw whano ks i t was stil progresn i l thin so s pie 1724n i reve d an 172,n n i pier-heae 9th stils dlwa unfinished,6 whilea

heavy debt appears to have been incurred. Damage, decay and the necessary repairs are mentioned frequently in the records,8 but for the period7 later than 1724 it is difficult to be certain which pier is in question; in 1718 it must naturally have been the breakwater, and probably in 1747 likewise as the allusion then 'th mado t wortpieres s e i bact th ewa I . hf k o notin g tha botn to h these occasions timbes rwa require repairse th r timbed dfo an , agais i r n implie 'ballerage'e th y db 9 use 1726n di , probable th n yo breakwater funds a , s wer t availableno morr efo e permanent construction piee 172f repairero s Th . 1wa d and rebuilt in 1822,10 and is shown on the 6-in. O.S. map surveyed in 1854, but must have been removed after that date; its position is marked by a patch of cement on the facing-wall of the East Shore quay, and its head, together with part of the quay W. of the entrance, figures in an illustration of 1840.11 The en- trancinnee th ro et basin opened betwee . wide.nft thi6 2 locapier-heade 1A s2s th qua lwa d yd an an ,

author allude repairo st improvementd san s mad 1771,n ei although without indicating their naturet bu ,

3 under this dat Burge eth h minutes only record 1 that 'aPeer'e parth f ,o t dangewhicn i s collapsef hwa ro , was to be taken down and rebuilt. Probably the breakwater is meant. The breakwater is also a quay, although not, apparently, now used as such. It measures about 720 ft. in length, including its expanded landward end and some 80 ft. of pier-head built since 1854. The quay, apart from the expanded portion, is from 10 ft. to 12 ft. wide, its level and the alignment of its lip irregulare ar paves i t ,i d with block edgewiset sse carriet i d ,an s three large, roughly squared, stone pawls t bacse k agains parapete facth e masonrf e th te o inneTh e . th f ryo fac partls ei squarisf yo r verticaho l 1 PROCEEDING 4 26 SOCIETYE TH F SO , 1968-9 block partld san randof yo m rubble. Ther bees eha ngreaa t dea patchingf o l frequentls a , y mentioned in the Burgh Records, and one patch has called for the construction of a relieving-arch. The parapet and outee th piere sidth r f seeeo m more irregularly aligned tha innee nth r face doubo n , t becaus irregularif eo - ties in the rock below, and the outer face is supported in places with concrete. The parapet is 6 ft. to 9 ft. high. ft masonre 7 ;th o t p u thicmortaredys i d kan , consisting mainl blockf yo s with occasional boulders, and has a flight of steps about 300 ft. out. The landward end seems to have been rebuilt or extended recently, and there is a concrete ramp in the E. corner of the basin. A single unshaped stone pawl stands beace th n ho tha formes tha thin di s corner unde Ease rth t Shore facing-wall. Apart fro scainternae d mremovae th ol r th e lefy th b tlf pier lo somd ,an e vertical masonry beside Ease th t, Shorit e quays show facin irregularf go , patched rubble generally simila thao rt tmai e hith n pier. This contrasts strongly wit largee hth , neatly dressed stonewor . basinW e , th whic f ko h dates from after sid. thif eo SW s1854 e basiTh . forme ns i piera heae y db ,th whic f do h occupie positioe sformeth e th f no r land-based quay mentioned above, and this pier-head has been extended in concrete construction towards the head of the nineteenth-century central pier, the entrance to the inner basin, with chases for booms, passing betwee basin. nW them e pawle , th apar Th n . so t fro well-shapee mon d stone example eithee ar , r of cast-iron, with turned-ove riro e topsar n r pipeo , s filled with cement, whil oldee eth rEas e onesth tn o , Shore, ar stonef e cast-iroo e Th . n pawls, which also appear centra oe nth l pier inscribee ,ar d ABBOTSHALL FOUNDRY KIRKCALD raiseYn i d letters. By the entrance to the W. basin there stands a fine granary of eighteenth or early nineteenth-century date. 1 Dryburgh, . 251No . 7 CRB, vi, 271. 2 RMS, 1513^16, No. 2292. • e.g. CRB, I, 461; n, 55, 159, 285, 303; HI, 146, 201; 3 APS, . Thisvi 94 principa,e ,th l harbou rplace ofth e rv, 315; Burgh Records e alsSe o. Wood, e W.Th , 'Easr o confusee b t Haven'o t t dno wits ,i 'Boa e hth t East ^ , 328of. f 5 Fife,. 31 Harbour', or 'West Haven' describeeuk d below. ' Presumably for 'batterage', buttressing.

4 Description, 11. 10 Tidal Harbours, xxv. Tidal! Harbours, xxv. " Leighton, J., History of the County of Fife, opp. 6 Pittenweem Burgh Records indebtem a r I M . o dt P- 1°6. . PattersonF , Town Clerk permissior fo , consulo nt t " Tidal Harbours, xxv. the Burgh's minute-books. « Wood, W., op. cit., 329. Pittenweem, Fife; Boat Harbour. NO 546023 creee Th k marked 'Boat Harbour 6-ine th . n surveyeO.Sp o ' ma . 185n di 4 penetrate tidae sth l rock some 250 yds. W. of the entrance to the main harbour of Pittenweem. It was probably used by fishermen from early times chartea s a , f 154ro 1 state dependesy tha Prior'virtuoue e IslMa e tf th th th e o f n ydo o s labours pooe th rf o fisherme' Pittenweem.f no mentiones i t I 1'portu e th s da s occidentalis 1592,n i ' s 2a 'lie West-hevin' in 1593,3 and as 'occidentalem lie hevin' in 1598.4 At the end of the seventeenth century the two harbours are distinguished, and the one 'where the Fish boats ly at the West end of the Town,

calles i Wese dth t Haven'. associatioe Th creee th f kno with fishing-boat alss si o note Adaiy db r (1703),

6 Sibbald Burg(1710),e th d h 5 an 7minute s (1718) t whica , h last date some wor needes kwa mako dt e eth place 'secure'. The ridge of rock that flanks the E. side of the creek has been made into a tidal jetty, by means of a roadway contrived along its spine and extending to low-water mark. This has been done by smoothing off irregularities, filling up hollows and gaps with slabs or large setts, and cutting back major obstructions, the last in one case to a depth of as much as 4 ft. 6 in. Where hollows have had to be filled, cavities have been cut to the shape of the inserted slabs and blocks. The roadway is irregularly aligned, and is nowhere less than abou tlandwar e wide1. 2th ft n I . d part, pawl botf so h woo irod dnan have hole been i t t nscu se rocke inth . Ther alses i o wha sockee twoode a th seem r e b tfo o st n mast, perhap carro st lampye a th n i , form of a heavy cast-iron tube 3 ft. 10 in. high by 12 in. square externally, and with a round bore. The rock on both sides of the creek seems to have been given a smooth face, for convenience in berthing boats. ' RMS, 1513-46, No. 2292. 3 ibid., No. 2304. 2 ibid., 1580-93 . 2167 No ,slightl A . y earlier allusion " ibid., 1593-1608 . 748No , . to 'portum australem' (ibid., No. 1175) must be due = Geogr. Coll., m, 221. to confusio compass-pointsf no . « Description, 11. ' Fife, 337.

Polerth, Stirlingshire James IV's harbour at Polerth1 has been confused with the harbour at Airth village (q.v.),2 but it GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 265 seem havo st e been situated more tha SE.e nmila th , o esomewhert e near Higginsneuk. naturaA 3 l site fo t wouli r d Burnhavw Po e mout,e e beewhereveth th t f na ho r this actually debouche sixteente th n di h century, and the harbour of Newmiln, mentioned in 1792,4 may have been in much the same place. No trace of any harbour-works can be seen hereabouts today, but these littoral flats must have been greatly altered by the land-reclamation of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.5

Accts L.H.T. (1507-13) ; Exch.f. 0 28 , Rolls (1508- RCAM, Stirlingshire,. f 0 44 3

stat.4 Acct., in (1792), 489. 1 13), 403, 565. 2 Accts. L.H.T. (1507-13), xlviii. s RCAM, loc. cit.

Port Alien, Perthshire (fig. 8d). NO 251211 A ferry crossing the Firth from Lindores Pow (q.v.) is on record in 1600 and again in 1722, a harbour evidently existed before 1792, hd i 1183an 7 Port Alien, like Powgavie (q.v.) serves branca wa , y db h principae th f o e l on loca s lwa roa harbours.d dan thit A 2s las somewhats datwa t ei t dilapidatede th t ,bu embanking of the foreshore, which was then in progress, was expected to deepen it and improve the entrance.3 It occupies the mouth of the Pow of Errol, and consists of an entrance channel about 400 ft. long, on a northerly alignment, and an inner stretch about 300 ft. long which decreases in breadth from about 80 ft. to 60 ft. including the tidal mud. This inner portion ends at a bridge which spans the Pow and carries a counter-weighted sluice-gate. This would no doubt have served to wash out mud from the harbour bottoe th , whicmf o pitches hi d with slabs belo bridgee arcdown. e th wr somft th f h0 o Fo . e-27 stream from the bridge the NW. side of the harbour has been faced with masonry, to form a quay. facing-blocke Th rathee sar r roughly dresse coursedd innee dan th t r part,bu , amountin abougo t t hale fth total length, shows much better work in its uppermost five to seven courses, and is slightly higher than the rest. The lip of this portion is likewise finished with well-squared slabs originally secured with a thin iron strapangl e apee th f eTh x.o harboubetwee e parto th tw f so e showO.Sns surveyee rth p i th .ma n no n di 1860- kina s recessf 2a do , measurin largelw t thi ft.no 0 bu s 4 s,yi y filleg b . abouBelo. dup ft 5 e w9 tth angle t stilbu , lwithi . somft foreshor0 e neth 27 e line narro,a w masonry lon. pierwitd ft g0 an flighha 3 , t of steps on its inner side, projects at right-angles into the entrance-channel; it is structurally later than the foreshore embankment, against whic backeds i t hi . Stat. Acct., rv, 480. ibid., 395. 1 3 * NSA, , 382x .

Port Seton, East Lothian. NT 405759 harbouA buils t Porrwa a t t Seto t somna e date after 1635, whe Eare nWinton'f th o l s project a t

Cockenzie (q.v.) came to grief, and lasted until 1810. It is said to have been ruined in that year, but a pier with its head turned westwards is marked on Knox's map of Midlothian (1812), and on Thomson'1 s map of Haddington (1822). Nothing of the earlier work survives, although a dump of large stones, believed locally to have come from it, may be seen on the foreshore just E. of the landward end of the pier, and the footings of a jetty, of unknown age, are said to be buried under the SW. end of the beach in the landward basin.sectoe th f ro 2 Adair (1703) describe place dth 's aea good Tide Haven, being covered. froN e mth and N.E. winds by a hudge Peir of stone',3 while his map of East Lothian suggests a curved breakwater existine Th . gW harbour e rockd th an n . so E ,e builth 1879-80n n ti o , show rathesa r similar plan. This

factn i , ,is mor lesr eo s dictate sitee th , y whicdb tidaa hs i l pocket covere protectiny db g rocks.

3 M'Neill1 , P., Tranent and its Surroundings, 195, 197. Description, 7. See also Pilot, 20. r thesFo 2 e local detail indebtem Georgr a sI M o dt e Allan. Portobello, Edinburgh. NT 305744

This harbou disappeares rha sitbees s it e ha nd dlargelan y buil fairls i t t overi yt fullbu , y recorded. situates moutwa e Figgate t th th I d f f o hjuso buils . e E t1787-8Burnn wa i t instanc e d th an ,t a 2 f eo 1 William Jameson Edinburgn a , h architec builderd an tcontractoe Th . Alexandes rwa r Robertsons It . original purpos servo t industriee s eth ewa s that were being starte Portobellon di , particularl ybricka , tile and earthenware factory which made use of clay from the burn. It seems to have comprised a substantial stone pier 'wit hrouga h kin breakwatef do fronn ri it'f o narrot,a w channe llong. abouft 0 , 17 t thisf o d , evidentlen e th t a y works e d closth an o e t sub-ova a , l basin measuring. abouft 5 6 ty b 11 . 0ft Thi stils si l commemorate name th y ed b 'Harbou Pipf o ed r Street Street'en e th .t ,a Wha probabls twa y 266 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 pier-heade th site f eth o figures a , Bairdy db markes i , d toda scattea y yb stonef ro boulderd san s below Promenadee th , which include interrupten sa d lin dressef eo d facing-blocks, while Baird's 'break-water' probabls i y represente rickla y d b largf eo e boulders returnedd ,en lonsom . . witd ft E gs 0 an he 7 it , which lies lower dow beache nth . 1 Baird , AnnalsW. , f Duddingstono Portobello,d an 2 Pla n H.Mi n . General Register House (R.H.P. 304 ff., with sketch-pla d drawingan n ; surveyed 598/1), catalogue . 1790''c d , doet marno e s th k plans, 6-in. O.S. map of 1854 and Wood, J.,'Plan of harbour, but the inconsistency in the dates is Portobello' (1824). probabl t importantyno . Powgavie, Perthshire. 29025O N 2 This harbour occupie moute combinee dth th f ho d Powgavie Bur Bogmild nan 183n li Pow7d an , it ranked, along with Port Alien (q.v.), as one of the principal harbours of the district.1 In 1792 and 1842 recordes wa t i handlins da g coal, lime, manur fard eman produce.2 Toda remaine yth overgrowne sar t ,bu the O.S. map surveyed in 1860-2 marks, on the right bank of the lowest meander of the stream, a quay long. abouft 5 , 13 facint g NW., wit hreturnea d portion . longft 0 ,4 , facing o NNE formee tw n Th i . s i r straight sections, forming a blunt point on plan. 1 NSA, x, 382. 2 Stat, Acct., rv, 194; NSA, x, 836. Putiken Water See Crail, Creeks. Queensferry Norte Se h Queensferry, South Queensferry. Randerston See Crail, Creeks. Redheugh, Berwickshire. NT 825703 Redheugh Shore, sheltered as it is from the S. and W. by high cliffs, and providing a narrow tidal beach abov rockse eth likels i , havo yt e serve locae dth l peopl landing-placa s ea periodsl al t ea . Lady Helen Hall of Dunglass wrote of it in 1830 'the trade of Redheugh has never been fishing, but smuggling, which has been put a stop to' ;J and with this passage may be compared her note of 1799 on a member of neighbourine th g fishing-communit f Highchesteryo beed ha nNave o 'senth r smuggling'. wh ,y fo o t t 2 Smuggling ceased wit erectioe hcoastguarth e th f no d station disused w hile no th ,l abovn o , Shoree eth , apparentl 1820se th preventive n yi th , e force consistin boatmen.x officesi n a d f go an r 3 The Shore is awkward of access, as the track from the coastguard station turns the N. flank of Red Heugh then runs back south-westwards below high-water mark. A cutting 10 ft. wide has had to be made for it at the foot of the cliff. The landing4 is provided with a small natural harbour, about 60 ft. long by mouth 3e wid. 0ft th t ea , forme straighteniny db roc e sidee th g kth f sridgeo s tha tclearin d flanan t ki e gth botto bouldersf mo . Iron eye holo st d boats' painters have bee nroce fixebotth n k o n di he sidesth t A . foot of the cliff above the harbour, and communicating with it by a slip-way some 40 ft. long and of modern appearance, ther boat-housea es i , partly rock-cu otherwist tbu esandstond builre f to e rubbld ean roofed wit hsegmentaa l vault styls It . e would accord well enough wit earle hdata th yn e i nineteent h century, and it may be safely associated with the coastguards. The two rained buildings to the E. have been respectively a 'Herring House', in use in 1829, and a salmon-fishing bothy.5 'MS. 'Memorandum Boo n Cottago k e Business: descriptioe th r "Fo thesf no e remain indebtem a sI d . FisherI . Dunbar G M . J . d r ran M o t Dunglasn 1826'I . 62 , s Estate Office. 2 MS. 'Memorandum Book of Lady Helen Hall', 30. s MS. 'Memorandum Book of Lady Helen Hall; Ditto. 1826-32', 62; 25-in. O.S. maps of 1856 and 1906. 3 NSA, II (Berwickshire), 306, 338. Roome Bay, Fife. NO 618078 Roome Bay, a cliff-bound inlet about half a mile NE. of Crail harbour, contains a sandy beach and ridge tidaf so l roc showt kbu artificia tracey o sn an f so l harbour-works trus i t eI . that hor. , neanNE e rth of the bay, a ridge has been cut through and a short length of roadway, paved with slabs on edge, has been givo t t e mad accescu lowee e th fron n eth i o rst f foreshoreo t welt y thibu s,lma have been intendeds a , GRAHAM; ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 267 elsewhere cartine th r sea-weef gfo ,o manurer dfo inlete Th ., however comregardes e b ha , e o et th s da 'old harbour Crailf o ' , and this ,a s tend confuso st histore eth Craif yo l harbour itself worts i t i , h whilo et look more closely at the relative facts. Crail certainly possesse 'oldn d a Statistical w ' harbour,Ne e th t Account,bu 1 while alludino gt 'Room or the old harbour', goes on to say that this 'might easily be converted into a haven',2 and thereby implies tha harbour-worko tn s existe earle th yn d i nineteent h century. Adair 1703n mor,i s ,wa e explicit, notee h s da tha vera ts Roomy wa goo y deBa placharboura r efo , although needin 177n gpier,i a d 2 3an the local fishermen attempted to build a pier and plant mooring-poles, but failed to obtain help from the Town Council. ambitioun A 4 s pla r developmentnfo , entailin constructioe gth pierso pres tw wa f -, no pared in 1845 by James Leslie, but was rejected on the score of cost.5 There seems, in fact, to be no evidence for construction at Roome apart from the record of a decision by the Town Council to build a new harbour ther 1593,n ei 6 but nothins a , g appear havo st e been done, this should presumabl regardee yb d moro n s ea tha npapea r saf s project i conclud o t et i d an , e that neves Roomha y r beeeBa n more thana natural haven. 1 See article on Crail Harbour above. ! Tidal Harbours, xxvi, and plan opp. p. 164. Also 2 Vol. ix, 962. large pla Town ni n Clerk's office, Crail. 3 Description, 13. ° Memo by Col. J. K. Murray, quoting Town Council ' Crail Council Minutes, H.M. General Register records, Crail Preservation Trustr accesFo o .t s House (B/10/10/3) this memo I am indebted to the Rev. W. J. Macintyre.

t Abbs,S Berwickshire. 92067T N 3 harbouo N r existe Coldinghan di m paris hann i 1794, t hn 183i dn i wort pu s providPo 1bu t kwa ea refug fishing-boatsr efo developea d an , d versio thif no s still stands insid muce eth h larger later works. improvew Asno expandedd dan , this original harbour comprise squarissa h box, extending onl abouo yt t quartea acren a f r,o inserte naturaa n di l pocket amon littorae gth l rocks, which have been quarried away necessars a madr yo servo et foundationss ea sid. formes ei SW shore-basee a f dTh o . d wharf, partly built and partly rock-cut, the NW. side by a pier, originally a breakwater only, and the SE. and NE. sides by another, which returns at right angles at the E. corner. The entrance, 20 ft. wide, which has chases for booms and is partly rock-cut, is at the N. corner, and beyond this a narrow extension of the NE. pier runs e b y ma furthea . . r Thiaddition ft a fo 5 worSW s e s i 7 n r e whar th o e f 1831 kfacth o e nth o t f n efTh o o . later than the rest as it is of a different build. The main interest of the place lies in the date that it provides for the character of masonry employed. The piers are of large, well-dressed, scabbled blocks, set dry and accurately coursed. They vary somewhat thicknesn i s from seaware placth n placeo o et d generad n facei an ,e sar l deeply rusticated. These faces show considerable batter. 1 Stat. Acct., xii, 45. 2 Fisheries, 1831, p. 2, with plan and specifications, p. 23. t Andrews,S Fife (fig , PI.8c . 28c) 51616O N . 5 St Andrews harbour is an estuary haven, formed in the tidal mouth of the Kinness Burn. This runs from S. to N. past the wall of the Priory precinct, which occupies the rising ground to the W., and is separated from the sea and tidal sands to the E. by a narrow strip of sand-dunes. In its natural state the estuary must have debouche foreshora o t n do e consistin rock-ridgesw lo f go , runnin . witE g ho frot . mW narrow channels betwee n streaturnee themw th no t mds i ,bu eastward maie th ny sb pier , whic bees hha n set transversely to it, as a breakwater, on the southernmost of the ridges. A kind of basin has further been formed angle th en i , betwee constructio e burn e ban. th mai th e W y f nkth b ,e o nth piesecona d f nro an d pier, know Cross-piere th s na , which run obliquelt sou y north-eastward sand-dunese th f o d en . s. froN e mth In addition to the harbour, shipping formerly made use of die East and West Sands, where beached vessels coul servee d b tide w carty dlo .b t sa A fishing harbour is mentioned as early as 1222,1 and another medieval record dates from 1363 ;2 no doubt the estuary has been used as a natural shelter since the earliest days of navigation. The names 'The Shorehead' and 'The Shore', applied respectively to the N. and S. parts of the quay on the left bank, presumably have come down from a time when vessels were grounded on a beach, but piers and quays were in existence by the later sixteenth century, if not earlier, as they are shown on a plan of that period preserved in the National Library of Scotland.3 This plan shows two piers, flanking the sides of an E.-W. entrance-channel, which turns S. at right angles into the harbour proper as formed by the mouth of the S | PROCEEDING 8 26 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1968-9 burn piere timbef Th .so seee b rmo t wit h stone filling, althoug timberse hth , whic plainle har y indicated, ma fac n ysimpli e b t y brandering applie masonra o dt y face Douglasst bu , ' record 1728f 4whao r fo ,o s t lat estatemena worths ti , would favou formee rth r alternative. Abov right-anglee eth d turn timberine ,th g of the S. pier continues, as a revetment to the E. side of the harbour, about as far as revetment extends today . pieN rcoursee o ; t give thath y f o ts wa d masonry immediately after turning the e th corne o t n ro line of the Shorehead, and this masonry face continues along the left bank to a point just short of the SE. corner of the Precinct. The short transverse pier that still projects from the N. end of the Shore is duly shown, and the quay-face is broken by a landing-ramp just opposite the Precinct gateway. The subse-

quent histor thesf yo e early pier uncertains i . Douglass states that 'the main Hea Harboue Pier dth o f ro r was formerly buil Woodf to , which extende utmose th do t t Rocks Poine thin i th sf d fashioto ,an stoot ni 5 d a very long time; but in December 1655 [it was] totally beat down and demolished'. Stone seems, how-

ever, to have been substituted for wood in 1559, and masonry is again mentioned in 1573, when a storm, flood higd san h tides combine rui o d'peirt e nth , schoir, porheavin'd tan whad ,an t remaine 6 'aislae th f dro work' was shaken and loosened.7 It may or may not have been in connection with this disaster that commissioners from the Convention of Royal Burghs were instructed in 1579, to 'vesy the schoir and hawi f Sanctandroisno discoveo t ' monew ho r y 'appointi reparine th r fo t g thairo beed ha fn spent.8 From the later sixteenth century onwards several appeals for help in repairs are on record, as for example in 1613, when the 'peir, harborie and sey porte' had 'altogidder become ruynous and decayit, and at the verie point of utter overthraw'.9 Stone was required for the repairs, as well as timber.

viewn I , howeve damage th f ro e suffere 1655n di , about which Lament fully agrees with Douglass,

0 amoune th f o reconstructiof o td an n tha repais it t r must have entailed, therreasoo n s e i expec o nt t tha1 t recorde th earlief so r dat throworkn e ligheth ca y wthen s an sa o t y exist today doer No s. this consideration apply with any less force to periods even later than 1655, as the pier, rebuilt in 1656 with stone largely

taken from the Castle, was partly broken down in 1678 and underwent further repair in 1722 while of

1 numeroue th s mishap repaird an s s mentione Burge th n di h record eighteente th f so nineteentd han h 1

centurieimpossiblw no t sbu locate,o et some must have affecte piegreatea e th do rt lesser o r r extent.

2 For example, in 1 1788 half of what was probably a newly-built extension of the pier fell down and had to be restored,13 in 1816 the harbour as a whole was ruinous,14 in 1823 the pier was breached by a storm,15 and

in 184 Towe 6th n Counci applyins lwa grana r £2,000.gf fo to Even within living memor yserioua s breach

6 bees ha n made. 1 lengtpiee e th Th rf halso o seem havo st e varied from perio period o doriginat e th f I . l wooden pier extended Douglass a , s says, utmos'te oth t RocksPoine th f to ' (see above) must ,i t have been comparable lengtn i h wit existine hth g pie e work 165f th r o t describee 6h ,bu 'neas sa one'.d r ol hal lengte e 17fth th f ho

Collins, who surveyed this part of the coast in 1685, records a 'small stone pier for small vessels', but

8 Adair, in 1703, speaks of 'a long stone pier'19 while Defoe, whose visits to Scotland began in 1705,1 gives

the pier the respectable length of 400 ft. With this last figure Douglass, quoting 440 ft. for the pier as it

0 (1728),y da stoos hi mor2 s 1i dn i lesr e o agreement n si . Possibly Collins' recovere'smallt ye 2 t 'no pied rha fro damage mth f 1678eo . Slezer's illustration f 1693,o , 22 tells nothing shows i inaccurat e b d o nan ,t y eb face th t tha omitt ti smale sth l transverse quay (see above). Whateve beginnin e situatioe th rth t a s f ngwa o the eighteenth century, the pier was certainly lengthened in 1783,23 perhaps to the 660 ft. (inside measurement) show Wood'n i s pla f 1820.no concrete 2Th 4 e termina addes lwa . 1900,n dabous i ft i 0 d 224 t5an long. As it stands today, the pier is some 880 ft. long, and is aligned from W. to E., although with a slight southward deflectio seawars it t na (PId walkwae den .levee th 28c) th f t o l overals A .yit l breadth2s i 6 abou ft.faces 1 it 2 e slightl;t ar s y sinuou alignmentn i s doubo n , accounn o t f irregularitieo t e th n i s underlying rock. The walkway varies in width from about 10 ft. 6 in. to 12 ft., and the parapet is up to thick. masonryft e hig. 9 ft Th .y h5 b shows many variations outee th n r faceO . , vertically-set blockn sru frot lane ou somm r parape th e ft.d 0 fo th , e23 thin ti s stretch bein largf go e random blocks irregularly laid. verticae Th l wor succeedes ki seawaro dt largey db , neat, horizontal blocks parapee th , t above being coursed and having the line of its base defined by an ovolo string-course; this section clearly represents a patch of late eighteenth or early nineteenth-century date. To seaward, again, and as far as the terminal addition of 1900, there follows an untidy mixture of vertical and horizontal work, heavily buttressed with concrete in quite recent years. The section of the parapet immediately adjoining the concrete terminal, 40 ft. in length, is higher than the rest, rises from the walkway in steps, and possibly may represent a former pier-head. The main features of the inner face, taken serially westwards from its junction with the terminal (ae stretc),a ar roughly-squaref ho coursed dan d blocks patca ) vertica;f (b h o l work poorly) ;(c - GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 269 coursed rubble, with steps leading down to the water; (d) well-coursed longish blocks; (e) vertical work with a course of boulders at the bottom; (/) well dressed and neatly coursed slabs continuing to the corner harboure oth f bouldere Th . srelia perhapf earle co b y y foundationssma sockety e th an r f i sfo t bu , timbers of the wooden pier survive in the surface of the rock they must be hidden completely by the dense growth of seaweed. At the corner of the harbour there is a ramp of rusticated ashlar 10 ft. wide; the steps bottoe th t a m have been built since 1895 .piee landwar e Westh th r f f propero o t d dgrounen e th , s dha beeShoreheade levee th n parapeth f e madlo o th t d p eu t an , continues alon. edgN s s ega it nearl r fa s ya the cliff. Short of the cliff, a ramp paved with large setts descends to the tidal rocks; its marginal slabs are hollowed to a shallow gutter. piee Th r carries pawl severaf so l types followss a , , (acasf )O t iron, with lugged tops inclined away fro watere m th inscribe d ,an . ABERNETHdJ ABERDEENO C Y& extensione th ; n fouro l al ,, (b) Also of cast iron plainet ,bu uninscribedd extensioe ran th n o anothe d middle e nan th on , n ro e sectionf O ) (c , stone, rough and apparently unshaped slabs; four, (d) Of stone, rough but slightly shaped; two. (e) Of stone, cylindrica witd lan h slightly flanged tops; two. (Al lase lth t thre middle eth group n o e section.e sar ) (/) Of stone, at the landward end of the walk-way, a rounded pillar 2 ft. 9 in. high with a square base and in.)to3 p(1 . Shoreheae Th outee . sidth f W rde o harboure quayth n o , , show facsa rathef eo r roughly coursed rubble with some rock-cutting at its base. Some of the records of general repairs to the harbour27 no doubt apply to this and the other quays, and the cement bags and patches of brick that occur from place placo t e prove tha face bees tth e ha n worked vero oven yt ra distant date. Thi long. ft d s 0 quaan , 29 s yi carries some pawls contrived from iron piping; the stone blocks now set up in front of the new houses may or may not have been pawls, and have not, in any case, been in position for very long. The angle between the quay and the ramp at the base of the pier is rounded, and is neatly built of comparatively thin slabs. The outer harbour ends at the short transverse quay, which is 60 ft. long on its outer by 100 ft. long on its inner side, and 35 ft. wide at the tip. Although this is one of the harbour's oldest features (see above) existine th , g masonrplaio tw n d cast-iroyan n pawl probable s ar nineteent e th f yo h century, but a shaped stone pawl and a stone mooring-block with a ring fixed in its top may be relics of earlier times, as may also be another shaped stone pawl, with a ring, on the opposite bank. Attached to the end of the quay is a concrete extension which accommodates the sluice, the sluiceway being 35 ft. wide. The

existing installatio moderns ni t 'flood-gatesbu , ' were evidentl position yi 1728.n i What must have

8 been a new set was finished in 1787, and gave trouble on severa2 l occasions in the following fifteen years,29 an 190dn i gate e 2th s were washed away. temptins i t 3I 0 guesgo t s tha purpose ttransversth e th f eo e quay had been, from the outset, to narrow the harbour and provide a site for a sluice, as its construction should have been withi competence nth contemporary an f eo y mill-wright frontage Th . e upstream froe mth sluice, nineteentalone th Shore e f gwelo th y e b lma , h century masonre th s a , y seems neate betted ran r coursed than that of the Shorehead. Today the quay is 560 ft. long to the point where buildings begin, but formerly the harbour extended to the Shore Bridge, some 400 ft. further upstream. The E. side of the harbou poina flankes ri o buil t a W. e t. abov p y abouth u dft ,b t 0 n e quayo e th 18 t e , on simila e th o rt sluice, where the construction ends in a slip facing upstream. This area must have suffered severe damage 1727n i 'broka , whese e enth throug Rampare hth t (that defend Basone sth severan )i l places thred an , w

Sand-Bankp u s even withi Bason'.e nth simila A r accident happene 1816.n di Butt states thae th t

1 2 3 3 3 inner basi completes nwa 1820n di . 3 28c)L (P contras n .I d Cross-piee en Th e wid. tth ft witt 3 elon. work a e 2 abou s rft i h th y g0 b s23 t described above, its masonry is largely homogeneous and is thoroughly distinctive in type. Apart from a landware stretcth t a abouf . ho ft d0 end9 t , whic bees hha n rebuilt wit conveha x outer face t givei , e sth impression of a single build, with large rectangular blocks neatly coursed. The blocks are square or oblong latteverticae a th ,n i rt tendinse l positione b o gt . This styl masonrf eo y would agree wit hdata e abour o beginnint e a tth eighteente th f go h century gives ,a Sibbaly nb d pier'foe rth s original construction34 facn wore i damages t th t kwa bu 171n d i subsequentl d 2an y rebuilt, agais 35wa n damage 1727n di y 36b same th e stor harboure affectems . sida th E f eo e th d, this tim badlo es y tha nationaa t l collectios nwa organised, destroyes wa outee d th rebuild rd en d an 3 an 7 t within living memory blockse Th . , however, are no doubt original material, re-used in successive reconstructions. The upper surface is irregularly paved with large setts carried an ,stump e sth thref so e rough stone pawls. harboue Th enteres ri gapa y db , abouwide. Cross-piee ft th 0 f 5 t,poino a betwee d d tren an e nth maie onth n piefrot cornee harboure ou mr th . th abou ft f enclosee ro 0 Th 28 t. d space measures about 270 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 330 ft. from NE. to SW. by a maximum of 220 ft. transversely. The memorandum prepared by the Tow 1846n i 38 frequently allude attempto st deepeo st harboure nth preveno ,t entre tth o sandf t y o d ,an clea bouldert rou projectind san g ridge rockf s o thest bu , e record largele sar y unintelligibl absence th n ei e of structura o plansn d ,an l tracewore th kf identifiese o donb n eca d today groyne Th . e outsid Crosse eth - pier dates only from 1900.39 Rock-cut Roadway. From the bottom of the ramp at the landward end of the pier (see above), a roadway 9 ft. wide has been cut through two of the transverse ridges of rock that run out from the base cuttinge th f o cliffs e soe th fbein on , g paved roadwae Th . y suggests compariso t nWesa witt e S t hon Monance (q.v.), which is locally believed to have been used for the carting of seaweed. It seems to be leading toward creesa continuoue kb amono t t rockse no gth sd wit,an h another rock-cut track whicn hca seee b n belo wheadlana d half-wa Castlee th agaid o yt an , n neare Castle rth e beach cuttine e th Th . y gb headlan havy onls wide. ema di ft serve d y5 an ,nearee dquarr a on cliffCastl e e e rth th th ; n yfros i ei m wide. ft 7 .o t . ft 6 1 Liber Cartarum Sancti Andree Scotian i (Bannatyne building periods' (Industrial Archaeology of Scotland, Club), 324. 259). 2 RMS, 1306-1424, No. 134. 17 Douglass, W.. cit.. op , 24 , 3 Accessio . 2887 reproduces i n No t I . d rather crudely Coasting Pilot (1756), 20, 24. 18 by Lyon. (History J t Andrews, S . m a C ,f I o . i) '" Description, 14. indebted to Mr R. G. Cant for the identification of 20 A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain this plan as an eighteenth-century copy of an (1769) , 191IV ,. original probably drawn shortly befor e Reforth e - . cit.. 21op 24 , mation r muc wels fo a ;s ha l local informatiod an n numerous references. " Theatrum Scotiae, PI. 13. 4 " Town Memo in Tidal Harbours, 167. Douglass, W., Some Historical Remarks on the City 24 of St Andrews, 23. Town Atlas (1825). ibidTowe Th . n Memo (Tidal Harbours, 167) gives " Fleming , Hand-bookH. . D , Andrews,t oS f 106. s this date wrongl s 1656ya . particulare 25Th s that follow appl yparte onlth f so yo t 6 Town Mem Tidaln oi Harbours, 166. piee th r older tha terminae nth l extension. 27 7 RSS, vi, 2325. e.g., CKB, , 404V ; Town Mem Tidaln oi Harbours, 8 167 ff. CRB, i, 89. 28 . RFC,85 , x Douglass, W.. cit.. op ,20 ,

2S Town Memo in Tidal Harbours, 167 f. r JohnDiarye M Th f 0 o Lament (Maitland Club). 95 , 1 30 ibid., 168. Douglass, W., op. cit., 24. McGibbon and Ross 31 state (Castellated and Domestic Architecture, in, Douglass, W., op. cit., 26 f. 336), although without quoting their source, that the 32 Town Mem Tidaln oi Harbours, 169. Town Council authorisef stono e eus froe e dmth th 33 loc sourco .n cit.t quoteds ebu ,i . Castl 1654n ei . 34 History of Fife, 353. 2 e.g., Tidal Harbours, 167 ff. " Town Memo in Tidal Harbours, 167. 3 Town Memo, ibid., 167. 36 Douglass, W., op. cit., 21, 26 f. Tidal Harbours ibid., 166. gives the date as 1725.

s Town Memo, ibid., 169. Town Memo in Tidal Harbours, 167. A sum of 7

» ibid. f theso , o 165e Tw episodes. , 1785-d an 9 3 between £2,000 and £3,000 was raised (ibid., 15). 1845-6 r Butnotee D 'importans ar a ,ty b d t later 58 ibid., 167 S. 39 Fleming, D. H., loc. cit. t AndrewsS Castle, 51216Fife.O N 9 sande Th y cov Andrewt S ef juso . ridgtE a s y Castltidaf b e o . S l flankes erocksi e th n do . Certain cavities in the landward end of this, and some flattening of its top further out, might suggest that it once forme foundatioe dth piea jettr f nro o y servin Castle glandinth a s ea g (cf. Dysart Harbourd Ol , ; Pitten- weem, Boat Harbour) roce th heavil ks t i ,bu y positiverodeo n d dan e conclusio drawne b n nca . St David's, Fife. NT 147826 This harbou designes coa re wa outle n th a lr s dfroa tfo m Fordell Colliery builts wa , d alon,an g with woodea n railway fro minese yeare mth th sn i , 1750-60. describe s 179n I 1wa 5t i 'spacious's da s a d an , providin gsafa e loading-plac 'vesselr burthen',y efo an 1836f n i so t whicn 2,bu i h yea Philir rSi p Durham

effected great improvements, it was noted that the remains of the old pier showed very poor construction. An iron railway was being prepared at that time, to supersede the earlier wooden one;4 this latter had3 consisted of an upper rail of beech resting on a lower one of 'fir', i.e. presumably pine, with sleepers at two-foot intervals carried ha d d an ,three-to n waggons 183y B harboue . 8th r evidentl acquired yha e dth

form that it still retains, and the improvements noted as having been made 'recently' in 1847, unless they

6 were simply those of eleve5 n years before, can hardly have affected the main outlines of the works. GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND 271 The harbour occupies what originally must have been a small bay, on the horns of which have been placed quays, ending in piers. The resulting basin is roughly triangular, with an entrance at the apex opening south-westwardse th , W. combine e e othee th on ;th n rd o an d . qua pieSE d e yan r th flank n o t si NE. side consisting of the natural foreshore partially revetted with masonry. The SE. quay and pier are jointly . long som ft piee 0 th , re 50 . qua bein wide. pied W ft ye 5 an rg 3 ;th similarl y measure. abouft 0 30 t along their inner side, and the pier is about 25 ft. wide. The entrance, between the pier-heads, is about 200 ft. wide, and the basin measures some 500 ft. by 450 ft. archaeologicae Th l interes harbour-worke th f o t slights si whed an , n visited their details were obscured a good deal by berthed craft and the stock-in-trade of a marine salvage-depot. Relics of the reconstruction of 1836, however, may probably be identified as follows, (i) Good squared rubble, with some rusticated ashlar, in the outer parts of both piers and in the seaward face of the SE. pier and quay, (ii) Remains of a sea-wall and parapet in this latter position, founded on marginal slabs socketed to take rectangular keys, (iii) A pillar of slugged rubble, 10 ft. high, 6 ft. 6 in. in diameter at the base, but tapering above, and ending in a shallow domed top. A pilaster of rectangular section projects from its N. side. This pilla roncy sea-wall e standlandware th ema th f havd o t sa d an ,e den carrie dligha r beacono t . contrastn I , remain inferioe th f so r earlier work, note 1836n di wel y identifiable ,lb ma undressede th n ei , uncoursed rubble, with and without pinnings, that appears in the inner face of the W. quay, in the foreshore revetment, and at lower levels in part of the SE. quay. 1 Dott , EarlyG. , Scottish Waggonways,. 5 (Cunningham, A. S., Inverkeithing, North Queens- 2 Stat. Acct., , 270xv . ferry, etc., seem) 95 s ope suspiciono nt . 3 Tidal Harbours, plan at p. 153. NSA, 187, IX . 5 4 ibid., 183 vien I . thif wo s record statemene th , t that 6 ibid., xxiii. iron rails were only installed in 1850 or later t Monance,S Fife (fig. 9a)52501O N . 5 t appearI s fro mchartea f 1596o r 1 tha thee th tn t MonanclairS f do beed eha t grean a t expense 'pro constructione portus juxta litus maris apud dictam villam' t wouli t unsafe bu ,d b treao et wore th t d 'constructione proos a ' f worthaw tne k thi s ratheswa r tha repaie nth somethinf ro g which already existed. Two subsequent charters, of 1650 and 1661,2 which grant powers 'portum et navium stationem edificandi', Priva d yan Council orde 1671f ro 3 which authorise collectioe sth monef no y buildin foe th r 'harboua f go r bulwark'r o , migh varianct ta seee b mo t e wit chartee hth 159f ro suggestins 6a g tha place tth e still lacked harbour-works at the dates in question, but again too much should not be made of what may be no more than lega lconcluded e formulaeb y ma t I ., therefore, that harbour-work somf so e kin existed dha d since

at least the later sixteenth century, although whether they constituted the 'port' of 1565, which may or ma havt yno e been improved whethed ,an r they were e th sited presentt s a s wa , a tows e a fron n , th i nf or o t 4 'port 1649f o ' West a , Monance,t tS Monanct S mout e 5e i.eth th n f .i h o e Burn, remain open sa n question. Toda structuree yth harboue th n si post-datl ral firse eth t Ordnance surve 1854f yo , apart froe mth pier , basinstha W eve d t d separatean ,n an thi. bees E sha e n sth covere d with cement which hides all structural evidence bearing on its origin. Only the general outline of the earlier haven survives, and this indicates a tidal basin enclosed on the E. and SE. by the pier, on the N. by the land, and on the W. by tidal rocks entrancS.e e ,;th th between o s e i pier-hea e nth projectina d dan g rock-ridge whic carriew hno s a modern pier. The main part of the earlier pier is about 300 ft. long, and is aligned slightly W. of S., the pier-head long. ft 3 ,6 , diverging westward entrancee . sid th for E o s f t e e o m th . This arrangement appears correspono t d with that show Scotlanf Roy'o n no p sma d (1747-55) alsd o,an with Adair's 'Creek witha Key for small Vessels and Boats'.6 The harbour was rebuilt in or about 1883, the rock being excavated and the entrance widened on account of the increasing size of the fishing-boats.7 The cut-back rock may be seen unde facing-wale rth l that support Wese NWe sth th t Shore.n i corne basine d e th an ,f Th o r. facing-wall shows masonr variouf yo s types, whic doubo hn t reflect repairs, rebuildin re-use th f d eo gan materiad ol deceptivelf o l y weathered appearance. remainThero harbour-workn y e an e ar f so West sa t Monance roadwae Th . througt ycu rocke hth s at the burn-mouth is said locally to have been made by farmers who carted sea-weed for use as manure. Adair" , Description,J. , 1 RMS, 11. 1593-1608 . 461No ,.

ibid., 1634-51 . 2158No , ; 1660-8 . 103,No . Annual e FisheryReportth f o Board r Scotlandfo 7

32 RFC, 3rd ser., m, 295. (1883), as quoted by Fleming, D. H., Guide to the ibid.• 381, ,I . East Neuk °fF'fe> P*- n>I5- 5 RMS, 1634-51, No. 2060. 272 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9

|pt. . ,

FIG. 9. a St Monance. b South Queensferry, harbour and ferry jetty, c Torryburn, Laigh Craig beacon ruind an 'Aulf so d Pier189 n rock-cutting), i s 5(A a ' Wesd , t Wemys , fragmens(A parapetf o t low, ;B - tide loading-jett recenf yo t construction).

Seadiff Harbour, East Lothian. 60284T N 7 The 25-inch O.S. map surveyed in 1892-3 marks Seacliff Harbour as a long, narrow inlet in the littoral rocks, immediately N. of Old Auldhame, with a sub-rectangular basin measuring about 60 ft. by . sidecorrespondine E s Th .rocit e th n ko f o t gou t 6-inccu 5. 0ft h map, however, surveyed thirty years earlier, shows nothing, and no harbour or local industry is mentioned in either of the earlier Statistical Accounts. The writer has been unable to visit the site, but Mrs R. B. K. Stevenson, to whom he is indebte noticr , informdfo it f etha o cuttin e m basie stth hi th f ngo looks fresh contrasn i , markedl e th o t y older-looking smoothing-oif of the sides of the natural inlet, and in fact this contrast clearly is visible in a GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 273 photograp hStevensons takeMr y nb t thereforI . e seems possible thainlete th t , perhaps somewha- im t proved, may have served Auldhame in the fairly distant past, and that the basin is an industrial development of the later nineteenth century, possibly associated with quarrying in the littoral rocks near by. Skateraw, East Lothian. 73875T N 4 littorae Th l rock Chapef o . sS l Poin brokee inletar n a ty n b wit sandha y beac heads it t ha . This swa no doubt the landing-place that had to be watched in 1565,1 and it corresponds with the indentation shown on Adair's map of 1682, outside which is marked an anchorage with a depth of three fathoms. About the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the place was listed among 'creeks ... for barks in summer time'. plaA 2 n prepare Monso. W y db 1771,n i exploitatioe th 3 evidentln i locae e th us f r lno y fo limestone, marks 'Skat Harbourw eRo squarisa s a ' h pocke shoree th without n ti ,bu quayy t an break r so -

water constructioe Th . harbour-workf no evidentld sha y been though fac1791,n y i b td f Adaito 4 an d rha himself noted that the'site was suitable, bu5 t no building seems to have been done until some date between 1799 and 1825, as a 'dock' is marked in the latter year by Sharp, Greenwood and Fowler but not in the former by Forrest. The harbour was actually built, at whatever precise date, by two farmers, Brodie of Thorntonloch and Lee of Skateraw, who worked the local limestone quarries and kilns, shipping limestone to the Devon Iron Works and importing coal.6 A kiln stands close beside it. Though now ruined and silted up, its plan

can be recovered from the 6-in. O.S. map surveyed in 1853. It lies on the rocks immediately SE. of the inlet, and so far up the foreshore that the depth of water insid7 e it can never have been great; it was longish rathed an r narro alignes . wit shapewn entrancs wa i h it NW d inlet'de o t an ,froth . . cornert esa mS SE . seawars It d formesids breakwater-piera ewa y db ,. longabouft 0 ,o t 28 twhic d en h . returneSE s it t da reacharboue landth e hclosef th s o , d rdistanwa den . t abouNW poin a kiln ft. e e t 0 a ,th Th tt10 .f juso . tE partially by a cross-pier about 100 ft. long. The landward (SW.) side must have been built as a quay, as it carried a crane immediately N. of the kiln. By the landward end of the cross-pier two ponds are marked, but the one that is still partially open is clearly an old quarry, and they were therefore probably not designe fluso dt h away encroaching sand. foregoine Oth f g structures littlsurvivesw eno harboue th , r evidently having been overwhelmey db the sea at some time between the Ordnance surveys of 1853 and 1892. It is now completely filled up with san shingled storm-beaca dan d an , bees landwars hha it n n pileo p ddu side destroying raty ean t a r o , concealing, the quay in front of the kiln. The breakwater-pier is reduced, in its NW. portion, to a rickle of debris, in which, however, the lines of its faces may be traced; it was about 30 ft. wide, and had a rounded end which returned south-westwards for about 12 ft., with a rounded internal angle. The masonry longf iso , thinnis weld han l dressed slabs, neatly shape curvest secureo dt no t dbu , with cramp keysr so . . partSE ,e howeverTh lengta o t ,f abou ho t 115 ft., consist tongua f so naturaf eo l rock t baccu ,n ko either side to a breadth of some 30 ft.; its faces are trimmed vertical, and its slightly dished upper surface lefs i t unworked face tTh .tha mooring-rin a tinne s it indicatep n ri li t stoua se d e stg an ar thairo n ntpi this tongu rocf eo k simplt itselfno s y foundatioa servewa pier e d th ,an s masonrd a a r nfo y superstructure now washed away. The returned pier, shown on the O.S. map as closing the harbour's SE. end, has disappeared completely, although some of its landward portion may be hidden under the storm-beach, but the end of the breakwater into whic adjoininn fittedt ha i d an , g rock just beyond, hav deeplt e beeou t provido ynt cu ea firm joint. Of the cross-pier at the NW. end only the terminal few feet appear through the banked-up sand; thi wide. sft connecte d wor6 ,an s kwa d wit hpear-shapea . widein d6 pier-hea,. ft 6 lon. 1 ft y g9 b d 1 now standin courses heigho a tw o gentranct e f o tTh . breake th e f betweeo - d pier-heaen e ne th th d dan water must have been . somwideft 5 e2 . Two unexplained features were noted on the seaward side of the breakwater, and thus below high- water markjettA groyner ) yo (i , , abou wide. ft 7 t , consistin doubllargef a o f go w ,e ro roughl y shaped blocks, which runs seawards for some 50 ft. from under the tumbled debris. The blocks are set on edge, and transversely to the axis of the work. Their point of contact with the breakwater footings is covered by fallen stones, and their relationship is consequently uncertain, (ii) A longer and bulkier work, with a greatest heigh ft.6 ,f whico t t hcurvemucn i runbu sam e t y hth ssou ewa roun d north-westwards it t sa outer end; although the terminal hook is now ruined, it seems originally to have enclosed the seaward side rock-cua f o t pocke vere t measurinyTh larg. ft 0 e3 blocky gb . som whicf ft so 0 estraigh5 e hth t pars ti built are set on edge, transversely to the axis of the work, but in one place have a few courses of normal masonry as a foundation. The appearance of the whole contrasts strongly with the neat coursing of the 274 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 breakwater, with the footings of which it does not seem to have been in contact. It is tempting to regard these two works as predecessors of the built harbour, and as associated with an earlier phase of the limestone industry; on this showing the pocket in the rocks could have provided a berth for a boat, and the jetty a low-tide landing-place. RFC, i, 382. 7 Neither the map nor the remains correspond with Geogr. Coll., ni, 111. two documents of 1838 in H.M. General Register

In H.M. General Register House (R.H.P. 627). Hous 6/1296)D indebteem (G a I .r thi dfo s refer-

Butt J r D o t e Stat. Acct., I, 124. ' ' enc Description, 5. Marline, Rev. J., Reminiscences and Notices of Ten Parishes Haddingtonshire,n i 146. Skinfast Haven See Cellardyke. Slamannan Railway Terminal Basin, Stirlingshire (PI. 31b) 96176S N . 1 Unio e ban. Thith f kSW sno origina basine e Canalth th s n o , ,wa l terminu Slamannae th f so n Rail- way, which was opened in 1840. The Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments states1 that it 'consists of square. basift a 0 n15 , which communicates wit Canae hth l throug openinn ha g widnarrowes1. s 5ft it t ea t basie . sidth formef s ni eo SW pointqua a e y massivf dyb Th o . e stonework copine th , g bearing some remain loadinf so g machinery groovee edgTh s .understoo it e en ar si havo dt e been mad pigy eb irof so n being slid down entrance intth . osidd bargesalse eNE an ear oe faceTh . d t whollwithno f i , y buil, of t masonry, part of the coping here being made of blocks to which railway-lines had once been bolted. As far as could be seen under a heavy covering of herbage, the NW. and SE. sides are of earth.' The foregoing description is based on an inspection made in 1954. Inventory of Stirlingshire, r 439detailassociatee Fo th . f so d railway-yard ibid.e se , , 441. 1 Society, West Lothian. 09779T N 1 Clark's engraving (1710 Adair'f Wesf )o o p t Lothiasma n (1682) marks somethin nature th a n gf i e o quay at Society, although the scale is too small for clarity, and Sibbald (1710) mentions a 'small Port' belonging to Stonehill (Staneyhill) 'where boats take hi lime exported by sea',1 which is probably the same place harboue Th .existet i s ra 182n di recordes 1i plaa thif n ndo o coasse parth f t to prepare Robery db t

Stevenson, thid san show paisa piersf ro , entitled 'Harbour', projecting fro shore mth e immediateln yi considerabllong. e ft overlapd on 0 . an , E 20 e s e i th shouseth e e s fronyth a on f . t o Societytsa W e Th 2 . latter, althoug longer. ft 0 h7 , originate poina t sa t wher shore ecurveth s eha d south e bac piere th ko t Th .s are 65 ft. apart at the base of the W. one, but converge to only 43 ft. at the end of the E. one. By 1834 the work was evidently out of use, as there was then no harbour or quay in Abercorn parish although small craft unloaded coal on the beach at Society and sometimes took on lime for export.3 Some slight remains of the W. pier may still be seen, extending to a length of about 170 ft. and finishing just short of low-water mark. The pier is 15 ft. wide and is built of very large drystone blocks, an example measuring 3 ft. 6 in. by 1 ft. 10 in. by 1 ft. 8 in.; where more than one course remains, the lower one is seen to be laid horizontally and the upper one vertically. The greatest surviving height is abousurvivine . Easth ft f 3 to o t w f. pier larggro W a , e stone t uprigh foreshoree se s th si n i t , aligned obliquely towards the pier's seaward portion; these evidently mark part of the outer edge of the founda- . pierE e tion, th otherwis f so e vanished. remaine harbourth Aboue f th ydso 0 f . so 10 E .t causewaya , , wide. 18 ft constructe d an , largf do e setts, wit edginn ha slabsf go , runs dow beac e distanca n th r hfo somfro. f eo ft openinn m5 a e6 e th n gi sea-wall. It suggests the working of cargo over the beach, as noted hi 1834 (see above). A sketch dated 1877, at Society House,4 shows a short timber pier with splayed upright members in a position slightly W. ruinee ofth d structure.

Linlithgowshire, 11. NSA, n (Linlithgowshire), 30, mispaged 31. 3

1 Preserve H.Mn di . General Register House (R.H.P. r accesFo « o thit s s sketcindebtes m a Mr I h o dt 2 6707). Graham Law. South Alloa, Stirlingshire; Ferry Landing. 89891S N 8 At Allo Rivee ath r Forth curves roun dbluna t poin lanf to d lying slightly higher tha mud-flatse nth , GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN5 27 | D and the S. terminal of the ferry that formerly crossed from the town is situated just W. of its apex. The jetty consists of a sloping quay, shown on the 25-inch O.S. map surveyed in 1865 as about 240 ft. long by 30 ft. wide; on the west it presents a masonry face, of squared and coursed blocks, to the eroding sweep . sidE partls ei e rivere th bees o t th yfha n flankelanbu y , d borderedr dan y db d with heavy wooden jette battensth yf loweo e likewis d timbeTh a . . facen rs W continues eha i e re stopth line f eo Th . d upstream from the masonry by a timber revetment, and this is interrupted by a timbered recess, presumabl yferry-boatdoca a r kfo , although less well constructed tha correspondine nth t Norta e hgon Alloa (q.v.). At the landward end of the jetty there are some traces of an old roadway; this has been about 18 ft. wide and irregularly paved with slabs and large setts. South Queensferry, West Lothian (fig. 9b) 13078T N . 4 Queensferr lona s gy ha histor termina. S port a Passagiumt serve e i e s ys th a th a ,f s do la Regime, Queen Margaret's Ferry, througl 1al Middle hth ethens Ageswa ,e t likI .th counterpars e, it N. e th n o t propert f Dunfermlinyo e Abbey whico t , Ferre hbeeth d yha n give Daviy nb dI abou t 1150.2 Such extensive alterations, however, were made at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries that no structural features survive from early days in any identifiable form, and consequently the evolutio harbou e tracee th b f y no d rma onl traceablys i frot i s ma r t recordsallea fa .o s n i , The town became a Royal Burgh in 1641, and then was described as possessing a 'heavine and herberie'.3 By about 1693 this seems to have taken the form of a pair of piers, as some work was done at that time on an eastern pier.4 The 'harbours' (in the plural) were then said to be ruinous. In 1710 there wa 'Peesa Barkr rfo Boats'd san another d an , Passage boatr th fo , f so e ferry t Newhalla , s (the Hawes Inn).5 Scotlanf Roy'o p sma d (1747-55) mark paisa pierf ro s almost comparable with thos todayf eo t ,bu the E. one is shown as longer than the W. one, and there is no transverse work across the N. end of the harbour alsy oRo .place smalsa l spo thif t o jus s. opetN . end nthiN d showns s an i ,engravin n a y b , f go 1784, havo 6t e bee isolaten na d bloc masonrf ko y construction 176n I .harbou e 3th 'is n grearwa t measure demolished storma y b ' , just whe Burge n'employes th hwa d .. carryinn .i g forwar seconda d quay, which was judge absolutele b o dt y necessar mako yt harboue eth r compleat', wore th 7 question ki n probably having been an elongation of the W. pier. In the 1780s the E. pier was dangerous,8 and was threatening Passage th e jetty whic alon n . sidehE ra s g;it work accordingl begus ywa n wit objece hth extendinf o t e gth pieturnind westwardsd ran en s git protectioa s ,a n against north-easterly 178 n seasi t 9stora ,bu m wrecked the new construction and also breached the W. pier. This disaster seems to have necessitated a change of plan, as in 1791 the point of the E. pier was lengthened,9 and in 1792 it was decided to take down and rebuil 'Wese dth t Harboue Heath f do t hav r opening'o no r ewithouy p beega ma y nr .o an tThi y sma done, as in 1795 a further decision was recorded to rebuild the W. pier. For the next twenty years no major works are recorded, but by 1815 the harbour had become unsafe and an ambitious scheme was finding favour, namely to build a breakwater westwards from the Sealscraig rocks and enclose the whole of the bay. This, however, proved too costly, and in 1817 it was decided, on the advice of an engineer named Hugh Baird, to turn the W. pier at a right angle and run it eastwards, to make the entrance in the NE. corner pierrebuil. o t E e d hea.e th Anothe,dan th f do r entrance corner. , presumablNW e , th t a e yon was closed, and the harbour thus seems to have been brought more or less to its present form. The structures resulting from these vicissitudes, and from later repairs, consist of an E. pier, 340 ft. long, wit disusee hth d Passag long. ft . pier e0 W ,jett whic35 , a . sideyd E s (q.v.han ,it returnn )o s eastward harbour e r 13 th (internally. s fo 5f ft o d , leavinen . clos. o N )t entrance n gNE ea th e wid. th ft t 0 eea 5 corner. At the S. end there is a narrow beach, behind which rises a masonry revetment topped by the parape elevaten a f o t d open space know Fishermen'e th s na s Walk harboue Th . r extend abouo st t four- fifths of an acre, and dries out at low water. The build of the piers varies from place to place, but these variations cannot be correlated positively with works mentioned above. The following points, however, are worth recording. The E. pier shows a fac rathef eo r large dry-stone blocks, square t irregularldbu beinyd seten gs ,it roughe mortaredd an r . The W. pier, on its outer side, shows at least three different builds, having large blocks in its landward portion, then shorter squarish ones outsidd ,an e these longe thinned ran r slabs cross-piee . N Th .e th t ra comparabls i d en e with this last section, which would suggest that they both originate operatione th n di s of 1817. Minor features are mooring-rings, a parapet-coping keyed with rectangular plugs, and pawls of whinston granitecross-pied e eth an n 185f o O .O.S e p 6rth mark .ma 'Boiler'sa , which recall boilinge sth - house Bo'nest sa Greenlanse useth y db d whalers, similaa d 10an r installatio Dysart na t (q.v.). Associated wit harboue h th well-pave a e rar d ramp, with trace marginaa f so l iron strap, leading beacdowe th o hnt | PROCEEDING 6 27 THF SO E SOCIETY, 1968-9 on the E.; the revetment-wall of the ground behind, to E. and W., with its droved and channelled masonry and string-course above; and the corbelled look-out at the corner of the Fishermen's Walk. 1 For the ferry landings, see separate article below. Burgh Council, vol. 1764-98, pp. 272 f., 296, 324, 2 Dunfermline, No. 2 p. 7. 345, 364; vol. 1798-1817, pp. 453, 533. I am in- . a 3 1 APS,57 v debte o Provosdt . LawsonA . J t , M.B.E., J.P.r ,fo 4 ibi 11d D 0 b xAD i permissio examino nt e these minutes Miso t d s an , ,„.,,',,'„ -.'. .. ' . .. ,, Finlay for assistanc doingo s n ei . s Sibbald , Lmhthgowshire,R. , . 11 —.. !_,_,, , ,i • j_o j .. 8on .... * , „ ,.»» This was probably the work alluded to in Stat. Acct., Preserved in the Queensferry Burgh Museum. xyn /179g) 492 ' C?B > vn> I43 . ', , .. , >° Salmon, T." X, Borrowstounness and District, 404. 8 The facts given in the rest of this paragraph have been taken from the ms. Minutes of Queensferry

South Queensferry, West Lothian; Ferry Landings (PI. 29d)1378T N . , 1478 Wha almoss ti t certainl ytracanciena n Binka e sid. f eth o f W e so t e Rocklandin seee th b n ny o ,gma some 80 yds. W. of the harbour, the proximity of the Carmelite church and convent helping to support this suggestion. At the point in question, a tidal rock-ridge, now made virtually inaccessible by a rubbish- dump on the foreshore, has been cut back to a straight line and vertical face; a length estimated at some 6. protrude0ft s from unde face dumpe th e th r d stand abouo an t ,. abov ft p su 5 sande t e th ringA . - headed bolt, which must once ridgehave th ef ,o hel jusp dmooring-ringa to t above th n ei t highse s i ,- water mark. This comparee cuttinb y gma d with thos t Dysarea t (Old Harbour Earlsferryd an ) e Th . Binks Rock may or may not have been the subject of the dispute of 1342 between James de Dundas and Abboe th t of Dunfermline, whic concernes hwa d wit ownershie hth certaif po n rocks use ferrr dfo y landings on the S. shore.1 The exigencies of wind and tide made it necessary, before the days of steamers, for the Passage boat havo st e more tha nsingla e landing-plac eithen eo r shore 1710n I . , therefore,e piethera th s t ra ewa

Hawes Inn in addition to South Queensferry harbour, and in 1794 there were several landings on both nort south.d han 3 Afte2 r 1810, t wheunde Ferre pu s nth r ywa Trustees jettiew ne , s were buil t Lona t g Craig (1812) Hawee th Port t ,a a s d Innt Edgaran , Nortt wels a , a s la h Queensferry (q.v.). followine Th 4 g points have been noted regarding these works. South Queensferry Harbour. The jetty that flanks the E. pier of the harbour is about 345 ft. long by 20 ft. wide. It is paved with setts, larger in the seaward than in the landward part; its outer edge is bordered with slabs keyed together with diamond-shaped insertions of cement, and the lip is cut out to receive a wooden runner. Mooring-rings are set in large slabs. The masonry of the outer face is of coursed rubble, but the blocks are rougher than those of the other Passage jetties and the work consequently may date, in part at any rate, from before the reorganisation effected about 1812. The Hawes HawePier. e jette th t yTh a s Innuntie ferre ,us lth whicn yi s closehwa 1964dn i abous i , t divide s wide. longitudinalli o ft 93d tw 5 lon. 8 an ,5 n d ft i y gb wala y yb l whic t froh e beginou m . th ft 5 s4 ft.. wide 0 masonre ft landwar, 62 run5 d bein Th 2 .r an p s fo gd largs yga i broked en a ey b . nft afte0 13 r rubble, well square coursed dan witd dan h droving sam e rama ; th ef p o build , groove marginaa r dfo l iron strap landware th ,t a lead . dE cementeds e i endbeace dowth p th . n to ho no t t Muce th bu , f ho placen i originae sth seene marginalb d setty an , sma l slabs with some lozenge-shaped key cementf so . centrae Th l wallargef o s li , neatly drove weld dan l coursed blocks slightla s high. ha , yin d stand 8 ,an . ft s7 rounded coping secured in part with oblong keys; it is heavily battered on both sides, decreasing in thick- end. S ,e howeverth t tope A th . t facee a made . ,th sar in 2 e . vertica ft base nes5 th o er t t s a lfo fro. ft m8 accommodato t . in 9 1. 0ft esmala l mural chamber engine-housen a w a no , d an . , W wit e hdooa th n ro window on the E., neither perhaps original. Three feet N. of the N. end of this chamber, the W. face of wale th . highl containin 4 , . witft ope archen n 5 . long sha a . dee in d ft n 3 5 pan ,recesd. ft roof 0 s1 ; the lintel at the face is supported by a battered column 1 ft. 3 in. hi diameter, the back of which extends int okina buttressf recesde o . wal th N f fixes se lo i . thick th ,heavd a in vertica n 7 bac O e .d y th kan t la iron ratchet-wheel with the end of its axle squared to take a crank-handle; the presence of a hole in the roof immediately above suggests tha mechanise t parth this f so twa semaphorea f mo similaA . r recess appears in the E. face, 12 ft. further N.; this contains no machinery and the ceiling is lintelled. Lighthouse (PI. 29d). Immediatel murae th f o l . chambeyS r just described stand smalsa l lighthouse, buildingo tw e th s being separate doubla y dwid. b in e estep8 x fligh . whicsi ft f s2 o t h. risW ed froan . mE givo t lighthousee access th in. 8 . o heigh,t a ft t 3 a , ef o tdoor lighthouse Th . e itsel hexagonaa s fi l tower, standin circulaa n go r base which project s. Abovradiallin 3 basee . eft th y1 , which consist singla f so e GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN7 27 | D course, there are three rusticated courses showing heavy pocked decoration; next, above a 4-in. intake, a blank arch on every face except the N., with further pocked decoration on the angles and cable-moulding at the springing-line, and at the top a moulded cornice supporting a hexagonal light-chamber with three glazed and three opaque sides. The door, 6 ft. high, occupies the arch on the N. face. The N. and S. arches have human masks for keystones. A model of a boat under sail, which formerly served as a wind- vane on top of the light-house, is now preserved in the offices of British Railways, Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Long Craig Pier. This work is a jetty 1,150 ft. long by 30 ft. wide, and is known to have been built usuae th 1812.s n li sett-pavementha t I 5 , slab borders remaind ,an mooring-ringsf so sectio;a n of margin on the W. has been strapped with iron, and another, on the E., shows a row of empty holes for rectangular keys Hawee use,e th suc ar n do ss h a Pier generaln I . resemblet ,i Hawee sth s Pier rather tha jette nth t ya the harbour, differing from the latter particularly in its larger size and better workmanship, and in the droving of its masonry and the absence of lozenge-shaped keys. Some remains of what was presumably an older jetty, only 10 ft. wide, may be seen some 50 yds. away to the E. They consist of little more than kerb-stones outlining the foundations, and tumbled boulders, although some coursed blocks remain in place towards the seaward end. 1 Dunfermline, No. 381; Stephen, W., History of 3 Stat. Acct., x, 505. Inverkeithing and Rosyth, 307. < NSA, n (Linlithgowshire), 10 f.

Sibbald, R., Linlithgowshire, 11. ' NSA, 11 (Linlithgowshire), 11. 1

Starley Bum, 21485Fife.T N 9 This harbour formerly provide limeston e outlen dth a Newbigginr e tfo th f eo g (Dalachy) quarries, whic shippes hwa Carroo dt elsewhered n an alss owa visitet I . vessely db neen si fresf do h water.t I 1 occupie dsmala l sandy pocket among tidal moutrocke Starlee th th t f sa ho y Burn, abouf o mila t . eW Burntisland Docks. In 1854 it was still intact, and the 6-in. O.S. map surveyed in that year shows it as consisting of a pair of piers and having a bag-shaped inner end, into which the burn discharged, but today landware th d portion, comprising perhaps about haloriginae fth l area bees ,ha n obliterate railwaa y db y embankment, while the burn has been diverted and given an outlet E. of the E. pier. The E. pier projects from the original E. side of the pocket to a length of perhaps some 90 ft. or more, but the figure is difficult to estimate as the junction between pier and land is obscured by tumbled debris. The seaward (S.) side is straight, continuing the E-W. line of the adjoining shore-rocks to a bluntly rounded end, whic abov. ft htidae 7 staneth o t l sandp du innee ;th r fac concaves ei , formine gth SE. sector of the basin, and disappears under the railway embankment about 100 ft. from the pier-head. The pier is about 23 ft. wide just short of the end, but widens considerably at the embankment. The outer face is made of very large, rough blocks, and the internal one of smaller, but still relatively large, blocks, poorly dressed and coursed; the igneous rock occurring on the shore hereabouts does not lend itself to neat dressing piebeee s originae th rha nf Th o .washe p lto dpresene awayth d tan , upper surfac layea s ei r of debris vert . no ySome numerouth f eo s limestone blocks seen amon ruine gth s show trace scabblingf so , and no doubt have been re-used. The core is of broken rock. . pieW r e emergeTh s from unde embankmene rth neighbours it f o . rund W t t. an ,abous ft ou 7 16 t south-south-eastwards for some 78 ft. It is about 25 ft. wide, and its end, which is rounded, stands 14 ft. abov sande eth , probabl originas yit l height materialn I . pier. build similaE s si an e ,t d i th althoug o rt hn i general better preserved. The surface is ruinous, but some of the blocks on the lip, at and near the end, originamae pare th y b f to l margin innee th rn I face. , embankment e closth o et , ther recesa staira es i r sfo , with three step bottomplac e pier-headn se i th th t et a A . ston,a e pawl very roughly shape irregulan a o dt r seee b poin ny amonma t debrise gth in. 9 whicf lengt. s o , ft ;it . probabl6 h in s h i abou 9 . suns ft y3 twa k stoneworke inth entrance harbouTh e .. wide ft th 4 o et 5 . s ri A document dated 17922 shows that the E. pier was then in existence and that the harbour was being contracA deepene . ft alsd 0 tha o1 beeo dt n buildine giveth r piea n fo f gro 'acros har e heae th -s th f do . longft 0 ,5 bour' 1. hige 6t b ft onl. thick hft o bu t ; y 8 this , thiswa s last dimension representinf o . ft g3 therefor s f 'packing'o wa . t ft i facin5 d e d almosan , gan t certainl yshore-basea d quay presumablw no , y under the railway embankment. The contractors were four masons in Aberdour (R. Melven, W. Macan- drew, J. Miller, R. Dow) and two quarry labourers. Carron Harbour, som yds0 e.30 distanE.e th , seemn o t havo st e bee nlatea r versio f Starleno y 278 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Burn. It was built before 1847,3 and in 1854 was supplied from the Newbigging quarries by means of a tramway t possesseI . featureo sn archaeologicaf so l interest. 1 Stat. Acct., n (1792), 432; NSA, ix, 420. 3 Tidal Harbours, xxiv, where the harbour is given the 2 Preserve n H.Mi d . General Register Hous D (G e name Newbigging. 150/115/3). I am indebted for this reference to Dr J. Bull. Stirling, Stirlingshire. 80093S N 1 9 Stirling, standing as it does at the head of navigation on the Forth, must have been a port for small vessels at all periods. If the identification of Bede's Giudi with Stirling2 is sound, the existence of a port even as early as the Dark Ages would seem likely enough, while that of an early medieval harbour is implied by documents of 11473 and 1150,4 and the harbour and its business appears frequently in the Burgh records, particularly fro e sixteentmth h century onwards.5 Funds were require n 160di 4 'for reparatioun of their hewin and herberie, in biging of schoiris and bulwarkis, and redding the fuirdis of thair waiter',6 a record which suggests the building of riverside quays, and attempts to clear the bars of roc r harko d clay, locally know s 'fords'na , which restric draughe th t f vesselso t . Shallow draughs i t referre agaio dt 1692n i , wit notha e that goods consigne Stirlino dt g were transhippe lightero dt s drawing not more than 5 ft.,7 and it may have been the need for deeper water that caused James IV to put his naval station at Polerth (q.v.).8 The remains of the quay, and the area known as 'The Shore', lie E. of the medieval town, and this name, with that of 'Shore Road', suggests that the harbour was simply a riverside landing (cf. Perth). The existing quay, now derelict and inaccessible, is a narrow masonry terrace bordering the right bank rivere ofth , here wid. forminabouft d 0 ean 20 t g parloopa structuraf o to N . l feature seene b n , aparsca t from some steps which lea masonre d wateth e dow f th o o nrt yw througfe quaya e facth d e f hth an ,eo blocks, secured with cramps, that lin lips e it 184n .I 'shore 6th r quay eo abous wa ' t 200ft. longd an , consisted of 'a breast-wall built in a rude manner with boulder stones', and without wooden 'defenders'.9 1 cf. RCAM, Stirlingshire, 4, 15. Stirling Natural History and Archaeological Society Antiquity, xxxm, 63 ff.; Bede, Ecclesiastical History, 1919-20, 51 ff. 2 I, cap. xii. • CRB, n, 177. 3 Lawrie Early, C. , Scottish Charters, 142. ' Corporations, Appendix (1835). 29 , ' ibid., 170. 8 RCAM, op. cit., 4. 5 RCAM, op. cit., 4, quoting Transactions of the ' Tidal Harbours, 147'. Stonehill See Society. Tayport and Tayside, Fife. NO 4429, 4529 A law was passed in 1425, and was re-enacted in 1467, 1469 and 1474,1 which enforced the use of wooden gangways ('briggis' loadinr )fo g horse ferry-boatso t n swordino e th d an ,g use 146dn i 7 shows that, in the area of what is now Tayport, there were two established ferry-terminals, 'portincrage and the est fery'. Nothin correspono gt d with eithe identifiee f thesb o r n e ca harbour-work d dol todaye th s a , f o s 'Ferry-Port-on-Craig' have been obliterated by those installed in the eighteenth century, but both were probably in the region of the existing harbour and fairly close together, and if so the 'Old Harbour' marked 185f o Taysidet O.Se a 4p th .n ma o , five furlong (448293). W s e awath o y,t shoulregardee b t e dth no s da original Portincraig, but only as a subsidiary landing-place. It is true that a recent local author writes of ferry-terminala s ia t confusee h t issue bu , makinth sy eb alternativn Harbourd a t t gOl i no e d th an ,o e t Harboud theOl (1927y da r s itself.) hi som n I 2jette d stumpol y n surviveda f so t nothinbu , visibls gi e today. Other records make no suggestion of the kind. Piers were built at some date before 1793 'for the convenience of passengers and the security of horses',3 evidently a belated improvement on the fifteenth-century 'briggis', and in 1847, before the new works were undertaken harboue th , r contained 'two piers ferry-piero tw , loading-quay'.a d an s 4 Plans of the Scotscraig estate, of 1769 by John Hope and of 1839 by W. Baillie,5 show the general arrangement harbour-worke oth f t thossa e dates. It is worth noting here that the 1474 version of the law cited above applied also to Leith, Kinghorn and Queensferry Passage, and primarily was intended for the convenience of the king and official travellers. This evidently implie sfifteente thatth n i , h century favouree th , Taypordy norte b rout s th d ho ewa t an t GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 279 Broughty laters notd a Woodhave,y an ,b , r Newporno Dundeed an t 1776y B ., however, Taylod an r inner are ignoring Tayport as an approach to Arbroath and Aberdeen.6 boulder-buile Th t 'breakwaters modere th f o n. E harbou' r have nothin wit o harboue d hth o g t r hi of its phases, being connected with the salmon-fishery.7 . f 7 10 , 197 APS, , 89 , ii10 , information . Peter A indebte m e r a th ,M I , o t d 2 Scott, Sir J., History of Tayport, 38. Burgh Surveyor. 3 Stat. Acct., vin, 457. * Survey and Maps of the Roads of North Britain, PL 33. ' Third Statistical Tidal Account: Harbours, Fife, informatiod 790xxviian , . n

4 5 For access to these plans, and for valuable local from Mr Peter- Thorntonloch, East Lothian. 75574T N 4 Thorntonloch was one of the places that had to be watched for disaffected persons in 1565,1 and it pears, along with Skatera Tyninghamed wan lis a 'creeks'..f to n ,i barkr .fo summen si r time' which fros latee te mth r seventeent r earlieho r eighteenth century. landing-place Th 2 onls ei ysanda y bay, rtially protecte tidaa y b l dreef. N fro e . mth 1 RFC, , 382I . 2 Geogr. Coll., m, 111.

Torry and Torryburn, Fife (fig. 9c). NT 0185, 0285 Torry and Torryburn both stand on Torry Bay, and also seem to be connected closely in the records. It will be best therefore to discuss these harbours and some other associated remains together. Ships were workin Torryburf o t gou least na earls ta firs e 1531,s yth a t t mentio1bu harboua f no r

seemonle b 1622.n y i o t sthan I t year Patrick Wardla f Torrwo y received 'portu t mstationee e mli avin d2 e Torrie cum ejus anchoragio, salinas' etc., a further passage in the charter mentioning the 'portus itationes de Torrie, Newmilne et Torrieburn'. Similarly hi 1637, Alexander Bruce of Alvech was given the foreshore of the same stretch of coast 'cum jure liberorum portuum, stationum et lituum unius vel urium ... cum jure reparandi lie port and harberie apud Torrie vel alios construendi',3 and again in ther recor'pora e quad es th i Torrief f tan yd o o , Newmiln Torrieburned ean , latel ylate builth e y tb r Patrick Wardlaw and his predecessors'.4 It is true that a charter of 1654s alludes to the 'lands of rrieburn, ports, harbours and havens to be biggit thereupon', as if nothing had yet been built, but the planation probably is to be found in the use by lawyers of conventional phrases. It is thus fair to assume tt somha e sor harbourf o t , know 'ths na e heavin', existed befor tune eth Patricf eo k Wardlaw, thae h t Jarge improver do tha d successors an hi t , dit s wishe preservo dt e their furtheo righd o t r work e hith ture. Several other seventeenth-century records mention Torrybur seaporta s na ; hi harbou171s it 0 r wis suitable for small vessels,6 and hi 1728 was described as good,7 and hi 1843, like Crombie, it had a l pieal r neewhicn i repair.s f do h importancwa e 8Th seamanshif eo locae th lif e f le o communitth pn i y showface th t y thanb t navigatio beins nwa g taughparise th n i th school hi 1793.9 followine Th g remainidentifiee b wide y th sma e n di tida l are Torrf ao y Bay. (i) Torry Pier. The remains of this pier are shown on the 25-in. O.S. map surveyed in 1895 as a belt ol scattered boulders, running out for about 450yds. from the shore at the SW. corner of the playing- field in Torry village (014862), and ending at an islet (015858) which rises slightly above high-water mark, itsels i d f marked 'Torry Pier'. Actually, however bele debrif th ,o t s represent longruia e f sth n o , rrow pier, perhap Crombit a e s similaon e e th Poin o rt t (q.v.)footinge facing-wallth e s th a , f so s readily may be followed seawards from a point about 160 yds. below high-water mark. There is no reason to ppos et originall thaworno e th d t kdi y start normas froi land y t i m dr s suca ,n l i h case fino st d more rious dilapidation near high-water mark than further out. The footings of the E. face are preserved for longish stretches , lowermose somth f eo t ones bein sandstonf go noticeabld ean y dark hi colour, while their setting is partly vertical and partly horizontal; those on the W. begin to appear only within some 8(islet e the d ' lesr th yds o an f ,y s.o establis islee s breadte Th thha worth e . th ft som s f ka 5 ho 1 eo t 1. 2ft be en turned into a pier-head by facing its seaward sectors with masonry, and levelling up the top; the masonry face largef o , , squared blocks rather roughl ht iy se courses bess ,i SW. d t an preserve . , S e th n do facine lerth t estand. i g maximuW a coalesce e o st th n O abouf m. footings o . e W witft e th 8 t hf th so ST. but on the E. its topmost surviving course may be seen returning inwards, running in tne form of a t blockislee dowd se th tan f north-facinwf s o no sit acrosp to e sth g slope therd ,an e joinin witp gu e hth E.| footings of the pier. For the most part, these blocks stand transversely to the axis of the row. The top ofl the islet is uniformly covered with debris; the material lying outside the blocks no doubt has been | PROCEEDING 0 28 S OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 washed off the top, and may mask some courses of the facing. The stumps of four heavy wooden posts probable ar tha p remainte to yappeath e th equipmenf n so o r loadinr fo t g coal. islet e distanca th t f a , o . somf eo yds.5 SW e 3 d , an ther . W e O e lien th slij;htl sa y sickle-shaped feature which approache e coulb t dno accounn do deef o t p mud t whicbu , h seem consiso st boulderf o t s largd an e blocks probabls i t .I ruie ysomf th n o e protective work. What may be an older version of the pier, superseded by the work just described, perhaps is to be doublfootingsf e seeo th w n i ero , abouapar. ft wit d 4 1 an thsquare a d end, that run. abour ft sfo 0 12 t along another strip of debris; W. of the pier and on a rather more .westerly alignment. The two works probably diverge zone th edn neai r high-water mark wher remainl eal s have been washed away (see above). (ii) Boat harbour. Some 200 yds. SE. of the mouth of the Torry Burn, the sea-wall that supports the road from Torryburn to Crombie Point swings out to include a small projection by the roadside. On the foreshore immediatel fronn yi thif o t s projection, there appea remaine rth whatf so seem havo st e beena tidal enclosure, perhaps intended to accommodate small boats. It measures about 200 ft. by 90 ft. and entranccorner. n . sid a wel e W footing s e eSE s ar lit ha e Th preserve.t eth a f so d where they emerge from under the sea-wall, being here 8 ft. wide over all and showing well-dressed blocks on both faces. Further core outth e, contain sid . transverselblockt e sese th SW block e e sar axie th uprightt th sn se o o y t d an , note s worke o wa fth t Torr da s a , y pier. Thi presumabls si structure yth e describe locaa y db l authos ra 'a pier' situated about 250 yds. from the mouth of the Torry Burn.10 (iii) The Auld Pier.11 The remains of this structure are marked on the 25-in. O.S. map surveyed in ' 1895 as a lenticular patch of boulders, some 370 ft. long by 100 ft. wide, into which a stony rickle 400 ft. long runs from the east. It lies at 021854, about 300 yds. W. of the Laigh Craig (see below). Westwood states12 that it was used until about 1750, when it was abandoned in favour of a new pier at Crombie Point (q.v.) as an outlet for the Torryburn coal. The patch of boulders still remains, covering a low mound which at a certain stage of the tide shows above the water as a low but characteristic whaleback, but the representericklw no s ei doublsmala f o y db w l ero boulder quarried san . ft 5 d1 block o t . t froft sse 2 m1 apart. These row readile sar y traceabl yds0 . 15 fror directioe efo m th Laige th f hno Craig, fadint gou 30 yds. short of the boulder-strewn mound, but they reappear on the mound and there join up with the foundations of an undoubted pier-head, much of the basal course of which is still in place, and are therefore perhap regardee b footinge o s t analog th e pierremains a th e d a f n th so o ,f yo Torryt sa spitn i , f eo their rather slight proportions pier-heae Th . shows foundationds i it y nb havo st e bee nsmala l squarish structure with rounded corners, its SW. (seaward) frontage being 30 ft. long; the SE. side returns 9 ft. to the supposed pier-footings and continues for at least the same distance beyond them, thus totalling a . side lose NE stone sn ar ti d shingled an . s an stone-wor e Th NW . e Th lengt . kleast ft a consist 2 f ht3 o f so well-dressed blocks, fitted neatly togethe showind ran g radial jointroundee th t sa d corners specimea ; n measured 1 ft. 6 in. by 8 in. on its face, and was tailed 2 ft. 3 in. into the work. A low ridge of rock runs seawards from immediatel pier-heade fron n yth bees i f t intha o tn cu od quitan , e heavil placesn yi r fo ; example, a recess measuring at least 10 ft. by 6 ft. has been formed in its SE. side, but details are obscured by seaweed. There is nothing to show where the double row of stones originated. Followed back through square 022854 t swingi , s slightly shoreward t approachei s sa Laige sth h Craig t thee bu ,th n n fadei t ou s sand and no further trace of it appears in the tidal area. It may or may not have been connected, in some unexplained manner, with a channel which has been cut through a belt of flattish tidal rock between the Laigh Craig and the shore. This channel is visible for some 36 yds., is up to 1 ft. 2 in. wide at the top by 10 in. deep; it is quite straight, is aligned directly on the Craig, and fades out about 30 yds. NE. of it after throwing off a short branch. (iv) The Laigh Craig beacon. Mention has been made above of a projection in the sea-wall east of mout e Torre th th f hyo Burn poina t A .t abou yds0 . t32 south-wes thif to s projection (024854) rounde,a d lump of rock rises slightly above high-water mark. Its name, the Laigh Craig, though not given on the O.S. maps is recorded by Westwood,13 who also draws attention to the traces that it bears of a beacon, and his observation is fully justified by the presence on its summit of a group of cut socket-holes. Eight of these sockets. deep in disposee 9 largesar ,e s i th ,broaa d whicf n do i tan d. hin measure7 y b . in s9 ellipse, four on each side of a cut channel at least 9 ft. long by up to 2 ft. wide and deep, which crosses the summit from NW. to SE., and debouches into a natural fissure. The sockets have evidently supported some wooden structure, and the inference that this was a beacon is natural enough in view of the proximity of the Auld Pier (see above). The purpose of the deep channel, however, is obscure. Other sockets appear close by, but these are less regularly arranged, more heavily weathered, and smaller, down to about GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTE SOMN SO E HARBOUR EASTERN SI N SCOTLAN1 28 | D 2iin. square; perhapthey yma s indicate that t soma , e historystags it n eCraii e cappes th , ga wa y db platform (cf. Castleton) wel thiy o s lsf ma havi d e,an extende recesa f o sdp whicoveto e rth h cuts ints oit W. part. This recess, which is well below high-water mark, has evidently been formed from a natural fissure enlarged to 4 ft. in greatest width, 2 ft. 6 in. in length and 3 ft. 6 in. in depth. It shows traces of socket pick-word san uppes it n ko r edges. Acts of the Lords of Council in Public Affairs, 1501- ' Loch, D., A Tour, etc., 18. 1 54, 359. • NSA, ix, 736. RMS, 1620-33, No. 256. > stat. Acct., vni, 452. 2 ibid., 1634-51, No. 786. 1° Westwood, That Portion of Scotland, etc., 196. 43 ibid., 1660-8, No. 747. 'Lately' must cover a period « This name is recorded by Westwood, loc. cit. t leasa f o t thirty-seven years s Patrica , k Wardlaw 12 jbj

in 1703, recorde d'conveniena t Harbour, withi nstrona g Bulwar Stone';f ko Sibbald an d note dhara -

bour in 1710. Roy's evidence is fuller, as his map of Scotland (1747-556 ) shows a pair of piers enclosing a harbour of segmenta7 l shape, similar to the one that he marks at Methil and having an entrance on the SW. witd ;an h this Ainslie' (1775p generan i sma s )i l agreement. This arrangement probably lasted until after 1806 plaa s thaf na ,o t . KnoxyeaJ y rb 8 corresponds reasonably well with Ainslie' whep sma n allow- anc smale mads ei th r llatter e fo scal th f eo . It is difficult to correlate these plans with the surviving structures. These latter comprise an outer harbour chokew ,no innedn a wito. t fE i rh e basi shingleth o nt filled deliberatel,an p du y whil presene eth t surveprogressn i s ywa . Bot boundee har seawaro dt dlona (S.y gb ) breakwater-pier outee th , r facf eo which coalesces, towards the E., with a sea-wall enclosing some recently made ground, formerly a dock. This pier evidently incorporates the seaward part of the curving work shown by Roy and Ainslie, as its outer face, between its junction with the sea-wall and a slight angle about 155 ft. back from the pier-head, shows the very large, irregular blocks that are seen in early breakwaters elsewhere, although accompanied here by patches of later work, much mortar, and reinforcement along the base. In addition, a fragment of the parapet and some traces of an accompanying walk-way survive just E. of the filled-up basin, running for abou . corne tlatte e 16 fro. SE th 5ft e f rmro th toward village sth e street parapee Th . buils ti verf o t y massive blocks largleavo o t s , s ea little spacrubbla r efo e core specimea , ny b measurin . in 6 . ft g4 2 ft. 2 in. by 1 ft. 9 in. The precise former position of the landward end of the breakwater cannot now be determined, but on the assumption that its seaward end was at the angle mentioned above its total length may have been about 430 ft. The original W. pier seems to have vanished completely; it cannot be represented by the existing quay on the W. side of the basin, as the O.S. maps show that this has been built

since r 1854doe tracy No san . e remai sluicing-pone th f no d provided 'some years' before 1795stild an l existin 1847.n gi 10 9 Two minor points of nineteenth-century construction deserve passing mention, (i) Three shallow nicheinnee th parapee n rsi facth f eo t nea pier-heade rth , fro fronmn i whicf o t h iron pawls have been removed. This arrangement, which allows a rope to be passed behind the pawl while keeping the pawl well back from the lip of the quay, and thus ensuring its stability, was noted in a much older context at Dunbar (q.v.). (ii) Large warping-rings diametern i . in 0 1 ,. anchoreft 1 , outee th quan de ri facth yf eo west of the basin. The ring is held by a shackle 10 in. long, itself fastened to another, smaller, ring, this second ring and the shackle being housed in an iron pipe and let into the face of the quay; the strain is thus taken well inside the structure instead of by the surface masonry, which might have been pulled apart. Another nineteenth-century feature is a ruined concrete pier which formerly abutted the outer face of the breakwater at the angle mentioned above. It possesses some interest as being a modern counterpart of the much smaller low-tide landings at Dysart and Pettycur (q.v.). RFC, i, 381. ibid., vi, 373. -Description, II. ' Fife, 323. 1 2

3 Vol. xvi (1795), 522. • H.M. General Register House (R.H.P./39). Th1 e Diary of Mr John Lamont (Maitland Club), 95. » Stat. Acct., xvi, 522. * Coasting Pilot, 'Edinburgh Firth'. 10 Tidal Harbours, xxiv.

Westhaven,1 Anstruther Wester, 56303Fife.O N 0 In 1620, the bailies of Anstruther Wester informed the Privy Council that there was 'ane commodious hevin' shor,a t distanc theif o . re W burgh , wit h'gui a spaciou d dan s grein 'whic closn o y ehshiploab a f do

goods from Konigsberg, suspecte carryinf do plaguee gth , couldisinfection.r fo lai e t db dou They added that this 'herberie' was 'not as yet altogidder saiff', which 2 may imply that it possessed no quay or breakwater t somA . e unstated later date, however quaa , sais yi havo dt e been builtcompanya y e b , th r fo ,

expor coal,f to par whicf to h seem havo st e survive least da t until 1803. Toda structure yth reduces ei d

4 heava o t y rickl massivf eo 3 e boulder blocksd crescentia san f o , d runninen c. t seawardNE gou e th t sa sandy beach above which a golf-course preserves the illusion of the 'grein' of 1620. The rickle itself is clear evidence of a ruined pier, and the local coastguard states that, at the lowest tides, set footings may seee b n amon tumblee gth d material ramA . recenf po t construction, wit hstona e top e pawth , t leadla s down into the bay by the landward end of the rickle. 1 For another site of this name, see Pittenweem, Boat 3 Wood, W., The East Neuk of Fife, 344. Harbour. * RFC, xn, 766 f. • Fife, 338 n. GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND | 283 Whalehaven (Quhailhaven) See Crombie Point. Woodhaven, 40727Fife.O N 0 Statisticalw Ne e Th Account stated 1838n i , , tha frotn ferrieru m d botsha h Woodhave Newd nan - port from time immemorial, evidencd 1an seventeente tur e th ther f th enfo o mt a eighteentd han h cen-

turie gives si Colliny nb Adaird lattee san Th .r describes Woodhave 'littla s na e cree ferrr kfo y boats', and the name appears on Roy's map of Scotland (1747-55)2 , although without any pier being marked. fifteente th n I h centur . favoureN route e yth th officia y o edt b l traveller Taypory b s e swa th t (q.v.)y b t ,bu later eighteenth, at any rate, Woodhaven seems to have become the terminal of the usual through route from Edinburgh by Pettycur (q.v.), Taylor and Skinner (1776) marking it as such though showing, on another plate branc,a h roa Newpordo t t divergin g180n I fro fe3 a mwt WoodhaveS. i milee th o st s nwa regarded as the principal ferry to Dundee,4 a new turnpike having been built to it in 1790, but Newport obtained priorit 180n yi 6 wit creatioe hth f anotheno r turnpike, presumabl line Taylof th eo n d yo an r Skinner's passes branchwa t authoriso dt 181n Ac I . n 9 a buildin e eth pierf gregulato d san workine eth g of the ferries, and in 1822 there were 'very complete harbours' at both places.5 Toda harboue yth r consist smala f so l baypiea y rb , fro . protectewhicf outeo e W m d th e hren th n do jetta y slopes dow low-wateo nt r mark piere Th ,. whicconcava s hha . faceeE alignes i , d towarde sth NNE., and is about 140 ft. long; it varies considerably in breadth, splaying out where it meets the made- groun p shore u expandinth d en an d o ft. 0 somy 4 ,g b ft. wher0 o t e,1 junctios eit n wit jette hth y formsa t standi . kinmaximua W abov. knucklef o sdt ft o e beach0 e th 7 emasonryth e n mf o O .Th .larg f o s i e blocks, neatly dresse seemp to coursed d e dspavean e th als b d o t d,an with blocks, althoughs i mos t i f to hidde cementy nb concave Th . . faceE e curves roun coalesco dt e with revetment supportin groune gth d behind the bay. The jetty, 28 ft. wide, is aligned due N.; its W. side is about 140 ft. long, but its E. side is extended to 175 ft. by the 'knuckle' junction with the pier. Its terminal section, about 25 ft. long, is stepped down to a lower level, and seems to have been reached by a wooden ramp, now vanished. Its masonry is largely concealed by cement and seaweed, but the junction with the pier shows, on the E. side, a section of vertical work, and also a mortared patch. The general appearance of the structures suggests a date, for buildin thorougr go h rebuilding t earlie,no r tha beginnine nth nineteente th f go h century they d an y,ma well reflect action resulting from the Act of 1819. The O.S. maps mark what seems to be a pier or jetty, about 700 ft. long, flanking the pier on the east . distantft 0 6 o .t som. Todayd ft an 0 e4 , this appears simpl stria s concretef ya po , flush wit beache hth , jetta f yo almosp shingleto d e an th tfac n d buriei e b ty . mu y ma d b t i t bu 1 Vol 512, .IX . . n " Fife,8 41 * Description, . 15 5 NSA, loc. cit. 3 Survey and Maps of the Roads of North Britain, . 50 d an Pis 3 3 .

APPENDIXA Lis Sitef to Topographican si l Order fign i 1 .s ,a (Ports first recorde twelfte th n seventeentdo i ht h centurie distinguishee sar bracketey db d figures.) Berwickshire Skateraw (16) Burnmouth (12) Dunbar (16) Eyemouth (12) Belhaven (12) Coldingham (17) Tyninghame (17) t AbbS s Seacliff Redheugh Castleton (14) Cove (17) North Berwick (12) Gutcher's Hole (17) Aberlady (14) Port Seton (17) East Lothian Cockenzie (16) Thorntonloch (16) Morison's Haven (16) T 284 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1968-9 Midlothian Inverkeithing Town (12) Musselburgh (Inveresk) (12) do. West Ness (17) Fisherrow (16) do. East Ness St Davids Edinburgh Donibristle (Old) Portobello do. (New) Leith (12) Dalgety Newhaven (16) Braefooy Ba t Wardie Aberdour (16) Muirhouse Starley Burn (Carron Harbour) Cramond (14) Burntisland (17) do. Bath House West Lothian Pettycur (16) Kinghorn (16) South Queensferry, ferry piers Kirkcaldy (16) South Queensferry (12) Dysart (17) Society (Stonehill) do., old (15) Kennedy's Pier West Wemyss (16) Blackness Castley Ba , East Wemyss (16) Blackness Castle Methil (17) Blackness (14) Leven (17) Bridgeness, with Carriden (17), Cuffabout and Lundin Grange (17) Largo (16) Bo'ness (16) Earlsferry (12) Elie (16) Stirlingshire St Monance (16) Grangemouth (Carron estuary) Pittenweem, Boat Harbour (16) Slamannan Railway Pittenweem (13) Carronshore Westhaven (17) Higginsneuk Anstruther Wester (13) Polerth (16) (Newmiln) Anstruther Easter (16) Airth (16) Cellardyke (16) (Skinfast Haven) Dunmore Crail (15) South Alloa (17) Crail, Creeks (Cambo Sands, Fluckdub Haiksd ,Ol , Stirling (12) Putiken Water, Randerston) Roomy eBa Clackmannanshire Fife Ness (17) Devon estuary Kingsbarns Cambus Boarhills North Alloa, ferry (17) Kinkell Ness Alloa (17) St Andrews (13) Clackmannan Pow do. Castle Ferryton Eden estuary (Motray Water) Kennetpans Tayport and Tayside East Newport Fife Newport Kincardine, ferry Woodhaven Kincardine Balmerino, Kirkton Culross (16) Balmerino Valleyfield (17) Birkhill Torry (17) and Torryburn (16) Lindores Pow Crombie Point (Whalehaven) (17) Newburgh Charlestown Limekilns (14) Perthshire Brucehaven Ferryfiel Carpof do w North Queensferry (14) Elcho Castle GRAHAM: ARCHAEOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME HARBOURS IN EASTERN SCOTLAND 285 Perth (12) Port Alien Inchyra Powgavie Cairnie Kingoodie

APPENDIX B Lis f Royao t l Burgh Coastae th n si l Area

(Fro Burghse mTh Pryde, S. o . f G ,Scotland)

Anstruther Easter Kilrenny Anstruther Wester Kinghorn Burntisland Kirkcaldy Crail Linlithgow (Blackness) Culross Newburgh (inactive) Cupar (Motray Water) North Berwick Dunbar Perth Dysart Pittenweem Earlsferry Queensferry Edinburgh (Leith) St Andrews Haddington (Aberlady) Stirling Inverkeithing

APPENDIX C Abbreviated Titles of some of the Sources quoted

Corporations Municipal Corporations (Scotland), Local Reports Commissioners,e oth f (1835)I . Pt . CRB Records Conventionthe of Royalof Burghs. Description Adair , DescriptionJ. , Sea-coaste th f o Islands d an of Scotland (1703). Fife Sibbald, Sir R., The History . .. of the Sheriffdoms of Fife and Kinross, etc. (ed. 1803). Fisheries Report of the Commissioners for the Herring Fishery. Geogr. Coll. Macfarlane, W., Geographical Collections relating to Scotland. Linlithgowshire Sibbald, Sir R., A Collection of Several Treatises: iv, The History and description of the Sheriffdoms of Linlithgow and Stirling' (1739). Pilot Collins, G., Great Britain's Coasting Pilot (1756). PS AS Proceedings Societythe of of Antiquaries Scotland.of R.H.P. Register House plan. Tidal Harbours Parliamentary Papers, Reports f Commissioners,o Harbours, xxxii (1847). TSNHAS Transactions, Stirling Natural History and Archaeological Society.