Demorest's Family Magazine. February 1886. Vol. 17, No. 4
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
DEMOREST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE. 223 granted liberty- of trade and the rights of duty and coin, so that in the eleventh century Nuremberg must already have become an im portant town. Its history for several centuries was one of warfare between the governing families, who, as they acquired wealth and power, took the title and put on the state of princes, and the differ ent emperors and labor guilds, the first fighting for possession and unity in their dominions, the second for civic rights, and privileges guaranteed them by successive emperors and rulers. Nuremberg was a favorite place of residence with many kings, from the Em peror Conrad III., who gave a grand levee here in 1147, to Freder ick Barbarossa, and Ludwig der Bayer (Louis the Bavarian), who conferred upon it many privileges of trade, and died in 1347, very deeply mourned. In the fourteenth century the town was enlarged, and its bound ary extended to the fortifications, which consisted of massive walls with round towers at intervals, and a moat thirty-five feet deep. These ramparts encircled the city, but some parts have recently been removed to make way for " modern improvements." During this period also the Church of Our Lady (Frauen-kirche) was erect ed, also the Schone Brunnen (beautiful fountain) by Meister Hein rich der Balter, and the nave of St. Sebalds. A beginning was made to pave the streets, and the first stone bridge was erected. A curious law promulgated by the emperor (Karl IV.), successor to King Ludwig, was called the “ Golden Bull,” and was the first, or fundamental law of the German Empire. It was framed in Nuremberg in 1356, and is still extant, kept in the Museum at Frankfort. The law obliged every German Emperor to spend the first day of his reign at Nuremberg. King Karl seems to have liked the busy, opulent, prosperous city, for he favored it greatly, and his son Wenzel was born here in the Burg and baptized in a metal font at St. Sebalds, the first ever cast here, and which still stands in the CHURCH OP ST. LAWRENCE, NUREMBERG. church before the high altar. A brother of Wenzel was. the Emperor Sigismund, whose portrait, by A l bert Dürer, stands beside that of Charlemagne, also by Dürer, in the gallery of the Germanic Museum. The ancient title of Burggraf was conferred first by the Emperor Sigismund upon a member of the Hohenzollern family of Nuremberg, and the title still ranks among those that are proud ly held by the present German Emperor. This was in the early part of the fifteenth century, dur ing which it reached a very high degree of emi- n e n c e in art and science, cul minating in the labors of such men as Martin B e h a i m , who constructed the first glob e— Hans Sachs, W olgem ut, Dürer, Adam Krafft, Pirk- heimer, Laben- wolf, Peter Vis-' eher, Veit Stoss, and others. At this period suc- cessful trade and commerce made the town one of the rich THE IRON MAID. est and hand- g o o s e -m a n ’s f o u n t a i n . DEMOREST’S MONTHLY MAGAZINE. somest in Southern Germany, but the Church of St. Lorenz (St. Lawrence), the Thirty Years’ W ar destroyed here, as oldest in Nuremberg, dating from the elsewhere, what it had taken centuries end of the thirteenth century, with tow to build up. ers that can be seen from any part of The Castle is more interesting in itself the city, and a beautiful rose window than for anything it contains, the relics in the center of the magnificent portal consisting mainly of some old German which contains a very large number of pictures, pottery, utensils, and the like. small, carved figures, the design repre But there is, in addition some famous sentative of the Mount of Olives. The instruments of torture, one of which finest object of the interior is a sacra will serve to show the horrible barbari mental pyx, or tabernacle, for the host, ties practiced as punishments in those built to form a slender tower seventy- days. two feet in height, and resting upon The most formidable is one known as three kneeling figures—Adam K rafft, the “ Jung-F rau” ( young wife), con the master workman and his two assist sisting of a metal case formed of plates ants— who were seven years executing riveted together, and constituting a com the work, for which the contract bound plete suit, shaped like the long gown of the master not to ask more than seven a woman, and with a mask and cover hundred florins (about three hundred for the head and face. The interior of and fifty dollars at par), but now not re this mailed garment was furnished with presenting more than three hundred. spikes which entered the flesh of the The original contract, in the handwrit victim in every part of the body, pene ing of a famous old scribe, Newdôrfer, trating to the bones, and securing a called for the completion of the work in lingering death under the most fright three years, but it grew upon Master ful tortures. Krafft’s hands, and was designed and The fiddle was a contrivance for pun finished without reference to cost or ishing delinquents of various kinds : a price, for it was necessary to complete scolding wife, a drunken husband, a the sculptured scenes of the Passion, baker who sold short weight, or a grocer which is the motive, and which ascend who adulterated his wares. Aggravated till the slender top, in the form of a cases were locked up in one of these in flower, bends over like a shepherd’s struments, carried to a high opening or crook, typifying Christ’s office in the window, and let work of salvation. down by a rope or Seventy additional chain into the river, florins (thirty - five where they receiv dollars) was finally ed repeated dip paid in addition to pings till they pro the contract price, mised good behav but the money was ior for the future. of l i t t l e conse- In the larger fiddles, q u e n ce, for the two offenders, or skill, aspiration husband and wife, and faithfulness of were locked up to the master and his gether, and if it was workmen have se for a second offence, cured them immor their feet were put tality. through the block, The chef-d'œuvre in sight of all com of Veit Stoss, the ers, and a bell was SACRAMENTAL, PYX, BY ADAM KRAFFT, IN THE CHURCH OP ST. LAWRENCE, NUREMBERG. wood-carver, is rung as an accom shown in the same paniment to their misery. Torture was common among the church ; it is a singular Greeks and Romans, but it could only be inflicted upon slaves, piece of work represent not upon free citizens. It was from Rome that it was pro ing the Salutation of jected into every part of the world where Roman law had Mary, and the Anuncia- been made the basis of legislative enactments. In Great tion of the Angel. The Britain it was reserved as a punishment for treasonable figures are surrounded practices, real or imaginary, but never became part of the by a wreath of roses, common law, the last case of torture occurring as far back which also represent the as 1640 ; but in Germany it was kept alive in modified forms seven joys of Mary in till the beginning of the present century, it being considered relief. The candelabra by the public essential to safety, and a necessary part of the upon the high altar rep terrorism of the law. resent the figures of six It is not the Castle with its history and torture-chambers, serving angels, and the its lime-tree planted by the wife of Henry II., the Empress great crucifix of carved Cunegunde, fo r its chapels, the burial-places of so many wood is by Veit Stoss. Marggrafs, and Burggrafs, and Fjirsten, or princes. The The great gothic bronze THE BRIDAL PORCH OF THE CHURCH OP visitor to Nuremberg betakes himself, first of all, to the old chandelier was cast by ST. SEBALDUS, NUREMBERG. DEMOREST'S MONTHLY MAGAZINE. 225 Munich. The great feature of the interior is the monument to St. Sebald, by Peter Vischer, said by Kugler, in his History of A rt, to be the gem of German art. It is a sarcophagus of bronze in the form of a temple, with figures of the twelve Apostles in niches, twelve smaller figures of prophets and father’s above, and about seventy-five, still more reduced and fantastic figures of genii, mer maids, elves, and animals, which w ill repay the labor of looking for them. The structure rests upon bronze snails and dolphins, and shows on one side, the figure of the artist in his apron, and with his chisel in his hand. The great master in bronze, and his five sons, were engaged thirteen years upon the detail of this wonderful work ; its statuettes and ornamental portions, which are fine as the work put upon jewels and lace. The price paid by the adminis trators of the church property was 8,145 florins, and sixteen pence. The figures of the twelve Apostles are considered especially beau tiful, while at the base of the eight principal columns, are the figures of the four strong men— Samson, Hercules, Perseus and Nimrod; and allegoric figures of Strength, Temperance, Love and Justice.