Jenkins County School System

Test Booklet: School City Practice Assessment C

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Date: School City Practice Assessment C "A Gentleman Friend" A Gentleman Friend by

1 The charming Vanda, or, as she was described in her passport, the "Honorable Citizen Nastasya Kanavkin,"

found herself, on leaving the hospital, in a position she had never been in before: without a to go to or a farthing

in her pocket. What was she to do?

2 The first thing she did was to visit a pawn-broker's and pawn her turquoise ring, her one piece of jewelry. They gave her a ruble for the ring, but what can you get for a ruble? You can't buy for that sum a fashionable short jacket, nor

a big hat, nor a pair of bronze shoes, and without those things she had a feeling of being, as it were, undressed. She felt

as though the very horses and dogs were staring and laughing at the plainness of her dress. And clothes were all she thought about; the question what she should eat and where she should sleep did not trouble her in the least.

3 "If only I could meet a gentleman friend," she thought to herself, "I could get some money . . . There isn't one who would refuse me, I know."

4 But no gentleman she knew came her way. It would be easy enough to meet them in the evening at the

"Renaissance," but they wouldn't let her in at the "Renaissance" in that shabby dress and with no hat. What was she to

do?

5 After long hesitation, when she was sick of walking and sitting and thinking, Vanda made up her mind to fall back on her last resource: to go straight to the lodgings of some gentleman friend and ask for money.

6 She pondered which to go to. "Misha is out of the question; he's a married man. . . . The old chap with the red hair will be at his office at this time. . ."

7 Vanda remembered a dentist, called Finkel, a converted Jewish man, who six months ago had given her a

bracelet, and on whose head she had once emptied a glass of beer at the supper at the German Club. She was awfully

pleased at the thought of Finkel.

8 "He'll be sure to give it me, if only I find him ," she thought, as she walked in his direction. "If he doesn't, I'll smash all the lamps in the house."

9 Before she reached the dentist's door she thought out her plan of action: she would run laughing up the stairs, dash into the dentist's room and demand twenty-five rubles. But as she touched the bell, this plan seemed to vanish from her mind. Vanda began suddenly feeling frightened and nervous, which was not at all her way. She was bold and saucy enough at drinking parties, but now, dressed in everyday clothes, feeling herself in the position of an ordinary person asking a favor, who might be refused admittance, she felt suddenly timid and humiliated. She was ashamed and frightened.

10 "Perhaps he has forgotten me by now," she thought, hardly daring to pull the bell. "And how can I go up to him in such a dress, looking like a beggar or some working girl?"

11 And she rang the bell irresolutely.

12 She heard steps coming: it was the porter.

13 "Is the doctor at home?" she asked.

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C 14 She would have been glad now if the porter had said "No," but the latter, instead of answering ushered her into the hall, and helped her off with her coat. The staircase impressed her as luxurious and magnificent, but of all its splendors what caught her eye most was an immense looking-glass, in which she saw a ragged figure without a

fashionable jacket, without a big hat, and without bronze shoes. And it seemed strange to Vanda that, now that she was

humbly dressed and looked like a laundress or sewing girl, she felt ashamed, and no trace of her usual boldness and sauciness remained, and in her own mind she no longer thought of herself as Vanda, but as the Nastasya Kanavkin she used to be in the old days.

15 "Walk in, please," said a maidservant, showing her into the consulting-room. "The doctor will be here in a minute. Sit down."

16 Vanda sank into a soft arm-chair.

17 "I'll ask him to lend it me," she thought, "that will be quite proper, for, after all, I do know him. If only that servant would go. I don't like to ask before her. What does she want to stand there for?"

18 Five minutes later the door opened and Finkel came in. He was a tall, dark man, with fat cheeks and bulging eyes. His cheeks, his eyes, his chest, his body, all of him was so well fed, so loathsome and repellent! At the "Renaissance" and the German Club he had usually been rather tipsy, and would spend his money freely on women, and be very long- suffering and patient with their pranks (when Vanda, for instance, poured the beer over his head, he simply smiled and shook his finger at her); now he had a cross, expression and looked solemn and frigid like a police captain, and he kept chewing something.

19 "What can I do for you?" he asked, without looking at Vanda.

20 Vanda looked at the serious countenance of the maid and the smug figure of Finkel, who apparently did not recognize her, and she turned red.

21 "What can I do for you?" repeated the dentist a little irritably.

22 "I've got toothache," murmured Vanda.

23 "Aha! . . . Which is the tooth? Where?"

24 Vanda remembered she had a hole in one of her teeth.

25 "At the bottom . . . on the right. . ." she said.

26 "Hm! . . . Open your mouth."

27 Finkel frowned and, holding his breath, began examining the tooth.

28 "Does it hurt?" he asked, digging into it with a steel instrument.

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C 29 "Yes," Vanda replied, untruthfully.

30 "Shall I remind him?" she was wondering. "He would be sure to remember me. But that servant! Why will she stand there?"

31 Finkel suddenly snorted like a steam-engine right into her mouth, and said, "I don't advise you to have it stopped. That tooth will never be worth keeping anyhow."

32 After probing the tooth a little more and soiling Vanda's lips and gums with his tobacco-stained fingers, he held his

breath again, and put something cold into her mouth. Vanda suddenly felt a sharp pain, cried out, and clutched at

Finkel's hand.

33 "It's all right, it's all right," he muttered; "don't you be frightened! That tooth would have been no use to you, anyway . . . you must be brave. . ."

34 And his tobacco-stained fingers, smeared with blood, held up the tooth to her eyes, while the maid approached and put a basin to her mouth.

35 "You wash out your mouth with cold water when you get home, and that will stop the bleeding," said Finkel.

36 He stood before her with the air of a man expecting her to go, waiting to be left in peace.

37 "Good day," she said, turning towards the door.

38 "Hm! . . . and how about my fee?" enquired Finkel, in a jesting tone.

39 "Oh, yes!" Vanda remembered, blushing, and she handed him the ruble that had been given her for her ring.

40 When she got out into the street she felt more overwhelmed with shame than before, but now it was not her poverty she was ashamed of. She was unconscious now of not having a big hat and a fashionable jacket. She walked along the street, spitting blood, and brooding on her life, her ugly, wretched life, and the insults she had endured, and would have to endure tomorrow, and next week, and all her life, up to the very day of her death.

41 "Oh! how awful it is! My God, how fearful!"

42 Next day, however, she was back at the "Renaissance," and dancing there. She had on an enormous new red hat, a new fashionable jacket, and bronze shoes. And she was taken out to supper by a young merchant from Kazan.

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1. Which definition best fits the way frigid is used in paragraph 18?

frigid \frij-id\ adj. 1. very cold in temperature 2. without warmth of feeling 3. unresponsive to stimuli 4. unimaginative; lacking passion

A. definition 1 B. definition 2 C. definition 3 D. definition 4

2. What does this sentence suggest about Vanda?

"Next day, however, she was back at the 'Renaissance,' and dancing there." (paragraph 42)

A. She decides to lead a different lifestyle. B. She no longer believes her life is awful. C. She persuades the club to let her in for free. D. She dismisses her insight from the day before.

3. What does this sentence suggest is Vanda's major flaw?

"And clothes were all she thought about; the question what she should eat and where she should sleep did not trouble her in the least." (paragraph 2)

A. attitude B. vanity C. pride D. greed

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C "A Father's Legacy to His Daughters" from A Father's Legacy to His Daughters by John Gregory

1 John Gregory (1724-1773) was a medical doctor and professor of medicine at the University of Edinburgh,

Scotland. The following excerpt is from A Father's Legacy to his Daughters (1774), which consists of the letters

Gregory wrote to his daughters as his health was failing.

2 One of the chief beauties in a female character is that modest reserve, that retiring delicacy, which avoids the public eye, and is disconcerted even at the gaze of admiration. I do not wish you to be insensible to applause. If you were, you must become, if not worse, at least less amiable women. But you may be dazzled by that admiration, which yet rejoices your hearts.

3 When a girl ceases to blush, she has lost the most powerful charm of beauty. That extreme sensibility which it indicates may be a weakness and encumbrance in our sex, as I have too often felt; but in yours it is peculiarly engaging. Pedants, who think themselves philosophers, ask why a woman should blush when she is conscious of no crime. It is a sufficient answer that Nature has made you to blush when you are guilty of no fault, and has forced us to love you because you do so. Blushing is so far from being necessarily an attendant on guilt that it is the usual companion of innocence.

4 This modesty, which I think so essential in your sex, will naturally dispose you to be rather silent in company, especially in a large one. People of sense and discernment will never mistake such silence for dullness. One may take a share in conversation without uttering a syllable. The expression in the countenance shows it, and this never escapes an observing eye.

5 I should be glad that you had an easy dignity in your behavior at public places, but not that confident ease, that unabashed countenance, which seems to set the company at defiance. If, while a gentleman is speaking to you, one of superior rank addresses you, do not let your eager attention and visible preference betray the flutter of your heart. Let your pride on this occasion preserve you from that meanness into which your vanity would sink you. Consider that you expose yourselves to the ridicule of the company, and affront one gentleman, only to well the triumph of another, who perhaps thinks he does you honor in speaking to you.

6 Converse with men even of the first rank with that dignified modesty, which may prevent the approach of the most distant familiarity, and consequently prevent them from feeling themselves your superiors.

7 Wit is the most dangerous talent you can possess. It must be guarded with great discretion and good nature,

otherwise it will create you many enemies. Wit is perfectly consistent with softness and delicacy; yet they are seldom

found united. Wit is so flattering to vanity that they who possess it become intoxicated and lose all self-command.

8 Humor is a different quality. It will make your company much solicited; but be cautious how you indulge it. It is

often a great enemy to delicacy, and a still greater one to dignity of character. It may sometimes gain you applause, but

will never procure you respect.

9 Be ever cautious in displaying your good sense. It will be thought you assume a superiority over the rest of

the company. But if you happen to have any learning, keep it a profound secret, especially from the men, who generally

look with a jealous and malignant eye on a woman of great parts and a cultivated understanding.

10 A man of real genius and candor is far superior to this meanness. But such a one will seldom fall in your way; and if by accident he should, do not be anxious to show the full extent of your knowledge. If he has any opportunities of seeing you, he will soon discover it himself; and if you have any advantages of person or manner, and keep your own secret, he will probably give you credit for a great deal more than you possess. The great art of pleasing in conversation consists in making the company pleased with themselves. You will more readily hear than talk yourselves into their good graces.

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11 Beware of detraction, especially where your own sex are concerned. You are generally accused of being particularly addicted to this vice. I think unjustly. Men are fully as guilty of it when their interests interfere. As your

interests more frequently clash, and as your feelings are quicker than ours, your temptations to it are more frequent. For

this reason, be particularly tender of the reputation of your own sex, especially when they happen to rival you in our regards. We look on this as the strongest proof of dignity and true greatness of mind. [. . .]

12 Dress is an important article in female life. The love of dress is natural to you, and therefore it is proper and reasonable. Good sense will regulate your experience in it, and good taste will direct you to dress in such a way as to conceal any blemishes and set off your beauties, if you have any, to the greatest advantage. But much delicacy and judgment are required in the application of this rule. A fine woman shows her charms to most advantage when she seems most to conceal them. The finest bloom in nature is not so fine as what imagination forms. The most perfect elegance of dress appears always the most easy and the least studied.

13 Do not confine your attention to dress to your public appearances. Accustom yourselves to a habitual neatness, so that in the most careless undress, in your most unguarded hours, you may have no reason to be ashamed of your appearance. You will not easily believe how much we consider your dress as expressive of your characters. Vanity, levity, loveliness, folly, appear through it. An elegant simplicity is an equal proof of taste and delicacy.

14 In dancing, the principal points you are to attend to are ease and grace. I would have you to dance with

spirit; but never allow yourselves to be so far transported with mirth, as to forget the delicacy of your sex. Many a girl

dancing in the gaiety and innocence of her heart is thought to discover a spirit she little dreams of.

15 I know no entertainment that gives such pleasure to any person of sentiment or humor as the theatre. But I am sorry to say there are few English comedies a lady can see, without a shock to delicacy. You will not readily suspect the comments on such occasions. Men are often best acquainted with the most worthless of your sex, and from them too

readily form their judgment of the rest. A virtuous girl often hears very indelicate things with a countenance

unembarrassed, because in truth she does not understand them. Yet this is, most ungenerously, ascribed to that command of features, and that ready presence of mind, which you are thought to possess in a degree far beyond us; or, by still more malignant observers, it is ascribed to hardened effrontery.

16 Sometimes a girl laughs with all the simplicity of unsuspecting innocence, for no other reason but being infected with other people's laughing; she is then believed to know more than she should. If she does happen to understand an improper thing, she suffers a very complicated distress; she feels her modesty hurt in the most sensible manner, and at the same time is ashamed of appearing conscious of the injury. The only way to avoid these inconveniences is never to go to a play that is particularly offensive to delicacy. Tragedy subjects move you to no such distress. Its sorrows will soften and ennoble your hearts.

4. What is the meaning of the word malignant as it is used in paragraph 9?

A. apprehensive B. spiteful C. obnoxious D. scathing

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5. Which is the best summary of paragraph 5?

A. Men of higher position may speak with you, but they may not be as sincere as men of lower ranking. Remember to keep your facial expression clear. B. Be dignified in public but not so overly confident as to appear base. Treat all men who speak to you as equally important, even if your vanity dictates otherwise. C. Protect yourself from your pride if you become flattered by a man who converses with you. Other men may see your vanity as cruelty toward them. D. Be careful not to appear at ease in public because the whole company will be observing your behavior. Hide your vanity while conversing with important men.

6. What does the word encumbrance mean as it is used in paragraph 3?

A. mortification B. barricade C. obstruction D. liability

7. Why does the author include paragraph 11 in the passage?

A. to explain why women should not criticize other women B. to explain why women should not be jealous of other women C. to explain why men prefer humble women D. to explain why men prefer quiet women

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C "A Father's Legacy to His Daughters" from A Father's Legacy to His Daughters by John Gregory

1 John Gregory (1724-1773) was a medical doctor and professor of medicine at the University of Edinburgh,

Scotland. The following excerpt is from A Father's Legacy to his Daughters (1774), which consists of the letters

Gregory wrote to his daughters as his health was failing.

2 One of the chief beauties in a female character is that modest reserve, that retiring delicacy, which avoids the public eye, and is disconcerted even at the gaze of admiration. I do not wish you to be insensible to applause. If you were, you must become, if not worse, at least less amiable women. But you may be dazzled by that admiration, which yet rejoices your hearts.

3 When a girl ceases to blush, she has lost the most powerful charm of beauty. That extreme sensibility which it indicates may be a weakness and encumbrance in our sex, as I have too often felt; but in yours it is peculiarly engaging. Pedants, who think themselves philosophers, ask why a woman should blush when she is conscious of no crime. It is a sufficient answer that Nature has made you to blush when you are guilty of no fault, and has forced us to love you because you do so. Blushing is so far from being necessarily an attendant on guilt that it is the usual companion of innocence.

4 This modesty, which I think so essential in your sex, will naturally dispose you to be rather silent in company, especially in a large one. People of sense and discernment will never mistake such silence for dullness. One may take a share in conversation without uttering a syllable. The expression in the countenance shows it, and this never escapes an observing eye.

5 I should be glad that you had an easy dignity in your behavior at public places, but not that confident ease, that unabashed countenance, which seems to set the company at defiance. If, while a gentleman is speaking to you, one of superior rank addresses you, do not let your eager attention and visible preference betray the flutter of your heart. Let your pride on this occasion preserve you from that meanness into which your vanity would sink you. Consider that you expose yourselves to the ridicule of the company, and affront one gentleman, only to well the triumph of another, who perhaps thinks he does you honor in speaking to you.

6 Converse with men even of the first rank with that dignified modesty, which may prevent the approach of the most distant familiarity, and consequently prevent them from feeling themselves your superiors.

7 Wit is the most dangerous talent you can possess. It must be guarded with great discretion and good nature,

otherwise it will create you many enemies. Wit is perfectly consistent with softness and delicacy; yet they are seldom

found united. Wit is so flattering to vanity that they who possess it become intoxicated and lose all self-command.

8 Humor is a different quality. It will make your company much solicited; but be cautious how you indulge it. It is

often a great enemy to delicacy, and a still greater one to dignity of character. It may sometimes gain you applause, but

will never procure you respect.

9 Be ever cautious in displaying your good sense. It will be thought you assume a superiority over the rest of

the company. But if you happen to have any learning, keep it a profound secret, especially from the men, who generally

look with a jealous and malignant eye on a woman of great parts and a cultivated understanding.

10 A man of real genius and candor is far superior to this meanness. But such a one will seldom fall in your way; and if by accident he should, do not be anxious to show the full extent of your knowledge. If he has any opportunities of seeing you, he will soon discover it himself; and if you have any advantages of person or manner, and keep your own secret, he will probably give you credit for a great deal more than you possess. The great art of pleasing in conversation consists in making the company pleased with themselves. You will more readily hear than talk yourselves into their good graces.

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11 Beware of detraction, especially where your own sex are concerned. You are generally accused of being particularly addicted to this vice. I think unjustly. Men are fully as guilty of it when their interests interfere. As your

interests more frequently clash, and as your feelings are quicker than ours, your temptations to it are more frequent. For

this reason, be particularly tender of the reputation of your own sex, especially when they happen to rival you in our regards. We look on this as the strongest proof of dignity and true greatness of mind. [. . .]

12 Dress is an important article in female life. The love of dress is natural to you, and therefore it is proper and reasonable. Good sense will regulate your experience in it, and good taste will direct you to dress in such a way as to conceal any blemishes and set off your beauties, if you have any, to the greatest advantage. But much delicacy and judgment are required in the application of this rule. A fine woman shows her charms to most advantage when she seems most to conceal them. The finest bloom in nature is not so fine as what imagination forms. The most perfect elegance of dress appears always the most easy and the least studied.

13 Do not confine your attention to dress to your public appearances. Accustom yourselves to a habitual neatness, so that in the most careless undress, in your most unguarded hours, you may have no reason to be ashamed of your appearance. You will not easily believe how much we consider your dress as expressive of your characters. Vanity, levity, loveliness, folly, appear through it. An elegant simplicity is an equal proof of taste and delicacy.

14 In dancing, the principal points you are to attend to are ease and grace. I would have you to dance with

spirit; but never allow yourselves to be so far transported with mirth, as to forget the delicacy of your sex. Many a girl

dancing in the gaiety and innocence of her heart is thought to discover a spirit she little dreams of.

15 I know no entertainment that gives such pleasure to any person of sentiment or humor as the theatre. But I am sorry to say there are few English comedies a lady can see, without a shock to delicacy. You will not readily suspect the comments on such occasions. Men are often best acquainted with the most worthless of your sex, and from them too

readily form their judgment of the rest. A virtuous girl often hears very indelicate things with a countenance

unembarrassed, because in truth she does not understand them. Yet this is, most ungenerously, ascribed to that command of features, and that ready presence of mind, which you are thought to possess in a degree far beyond us; or, by still more malignant observers, it is ascribed to hardened effrontery.

16 Sometimes a girl laughs with all the simplicity of unsuspecting innocence, for no other reason but being infected with other people's laughing; she is then believed to know more than she should. If she does happen to understand an improper thing, she suffers a very complicated distress; she feels her modesty hurt in the most sensible manner, and at the same time is ashamed of appearing conscious of the injury. The only way to avoid these inconveniences is never to go to a play that is particularly offensive to delicacy. Tragedy subjects move you to no such distress. Its sorrows will soften and ennoble your hearts.

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft

1 Mary Wollstonecraft's (1759-1798) moral and political theories represent a substantial contribution to the modern feminist movement. In the following excerpt from A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Wollstonecraft argues against the treatment and portrayal of women in conduct books like John Gregory's A Father's Legacy to his Daughters.

2 To account for, and excuse the tyranny of man, many ingenious arguments have been brought forward to prove, that the two sexes, in the acquirement of virtue, ought to aim at attaining a very different character: or, to speak

explicitly, women are not allowed to have sufficient strength of mind to acquire what really deserves the name of virtue.

Yet it should seem, allowing them to have souls, that there is but one way appointed by providence to lead MANKIND to either virtue or .

3 If, then, women are not a swarm of ephemeron triflers, why should they be kept in ignorance under the specious name of innocence? Men complain, and with reason, of the follies and caprices of our sex, when they do not keenly satirize our headstrong passions and groveling vices. Behold, I should answer, the natural effect of ignorance! The mind will ever be unstable that has only prejudices to rest on, and the current will run with destructive fury when there are no barriers to break its force. Women are told from their infancy, and taught by the example of their mothers, that a little knowledge of human weakness, justly termed cunning, softness of temper, OUTWARD obedience, and a scrupulous attention to a puerile kind of propriety, will obtain for them the protection of man; and should they be beautiful, everything else is needless, for at least twenty years of their lives. [. . .]

4 How grossly do they insult us, who thus advise us only to render ourselves gentle, domestic brutes! For instance, the winning softness, so warmly, and frequently recommended, that governs by obeying. What childish expressions, and how insignificant is the being — can it be an immortal one? who will condescend to govern by such sinister methods! "Certainly," says Lord Bacon, "man is of kin to the beasts by his body: and if he be not of kin to God by

his spirit, he is a base and ignoble creature!" Men, indeed, appear to me to act in a very unphilosophical manner, when

they try to secure the good conduct of women by attempting to keep them always in a state of childhood. Rousseau was more consistent when he wished to stop the progress of reason in both sexes; for if men eat of the tree of knowledge, women will come in for a taste: but, from the imperfect cultivation which their understandings now receive, they only attain a knowledge of evil. [. . .]

5 The most perfect education, in my opinion, is such an exercise of the understanding as is best calculated to strengthen the body and form the heart; or, in other words, to enable the individual to attain such habits of virtue as will

render it independent. In fact, it is a farce to call any being virtuous whose virtues do not result from the exercise of its

own reason. This was Rousseau's opinion respecting men: I extend it to women, and confidently assert that they have been drawn out of their sphere by false refinement, and not by an endeavor to acquire masculine qualities. [. . .]

6 Women are, therefore, to be considered either as moral beings, or so weak that they must be entirely subjected to the superior faculties of men.

7 Let us examine this question. Rousseau declares that a woman should never, for a moment, feel herself independent, that she should be governed by fear to exercise her NATURAL cunning, and made a coquettish slave in order to render her a more alluring object of desire, a SWEETER companion to man, whenever he chooses to relax

himself. He carries the arguments, which he pretends to draw from the indications of nature, still further, and insinuates

that truth and fortitude, the corner stones of all human virtue, shall be cultivated with certain restrictions, because with respect to the female character, obedience is the grand lesson which ought to be impressed with unrelenting rigour. [. . .]

8 But, whether she be loved or neglected, her first wish should be to make herself respectable, and not rely for all her happiness on a being subject to like infirmities with herself.

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C 9 The amiable Dr. Gregory fell into a similar error. I respect his heart; but entirely disapprove of his celebrated Legacy to his Daughters.

10 He advises them to cultivate a fondness for dress, because a fondness for dress, he asserts, is natural to them. I am unable to comprehend what either he or Rousseau mean, when they frequently use this indefinite term. If they told us, that in a pre-existent state the soul was fond of dress, and brought this inclination with it into a new body, I should listen to them with a half smile, as I often do when I hear a rant about innate elegance. But if he only meant to say that the exercise of the faculties will produce this fondness, I deny it. It is not natural; but arises, like false ambition in men, from a love of power.

11 Dr. Gregory goes much further; he actually recommends dissimulation, and advises an innocent girl to give the lie to her feelings, and not dance with spirit, when gaiety of heart would make her feet eloquent, without making her gestures immodest. In the name of truth and common sense, why should not one woman acknowledge that she can take

more exercise than another? or, in other words, that she has a sound constitution; and why to damp innocent vivacity, is

she darkly to be told, that men will draw conclusions which she little thinks of? Let the libertine draw what inference he pleases; but, I hope, that no sensible mother will restrain the natural frankness of youth, by instilling such indecent cautions. [. . .]

12 Women ought to endeavor to purify their hearts; but can they do so when their uncultivated understandings make them entirely dependent on their senses for employment and amusement, when no noble pursuit sets them above the little vanities of the day, or enables them to curb the wild emotions that agitate a reed over which every passing breeze has power? To gain the affections of a virtuous man, is affectation necessary?

13 Nature has given woman a weaker frame than man; but, to ensure her husband's affections, must a wife, who, by the exercise of her mind and body, whilst she was discharging the duties of a daughter, wife, and mother, has allowed her constitution to retain its natural strength, and her nerves a healthy tone, is she, I say, to condescend, to use art, and feign a sickly delicacy, in order to secure her husband's affection? Weakness may excite tenderness, and gratify the arrogant pride of man; but the lordly caresses of a protector will not gratify a noble mind that pants for and deserves to be respected. Fondness is a poor substitute for friendship!

14 In a seraglio,1 I grant, that all these arts are necessary; the epicure must have his palate tickled, or he will sink into apathy; but have women so little ambition as to be satisfied with such a condition? Can they supinely dream life away in the lap of pleasure, or in the languor of weariness, rather than assert their claim to pursue reasonable

pleasures, and render themselves conspicuous, by practicing the virtues which dignify mankind? Surely she has not an

immortal soul who can loiter life away, merely employed to adorn her person, that she may amuse the languid hours, and soften the cares of a fellow-creature who is willing to be enlivened by her smiles and tricks, when the serious business of life is over.

15 Besides, the woman who strengthens her body and exercises her mind will, by managing her family and practicing various virtues, become the friend, and not the humble dependent of her husband; and if she deserves his

regard by possessing such substantial qualities, she will not find it necessary to conceal her affection, nor to pretend to

an unnatural coldness of constitution to excite her husband's passions. In fact, if we revert to history, we shall find that the women who have distinguished themselves have neither been the most beautiful nor the most gentle of their sex.

1seraglio: harem

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8. Which statement best compares the central idea of each passage?

A. Wollstonecraft believes a woman with a strong body and mind can become the friend of her husband, while Gregory believes proper women are modest and quiet. B. Wollstonecraft believes that women and men should be treated exactly the same, while Gregory believes women deserve to be treated with gentle respect. C. Gregory argues that women should be polite and humble, while Wollstonecraft believes women should be outspoken and financially independent. D. Gregory argues for the proper education of women, while Wollstonecraft believes women perform better when educated separately.

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C "Birth of the Computer Chip" Birth of the Computer Chip

by Manami Kokan

1 The very first "computer" existed more than 5,000 years ago. The abacus, as the device was called, is a counting tool developed in Asia. Made up of rows of beads that stand for numbers, it allowed people to make basic calculations quickly — by the standards of the time, at least. Since ancient times, our understanding of computer technology has changed dramatically. It is difficult to imagine our world without computers, and we have even come to depend on computers. Nobody could ever have imagined how fast and powerful the machines would become. How did this transformation take place?

2 The early development of computing machines moved very slowly; sometimes centuries passed between innovations. After the abacus, the next major milestone was the "numerical wheel calculator," invented in France by

Blaise Pascal in 1642. The machine could add numbers up to eight digits long. The limitation was that adding was its

sole function. In the 1820s, another Frenchman, Charles de Colmar, came up with an "arithometer," a machine that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide.

3 The English mathematician Charles Babbage proposed the "difference engine" in 1822. Babbage was among the first to see that machines and mathematics suited each other perfectly: Math often requires the tedious repetition of steps, and machines could perform these tasks over and over without making mistakes. After working on the difference engine for a decade, Babbage changed his focus and began developing what he called the "analytical engine." Had he ever finished it, his machine would have been the first general-purpose computer. His assistant on the project, Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, was the first computer programmer!

4 Plans for the analytical engine involved perforated ("punch") cards that contained computer instructions, memory storage space for one thousand numbers up to fifty digits long, and a way to print out the results. Babbage borrowed the punch-card idea from a weaving machine called the Jacquard loom. In America, an inventor named

Herman Hollerith used the idea as well. In 1889, he developed a way to track the United States census, using punch

cards that shortened the counting time from seven years to six weeks. He adapted the idea for business use in 1896, when he founded the Tabulating Machine Company. The company later became International Business Machines, or IBM. Punch cards would be used for business and government data processing until the 1960s.

5 In mathematics, important developments began to take place that revolutionized tabulating machines. In the mid-1800s, the English mathematician George Boole was developing the binary system, which describes any math equation as either true or false. At first, it was of interest only to mathematicians and philosophers. Then in 1938, an

American named Claude Shannon showed how Boole's idea could be applied to switches in electronic circuits. A couple

of years later, at Iowa State College, John Atanasoff and his student Clifford Berry used Boolean theory to build the first electronic computer. They eventually ran out of money for their work. But where the two left off, other scientists picked up, making rapid developments.

6 The first electronic computers were lumbering giants. One early model, the Mark I, was half as long as a football field and contained 500 miles of wiring! It took three to five seconds to perform a calculation. Another early computer, the ENIAC, used so much power when it operated that it sometimes caused the lights to dim in parts of Philadelphia, where it was located. The ENIAC worked a thousand times faster than the Mark I, however. In 1951, the Remington Rand Company built the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), which contained a memory that could store programs and information.

7 All early electronic computers relied on a special machine language for instructions. They were good for specific jobs, but they lacked versatility. Because the machines used vacuum tubes, they also had to be large, but the invention of the transistor in 1947 eliminated the need for vacuum tubes altogether. The transistor was the most important invention of the century. Because of transistors, computers could be made smaller and faster, which meant they could be used for a wider variety of applications. (Their use had previously been restricted to military purposes.) The software industry was born.

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C 8 A problem with transistors, however, was that they generated heat inside the computer. In 1958, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments developed a way to fit three electronic parts onto a small piece of quartz, leading to the development

of silicon chips and integrated circuits. Scientists started figuring out how to fit even more parts onto the chips, and the

semiconductor industry began. All the advances led to a third generation of computers, which were even smaller and faster than the previous ones.

9 The race was on to make the tiniest, fastest computer possible. Soon millions of components were squeezed onto computer chips, making computers cheaper, faster, smaller, and more powerful than anyone could have imagined

just a few years earlier. In 1971, Intel created the 4004 chip, which put every part of a computer onto one chip. This

"microprocessor" could be programmed to perform a huge variety of tasks. Computers were finally available for home use.

10 In 1981, two million home computers were sold; ten years later, the number had increased to sixty-five million. And, of course, computer technology is not limited to businesses and home computers — it's everywhere, from cars to

airplanes to watches. By the end of the twentieth century, the tiny computer chip was ubiquitous. It seems impossible to

believe that only decades ago, no one outside of government laboratories used computers. The ones we use today are thousands of times faster and more powerful than the huge, unwieldy machines of the past.

9. Why would the transistor be considered the most important invention of the twentieth century?

A. It made computers available for many more uses. B. It allowed humans to perform complex mathematical operations. C. It compressed every part of a computer onto one piece. D. It was able to store programs and information.

10. Which development was most important in making computers ready for home use?

A. silicon chips B. transistors C. microprocessors D. consumer interest

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C "Chicago Rising" Chicago Rising by Keahu Kahana

1 In the 1830s, Chicago, Illinois, was a modest trading post situated on marshland at the southern shore of Lake Michigan. Back then, it was inhabited by a population of only fifty, but in 1854 the entire scene had radically altered. In just a couple of decades, Chicago metamorphosed from a fledgling settlement into a fully fledged city that served as an important railroad hub and a home to tens of thousands of people.

2 But Chicago's urbanization, industrialization, and economic prosperity brought hazard and misfortune, too. Beginning in the late 1840s, fierce epidemics of typhoid and dysentery rampaged through the city on an annual basis.

In 1854, a devastating cholera outbreak left at least 1,424 people — six percent of Chicago's population — dead.

Temperatures of 102 degrees contributed to the disease's virulence, but the real vector behind the rapid transmission was the standing wastewater that pervaded the city's streets.

3 Unfortunately, there was no straightforward solution to this dilemma. Chicago's streets and buildings had been constructed at only three or four feet above the water table. The elevation was too low for water to drain naturally, and so stagnant rainwater and sewage filled the city. Location had garnered Chicago prosperity, but elevation transformed

its bustling roads and byways into muddy, diseased bogs that, rather than facilitating travel through the city, instead

acted as formidable and treacherous obstacles to navigation. There's an old joke about a man who is walking down a Chicago street when he sees a stranger submerged up to his shoulders in muck; the former offers his help to the latter, who replies that he's not worried, because there's a good horse under him.

4 The real dilemma of traversing the filth was no laughing matter, though, and the city decided to take action. First, they tried relatively simple and inexpensive remedies like grading, or angling, the city's streets in hopes that the

water and waste would drain into the lake. When this failed, wooden planks were installed over the streets. This

alleviated the trouble for a little while, but the mud underneath remained wet and caused the wood to warp and then rot — clearly not a sustainable solution, nor one that addressed the potential for contagion.

5 In 1855, the newly established Chicago Board of Sewerage Commissioners hired E.S. Chesborough, an engineer, to resolve the city's drainage issues. Chesborough realized that the problem would persist until a comprehensive sewage system — the first on the continent, no less — was installed beneath Chicago. Unfortunately, since the sewer would sit at or below the waterline of Lake Michigan, it still would not be able to properly drain excess water. Chesborough's plan for overcoming this quandary was a bold and ingenious one: before installing the sewer system, the entire city would have to be raised to a higher elevation.

6 And so, from 1856 on through the next decade, most of Chicago's ground-level infrastructure — streets, sidewalks, buildings, trees, lampposts — was raised between four and fourteen feet, depending on location and the

new ordinances governing elevation. In January 1858, the first masonry building was successfully raised. By autumn of

that same year, engineers had gained so much expertise and confidence that they were lifting entire city blocks at a time.

7 The most common method involved huge workforces and thousands of devices called jackscrews. A jackscrew is a jack, like the ones that lift vehicles with flat tires, that uses a spiral-threaded cylinder, like a carpentry screw. These screws are much larger than construction screws, and they lack the sharp point that enables the hardware to pierce

and fasten other materials. Instead of driving into something, the jackscrew rises as it turns and is capable of lifting

heavy weights. Though there is some evidence that a San Francisco firm lifted at least one of Chicago's buildings hydraulically, the jackscrew became the most common implement with which engineers raised the city to its current elevation.

8 In 1860, workers lifted the entire north side of Lake Street between La Salle and Clark. The area covered nearly an acre, and its contents weighed between 25,000 and 35,000 tons. Over the course of five days, 600 workers used 6,000 jackscrews to raise the city block five feet above its previous elevation. After it was lifted, but before construction began on the new foundations, the public was permitted to walk around beneath the buildings, exploring the forest of jackscrews and gaining a firsthand glimpse at the technology and labor that would raise Chicago to salvation.

Powered by SchoolCity Inc. | www.schoolcity.com School City Practice Assessment C 9 Another marvel of the citywide project was the raising of the Robbins Building, a prominent hotel. This structure covered 12,000 square feet of ground, stood five stories tall, and consisted of foot-thick masonry walls filling a hefty and elaborate iron frame. The team that tackled this project was up for a challenge, so they also lifted 230 feet of adjacent sidewalk. The Robbins Building was lifted two feet, three and a half inches without sustaining even a single fracture. All told, the load weighed about 27,000 tons, including the hotel's furnishings and its guests, who came and went from the building while work was underway.

10 The Robbins was not unique in that aspect. David McCrae, an itinerant Scottish author who witnessed some of the raising of Chicago, wrote in his travelogue The Americans at Home: "The Briggs House, a gigantic hotel, was raised four and a half feet, and a new foundation built below. The people were in it all the time, coming and going, eating and sleeping — the whole business of the hotel proceeding without interruption." The same held true for shops, offices, restaurants, and other establishments in the city. The business owners and residents of Chicago didn't let some major feat of engineering disrupt their schedules. In fact, some visitors didn't even realize buildings were being elevated until they noticed peculiar changes like how steps leading from the door down to the street had become steeper, or windows previously at eye level were now three or four feet overhead.

11 During this time, many wood-frame domiciles and small, brick buildings were picked up and transported to other parts of the city, frequently the suburbs, to make room for newer, more modern structures. McCrae notes that inhabitants came to regard these migrating architectures as unremarkable street traffic. He witnessed buildings and houses on rollers trundling across the city on a daily basis, encountering as many as nine in a single day. Fully furnished and still-inhabited homes rolled down streets and through intersections. Small businesses that were relocating to a different part of town didn't allow any time to go to waste during transit; patrons were still welcomed inside, they just had to track the establishment through the streets and then jump into the moving doorway. Eventually, entire blocks of wooden buildings were moved en masse through the city in this fashion.

12 Once a building had been rolled or raised, a new foundation was constructed beneath it. The coveted and much-anticipated sewer system was installed over the old streets, which remained at their original elevation. Then streets and sidewalks were built up, over the new sewer, to the level of the raised buildings' entryways. Thanks to engineers like James Brown, James Hollingworth, and George Pullman, Chicago was able to literally rise above the muck and of its origins. Today, the city is a major center of commerce, industry, and transportation that houses over two and a half million people, all of whom can walk down the street at an unsullied, sanitary elevation.

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11. As work progressed, engineers became more —

A. creative. B. accommodating. C. ambitious. D. cautious.

12. In paragraph 3, which is implied in the joke's punchline?

A. The second man does need help. B. The first man has no horse. C. The horse is not a very good one. D. The mud is unexpectedly deep.

13. Which can the reader infer from paragraph 10?

A. Raising buildings was very costly to owners. B. The raising of the city attracted tourists. C. The raising of the city was international news. D. Raising buildings was done very efficiently.

14. Which is a main idea of the passage?

A. Engineers intervened in the 1850s to make sure that the people of Chicago could walk through the town without becoming ill. B. If the people who settled Chicago had planned better, they would have avoided a lot of trouble later. C. The city of Chicago prospered thanks to an innovative process of raising buildings and streets to make room for a sewer system. D. Modern life in Chicago would not be possible if a sewer system had not been installed in the 1850s and 1860s.

15. Who proposed the plan to raise Chicago?

A. George Pullman B. David McCrae C. E.S. Chesborough D. James Brown

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