DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Transport Airplane Crash Resistant

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Transport Airplane Crash Resistant DOT/FAA/AR-01/76 A Study of Helicopter Crash- Office of Aviation Research Washington, D.C. 20591 Resistant Fuel Systems February 2002 Final Report This document is available to the U.S. public through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22161. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturer's names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. This document does not constitute FAA certification policy. Consult your local FAA aircraft certification office as to its use. This report is available at the Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center's Full-Text Technical Reports page: actlibrary.tc.faa.gov in Adobe Acrobat portable document format (PDF). Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT/FAA/AR-01/76 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date A STUDY OF HELICOPTER CRASH-RESISTANT FUEL SYSTEMS February 2002 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. S.H. Robertson, N.B. Johnson, D.S. Hall and I.J. Rimson RA-FAA-01-130 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Robertson Aviation, L.L.C. 1024 East Vista Del Cerro Drive Tempe, AZ 85281 11. Contract or Grant No. DTFA03-98-C-00016 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aviation Research 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20591 ASW-110 15. Supplementary Notes The FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center Technical Monitor was Mr. Gary Frings. 16. Abstract This report presents the results of a study, funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), of helicopter Crash-Resistant Fuel Systems (CRFS). It covers the historical efforts that led to the current state of the art in military helicopter fuel systems and the more recent modifications to civil certification standards in Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 27 (Normal Category Rotorcraft) and Part 29 (Transport Category Rotorcraft). It describes the basic research, testing, field investigations, and production efforts that have led to the highly successful CRFS, that have saved many lives and have reduced the costs of accidents. While the hardware and fabrics are available today to create the CRFS, the adequacy of the integration of these items into existing and new civil fuel system designs cannot be assessed because of the lack of current field investigation data on civil helicopter crashes. This report reviews this problem, including the forms used for reporting and the current level of available data, which is essentially nonexistent. Training of field investigators in specific crashworthiness technology is of great importance, as well as the need for trained engineers in the design and certification process. A discussion of the civil and military crash environments is provided to give a background for the discussion of the need for re- evaluation of the rationale used in establishing the current civil regulatory standards. The value of full-scale crash testing during the early development of the military CRFS is reviewed. The lack of any planned tests for the CRFS in current civil helicopters is an area of concern. A section of the study discusses the individual components of a CRFS, with guidance on the application of each item to the overall system design. This report provides guidance to designers looking for information about CRFS design problems and analytical tools for use in product improvements. A summary of the changes currently taking place in the regulatory environment (specifications, standards, and regulations) for both military and civil rotorcraft development is included. This is also an area of concern. This report provides information to the FAA and other governmental organizations that can help them plan their efforts to improve the state of postcrash fire protection in the civil helicopter fleet. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Fuel systems, Rotorcraft Fuel systems, Crash-resistant fuel This document is available to the public through the National systems, Rotorcraft, Helicopters, Helicopter fuel systems Technical Information Service (NTIS) Springfield, Virginia 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 170 Form DOT F1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized PREFACE This research effort and report was prepared by Robertson Aviation, L.L.C. (RA) under Contract No. DTFA03-98-C-00016 with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) William J. Hughes Technical Center, where Mr. Gary Frings served as the Technical Representative. The RA Program Manager for this work was S. Harry Robertson. Major research and writing tasks were provided at RA by crashworthiness engineers Neva B. Johnson, David Hall, and Jeffrey Bracken. Additional research support at RA was provided by David Stover, William York, and Ira Rimson, and by the Aviation Safety Center at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, Arizona. Technical assistance was provided by a number of individuals and organizations actively involved in the Aviation Safety field, including the FAA; the NTSB; the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA); Simula, Inc.; Dr. Dennis Shannahan; Roy Fox of Bell Helicopter; Dan Sydow of Engineered Fabrics Corporation in Rockmart, Georgia; Brian Carnell, retired crashworthiness engineer from Sikorsky Aircraft in Stratford, Connecticut; Dr. James W. Turnbow, retired engineering professor from Arizona State University and Chief Scientist from the Aviation Safety Engineering Research (AvSER) team of crashworthiness researchers in Phoenix, Arizona; and various engineers from the Aeroquip Corporation in Jackson, Michigan, and The Aviation Safety Center at Fort Rucker, Alabama. iii/iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 2. HISTORY OF HELICOPTER CRASH-RESISTANT FUEL SYSTEMS 2-1 2.1 Background 2-1 2.2 Defining the Postcrash Fire Problem 2-1 2.2.1 Airplane Crash Testing 2-1 2.2.2 Helicopter Crash Testing 2-2 2.2.3 The Postcrash Fire Environment 2-4 2.3 Development of the Crash-Resistant Fuel System (CRFS) 2-4 2.3.1 Early Developments 2-4 2.3.2 Helicopter Fuel System Development 2-6 2.3.3 Implementation of CRFS in Military Helicopters 2-9 2.3.4 Crash-Resistant Fuel System in Civil Helicopters 2-13 3. ACCIDENT DATA 3-1 3.1 Military Helicopters 3-1 3.2 Civil Helicopters 3-2 3.3 Accident Report Forms 3-10 3.3.1 Civil Accident Investigation Forms 3-10 3.3.2 U.S. Army Accident Investigation Forms 3-12 3.4 Comparison of Military and Civil Crash Environments 3-13 4. STATUS OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CRFS 4-1 4.1 Crash-Resistant Fuel System Design Issues 4-1 4.2 General System Design Criteria 4-1 4.2.1 Aircraft Performance 4-2 4.2.2 Overall Fuel System Design 4-3 4.2.3 Individual Component Design 4-4 4.2.4 Tanks and Fittings 4-4 4.2.5 Self-Sealing Breakaway Valves 4-7 4.2.6 Fuel Lines 4-10 4.2.7 Vent Valves 4-11 v 4.2.8 Drain Valves 4-13 4.2.9 Spillage Control Valve 4-13 4.3 Assessment of Current Status of CRFS Design 4-15 5. CURRENT CRFS STANDARDS(MILITARY AND CIVIL) 5-1 5.1 Overall System 5-1 5.2 Military Standardsand Specifications 5-1 5.2.1 MIL-STD-1290 (series): Light Fixed- and Rotary-Wing Aircraft Crash Resistance 5-1 5.2.2 ADS-11 (series): Survivability Program, Rotary Wing 5-2 5.2.3 ADS-36: Rotary Wing Aircraft Crash Resistance 5-3 5.2.4 Aircraft Crash-Survival Design Guide (TR-89-D-22E) 5-4 5.2.5 Military Specifications (MIL-SPECs) 5-4 5.2.6 Joint Service Specifications 5-5 5.2.7 JSSG-2009: Air Vehicle Subsystems Specification Guide 5-7 5.2.8 MIL-STD-882D, Dated 10 February 2000: “Standard Practice for System Safety” 5-9 5.3 Civil Specifications 5-9 5.3.1 Normal Category Rotorcraft 5-9 5.3.2 Transport Category Rotorcraft 5-13 6. FUEL SYSTEM CRASH-SURVIVABILITY EVALUATION 6-1 6.1 Postcrash Fire Potential Rating System 6-1 6.1.1 Spillage Control 6-3 6.1.2 Ignition Control 6-5 6.2 Fuel System Fire Hazard Level Reduction 6-7 6.2.1 Evaluation Criteria and Process 6-7 6.2.2 Example Fuel System Fire Hazard Level Evaluation 6-13 7. AC 29-2B DISCUSSION 7-1 7.1 Background 7-1 vi 7.2 AC 29-2B, 29.952, General Comments 7-1 7.3 AC 29-2B, 29.952, Increasing the CRFS Capability 7-6 8. CONCLUSIONS 8-1 9. RECOMMENDATIONS 9-1 10. REFERENCES 10-1 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 11-1 APPENDICES A—Accident Investigation Forms B—AC 29-2B Original Advisory Circular LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2-1 UH-1A Crash-Resistant Fuel System 2-9 2-2 Resistance to Tear for Tank Materials 2-10 2-3 Crash-Resistant UH-1D/H Fuel System 2-13 3-1 Percentage of All Helicopter Crashes That Are Survivable and Nonsurvivable 3-14 3-2 Severity Scale of All Helicopter Crashes 3-14 4-1 Frangible Type Self-Sealing Breakaway Valve 4-7 4-2 Quick Disconnect Valve Installed to Operate a Self-Sealing Breakaway Valve 4-7 4-3 Cable Lanyard Used to Transmit the High Load Required to Separate a Typical Self-Sealing Breakaway Valve 4-9 4-4 Cable Lanyard Used to Transmit Load to Pull Release Ring That Uncouples Quick-Disconnect Valve 4-9
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thrush Aircraft, Inc
    THRUSH AIRCRAFT, INC. P.O. Box 3149 Albany, GA 31706-3149 Phone (229) 883-1440 Fax (229) 439-9790 CUSTOM KIT CUSTOM KIT No. CK-AG-40 Rev. A Date: 12/8/06 WING SPAR UPGRADE The wing spars of most early Thrush models are the subject of FAA Airworthiness Directives (most recently FAA AD 2006-07-15) which require periodic inspection of the lower wing spar caps at the splice block attach holes for fatigue cracks. This Custom Kit is an acceptable way to replace the lower spar caps, but it does more than this for the aircraft owner. It brings the spars up to the best fatigue capability that is compatible with the existing wings. This upgrade includes not only the lower spar caps that have the first two splice holes cold expanded, but it also includes new inboard webs and doublers as well as the “big butterfly” and lower splice plate. When a set of wings is rebuilt according to this Custom Kit, it will gain the initial inspection interval of a “Group 4” airplane while retaining the spar fatigue life of its current group. The inspection intervals between initial inspection and spar fatigue life limit will be the larger inspection intervals currently used for Group 4 and 5 airplanes. The upgraded wing will be as strong as or, in many cases, stronger than the original. Note that this upgrade is for both wings. If the airplane has one relatively young spar cap and it is not replaced, the inspection intervals will be based on that spar, not the new one.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2018 5
    The Mooney Flyer y The Official Online Magazine for the Mooney Community www.TheMooneyFlyer.com March 2018 5 The Mooney Flyer Volume 7 Number 3 March 2018 Features Editors Mooney Fuel Tank Leaking – Magnetos & Hot Props Phil Corman ReSeal or Patch Jim Price writes about “Must Know” Jim Price We identify different types of leaks… information for safety with Hot Props different sources… and how to Contributing Writers determine the correct resolution. Bruce Jaeger Noorduyn Norseman C/N427 CF-GYY Blind Announcements Bob Kromer submitted by Mike Alain Tom Rouch Is the practice of Blind Broadcasts on Paul Loewen An interesting restoration by the CTAF appropriate? Jim Price answers Montreal Aviation Museum the question Geoff Lee Linda Corman Evolution of Mooney Summit EMPOA Annual Meeting Mike Elliott asked Neil Cohen to write June 14: Aschaffenburg / EDFC in To Subscribe his thoughts on the evolution of the Germany Click Here Mooney Summit. To Advertise Click Here In Every Issue To Submit an Article Click Here From the Editor Appraise Your Mooney’s Value Latest Mooney Service Bulletins If you love The Mooney Flyer and Mooney Mail – Feedback from Flyer readers. want to keep it Ask the Top Gun healthy, just click Upcoming Fly-Ins on the “Donate” button. Have You Heard? – Relevant GA news & links for the month Mooney CFIs – Across America Product Review – ARTEX ELT 4000 Click Here to Subscribe Click Here For Back Issues Page 2 The Mooney Flyer Volume 7 Number 3 March 2018 Mooney Quiz I often communicate with John Hillard, an amazing Mooniac from Down Under.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3-Deicing /Anti-Icing Fluids
    When in Doubt... Small and Large Aircraft Aircraft Critical Surface Contamination Training For Aircrew and Groundcrew Seventh Edition December 2004 2 When in Doubt…TP 10643E How to Use This Manual This manual has been organized and written in chapter and summary format. Each chapter deals with certain topics that are reviewed in a summary at the end of the chapter. The manual is divided into two parts: Part 1-for aircrew and groundcrew; Part 2-additional information for ground crew. The final chapter contains questions that any operator may utilize for their ground icing program examination. The references for each question are listed to assist with answers. The Holdover Tables (HOT) included in the appendix are solely for the use with the examination questions and must not be used for operations. Contact Transport Canada from the addresses located later in this document for the latest HOT. Warnings These are used throughout this manual and are items, which will result in: damage to equipment, personal injury and/or loss of life if not carefully followed. Cautions These are used throughout this manual and are items, which may result in: damage to equipment, personal injury or loss of life if not carefully followed. Notes These are items that are intended to further explain details and clarify by amplifying important information. Should Implies that it is advisable to follow the suggested activity, process or practice. Must Implies that the suggested activity, process or practice needs to be followed because there are significant safety
    [Show full text]
  • Aircraft Survivability
    AIRCRAFT published by the Joint Aircraft 18FALL ISSUE Survivability Program Office SURVIVABILITY Onward to Higher Precision: Ballistic Stopping System Shows COVART 7.0 Superior Multiple-Hit Performance page 8 for CV-22 Osprey page 24 The HH-60W LFT&E Program: An Update Autonomous Self-Sealing Fuel page 12 Containment Systems: The Next Step in Fuel Tank Survivability Aircraft Survivability – The Korean page 28 War page 17 Aircraft Survivability is published three times a year by the Joint Aircraft Survivability Program TABLE OF CONTENTS Office (JASPO), chartered by the U.S. Army Aviation & Missile Command, U.S. Air Force Life Cycle Management Center, and U.S. Navy Naval Air Systems Command. 4 NEWS NOTES by Dale Atkinson 6 JCAT CORNER By Lt. Col. Andrew Roberts, CW5 Scott Brusuelas, and CDR Jay Kiser 8 ONWARD TO HIGHER PRECISION: COVART 7.0 by Rodney Stewart The last 45 years have brought great advances in the realms of computing and aircraft design. In terms of computing, we have seen the advent of desktop computing, the Internet, smartphones, cyber security, and a host of other advances that previous generations had hardly anticipated. Likewise, we have seen development and deployment of increasingly complex and technologically advanced aircraft, starting with systems such as the A-10 and F-16 in the 1970s and progressing up to the recently developed F-35 and KC-46 aircraft. The pace of progress has JAS Program Office been rapid since 1973; and, amazingly, COVART has remained a viable tool for performing ballistic 735 S. Courthouse Road vulnerability studies on aircraft all this time.
    [Show full text]
  • US Airways Flight 1549
    Docket No. SA-532 Exhibit No. 6-A NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD Washington, D.C. Survival Factors Group Chairman’s Factual Report (186 Pages) NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD Office of Aviation Safety Washington, DC 20594 SURVIVAL FACTORS GROUP CHAIRMAN’S FACTUAL REPORT May 22, 2009 I. ACCIDENT Operator : US Airways, Inc. Airplane : Airbus A320-214 [N106US] MSN 1044 Location : Weehawken, NJ Date : January 15, 2009 Time : 1527 eastern standard time1 NTSB # : DCA09MA026 II. SURVIVAL FACTORS GROUP2 Group Chairman : Jason T. Fedok National Transportation Safety Board Washington, DC Member : David Lefrancq Airbus Toulouse, France Member : Barrington Johnson Association of Flight Attendants Charlotte, NC Member : Dr. Didier Delaitre Bureau d’Enquetes et d’Analyses Paris, France Member : Mark James Federal Aviation Administration Kansas City, MO Member : Brenda Pitts Federal Aviation Administration Garden City, NJ 1 All times are reported in eastern standard time unless otherwise noted. 2 Not all group members were present for all activities. 1 Member : John Shelden Federal Aviation Administration Renton, WA Member : Bob Hemphill US Airways, Inc. Phoenix, AZ III. SUMMARY On January 15, 2009, about 1527 eastern standard time (EST), US Airways flight 1549, an Airbus A320-214, registration N106US, suffered bird ingestion into both engines, lost engine thrust, and landed in the Hudson River following take off from New York City's LaGuardia Airport (LGA). The scheduled, domestic passenger flight, operated under the provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 121, was en route to Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) in Charlotte, North Carolina. The 150 passengers and 5 crewmembers evacuated the airplane successfully. One flight attendant and four passengers were seriously injured.
    [Show full text]
  • Airframe & Aircraft Components By
    Airframe & Aircraft Components (According to the Syllabus Prescribed by Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India) FIRST EDITION AIRFRAME & AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS Prepared by L.N.V.M. Society Group of Institutes * School of Aeronautics ( Approved by Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India) * School of Engineering & Technology ( Approved by Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India) Compiled by Sheo Singh Published By L.N.V.M. Society Group of Institutes H-974, Palam Extn., Part-1, Sec-7, Dwarka, New Delhi-77 Published By L.N.V.M. Society Group of Institutes, Palam Extn., Part-1, Sec.-7, Dwarka, New Delhi - 77 First Edition 2007 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Type Setting Sushma Cover Designed by Abdul Aziz Printed at Graphic Syndicate, Naraina, New Delhi. Dedicated To Shri Laxmi Narain Verma [ Who Lived An Honest Life ] Preface This book is intended as an introductory text on “Airframe and Aircraft Components” which is an essential part of General Engineering and Maintenance Practices of DGCA license examination, BAMEL, Paper-II. It is intended that this book will provide basic information on principle, fundamentals and technical procedures in the subject matter areas relating to the “Airframe and Aircraft Components”. The written text is supplemented with large number of suitable diagrams for reinforcing the key aspects. I acknowledge with thanks the contribution of the faculty and staff of L.N.V.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Certification of the F-16 Block 52+ Aircraft 29 November 2005 2005 USAF Aircraft Structural Integrity Program Conference
    Structural Certification of the F-16 Block 52+ Aircraft 29 November 2005 2005 USAF Aircraft Structural Integrity Program Conference Robert J. Burt Director and Deputy F-35 Structural Development and Integrity Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Fort Worth © 2005 LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Structural Certification of the F-16 Block 52+ Aircraft Abstract This presentation will describe in some detail the process followed by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics – Fort Worth for the structural certification of the new production F-16 Block 52+ aircraft for foreign military sales (FMS). The F-16 Block 52+ aircraft are structurally upgraded from the USAF Block 50/52 aircraft due to carriage of the fuselage shoulder mounted conformal fuel tanks and due to the addition of numerous advanced systems. The structural requirements and their methods of verification are set forth in the program contract and subsequent program documents such as the weapon system specification and air vehicle specification. Every USAF and FMS F-16 has an Aircraft Structural Integrity Program (ASIP) based upon program contractual requirement and tailored to MIL-STD-1530B Aircraft Structural Integrity Program. An ASIP Master Plan has been written for the Block 52+ aircraft which has been coordinated with and approved by the USAF F-16 System Group. This ASIP Master Plan states in specific terms how all the tasking outlined in the “five pillars” is accomplished. An overall design process will be discussed in depth pointing out how all historical structural analysis, structural test and field information has been used in the structural design of the Block 52+ aircraft.
    [Show full text]
  • Afsc 2A6x4 Career Field Education and Training Plan
    DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE CFETP 2A6X4 Headquarters US Air Force Parts I and II Washington, DC 20330-1030 APRIL 1999 AFSC 2A6X4 AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEMS CAREER FIELD EDUCATION AND TRAINING PLAN CAREER FIELD EDUCATION AND TRAINING PLAN AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEMS SPECIALTY AFSC 2A6X4 Table of Contents PART I Preface......................................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations/Terms Explained.................................................................................................. 3 Section A--General Information..................................................................................................5 Purpose of the CFETP Use of the CFETP Coordination and Approval of the CFETP Section B--Career Progression and Information ......................................................................... 6 Specialty Description Skill/Career Progression Apprentice Level (3) Journeyman Level (5) Craftsman Level (7) Superintendent Level (9) Training Decisions Community College of the Air Force Career Field Path Section C--Skill Level Training Requirements........................................................................... 12 Purpose Training Requirements Apprentice Level (3) Journeyman Level (5) Craftsman Level (7) Superintendent Level (9) Section D--Resource Constraints ................................................................................................ 14 Section E--Transitional Training Guide.....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bombardier Global Express - Fuel System
    Bombardier Global Express - Fuel System INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the fuel system for the Global Express aircraft. Fuel is contained in a wet wing box structure, which is sealed to form the three main separate wing tanks, and a smaller quantity of fuel is carried in a separate aft fuselage tank. The tanks are vented to atmosphere and slightly pressurized by an air scoop located on the lower surface of each wing. A scavenge pump purges fuel from the vent lines and a climb vent, located in each main wing tank, provides ventilation when the airplane is in a nose up attitude. Each engine is supplied with fuel from its respective feed tank which contains two alternating current or AC primary pumps, and one Direct Current (DC) backup (or Aux) electrical boost pump. The transfer system maintains the feed tanks full during all attitudes, and provides automatic transfer of fuel from the center tank and aft tank to the main wing tanks. Lateral balance between left and right main tanks is controlled automatically by the Fuel Management and Quantity Gauging Computer (FMQGC), or manually through switch selections in the flight compartment. Page 1 Bombardier Global Express - Fuel System Feed Tanks DC Pumps (start, emergency and wing transfer) AC Motor Pumps* (transfer) AC Motor Pumps (transfer) GX_11_001 AFT Tank* Center Tank Engine Driven Pumps AC Motor Pumps (engine feed) Main Wing Tank Note *Not on Global 5000 Flight deck control is provided on the overhead panel, and fuel quantity and warnings are displayed on EICAS. A single point pressure refuel/defuel adapter is provided which is connected to a manifold containing shutoff valves.
    [Show full text]
  • Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3B) Chapter 2
    Chapter 2 Ground Operations Introduction All pilots must ensure that they place a strong emphasis on ground operations as this is where safe flight begins and ends. At no time should a pilot hastily consider ground operations without proper and effective thoroughness. This phase of flight provides the first opportunity for a pilot to safely assess the various factors of flight operations including the regulatory requirements, an evaluation of the airplane’s condition, and the pilot’s readiness for their pilot in command (PIC) responsibilities. 2-1 Flying an airplane presents many new responsibilities that are not required for other forms of transportation. Focus is often overly placed on the flying portion itself with less emphasis placed on ground operations; it must be stressed that a pilot should allow themselves adequate time to properly prepare for flight and maintain effective situational awareness at all times until the airplane is safely and securely returned to its tie-down or hangar. This chapter covers the essential elements for the regulatory basis of flight including an airplane’s airworthiness requirements, important inspection items when conducting a Figure 2-2. A visual inspection of the aircraft before flight is an preflight visual inspection, managing risk and resources, and important step in mitigating airplane flight hazards. proper and effective airplane surface movements including the use of the Airplane Flight Manual/Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH) and airplane checklists. be kept accurate and secure but available for inspection. Airplane logbooks are not required, nor is it advisable, to be Preflight Assessment of the Aircraft kept in the airplane.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject: FUEL TANK IGNITION SOURCE PREVENTION
    Subject: FUEL TANK IGNITION Date: 9/19/08 AC No: 25.981-1C SOURCE PREVENTION GUIDELINES Initiated By: ANM-112 1. Purpose. This advisory circular (AC) provides guidance for demonstrating compliance with the certification requirements for prevention of ignition sources within the fuel tanks of transport category airplanes. This guidance is applicable to transport category airplanes for which a new, amended, or supplemental type certificate is requested. 2. Applicability. a. The guidance provided in this document is directed to airplane manufacturers, modifiers, foreign regulatory authorities, and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) transport airplane type certification engineers, and their designees. b. This material is neither mandatory nor regulatory in nature and does not constitute a regulation. It describes acceptable means, but not the only means, for demonstrating compliance with the applicable regulations. The FAA will consider other methods of demonstrating compliance that an applicant may elect to present. While these guidelines are not mandatory, they are derived from extensive FAA and industry experience in determining compliance with the relevant regulations. On the other hand, if we become aware of circumstances that convince us that following this AC would not result in compliance with the applicable regulations, we will not be bound by the terms of this AC, and we may require additional substantiation or design changes as a basis for finding compliance. c. This material does not change, create any additional, authorize changes in, or permit deviations from, regulatory requirements. 3. Cancellation. Advisory Circular 25.981-1B, Fuel Tank Ignition Source Prevention Guidelines, dated April 18, 2001, is cancelled. 4. Related Documents.
    [Show full text]
  • FAA Safety Briefing January/February 2020 Volume 60/Number 1
    November/DecemberJanuary/February 2020 2019 Know Your Aircraft Federal Aviation 8 NoA VerySurprises Long Title for One of the20 FeatureThe Wing’s Title24 Give of One Me Feature a Brake ... Administration 10KeepingStories Control Could Possiblyof Go in thisthe SpaceThing 16 Storyand Maybe Goes Here a Tire and a Avionics and Automation Strut TooJanuary / February 2020 1 ABOUT THIS ISSUE ... U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration ISSN: 1057-9648 FAA Safety Briefing January/February 2020 Volume 60/Number 1 Elaine L. Chao Secretary of Transportation The January/February 2020 issue of FAA Safety Steve Dickson Administrator Briefing focuses on how to better “Know Your Aircraft.” Ali Bahrami Associate Administrator for Aviation Safety Feature articles cover each major section of an Executive Director, Flight Standards Service Rick Domingo aircraft, highlighting the many design, performance Editor Susan Parson and structural variations you’ll likely see and how Tom Hoffmann Managing Editor they affect your flying. We’ll also take a fresh look at James Williams Associate Editor / Photo Editor Jennifer Caron Copy Editor / Quality Assurance Lead understanding aircraft energy management. Paul Cianciolo Associate Editor / Social Media John Mitrione Art Director Published six times a year, FAA Safety Briefing, formerly Contact information FAA Aviation News, promotes aviation safety by discussing current The magazine is available on the internet at: technical, regulatory, and procedural aspects affecting the safe www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing operation and maintenance of aircraft. Although based on current FAA policy and rule interpretations, all material is advisory or Comments or questions should be directed to the staff by: informational in nature and should not be construed to have • Emailing: [email protected] regulatory effect.
    [Show full text]