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The Challenges & Opportunities for Arctic
The Challenges & Opportunities for Arctic Microstates in Developing an Energy Sector: The Role of Human Capital and Knowledge Institutes C.C.A. Smits, R.G. Bertelsen, & J.C.S. Justinussen Like many Arctic states, Iceland and the Faroe Islands used to be the resource-based economies which Greenland is today. Remotely located in relation to the World economy, Iceland and the Faroe Islands have succeeded in developing a knowledge- based economy, also related to their energy sector. To create a knowledge-based economy a sufficient mass of human capital is of crucial importance. In forming this critical mass, higher education and knowledge institutes play a central role. The cases of the Faroe Islands and Iceland show that it is possible to create a critical mass of human capital by developing strong knowledge institutes and stimulating the exchange of knowledge. Iceland has successfully developed a knowledge-based energy sector based on hydropower over the last century. Icelanders bringing home knowledge gained via graduate education at top institutes abroad, appeared of major importance. More recently the Faroe Islands have developed human capital based on oil and gas exploration activities, while no economically viable resources have been found yet. Greenland on the other side has made some important steps in creating and strengthening strong knowledge institutes, but is still far from a full-fledged knowledge-based economy such as the one in Iceland. Are there lessons to be learned from Iceland and the Faroe Islands, and how much do historic path-dependencies matter in this context? These are questions that this article will explore. -
Eudo Citizenship Observatory
EUDO CITIZENSHIP OBSERVATORY COUNTRY REPORT: ICELAND Gudni Th. Jóhannesson, Gunnar Thór Pétursson, Thorbjörn Björnsson Revised and updated January 2013 http://eudo-citizenship.eu European University Institute, Florence Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies EUDO Citizenship Observatory Report on Iceland Gudni Th. Jóhannesson,Gunnar Thór Pétursson, Thorbjörn Björnsson Revised and updated January 2013 EUDO Citizenship Observatory Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in collaboration with Edinburgh University Law School Country Report, RSCAS/EUDO-CIT-CR 2013/8 Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy © Gudni Th. Jóhannesson,Gunnar Thór Pétursson, Thorbjörn Björnsson This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the authors. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] The views expressed in this publication cannot in any circumstances be regarded as the official position of the European Union Published in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Research for the EUDO Citizenship Observatory Country Reports has been jointly supported, at various times, by the European Commission grant agreements JLS/2007/IP/CA/009 EUCITAC and HOME/2010/EIFX/CA/1774 ACIT and by the British Academy Research Project CITMODES (both projects co-directed by the EUI and the University of Edinburgh). The financial support from these projects is gratefully acknowledged. For information about the project please visit the project website at http://eudo-citizenship.eu Iceland Gudni Th. Jóhannesson,Gunnar Thór Pétursson and Thorbjörn Björnsson 1 Introduction Historically, Iceland has been among the world’s most homogenous countries. -
The Saga of Melitta Urbancic
The Saga of Melitta Urbancic PETER STENBERG ABSTRACT: Very few Jews fleeing from the Holocaust in Central Europe between 1937 and 1945 managed to reach the safety of the shores of Iceland, which was not a major player in this catastrophic event, but was also not a non-participant. Melitta Urbancic, a Viennese Jewish author and actress, was one of these very few. Under dramatic circumstances, she was allowed to settle in Iceland in late 1938, where she remained for the rest of her long life. As we now know, when she died in Reykjavík in 1984 she left behind a voluminous oeuvre of German-language poetry, a selection of which appeared in 2014 in the bilingual Icelandic-German book Frá hjara veraldar. Vom Rand der Welt, edited by Gauti Kristmannsson, which contains the only works of Melitta Urbancic that are in print in any language. This review article presents the adventurous saga of Melitta Urbancic, includes some of her poems in German and in English translation, and looks at the special quality of her relationship to Iceland, her writing style, and the content of the poetry as it changed from that of a traumatized refugee in a very foreign environment to someone who gradually found a new home. RÉSUMÉ: Entre 1937 et 1945, très peu de juifs fuyant l’Holocaust en Europe centrale réussirent à atteindre la sécurité des côtes de l’Islande, pays qui ne fut pas l’un des principaux participants à ces évènements catastrophiques, mais n’en fut pas moins l’un des participants. Ce texte raconte l’histoire de l’une d’entre eux, Melitta Urbancic , une écrivaine et actrice juive de Vienne qui, dans des circonstances dramatiques, obtint fin 1938, la permission de s’installer en Islande où elle vécut jusqu’à la fin de ses jours. -
Jesse Byock. “Modern Nationalism and the Medieval Sagas.” in Northern Antiquity: the Post-Medieval Reception of Edda and Saga, Ed
Jesse Byock. “Modern nationalism and the medieval sagas.” In Northern Antiquity: The Post-Medieval Reception of Edda and Saga, ed. Andrew Wawn. London: Hisarlik Press, 1994, pp. 163-187. Modern Nationalism and the Medieval Sagas Jesse L. Byock National consciousness is by no means a private affair. In most cases it is determined not only by what the group that is asserting a national identity thinks of itself but is also formed in response to the views of outsiders. External opinion has been especially impor- tant to the Scandinavians, whose largely agrarian societies lay until the late nineteenth century on the fringes of European cultural innovation. Despite the growth of industry and urbanization beginning in the early nineteenth century, Scandinavia remained stigmatized as a region of cultural backwardness until the early twentieth century. Even Denmark, one of the most advanced of the Scandinavian states, long felt the scorn of critics. Albeit with a jaundiced eve, Friedrich Engels, writing to Karl Marx from Paris in 1846, said of the Danes: I have in the most recent terrible past once again made my acquaintance with Denmark and the rest of the North. You would find it a beastly place. Better the smallest German than the greatest Dane! Such a miserable atmosphere of morality, guild-cliquishness and consciousness of social status exists nowhere else any more. The Dane thinks of Germany as a country one visits in order "to keep mistresses with whom one can squander one's wealth" (Werke 27: 71-72).1 None too enthusiastic about the Danes, Engels also had thoughts on the Icelanders, a people who, like their medieval ancestors, lived in turf houses whose thick, grassy walls melted into the landscape: The Icelander still speaks the very same language as the greasy Vikings of anno 900. -
The International Financial Crisis: the Case of Iceland – Are There Lessons to Be Learnt?
248 THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CRISIS: THE CASE OF ICELAND – ARE THERE LESSONS TO BE LEARNT? Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson PALKANSAAJIEN TUTKIMUSLAITOS · TYÖPAPEREITA LABOUR INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH · DISCUSSION PAPERS 248 The International Financial Crisis: THE CASE OF ICELAND - Are there Lessons to be Learnt?* Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson** *) The text of this working-paper is an elaborated version of a lecture given by the author at a seminar held by the Faculty of Law and Economics of the Friedrich Schiller University at Jena in Türingen in Germany November 27, 2008. The text has been revised to bring it up to date as of end of year 2008. **) Former Minister of Finance and Minister for Foreign Affairs and External Trade of Iceland. The author studied economics and related subjects at the Universities of Edinburgh and Stockholm 1958-1963 and was a Fulbright scholar at Harvard 1976-1977. During his career he has been an educator, journalist and editor of a newspaper. He was a member of Althingi 1982-1998, a leader of the Social-democratic party 1984- 1996; a Minister of Finance 1987-88 and Minister for Foreign Affairs and External Trade 1988-1995. He led Iceland´s negotiations with the EU on the European Economic Area (EEA) 1989-1994. In the years 1998- 2006 he served as Ambassador of Iceland in Washington D.C. and in Helsinki, also accredited to the Baltic Countries. Since then he has been a visiting scholar and a guest lecturer at several universities at home and abroad. He is an honorary citizen of Vilnius, Lithuania. Helsinki 2009 ISBN 978-952-209-065-2 ISSN 1795-1801 Friedrich Schiller University Faculty of Law and Economics The International Financial Crisis: THE CASE OF ICELAND Are there Lessons to be Learnt? By Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson, Former Minister of Finance and Minister for Foreign Affairs and External Trade of Iceland Table of contents: 1. -
The Icelandic Federalist Papers
The Icelandic Federalist Papers No. 16: The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles To the People of Iceland: Before examining the republican character of the new plan, it is first necessary to explain the meanings of the terms and their relevance to the standards fixed in Iceland. The term republic originates from Latin “res publica,” “the common weal, a commonwealth, state, republic,” liter- ally res publica “public interest, the state,” from res “affair, matter, thing” combined with publi- ca, feminine of publicus or “public.”1 From a constitutional perspective, a republic is a country in which the head of state’s position is not hereditary.2 The president (or other chief executive) may be elected, appointed, or nominated to exercise the head of state position. This concept is the opposite of a kingdom, in which a monarch exercises power because of filiation. Historically, the term “republic” was first used in ancient Rome and thereafter where power was not exercised by a royal family, as for example in the case of Venice. The term may refer to a system that is neither monarchical nor imperial. A republic does not necessarily mean democracy since the president may be designated through authority; there are many examples of undemocratic republics among Latin American dictatorships or in the former USSR. The founda- tions of a republic are based on a will, a desire to represent the social body. It also has a norma- tive meaning connected to a judgment of values and the possibility for people to exercise their sovereignty. Even though the idea of both democracy and constitutional government emerged in Athens, the first known city republic took shape around 506 BC in India where, for the first time, a ruler was elected. -
Lithuanian Papers
LITHUANIAN PAPERS No.24/2010 1 ISSN 1031-3958 Lithuanian Pa ers Contents - Volume 24/2010 p Dalia Grybauskaite - A brief biography 2 ANNUAL JOURNAi,.OF THE LITHUANIAN STUDIES SOCIETY President's Message: Lithuania is looking ahead 3 AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA Volume 24 2010 Zalgiris: Teutonic Order tamed at last L.S.S Research 9 - Baltic return migration study Ain Haas 13 EDITOR: Algimantas P.TASKONAS,OAM,PhD,MEdAdmin,BCom President Grybauskaite: Tackling Lithuania's problems 19 ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Vince J. TASKONAS, BA, MPRIA,MAICD The beginnings of vaccination in Lithuania Michael Bennett 23 EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS ADDRESS: Congratulations: SLIC milestone L.S.S. 28 Post Office Box 777, SANDY BAY, TAS. 7006 (Australia). Lustration: A short introduction Matt Killingsworth 29 Phone (03) 6225 2505. E-mail: <[email protected]> The reversal of Whitlam's recognition Peter Boyce 34 SUBSCRIPTIONS: Australia, single issue, $7 posted. Fiona Katauskas All other countries, single issue by air mail, US$8. Please direct Living in Australia with a Lithuanian name 36 subscription requests to: PO Box 777, Sandy Bay, Tas. 7006 (Australia). Luminaries of the past and their music Jorate Trilupaitiene 41 PRODUCED and PRINTED in Australia. Wanted: A new home for BALT-L archive [Edis Bevan} 50 LITHUANIAN PAPERS journal is published annually, usually in October Letters to the Editor 52 or November, by the Lithuanian Studies Society at the University of A brave statesman Honoured Gediminas Zemlickas 54 Tasmania, CONTRIBUTIONS are normally assessed by independent Iceland's role in Lithuania's independence Amor Hannibalsson 56 referees before publication. -
Birth of a Nation
Birth of a Nation Iceland is currently celebrating the centenary of its sovereignty. But, in a sense, it actually marked two independence days during the last century. T WAS 1918, A PARTICULARLY Denmark. One day after Germany occupied Denmark, the Icelandic parlia- momentous one in modern history.I The First World War came to an end, ment passed resolutions granting Iceland full powers, especially those over Russia’s Tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks, foreign policy. Britain courted Iceland to join the Allied cause, but Iceland and an unprecedented global flu epidemic claimed the lives of more than refused to alter its neutral stand, even though it sympathized with the Allies. 20 million, more than were killed during the four years of the war. Small Fearing the Germans might try to occupy Iceland, the British invaded the wonder, then, that such events overshadowed what was happening on a then country in May of 1940. Iceland protested but acquiesced. remote island along the southern fringes of the Arctic Circle. By 1941, there were 25,000 British troops stationed in Iceland and Iceland is the youngest and least populated country in Europe and has Britain urged Iceland to agree to allow American troops to be allowed into a very brief history. The earliest settlers did not set foot on it until near the the country, thus freeing British troops to serve elsewhere. Eventually, end of the first millennium. Throughout the Viking times and days of the there were 40,000 U.S. troops in Iceland, which was about one third of the sagas and eddas the country changed hands, so to speak, many times and native population. -
Icelandic Support for Baltic Independence: Myth, Memory and Detachment
Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2016, 3/4 (157/158), 431–445 Icelandic support for Baltic independence: myth, memory and detachment Guðni Jóhannesson Abstract This article describes Iceland’s support for Baltic independence in 1990‒91. It analyses the importance of Iceland’s initiatives. Did they affect the real turn of events or were they just empty gestures of a minor state, attempting in vain to have a say on the big stage of global politics? Furthermore, the study covers the later narration of events, the construction of a “grand narrative”. Clearly, there exists a mutual determination to recount the avowed heroics and influ- ence of Iceland during these fateful years. Arguably, a more detached version might be constructed as well. Eyewitnesses and participants may offer a pre- cious view of events, but surely it is influenced by their experiences, as well as the purpose of narrating the tale. Keywords: Icelandic-Baltic relations, Baltic independence, small states On 11 February 2016, the former foreign minister of Iceland, Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson, was awarded an honorary doctorate at the Vytautas Mag- nus University in Vilnius. The main reason was his “courage”, the rector stated during the ceremony. “I am a doctor in courage,” Hannibalsson joked afterwards.1 In 1990−91, representatives of Icelandic authorities, led by him, regularly supported the Baltic struggle for independence. This they did in international venues, publicly and behind the scenes. Hannibalsson also visited the Baltic countries in January 1991, at a critical juncture in their struggle. Prominent figures in the independence movements were invited to Iceland and treated as official guests. -
The Might of the Weak? Icelandic Support for Baltic Independence, 1990‒1991
1 The might of the weak? Icelandic support for Baltic independence, 1990‒1991 Draft 1, 05 08 2011 Gudni Jóhannesson [email protected] Introduction The structure of the paper is meant to encourage debate and discussion. It should not be considered as a draft chapter or article. At the workshop, I hope to pose some questions and thoughts which I hope will be answered - or at least debated! Still, I also aim to publish a chapter or article at some point about Icelandic support for Baltic independence in 1990‒1991. From my point of view, the primary question there would be about the scope and content of such a product: What does the international academic community most need? What would be most welcomed in the Baltic states? Should the emphasis be on a narrative, a sort of ‘what happened when’; what the Icelandic authorities actually did an how that was received, in the Baltic states, in Moscow and not the least in Washington and other Western capitals? Or should there also be a heavy theoretical aspect? Two things come to mind there: 1) The status of small states (microstates) in the international system. Is it possible that a small state, even a microstate, can influence monumental events in international affairs? Is Icelandic support for Baltic independence in 1990‒1991 possibly a fine case study to demonstrate that? 2) Realism and idealism. Does Icelandic support for Baltic independence in 1990‒1991 demonstrate the difference between an idealistic, moral outlook and cold-blooded Realpolitik in international affairs? The latter point also the raises the question of a comparative approach: How much emphasis should be on the policies of other Western states? Finally, I would like to emphasise that I would especially welcome recommendations about sources on the Baltic independence struggle in 1990‒1991, both in general and in particular about Western attitudes. -
Halldór Laxness - Wikipedia
People of Iceland on Iceland Postage Stamps Halldór Laxness - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halldór_Laxness Halldór Laxness Halldór Kiljan Laxness (Icelandic: [ˈhaltour ˈcʰɪljan ˈlaxsnɛs] Halldór Laxness ( listen); born Halldór Guðjónsson; 23 April 1902 – 8 February 1998) was an Icelandic writer. He won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Literature; he is the only Icelandic Nobel laureate.[2] He wrote novels, poetry, newspaper articles, essays, plays, travelogues and short stories. Major influences included August Strindberg, Sigmund Freud, Knut Hamsun, Sinclair Lewis, Upton Sinclair, Bertolt Brecht and Ernest Hemingway.[3] Contents Early years 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s Born Halldór Guðjónsson Later years 23 April 1902 Family and legacy Reykjavík, Iceland Bibliography Died 8 February 1998 Novels (aged 95) Stories Reykjavík, Iceland Plays Poetry Nationality Icelandic Travelogues and essays Notable Nobel Prize in Memoirs awards Literature Translations 1955 Other Spouses Ingibjörg Einarsdóttir References (m. 1930–1940) External links [1] Auður Sveinsdóttir (m. 1945–1998) Early years Laxness was born in 1902 in Reykjavík. His parents moved to the Laxnes farm in nearby Mosfellssveit parish when he was three. He started to read books and write stories at an early age. He attended the technical school in Reykjavík from 1915 to 1916 and had an article published in the newspaper Morgunblaðið in 1916.[4] By the time his first novel was published (Barn náttúrunnar, 1919), Laxness had already begun his travels on the European continent.[5] 1 of 9 2019/05/19, 11:59 Halldór Laxness - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halldór_Laxness 1920s In 1922, Laxness joined the Abbaye Saint-Maurice-et-Saint-Maur in Clervaux, Luxembourg where the monks followed the rules of Saint Benedict of Nursia. -
Travel Guide
TRAVEL GUIDE Traces of the COLD WAR PERIOD The Countries around THE BALTIC SEA Johannes Bach Rasmussen 1 Traces of the Cold War Period: Military Installations and Towns, Prisons, Partisan Bunkers Travel Guide. Traces of the Cold War Period The Countries around the Baltic Sea TemaNord 2010:574 © Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen 2010 ISBN 978-92-893-2121-1 Print: Arco Grafisk A/S, Skive Layout: Eva Ahnoff, Morten Kjærgaard Maps and drawings: Arne Erik Larsen Copies: 1500 Printed on environmentally friendly paper. This publication can be ordered on www.norden.org/order. Other Nordic publications are available at www.norden.org/ publications Printed in Denmark T R 8 Y 1 K 6 S 1- AG NR. 54 The book is produced in cooperation between Øhavsmuseet and The Baltic Initiative and Network. Øhavsmuseet (The Archipelago Museum) Department Langelands Museum Jens Winthers Vej 12, 5900 Rudkøbing, Denmark. Phone: +45 63 51 63 00 E-mail: [email protected] The Baltic Initiative and Network Att. Johannes Bach Rasmussen Møllegade 20, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. Phone: +45 35 36 05 59. Mobile: +45 30 25 05 59 E-mail: [email protected] Top: The Museum of the Barricades of 1991, Riga, Latvia. From the Days of the Barricades in 1991 when people in the newly independent country tried to defend key institutions from attack from Soviet military and security forces. Middle: The Anna Akhmatova Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Handwritten bark book with Akhmatova’s lyrics. Made by a GULAG prisoner, wife of an executed “enemy of the people”. Bottom: The Museum of Genocide Victims, Vilnius, Lithuania.