DOCSLIB.ORG

Relation of Minimum Viable Population Size to Biology, Time Frame, and Objective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Relation of Minimum Viable Population Size to Biology, Time Frame, and Objective Comment Relation of Minimum Viable Population Size to Biology, Time Frame, and Objective J. MICHAEL REED∗ § AND EARL D. MCCOY† ∗Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, U.S.A. †Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, U.S.A. Shoemaker et al.’s (2013) estimate of the minimum vi- probability of extinction escalates dramatically over 40 able population size (MVPS) of the bog turtle (Glyptemys generations (Fig. 1). Given the long generation length, muhlenbergii) is 3 orders of magnitude below popu- 20–30 years, of the bog turtle, Shoemaker et al.’s result lation sizes typically viewed as minimally viable (Reed is, therefore, not surprising; but, it is inconsistent with et al. 2003; Trail et al. 2007). Even Flather et al. (2011), typical conception of MVPS, which assumes a population who question the utility of MVPS for conservation plan- will be self-sustaining. Similarly, Brook et al. (1999) con- ning, concede that long-term persistent populations will cluded a high probability of persistence for 50 years for require thousands of individuals. Rather than conclude a population of 18 Whooping Cranes (Grus americana). their result is incorrect, Shoemaker at al. suggest that Because Whooping Cranes can live for 35 years, it is MVPS has been overestimated for long-lived species. Al- unlikely that any pair of birds that can reproduce would though we agree in principle that small populations, es- fail to produce a lineage that persisted 50 years; but, 18 pecially of long-lived species, have conservation value, individuals do not necessarily constitute a viable popu- we do not agree that Shoemaker et al.’s result provides lation. Taking this reasoning to the absurd, the single evidence that small populations are viable. This position female Yangtze giant soft-shell turtle (Rafetus swinhoei) is inconsistent with existing empirical evidence of persis- living in the Changsha Zoo in Vietnam would constitute tence of small populations (Simberloff & Gibbons 2004; a viable population within a 50-year time frame because Fagan et al. 2005; Fagan & Holmes 2006). We suggest it has lived for more than 80 years. The definition of that Shoemaker et al.’s estimate is a gross underestimate, viability must make biological sense. emanating from their definition of viability,whichistoo The first published paper that formalized MVPS was by narrow, not biologically meaningful, and ignores factors Shaffer (1981), who pointed out that there is no single, such as demographic and environmental stochasticity, biologically driven definition of MVPS. Shaffer (1981) loss of genetic variability, and catastrophes. Their con- arbitrarily proposed 99% probability of persisting 1000 clusion that populations of long-lived species can be or- years as a standard to protect species from demographic, ders of magnitude smaller than currently believed does genetic, and environmental stochasticity, including catas- a disservice to species conservation and raises the long- trophes, but acknowledged that the probability and time term discussion in conservation biology about whether frame could be more or less stringent. Shaffer called for we should be focusing on the minimum for management. a discussion among resource managers to decide on rea- Shoemaker et al. used too short a time frame, 100 sonable practical criteria. Thus, MVPS estimates should years. Frankham and Brook (2004) and O’Grady et al. use a probability of persistence and time frame set a pri- (2008) identify the importance of setting the proper time ori to meet socially and biologically defined goals (Reed frame for conservation questions and point out that gen- et al. 2006). In an assessment of MVPSs of a suite of verte- eration length is often the appropriate scale. It can be brates, Reed et al. (2003) used a definition of 99% prob- shown easily that even a strongly declining population ability of persistence for 40 generations in an attempt to can be viable over the short time frame of 10 genera- standardize and thus facilitate MVPS comparisons with a tions (ࣙ100 years for long-lived species) and that the single time frame across taxa with different life histories. §email [email protected] Paper submitted July 5, 2013; revised manuscript accepted September 21, 2013. 867 Conservation Biology, Volume 28, No. 3, 867–870 C 2014 Society for Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12274 868 Minimum Viable Population Size Figure 1. Mean population size over time of a population that is declining rapidly (e.g., due to habitat loss or overharvest) based on the results of an exponential population growth model with an additive stochastic ∗ component: xt+1 = xt + xt+1,wherext+1 = rt xt + δxt+1 and δxt+1 was drawn from a uniform, random distribution between −1and1(rt is −0.1, −0.15, and −0.2 to depict different degrees of severe population decline). Each simulation was run 75 times with an initial population size of 20 females. Standard deviations shown for r =−0.1 and −0.02. The probability of extinction, P(ext)t, for 750 runs of each model is shown for t = 10 generations and t = 40 generations. Shoemaker et al., in contrast, evaluated a 90% probability a bog turtle population against environmental change or of persistence for 3–5 generations. Consequently, their catastrophe. results cannot be compared easily with studies that con- An alternative method for defining a viable population clude MVPSs are thousands of individuals (Trail et al. is to have a nondeclining population trajectory (Reed 2010). et al. 1998). Here, one must decide what size decline is Catastrophes and systematic environmental change important and detectable, and variance in population size were not considered in Shoemaker et al.’s estimate of dictates both how small a decline can be detected and MVPS. Consequences for the bog turtle of both could be how many years one can project into the future (Brook et severe. If, for example, the species exhibits temperature- al. 2006). This approach removes the need to set a time sensitive sex determination (unknown at present), then frame a priori, but it requires one to decide how small climate change could alter sex ratios, with potentially a decline one wants to be able to reject. It is important profound demographic repercussions. The potential ef- to keep in mind, however, that the time frame must be fects of quasi-predictable and unpredictable forces can long enough to determine whether the detected decline be included in population viability assessments and are is worrisome; if the decline is part of a long-term cycle, a well known to increase MVPS (Gerber & Hilborn 2001; short downturn in population size might not matter (Hill Wilcox & Elderd 2003). Although their study lasted 9 & Hagan 1991). years, this is only a fraction of a bog turtle’s generation Another method for estimating MVPS that does not length, so variance in demographic parameters will be require decisions about time frame is to estimate the underestimated, thus underestimating MVPS. For exam- population size necessary to maintain genetic variabil- ple, Reed et al. (2003) found that doubling the length of ity at the quantitative trait level. This is the 500 portion time a species was studied increased MVPS by 67%. An of the so-called 50/500 rule, referring to the effective alternative way to account for catastrophe is to require a size (Ne) of a closed population (Jamieson & Allendorf minimum range size larger than the area covered by the 2012). Because the ratio Ne/N for natural populations largest event that could affect a population (Reed 1992). tends to be very low for long-lived species (Frankham A population of 15 breeding females is not likely to buffer 1995), Shoemaker et al.’s 15 females would result in an Conservation Biology Volume 28, No. 3, 2014 Reed & McCoy 869 Ne of 3–6. Consequently, 50% of the population’s genetic most populations are small, any estimate of MVPS can variability would be lost from a closed population in 4–8 be used to sacrifice some of these populations. If the 1 t generations (Ht = 0.5 from Ht = H0(1 − ) [Hedrick estimate is large, then resource managers may suggest 2Ne 2009]). Even if Ne = 15, inbreeding rate also changes as that populations below that size might not be worth pro- a function of 1/2Ne, so any genetic load would be rapidly tecting (alluded to by Clements et al. 2012). This is the expressed in a closed population. O’Grady et al. (2006), situation Shoemaker et al. may have been trying to avoid, for example, showed that ignoring inbreeding depression by pointing out that these small populations can serve overestimates survival prospects. For the Ne = 500 rule important short-term conservation goals. However, if the of thumb, population size for a closed population would estimate is small, then decision makers may suggest that have to be on the order of 2500–5000 if bog turtle Ne/N any population above that size could be reduced in size. ratio is similar to that found for many vertebrates. Al- though Shoemaker et al. acknowledge that they ignored evolutionary potential, they nevertheless stuck with their Acknowledgments conclusion about MVPS. Another possible method of estimating MVPS focuses We thank B. Noon and 2 anonymous reviewers for com- on the minimum area that a population needs to inhabit menting on earlier versions of this manuscript. in order escape environmental catastrophes (Reed 1992). Assuming some standard population density, multiplying by that area would give an estimate of MVPS. If population Literature Cited density changes with area in some standard manner— higher at small area and lower at larger area—a related Brook, B. W., J. R. Cannon, R. C. Lacy, C. Mirande, and R. Frankham. method identifies the area at which a relatively abrupt 1999.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redalyc.CONSERVATION GENETICS. APPLYING EVOLUTIONARY
    Mètode Science Studies Journal ISSN: 2174-3487 [email protected] Universitat de València España Caballero Rúa, Armando CONSERVATION GENETICS. APPLYING EVOLUTIONARY CONCEPTS TO THE CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Mètode Science Studies Journal, núm. 4, 2014, pp. 73-77 Universitat de València Valencia, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=511751359009 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative MONOGRAPH MÈTODE Science Studies Journal, 4 (2014): 73-77. University of Valencia. DOI: 10.7203/metode.78.2452 ISSN: 2174-3487. Article received: 01/03/2013, accepted: 02/05/2013. CONSERVATION GENETICS APPLYING EVOLUTIONARY CONCEPTS TO THE CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ARMANDO CABALLERO RÚA Greater understanding of the forces driving evolutionary change and infl uencing populations, together with the latest genetic analysis techniques, have helped conserve of biodiversity for the last twenty years. This new application of genetics is called conservation genetics. Keywords: genetic drift, inbreeding, extinction vortex, effective population size. One of the most pressing problems caused by human 2012) are the pillars supporting conservation genetics. population growth and the irresponsible use of The launch in 2000 of the journal Conservation natural resources is the conservation of biodiversity. Genetics, dealing specifi cally with this fi eld, and Species are disappearing at a breakneck pace and a more recently, in 2009, of the journal Conservation growing number of them require human intervention Genetics Resources highlight the importance of to optimize their management and ensure their this new application of population and evolutionary survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Megafauna Extinction, Tree Species Range Reduction, and Carbon Storage in Amazonian Forests
    Ecography 39: 194–203, 2016 doi: 10.1111/ecog.01587 © 2015 The Authors. Ecography © 2015 Nordic Society Oikos Subject Editor: Yadvinder Mahli. Editor-in-Chief: Nathan J. Sanders. Accepted 27 September 2015 Megafauna extinction, tree species range reduction, and carbon storage in Amazonian forests Christopher E. Doughty, Adam Wolf, Naia Morueta-Holme, Peter M. Jørgensen, Brody Sandel, Cyrille Violle, Brad Boyle, Nathan J. B. Kraft, Robert K. Peet, Brian J. Enquist, Jens-Christian Svenning, Stephen Blake and Mauro Galetti C. E. Doughty ([email protected]), Environmental Change Inst., School of Geography and the Environment, Univ. of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK. – A. Wolf, Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. – N. Morueta-Holme, Dept of Integrative Biology, Univ. of California – Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. – B. Sandel, J.-C. Svenning and NM-H, Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Dept of Bioscience, Aarhus Univ., Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. – P. M. Jørgensen, Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA. – C. Violle, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS – Univ. de Montpellier – Univ. Paul-Valéry Montpellier – EPHE – 1919 route de Mende, FR-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. – B. Boyle and B. J. Enquist, Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. – N. J. B. Kraft, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. BJE also at: The Santa Fe inst., 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA. – R. K. Peet, Dept of Biology, Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic and Demographic Dynamics of Small Populations of Silene Latifolia
    Heredity (2003) 90, 181–186 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0018-067X/03 $25.00 www.nature.com/hdy Genetic and demographic dynamics of small populations of Silene latifolia CM Richards, SN Emery and DE McCauley Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1812, Station B, Nashville, TN 37235, USA Small local populations of Silene alba, a short-lived herbac- populations doubled in size between samples, while others eous plant, were sampled in 1994 and again in 1999. shrank by more than 75%. Similarly, expected heterozygosity Sampling included estimates of population size and genetic and allele number increased by more than two-fold in diversity, as measured at six polymorphic allozyme loci. individual populations and decreased by more than three- When averaged across populations, there was very little fold in others. When population-specific change in number change between samples (about three generations) in and change in measures of genetic diversity were considered population size, measures of within-population genetic together, significant positive correlations were found be- diversity such as number of alleles or expected hetero- tween the demographic and genetic variables. It is specu- zygosity, or in the apportionment of genetic diversity within lated that some populations were released from the and among populations as measured by Fst. However, demographic consequences of inbreeding depression by individual populations changed considerably, both in terms gene flow. of numbers of individuals and genetic composition. Some Heredity (2003) 90, 181–186. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800214 Keywords: genetic diversity; demography; inbreeding depression; gene flow Introduction 1986; Lynch et al, 1995), the interaction of genetics and demography could also influence population persistence How genetics and demography interact to influence in common species, because it is generally accepted that population viability has been a long-standing question in even many abundant species are not uniformly distrib- conservation biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Consequences of Bird Declines
    Ecosystem consequences of bird declines C¸ag˘ an H. S¸ekerciog˘ lu*, Gretchen C. Daily, and Paul R. Ehrlich Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-5020 Contributed by Paul R. Ehrlich, October 28, 2004 We present a general framework for characterizing the ecological historically extinct (129) bird species of the world from 248 and societal consequences of biodiversity loss and applying it to sources into a database with Ͼ600,000 entries. Our scenarios the global avifauna. To investigate the potential ecological conse- (Fig. 3, which is published as supporting information on the quences of avian declines, we developed comprehensive databases PNAS web site) are based on the extinction probabilities for of the status and functional roles of birds and a stochastic model threatened species used by International Union for Conserva- for forecasting change. Overall, 21% of bird species are currently tion of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). These probabil- extinction-prone and 6.5% are functionally extinct, contributing ities are as follows: 50% chance of extinction in the next 10 years negligibly to ecosystem processes. We show that a quarter or more for critically endangered species, 20% chance of extinction in the of frugivorous and omnivorous species and one-third or more of next 20 years for endangered species, and 10% chance of herbivorous, piscivorous, and scavenger species are extinction- extinction in the next 100 years for vulnerable species. We report prone. Furthermore, our projections indicate that by 2100, 6–14% the averages of 10,000 simulations run for each decade from 2010 of all bird species will be extinct, and 7–25% (28–56% on oceanic to 2100.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Biology and Global Change
    honeyeater (Melipotes carolae), a species that had never been described before (Figure 56.1). In 2005, a team of American, Indonesian, and Australian biologists experienced many mo- 56 ments like this as they spent a month cataloging the living riches hidden in a remote mountain range in Indonesia. In addition to the honeyeater, they discovered dozens of new frog, butterfly, and plant species, including five new palms. Conservation To date, scientists have described and formally named about 1.8 million species of organisms. Some biologists think Biology and that about 10 million more species currently exist; others es- timate the number to be as high as 100 million. Some of the Global Change greatest concentrations of species are found in the tropics. Unfortunately, tropical forests are being cleared at an alarm- ing rate to make room for and support a burgeoning human population. Rates of deforestation in Indonesia are among the highest in the world (Figure 56.2). What will become of the smoky honeyeater and other newly discovered species in Indonesia if such deforestation continues unchecked? Throughout the biosphere, human activities are altering trophic structures, energy flow, chemical cycling, and natural disturbance—ecosystem processes on which we and all other species depend (see Chapter 55). We have physically altered nearly half of Earth’s land surface, and we use over half of all accessible surface fresh water. In the oceans, stocks of most major fisheries are shrinking because of overharvesting. By some estimates, we may be pushing more species toward ex- tinction than the large asteroid that triggered the mass ex- tinctions at the close of the Cretaceous period 65.5 million years ago (see Figure 25.16).
    [Show full text]
  • Wkdivextinct Report 2018
    ICES WKDIVEXTINCT REPORT 2018 ICES ADVISORY COMMITTEE ICES CM 2018/ACOM:48 REF. ACOM Report of the Workshop on extinction risk of MSFD biodiversity approach (WKDIVExtinct) 12–15 June 2018 ICES HQ, Copenhagen, Denmark International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer H. C. Andersens Boulevard 44–46 DK-1553 Copenhagen V Denmark Telephone (+45) 33 38 67 00 Telefax (+45) 33 93 42 15 www.ices.dk [email protected] Recommended format for purposes of citation: ICES. 2018. Report of the Workshop on extinction risk of MSFD biodiversity ap- proach (WKDIVExtinct), 12–15 June 2018, ICES HQ, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2018/ACOM:48. 43 pp. The material in this report may be reused using the recommended citation. ICES may only grant usage rights of information, data, images, graphs, etc. of which it has own- ership. For other third-party material cited in this report, you must contact the original copyright holder for permission. For citation of datasets or use of data to be included in other databases, please refer to the latest ICES data policy on the ICES website. All extracts must be acknowledged. For other reproduction requests please contact the General Secretary. The document is a report of an Expert Group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council. © 2018 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICES WKDIVExtinct REPORT 2018 | i Contents Executive summary 1 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Findings from the workshop WKDIVAgg .......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Extinction and De-Extinction of Species
    Linfield University DigitalCommons@Linfield Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship & Creative Works 2017 The Extinction and De-Extinction of Species Helena Siipi University of Turku Leonard Finkelman Linfield College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/philfac_pubs Part of the Biology Commons, and the Philosophy of Science Commons DigitalCommons@Linfield Citation Siipi, Helena and Finkelman, Leonard, "The Extinction and De-Extinction of Species" (2017). Faculty Publications. Accepted Version. Submission 3. https://digitalcommons.linfield.edu/philfac_pubs/3 This Accepted Version is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It is brought to you for free via open access, courtesy of DigitalCommons@Linfield, with permission from the rights-holder(s). Your use of this Accepted Version must comply with the Terms of Use for material posted in DigitalCommons@Linfield, or with other stated terms (such as a Creative Commons license) indicated in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, or if you have questions about permitted uses, please contact [email protected]. The extinction and de-extinction of species I. Introduction WhendeathcameforCelia,ittooktheformoftree.Heedlessofthedangerposed bybranchesoverladenwithsnow,CeliawanderedthroughthelandscapeofSpain’s OrdesanationalparkinJanuary2000.branchfellonherskullandcrushedit.So deathcameandtookher,leavingbodytobefoundbyparkrangersandlegacyto bemournedbyconservationistsaroundtheworld. Theconservationistsmournednotonlythedeathoftheorganism,butalsoan
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Genetics – Science in the Service of Nature
    #0# Acta Biologica 27/2020 | www.wnus.edu.pl/ab | DOI: 10.18276/ab.2020.27-12 | strony 131–141 Conservation genetics – science in the service of nature Cansel Taşkın,1 Jakub Skorupski2 1 Department of Biology, Ankara University, 06930 Ankara, Turkey, ORCID: 0000-0001-6899-701X 2 Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 16 St., 70-383 Szczecin; Polish Society for Conservation Genetics LUTREOLA, Maciejkowa 21 St., 70-374 Szczecin, Poland Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Keywords ecogenomics, extinction risk, extinction vortex, genetic load, genomics, inbreeding depression, management units Abstract Conservation genetics is a subdicipline of conservation biology which deals with the extinction risk and many other problems of nature conservation by using genetic tools and techniques. Conservation genetics is a very good example of the practical use of scientific achievements in nature protection. Although its name seems to be self-defining, its specific area of interest, conceptual apparatus and methodological workshop are not widely known and recognizable. The purpose of this review is to clarify any ambiguities and inconsistencies in this respect. It explore what is conservation genetics, what research and practical issues does it deal with and how they can be solved. Genetyka konserwatorska – nauka w służbie przyrody Słowa kluczowe depresja wsobna, ekogenomika, genomika, jednostki zarządzania, obciążenie genetyczne, ryzyko wyginięcia, wir wymierania Streszczenie Genetyka konserwatorska jest subdyscypliną biologii konserwatorskiej, która zajmuje się ryzykiem wyginięcia gatunków i wieloma innymi problemami ochrony przyrody, przy użyciu narzędzi i technik genetycznych. Genetyka konserwatorska jest bardzo dobrym przykładem praktycznego wykorzystania osiągnięć nauki w ochronie przyrody.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Biology Conservation Genetics
    DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE AMBIENTALI Genetica e conservazione della biodiversità Ettore Randi Laboratorio di Genetica ISPRA, sede di Ozzano Emilia (BO) Università di Bologna [email protected] giovedì 1 ottobre ore 14:30-17:30 1 genetica, genomica e conservazione della biodiversità 2 conseguenze genetiche della frammentazione venerdì 2 ottobre ore 14:30-17:30 3 ibridazione naturale e antropogenica 4 monitoraggio genetico delle popolazioni naturali Corso di Dottorato in Scienze Ambientali – Università degli Studi di Milano Coordinatore: Prof. Nicola Saino; [email protected] website: http://www.environsci.unimi.it/ Genetica, genomica e conservazione della biodiversità Ettore Randi Laboratorio di Genetica ISPRA, sede di Ozzano Emilia (BO) [email protected] Images dowloaded for non-profit educational presentation use only Transition from conservation GENETICS to conservation GENOMICS Next-generation (massive parallel) sequencing: … not simply more markers Conservation Biology 1980 1986 Conservation Genetics “Conservation genetics: the theory and practice of genetics in the preservation of species as dynamic entities capable of evolving to cope with environmental change to minimize their risk of extinction” Conservation Genetics/Genomics Genetic diversity is the driver and the consequence of biological evolution protection & conservation of biodiversity protection & conservation of the processes & products of evolution The Convention on Biological Diversity CDB Rio de Janeiro 1992 Biodiversity Biodiversity = the diversity
    [Show full text]
  • Memoria 2013
    Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 1 Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 Portada: Experimentación con picudo rojo (Rhinchophorus ferrugineus), especie invasora, actualmente en expasión en España, que ha supuesto una plaga, principalmente para la palmera canaria. 2 Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 ESTACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DE DOÑANA CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS MEMORIA 2013 COORDINACIÓN Guyonne Janss Rocío Astasio Rosa Rodríguez RECOPILACIÓN INFORMACIÓN Begoña Arrizabalaga José Carlos Soler Olga Guerrero Carmen Mª Velasco Tomás Perera Antonio Páez María Antonia Orduña Ana Ruíz Sonia Velasco Angelines Soto María Cabot Sofía Conradi FOTOGRAFÍAS Héctor Garrido DISEÑO Y MAQUETACIÓN Héctor Garrido Sevilla, Noviembre de 2014 Estación Biológica de Doñana/CSIC C/ Américo Vespucio, s/n 41092 SEVILLA www.ebd.csic.es 3 Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 4 Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 5 Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 6 Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 Contenidos Presentación 9 Introducción 10 Misión 10 Sedes 10 Organización y Estructura 12 Departamentos y grupos de investigación 12 Organigrama de la Estación Biológica de Doñana 13 Líneas de Investigación 14 Servicios científicos 18 Actividades 2013 31 Actividad Investigadora de la EBD 32 Recursos económicos y humanos 38 Otras actividades a destacar 42 Proyectos de Investigación 45 Publicaciones 103 Congresos 120 Tesis doctorales y maestrias 121 Cursos 124 Premios y distinciones 125 Recursos humanos 127 7 Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 8 Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 Presentación 9 Estación Biológica de Doñana - Memoria 2013 Sedes La Estación Biológica de Doñana consta de un centro de investigación con sede en Sevilla, dos estaciones de campo (El Palacio y Huer- ta Tejada) junto a las Reservas Biológicas de Doñana en Almonte (Huelva) y del Guadiamar en Aznalcazar (Sevilla) y de una Estación de Campo en Roblehondo, en el Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas (Jaén).
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Processes of Recovery of the Tibetan Antelope 1 C
    Overcoming extinction: understanding processes of recovery of the Tibetan antelope 1 C. LECLERC, C. BELLARD,G.M.LUQUE, AND F. COURCHAMP Ecologie, Syste´matique et Evolution, Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR CNRS8079, Universite´ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France Citation: Leclerc, C., C. Bellard, G. M. Luque, and F. Courchamp. 2015. Overcoming extinction: understanding processes of recovery of the Tibetan antelope. Ecosphere 6(9):171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00049.1 Abstract. Since the middle of the 20th century, the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) has been poached for its wool to make luxury shawls, shahtoosh. This direct overexploitation caused a drastic decline in their population, with a loss of more than 90% compared to the baseline population a few decades ago. Assuming this is an anthropogenic Allee effect (AAE), human attraction for rarity can drive rare species to extinction, which could explain the increasing rates of antelope harvests, paralleling the escalating prices of shahtoosh as the species got rarer. Since 1999, international concern led to conservation actions and the population soon started increasing. This unique situation allowed the presence of an AAE in Tibetan antelope to be tested, as well as an assessment of the potential effects of conservation actions in the presence of this process. We developed a theoretical discrete-time population dynamics model and examined effects of variation in shahtoosh prices. Furthermore, we tested the effects of major conservation actions into our models assessing their relative contribution to population recovery. During the exploitation phase, we found some evidence supporting the presence of an AAE compared to non-AAE models when hunting ceased at antelope population sizes below 10% of the initial population size.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Ecological Function in the Context of Species Recovery H
    Assessing ecological function in the context of species recovery H. Resit Akçakaya, Ana S.L. Rodrigues, David Keith, E.J. Milner-gulland, Eric Sanderson, Simon Hedges, David Mallon, Molly Grace, Barney Long, Erik Meijaard, et al. To cite this version: H. Resit Akçakaya, Ana S.L. Rodrigues, David Keith, E.J. Milner-gulland, Eric Sanderson, et al.. Assessing ecological function in the context of species recovery. Conservation Biology, Wiley, 2020, 10.1111/cobi.13425. hal-02383294 HAL Id: hal-02383294 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02383294 Submitted on 18 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Article type: Essay Assessing Ecological Function in the Context of Species Recovery H. Resit Akçakaya1,2, Ana S.L. Rodrigues3, David A. Keith2,4,5, E.J. Milner-Gulland6, Eric W. Sanderson7, Simon Hedges8,9, David P. Mallon10,11, Molly K. Grace12, Barney Long13, Erik Meijaard14,15, P.J. Stephenson16,17 1 Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA. email: [email protected] 2 IUCN Species Survival Commission 3 Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS – Univ.
    [Show full text]