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Neuro-Ophthalmology-Email.Pdf NEURO- OPHTHALMOLOGY Edited by DESMOND P. KIDD, MD, FRCP Consultant Neurologist Department of Clinical Neurosciences Royal Free Hospital and University College Medical School London, United Kingdom NANCY J. NEWMAN, MD LeoDelle Jolley Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology Instructor in Neurological Surgery Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia VALE´RIE BIOUSSE, MD Cyrus H. Stoner Professor of Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, Georgia 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY ISBN: 978-0-7506-7548-2 Copyright # 2008 by Butterworth-Heinemann, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department: phone: (þ1) 215 239 3804 (US) or (þ44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax: (þ44) 1865 853333; e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions. Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. The Publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Neuro-ophthalmology / [edited by] Desmond P. Kidd, Nancy J. Newman, Vale´rie Biousse. – 1st ed. p. ; cm. – (Blue books of neurology series; v.32) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7506-7548-2 1. Neuroophthalmology. I. Kidd, Desmond P. II. Newman, Nancy J. III. Biousse, Vale´rie. IV. Series: Blue books of neurology; 32. [DNLM: 1. Eye Diseases. 2. Nervous System Diseases. W1 BU9749 v.32 2008 / WW 460 N4915 2008] RE725.N45682 2008 617.7032–dc22 2007040909 Acquisitions Editor: Adrianne Brigido Developmental Editor: Joan Ryan Project Manager: Mary Stermel Design Direction: Steven Stave Marketing Manager: Todd Liebel Printed in China Lastdigitistheprintnumber:987654321 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS LAURA J. BALCER, MD, MSCE Associate Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania VALE´RIE BIOUSSE, MD Cyrus H. Stoner Professor of Ophthalmology, Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia FION D. BREMNER, PhD, FRCOphth Consultant Neuro-Ophthalmic Surgeon, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom CHOTIPAT DANCHAIVIJITR, MD, MRCP (UK) Instructor in Neurology, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand KATHLEEN DIGRE, MD Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah STEVEN L. GALETTA, MD Van Meter Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology; Director, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Scheie Eye Institute, and The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania CHRISTOPHER KENNARD, PhD, FRCP, FMedSci Professor of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, London, United Kingdom DESMOND P. KIDD, MD, FRCP Consultant Neurologist, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom GRANT T. LIU, MD Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ix x Contributing Authors NEIL R. MILLER, MD, FACS Professor of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Neurosurgery and Frank B. Walsh Professor of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland NANCY J. NEWMAN, MD LeoDelle Jolley Professor of Ophthalmology, Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Instructor in Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia GORDON T. PLANT, MA, MD (Cantab), FRCP (UK), FRCOphth Consultant Neurologist, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Moorfields Eye Hospital and St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom MICHAEL POWELL, FRCS, FRCP Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom GEOFFREY E. ROSE, BSc, MBBS, MS, DSc, MRCP, FRCOphth Consultant Orbital, Lacrimal, and Oculoplastic Surgeon, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom JANET C. RUCKER, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois DAVID H. VERITY, MA, BM BCh, FRCOphth Consultant Orbital, Lacrimal, and Oculoplastic Surgeon, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS LAURA J. BALCER, MD, MSCE Associate Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania VALE´RIE BIOUSSE, MD Cyrus H. Stoner Professor of Ophthalmology, Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia FION D. BREMNER, PhD, FRCOphth Consultant Neuro-Ophthalmic Surgeon, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom CHOTIPAT DANCHAIVIJITR, MD, MRCP (UK) Instructor in Neurology, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand KATHLEEN DIGRE, MD Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah STEVEN L. GALETTA, MD Van Meter Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology; Director, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Scheie Eye Institute, and The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania CHRISTOPHER KENNARD, PhD, FRCP, FMedSci Professor of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus, London, United Kingdom DESMOND P. KIDD, MD, FRCP Consultant Neurologist, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital and University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom GRANT T. LIU, MD Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Division of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ix x Contributing Authors NEIL R. MILLER, MD, FACS Professor of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Neurosurgery and Frank B. Walsh Professor of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland NANCY J. NEWMAN, MD LeoDelle Jolley Professor of Ophthalmology, Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Instructor in Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia GORDON T. PLANT, MA, MD (Cantab), FRCP (UK), FRCOphth Consultant Neurologist, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Moorfields Eye Hospital and St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, United Kingdom MICHAEL POWELL, FRCS, FRCP Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom GEOFFREY E. ROSE, BSc, MBBS, MS, DSc, MRCP, FRCOphth Consultant Orbital, Lacrimal, and Oculoplastic Surgeon, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom JANET C. RUCKER, MD Assistant Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois DAVID H. VERITY, MA, BM BCh, FRCOphth Consultant Orbital, Lacrimal, and Oculoplastic Surgeon, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom SERIES PREFACE The Blue Books of Neurology have a long and distinguished lineage. Life began as the Modern Trends in Neurology series and continued with the monographs form- ing BIMR Neurology. The present series was first edited by David Marsden and Arthur Asbury, and saw the publication of 25 volumes over a period of 18 years. The guiding principle of each volume, the topic of which is selected by the Series Editors, was that each should cover an area where there had been signifi- cant advances in research and that such progress had been translated to new or improved patient management. This has been the guiding spirit behind each volume, and we expect it to continue. In effect, we emphasize basic, translational,
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