Medieval and Post-Medieval Sites and Landscapes: Scoping Report
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MEDIEVAL AND POST-MEDIEVAL SITES AND LANDSCAPES: SCOPING REPORT Prepared by Dyfed Archaeological Trust For Cadw 1 DYFED ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST RHIF YR ADRODDIAD / REPORT NO. 2010/47 RHIF Y PROSIECT / PROJECT RECORD NO. 100039 09 Medi 2010 09 September 2010 MEDIEVAL AND POST-MEDIEVAL SITES AND LANDSCAPES: SCOPING REPORT Gan / By Oliver Davis Paratowyd yr adroddiad yma at ddefnydd y cwsmer yn unig. Ni dderbynnir cyfrifoldeb gan Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Dyfed Cyf am ei ddefnyddio gan unrhyw berson na phersonau eraill a fydd yn ei ddarllen neu ddibynnu ar y gwybodaeth y mae’n ei gynnwys The report has been prepared for the specific use of the client. Dyfed Archaeological Trust Limited can accept no responsibility for its use by any other person or persons who may read it or rely on the information it contains. Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Dyfed Cyf Dyfed Archaeological Trust Limited Neuadd y Sir, Stryd Caerfyrddin, Llandeilo, Sir The Shire Hall, Carmarthen Street, Llandeilo, Gaerfyrddin SA19 6AF Carmarthenshire SA19 6AF Ffon: Ymholiadau Cyffredinol 01558 823121 Tel: General Enquiries 01558 823121 Adran Rheoli Treftadaeth 01558 823131 Heritage Management Section 01558 823131 Ffacs: 01558 823133 Fax: 01558 823133 Ebost: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Gwefan: www.archaeolegdyfed.org.uk Website: www.dyfedarchaeology.org.uk Cwmni cyfyngedig (1198990) ynghyd ag elusen gofrestredig (504616) yw’r Ymddiriedolaeth. The Trust is both a Limited Company (No. 1198990) and a Registered Charity (No. 504616) CADEIRYDD CHAIRMAN: C R MUSSON MBE B Arch FSA MIFA. CYFARWYDDWR DIRECTOR: K MURPHY BA MIFA 2 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................5 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES .........................................................................5 3 METODOLOGY – SORTING OF SITES .......................................................5 4 RESULTS 1 – PRIMARY SORTING EXERCISE .............................................6 4.1 Religion .........................................................................................6 4.1.1 Chapels and churches.................................................................6 4.1.2 Crosses ....................................................................................7 4.1.3 Holy wells and wells ...................................................................7 4.1.4 Monasteries ..............................................................................7 4.1.5 Monastic landscapes...................................................................8 4.2 Agriculture .....................................................................................8 4.2.1 Rabbit Warrens .........................................................................8 4.2.2 Corn drying kilns and associated structures ...................................8 4.2.3 Field systems ............................................................................9 4.2.4 Boundary markers .....................................................................9 4.2.5 Enclosures ................................................................................9 4.2.6 Sheep folds............................................................................. 10 4.2.7 Miscellaneous agricultural ......................................................... 10 4.3 Rural settlement ........................................................................... 10 4.3.1 Dwellings ............................................................................... 10 4.3.2 Major dwellings ....................................................................... 11 4.3.3 Deserted rural settlements........................................................ 11 4.4 Water power and mills ................................................................... 12 4.5 Defence ....................................................................................... 13 4.5.1 Medieval major defensive sites .................................................. 13 4.5.2 Medieval and post-medieval minor sites ...................................... 13 4.5.3 Post-medieval defensive sites.................................................... 13 4.6 Miscellaneous .................................................................................. 13 4.6.1 Fish traps ............................................................................... 13 4.6.2 Execution sites ........................................................................ 14 4.6.3 Transport ............................................................................... 14 4.6.4 Battle sites ............................................................................. 14 4.6.5 Beacons ................................................................................. 14 4.6.6 Other sites.............................................................................. 14 4.7 Non-thematic projects ................................................................... 15 5 RESULTS 2 - SECONDARY SORTING EXERCISE ....................................... 15 5.1 Holy wells and wells ...................................................................... 15 5.2 Chapels and churches .................................................................... 16 5.3 Crosses ....................................................................................... 17 5.4 Monasteries.................................................................................. 17 5.5 Mills ............................................................................................ 18 6 APPENDIX 1....................................................................................... 20 6.1 Religious site types ....................................................................... 20 6.2 Agricultural site types .................................................................... 23 6.3 Rural settlement site types ............................................................. 26 6.4 Water power and mill site types ...................................................... 29 6.5 Defence site types......................................................................... 31 6.6 Miscellaneous site types ................................................................. 33 7 APPENDIX 2....................................................................................... 34 7.1 Holy wells and wells ...................................................................... 34 7.2 Chapels and churches .................................................................... 41 7.3 Crosses ....................................................................................... 44 7.4 Monasteries.................................................................................. 46 7.5 Mills and water power .................................................................... 48 8 APPENDIX 3....................................................................................... 50 8.1 RA1 – Churches and Chapels .......................................................... 50 8.2 RA1 - Crosses............................................................................... 54 3 8.3 RA1 – Fish Traps........................................................................... 58 8.4 RA1 – Holy Wells and Wells ............................................................ 62 8.5 RA1 – Mills ................................................................................... 67 8.6 RA1 - Monasteries ......................................................................... 73 8.7 RA1 – Rabbit warrens .................................................................... 78 4 1 INTRODUCTION Over the past 15 years many major categories of site in southwest Wales, including all prehistoric and Roman sites, have benefited from a threat related survey project - Prehistoric Funerary and Ritual Sites, Prehistoric Defended Enclosures, Roman Military Sites, Early Ecclesiastical Sites, Medieval Minor Defended Sites and Deserted Rural Settlements. Despite this, medieval and post- medieval sites have not been approached in a systematic way. The purpose of this project therefore is to use the HER, NMR and secondary sources to assess the potential for enhancing the schedule of ancient monuments for the medieval and early post-medieval periods. 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this scoping project was to identify all medieval and post-medieval sites recorded on the HER that have not been the subject of a previous threat- related assessment and to categorise them by site type. These site types have then been analysed in greater detail, providing an indication of total numbers, numbers of sites represented by cropmarks, earthworks, documents or place- names, and which sites are scheduled. An indication has also been provided of the gaps in the HER, for example categories of site that are known to exist but which are under-represented in the record. This scoping study is part of a pan-Wales project, and therefore it was essential that at the outset of project a common approach and agreed criteria were established. Time was therefore allowed to attend meetings between the four Trusts and Cadw in order to establish such criteria. This scoping study was desk- based, but the resulting projects will consist of field assessments. The outputs of this scoping study are a series of project proposals (Appendix 3). Some of these are pan-Wales proposals, while others are regional projects. Overall the resulting projects will result in a number of scheduling recommendations,