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Interpreting the Macartney Embassy to China from a Contact Zone Perspective Joseph Clayton Sample Iowa State University

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Interpreting the Macartney Embassy to China from a Contact Zone Perspective Joseph Clayton Sample Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2004 Radically decentered in the Middle Kingdom: interpreting the Macartney embassy to China from a contact zone perspective Joseph Clayton Sample Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Comparative Literature Commons Recommended Citation Sample, Joseph Clayton, "Radically decentered in the Middle Kingdom: interpreting the Macartney embassy to China from a contact zone perspective " (2004). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1121. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1121 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Radically decentered in the Middle Kingdom: Interpreting the Macartney embassy to China from a contact zone perspective by Joseph Clayton Sample A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Rhetoric and Professional Communication Program of Study Committee: W. Donald Payne, Major Professor Helen Ewald Larry Gross Charles Kostelnick Roberta Vann Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2004 UMI Number: 3145681 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3145681 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Joseph Clayton Sample has met the thesis requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Maio Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Progr James Gillray (1757-1816) "The Reception of the Diplomatique and His Suite, at the Court of Pekin" September 14,1792 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. THE MACARTNEY EMBASSY TO CHINA 1792-1794: 1 "AN IDIOM OF DUBIETY" CHAPTER 2. THE MACARTNEY EMBASSY TO CHINA 1792-1794: 16 DOCUMENTING IMPERIUM CHAPTER 3. THE MACARTNEY EMBASSY TO CHINA 1792-1794: 31 A CONTACT ZONE PERSPECTIVE CHAPTER 4. THE MACARTNEY EMBASSY TO CHINA 1792-1794: "A STRIKING FEATURE ON THE FACE OF THE COUNTRY"; OR, WHAT MR. BARROW DIDN'T SEE IN THE LAND OF THE CHINAMAN 56 CHAPTER 5. THE MACARTNEY EMBASSY TO CHINA 1792-1794: 82 A TABLEAU OF THE GAZE CHAPTER 6. THE CONTACT ZONE: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE ENCOUNTERS 111 WORKS CITED 116 1 CHAPTER 1. THE MACARTNEY EMBASSY TO CHINA 1792-1794: "AN IDIOM OF DUBIETY" Nothing could be more fallacious than to judge of China by any European standard. My sole view has been to represent things precisely as they impressed me. -British Ambassador Lord George Macartney, 15 January 1794^ The above statements, written while the Macartney was reminiscing on his failed attempt on behalf of the British government to establish diplomatic relations with the Chinese court, captures the conundrum Westerners must confront when making evaluative statements about "things Chinese." How does we come to know China well enough to avoid drawing fallacious conclusions in our interpretations of Chinese cultural practices? Macartney tries to escape this epistemological trap by grounding his impressions in his "sole view," but that view, of course, is only realized through a comparison of standards. But if the standards are not comparable in the first place, what then becomes the basis for our judgments? The quandary captured in Macartney's thoughts appears in various forms throughout the writings he and others produced following the highly anticipated and greatly publicized British embassy to China from 1792 to 1794. Today, understanding the complexities of the quandary are central to a range of critical methods involving the analysis of discourse, including the rhetoric of how we talk about and generate knowledge of people who are different (ethnically, culturally, politically) from ourselves. Ironically, Macartney's assertion that he represented "things precisely as they impressed" his "view" anticipates postmodern ' J. L. Cranmer-Byng, An EWxzary fo CAma: Jkimg (Ac VbumaZ ATepf fry lord Mzcarmgy's during His Em6ayry (o (he Emperor CA'ien-fwng (Hamden, CT: Arcbon 1963), 219. Also, when I quote material from the travel journals I do not standardize the spellings of Chinese words using the pmying system. I use "Pekin" throughout, but I use Rehe instead of Jehol or Gehol. 2 concerns on the very possibility of representing cultural otherness while simultaneously recognizing and challenging the bases upon which those views, or ways of seeing, are constructed. Radically Decentered in the Middle Kingdom The title of this dissertation, /WzcaWy Decenfered in f&g Mt&fZe Kingdom, captures some of the feelings and emotions that Macartney and some of the other embassy participants experienced. In /mperW Eyes; Trove/ Wrifmg T/wwcw/fwrafzon, Mary Louise Pratt summarizes the decentering dynamic of foreign travel best when she refers to travel journals as narrating an "idiom of dubiety—a mode of cultural tale-telling that is neurotically conscious of its own self-censoring apparatus" (1992: 3). Using Pratt's discussion of discourses produced during contact zone encounters, I examine the Macartney embassy to China from a contact zone perspective. Pratt's notion of the contact zone is referenced, often in a manner far beyond the original formulation, in a range of disciplines, but those articulations of the contact zone have not resulted in a widely used methodology, particularly in rhetoric studies. Why, then, is Pratt's critical method a suitable base for approaching traveler's interpretations of China? In Eye? Pratt pays "serious attention to the conventions of representation that constitute European travel writing, identifying different strands, suggesting ways of reading and focuses for rhetorical analysis" (11). By combining the study of genre with a critique of ideology, Pratt sets out both to unify and "disunity" "what might be called rhetoric of travel writing" (11). In suggesting a "dialectical and historicized 3 approach to travel writing" (7), furthermore, Pratt hopes that her "ways of reading ... will be suggestive for people thinking about similar materials from other times and places" (11). Although Pratt limits her scope to writings about travels and explorations in Africa and South America during certain time periods, this dissertation extends the range and application of Pratt's concepts to writings done by those who traveled to and wrote about China, and also expands the entire notion of the contact zone by loosening its affiliation with colonialist discourses that reflect radically asymmetrical power relations. To be sure, China in the eighteenth century presented a special type of contact zone encounter for Westerners, especially because many Europeans already knew a great deal about China before the Macartney embassy departed in 1792. In /mzperW Ey&r Pratt's stated goal is to understand "how travel books by Europeans about non-European parts of the world went (and go) about creating the 'domestic subject' of Euroimperialism" (4). The "domestic subject" refers to the effect that empire building had on the home population, but for Westerners, an interest in "things Chinese" during the mid-eighteenth-century chinoiserie movement was already evident well before the Macartney embassy. Unlike the locations that people wrote about in Pratt's study, China was not an object of colonial desire, making Pratt's assertion that the "contact zone" is synonymous with "colonial frontier" a problematic designation. In fact, as demonstrated in Chapter 3, many of the terms in Pratt's definition of the contact zone take on unexpected meanings when the lens of the contact zone is focused on China. One goal of this dissertation then is to adjust the lens in order to articulate the conventions of representation that constitute European travel writing about China. Using Pratt's notion of the contact zone as a conceptual point of departure, I establish discursive 4 connections between the rhetoric of Westerners who saw themselves as producing knowledge (through representation) of China and those Western writers who saw themselves as producing knowledge about people and places in the rest of the world. The research on writers in the later category is voluminous, primarily because of the emergence of fields of inquiry such as Third World studies and colonial discourse studies, as well as more hybrid critical approaches such as borderland and migration studies and global studies. Y et in the nineteenth century alone, a period that corresponds
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