Tr e a t i s e o n In v e r t e b r a t e Pa l e o n t o l o g y

Part H Br a c h i o p o d a Revised

Volume 6: Supplement

Al w y n Wi l l i a ms , C. H. C. Br u n t o n , and S. J. Ca r l s o n with Fe r n a n d o Al v a r e z , A. D. An s e l l , P. G. Ba k e r , M. G. Ba ss e t t , R. B. Bl o d g e t t , A. J. Bo u c o t , J. L. Ca r t e r , L. R. M. Co c ks , B. L. Co h e n , Pa u l Co pp e r , G. B. Cu r r y , Ma gg i e Cu s a c k , A. S. Da g y s , C. C. Em i g , A. B. Ga w t h r o p , Ré m y Go u r v e n n e c , R. E. Gr a n t , D. A. T. Ha r p e r , L. E. Ho l m e r , Ho u Ho n g -f e i , M. A. Ja m e s , Ji n Yu-g a n , J. G. Jo h n s o n , J. R. La u r i e , St a n i s l a v La z a r e v , D. E. Le e , Ca r s t e n Lü t e r , Sa r a h Ma c k a y , D. I. Ma c Ki n n o n , M. O. Ma n c e ñ i d o , Mi c h a l Me r g l , E. F. Ow e n , L. S. Pe c k , L. E. Po p o v , P. R. Ra c h e b o e u f , M. C. Rh o d e s , J. R. Ri c h a r d s o n , Ro n g Ji a -y u , Ma d i s Ru b e l , N. M. Sa v a g e , T. N. Sm i r n o v a , Su n Do n g -l i , De r e k Wa l t o n , Br u c e Wa r d l a w , and A. D. Wr i gh t

Prepared under Sponsorship of The Geological Society of America, Inc.

The Paleontological Society SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) The Palaeontographical Society The Palaeontological Association

Ra y m o n d C. Mo o r e Pa u l A. Se l d e n Founder Editor

Ji l l Ha r d e s t y , Ja n e Ke r n s Mi c h a e l Co r m a c k , De n i s e Ma y s e Assistant Editors and Editorial Staff

Th e Ge o l o g i c a l So c i e t y o f Am e r i c a , In c . and Th e Un i v e r s i t y o f Ka n s a s Bo u l d e r , Co l o r a d o , and La w r e n c e , Ka n s a s 2007 © 2007 b y Th e Ge o l o g i c a l So c i e t y o f Am e r i c a , In c .

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Al l Ri gh t s Re s e r v e d

Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 53-12913 ISBN 978-0-8137-3136-0

Distributed by the Geological Society of America, Inc., P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA, www.geosociety.org, from which current price lists of parts in print may be obtained and to which all orders and related correspondence should be directed. Editorial office of the Treatise: ­Paleontological ­Institute, The University of Kansas, 1475 Jayhawk Blvd., Room 121, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7613, USA, www.paleo.ku.edu.

Citation information: Selden, P. A., ed. 2007. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H, Brachio- poda, Revised, vol. 6. Geological Society of America & Paleontological Institute. Boulder, Colorado, & Lawrence, Kansas. l + 906 p., 461 fg., 38 tables.

ii The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology has been made possible by (1) funding principally from the National Science Foundation of the United States in its early stages, from The Geological Society of America through the bequest of Richard Alexander Fullerton Penrose, Jr., and from The Kansas University Endowment Association through the bequest of Raymond C. and Lillian B. Moore; (2) contribution of the knowledge and labor of specialists throughout the world, working in cooperation under sponsorship of The Geological Society of America, the Paleontological Society, the SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), the Palaeon­to­­graphical Society, and the Palaeontological Association; (3) acceptance by The University of Kansas of publication without any financial gain to the University; and (4) generous contributions by our individual and corporate sponsors.

iii PART H, Revised BRACHIOPODA VOLUME 6: Supplement

Al w y n Wi l l i a ms , C. H. C. Br u n t o n , S. J. Ca r l s o n , Fe r n a n d o Al v a r e z , P. G. Ba k e r , M. G. Ba ss e t t , A. J. Bo u c o t , J. L. Ca r t e r , L. R. M. Co c ks , B. L. Co h e n , G. B. Cu r r y , Ma gg i e Cu s a c k , C. C. Em i g , Ré m y Go u r v e n n e c , D. A. T. Ha r p e r , L. E. Ho l m e r , D. E. Le e , Al a n Lo g a n , Ca r s t e n Lü t e r , D. I. Ma c Ki n n o n , M. O. Ma n c e ñ i d o , Mi c h a l Me r g l , L. E. Po p o v , P. R. Ra c h e b o e u f , Ma d i s Ru b e l , N. M. Sa v a g e , T. N. Sm i r n o v a , Su n Do n g -l i , and A. D. Wr i gh t

CONTENTS In f o r m a t i o n o n Tr e a t i s e v o l u m e s ...... xiv Ed i to r i a l Pr e f a c e (Paul A. Selden)...... xvi St r a t i g r a ph i c Di v i s i o n s ...... xxix Co o r d i n a t i n g Au t h o r s ’ Pr e f a c e (C. Howard C. Brunton & S. J. Carlson)...... xxx Re p o s i t o r i e s a n d Th e i r Abb r e v i a t i o n s ...... xxxv Ou t l i n e o f Su p r a f a m i l i a l Cl a ss i f i c at i o n a n d Au t h o r sh i p (Alwyn Williams, S. J. Carlson, & C. H. C. Brunton)...... xxxix Er r a t a ...... xlvi Su pp l e m e n t a l Ge n e r a Li s t ...... xlviii ANATOMY (Carsten Lüter)...... 2321 Introduction...... 2321 Mantles and Body Walls...... 2321 Excretory System...... 2328 Nervous and Sensory System...... 2330 Embryology and Development...... 2339 THE BRACHIOPOD GENOME (B. L. Cohen)...... 2356 Introduction...... 2356 Structure, Composition, and Organization of the Nuclear Genome...... 2356 Structure, Composition, and Organization of the Mitochondrial Genome...... 2357 Toward a Genealogical Classification of Brachiopoda...... 2359 Population Dynamics Below the Species Level...... 2370 Evolution and Development...... 2370 Achievements and Limitations of Molecular Systematics of Brachiopods...... 2371 Gene Trees and Immunotaxonomy...... 2371 Acknowledgments...... 2372 Biochemistry and Diversity of Brachiopod Shells . (Maggie Cusack and Alwyn Williams)...... 2373 Inroduction...... 2373 Organophosphatic Shell Chemistry...... 2373 Shell Chemistry of Craniids...... 2383 Organocarbonate Rhynchonelliform Shell Chemistry...... 2388 Conclusions...... 2393 Acknowledgments...... 2395

iv Chemicostructural Diversity of the Brachiopod Shell . (Alwyn Williams and Maggie Cusack...... 2396 Introduction...... 2396 Juvenile Shell of Brachiopods...... 2397 Mature Shell of Brachiopods...... 2425 Organophosphatic Shell...... 2426 Evolution of the Mature Organophosphatic Shell...... 2470 Organocarbonate, Tabular Laminar Shell...... 2474 Chemicostructure of the Novocrania Shell...... 2474 Shell Structure of Fossil Craniids...... 2485 Recrystallization and Degradation of Fossil Craniids...... 2489 Organocarbonate Fibrous Shell...... 2494 Chemicostructure of Living Rhynchonellate Shells...... 2495 Chemicostructural Diversity of Early Rhynchonelliform Shells...... 2504 Conclusions...... 2518 Acknowledgments...... 2521 Stable Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes in Extant Brachiopod Shells: . Keys to Deciphering Ancient Ocean Environments . (David Parkinson and Maggie Cusack)...... 2522 Background...... 2522 Brachiopod Isotope Research...... 2523 The Equilibrium Debate...... 2524 Implications for Use in Paleoenvironmental Investigations...... 2529 Acknowledgments...... 2531

Sy s t e m a t i c De s c r i p t i o n s : Br a c h i o p o d a : Up d a t e s t o Vo l u m e s 2–5...... 2532 LINGULIFORMEA (L. E. Holmer and L. E. Popov) ...... 2532 Subphylum LINGULIFORMEA...... 2532 Class LINGULATA ...... 2532 Order LINGULIDA ...... 2532 Superfamily LINGULOIDEA...... 2533 Family LINGULIDAE...... 2533 Family PSEUDOLINGULIDAE ...... 2533 Family OBOLIDAE...... 2536 Family ZHANATELLIDAE ...... 2547 Family PATERULIDAE...... 2549 Superfamily DISCINOIDEA...... 2552 Family DISCINIDAE...... 2552 Family TREMATIDAE...... 2556 Family Uncertain...... 2556 Superfamily ACROTHELOIDEA ...... 2556 Family BOTSFORDIIDAE ...... 2556 Superfamily and Family Uncertain ...... 2559 ACROTRETIDA (L. E. Holmer and L. E. Popov)...... 2560 Order ACROTRETIDA ...... 2560 Superfamily ACROTRETOIDEA...... 2560 Family ACROTRETIDAE ...... 2560 Family TORYNELASMATIDAE ...... 2568 Family EPHIPPELASMATIDAE ...... 2568

v Family BIERNATIDAE...... 2568 Family CERATRETIDAE...... 2568 SIPHONOTRETIDA (L. E. Holmer, L. E. Popov, and M. G. Bassett)...... 2575 Order SIPHONOTRETIDA...... 2575 Superfamily SIPHONOTRETOIDEA ...... 2576 Family SIPHONOTRETIDAE ...... 2576 PATERINATA (L. E. Holmer and L. E. Popov)...... 2578 Class PATERINATA ...... 2578 Order PATERINIDA ...... 2578 Superfamily PATERINOIDEA...... 2578 Family PATERINIDAE...... 2578 INCERTAE SEDIS: ORGANOPHOSPHATIC BIVALVED . STEM-GROUP BRACHIOPODS (L. E. Holmer and L. E. Popov)...... 2580 Introduction...... 2580 MICKWITZIIDS...... 2581 CRANIATA (L. E. Popov, M. G. Bassett, and L. E. Holmer) ...... 2590 Subphylum CRANIIFORMEA ...... 2590 Class CRANIATA ...... 2590 CRANIOPSIDA (L. E. Popov and L. E. Holmer) ...... 2591 Order CRANIOPSIDA ...... 2591 CRANIIDA (M. G. Bassett)...... 2591 Order CRANIIDA ...... 2591 Superfamily CRANIOIDEA...... 2591 Family Craniidae...... 2591 TRIMERELLIDA (L. E. Popov and L. E. Holmer) ...... 2592 Order TRIMERELLIDA ...... 2592 Superfamily TRIMERELLOIDEA...... 2592 Family TRIMERELLIDAE ...... 2592 CHILEATA (L. E. Popov and L. E. Holmer) ...... 2595 Subphylum RHYNCHONELLIFORMEA...... 2595 Class CHILEATA ...... 2595 Class OBOLELLATA ...... 2595 Order NAUKATIDA ...... 2595 Superfamily NAUKATOIDEA...... 2595 Family PELMANELLIDAE ...... 2595 KUTORGINATA (L. E. Popov and Alwyn Williams)...... 2596 Class KUTORGINATA ...... 2596 Order KUTORGINIDA ...... 2596 Superfamily and Family UNCERTAIN...... 2596 STROPHOMENIDA (L. R. M. Cocks and Rong Jia-Yu)...... 2598 Class Strophomenata ...... 2598 Order STROPHOMENIDA...... 2598 Superfamily STROPHOMENOIDEA ...... 2598 Family STROPHOMENIDAE ...... 2598 Family RAFINESQUINIDAE ...... 2604

vi Family GLYPTOMENIDAE ...... 2610 Family AMPHISTROPHIIDAE ...... 2613 Family DOUVILLINIDAE...... 2613 Family LEPTOSTROPHIIDAE ...... 2614 Superfamily PLECTAMBONITOIDEA ...... 2620 Family PLECTAMBONITIDAE ...... 2620 Family TAFFIIDAE ...... 2620 Family BIMURIIDAE...... 2622 Family LEPTELLINIDAE ...... 2622 Family LEPTESTIIDAE ...... 2624 Family XENAMBONITIDAE ...... 2624 Family HESPEROMENIDAE ...... 2624 Family SOWERBYELLIDAE...... 2627 CHONETIDINA (P. R. Racheboeuf)...... 2628 Introduction...... 2628 Order Productida ...... 2628 Suborder Chonetidina ...... 2628 Superfamily Chonetoidea...... 2628 Family Strophochonetidae...... 2628 Family Chonostrophiidae ...... 2630 Family Anopliidae...... 2630 Family Rugosochonetidae ...... 2634 PRODUCTIDINA (C. H. C. Brunton)...... 2639 Suborder PRODUCTIDINA ...... 2639 Superfamily PRODUCTOIDEA...... 2639 Family PRODUCTELLIDAE ...... 2639 Family PRODUCTIDAE...... 2644 Superfamily ECHINOCONCHOIDEA ...... 2650 Family ECHINOCONCHIDAE ...... 2650 Superfamily LINOPRODUCTOIDEA ...... 2652 Family LINOPRODUCTIDAE ...... 2652 Family MONTICULIFERIDAE ...... 2655 Suborder STROPHALOSIIDINA ...... 2663 Superfamily STROPHALOSIOIDEA...... 2663 Family STROPHALOSIIDAE ...... 2663 Family CHONOPECTIDAE ...... 2667 Family ARAKSALOSIIDAE ...... 2669 Superfamily AULOSTEGOIDEA ...... 2669 Family AULOSTEGIDAE ...... 2669 Family TSCHERNYSCHEWIIDAE ...... 2672 Order ORTHOTETIDA ...... 2674 Superfamily ORTHOTETOIDEA...... 2674 Family SCHUCHERTELLIDAE ...... 2674 ORTHOTETIDA (D. A. T. Harper) ...... 2678 Order ORTHOTETIDA ...... 2678

vii Suborder ORTHOTETIDINA...... 2678 Superfamily CHILIDIOPSOIDEA...... 2678 Family EOCRAMATIIDAE ...... 2678 TRIPLESIOIDEA (A. D. Wright)...... 2678 Suborder Triplesiidina...... 2678 Superfamily TRIPLESIOIDEA ...... 2678 Family TRIPLESIIDAE...... 2678 CLITAMBONITIDINA (Madis Rubel)...... 2680 Suborder CLITAMBONITIDINA ...... 2680 SuperfamilyCLITAMBONITOIDEA...... 2680 Family ARCTOHEDRIDAE ...... 2680 Superfamily POLYTOECHIOIDEA ...... 2681 Family POLYTOECHIIDAE...... 2681 PROTORTHIDA (D. A. T. Harper) ...... 2682 Class RHYNCHONELLATA ...... 2682 Order PROTORTHIDA...... 2682 Superfamily PROTORTHOIDEA...... 2682 Family PROTORTHIDAE...... 2682 ORTHIDA (D. A. T. Harper) ...... 2684 Order ORTHIDA ...... 2684 Suborder ORTHIDINA ...... 2684 Superfamily ORTHOIDEA ...... 2684 Family ORTHIDAE...... 2684 Family ARCHAEORTHIDAE...... 2684 Family GLYPTORTHIDAE ...... 2690 Family HESPERONOMIIDAE ...... 2690 Family HESPERORTHIDAE ...... 2690 Family PLAESIOMYIIDAE ...... 2690 Superfamily PLECTORTHOIDEA ...... 2690 Family PLECTORTHIDAE ...... 2690 Family EOORTHIDAE...... 2691 Family GIRALDIELLIDAE ...... 2691 Family PLATYSTROPHIIDAE ...... 2692 Suborder DALMANELLIDINA ...... 2692 Superfamily DALMANELLOIDEA ...... 2692 Family DALMANELLIDAE ...... 2692 Family HARKNESSELLIDAE ...... 2692 Family HETERORTHIDAE ...... 2692 Family PAURORTHIDAE...... 2693 Superfamily ENTELETOIDEA ...... 2693 Family DRABOVIIDAE...... 2693 Family LINOPORELLIDAE ...... 2697 Family SCHIZOPHORIIDAE ...... 2697 PENTAMERIDA (S. J. Carlson)...... 2699 Order PENTAMERIDA ...... 2699 Suborder SYNTROPHIIDINA...... 2699 Superfamily PORAMBONITOIDEA ...... 2699

viii Family HUENELLIDAE ...... 2699 Family CLARKELLIDAE ...... 2699 Superfamily CAMERELLOIDEA ...... 2700 Family PARASTROPHINIDAE ...... 2700 RHYNCHONELLIDA (part) (N. M. Savage)...... 2703 Order RHYNCHONELLIDA ...... 2703 Superfamily RHYNCHOTREMATOIDEA ...... 2703 Family TRIGONIRHYNCHIIDAE ...... 2703 Superfamily UNCINULOIDEA ...... 2707 Family HEBETOECHIIDAE ...... 2707 Family INNAECHIIDAE...... 2707 Family HYPOTHYRIDINIDAE ...... 2707 Superfamily CAMAROTOECHIOIDEA ...... 2709 Family LEIORHYNCHIDAE ...... 2709 Superfamily PUGNACOIDEA ...... 2712 Family ROZMANARIIDAE ...... 2712 Family ASEPTIRHYNCHIIDAE ...... 2714 Family YUNNANELLIDAE ...... 2716 STENOSCISMATOIDEA (S. J. Carlson)...... 2717 Superfamily STENOSCISMATOIDEA ...... 2717 Family PSILOCAMARIDAE...... 2717 Family STENOSCISMATIDAE ...... 2717 DIMERELLOIDEA (N. M. Savage)...... 2720 Superfamily DIMERELLOIDEA ...... 2720 Family PEREGRINELLIDAE...... 2720 Superfamily WELLERELLOIDEA ...... 2720 Family WELLERELLIDAE ...... 2720 SYNONYMS...... 2723 NOMINA DUBIA...... 2724 POST-PALEOZOIC RHYNCHONELLIDA . (M. O. Manceñido, E. F. Owen, and D.-L. Sun)...... 2727 Superfamily PUGNACOIDEA ...... 2730 Family BASILIOLIDAE ...... 2730 Family ERYMNARIIDAE...... 2730 Superfamily WELLERELLOIDEA ...... 2730 Family PONTISIIDAE ...... 2730 Superfamily RHYNCHONELLOIDEA ...... 2732 Family RHYNCHONELLIDAE ...... 2732 Superfamily NORELLOIDEA ...... 2734 Family NORELLIDAE...... 2734 Family FRIELEIIDAE...... 2735 Superfamily HEMITHIRIDOIDEA ...... 2736 Family CYCLOTHYRIDIDAE ...... 2736 Family TETRARHYNCHIIDAE ...... 2736 ATHYRIDIDA (Fernando Alvarez)...... 2742 Order ATHYRIDIDA...... 2742 Suborder ATHYRIDIDINA ...... 2742

ix Superfamily ATHYRIDOIDEA ...... 2742 Family ATHYRIDIDAE...... 2742 Superfamily MERISTELLOIDEA ...... 2760 Family MERISTIDAE ...... 2760 Family UNCERTAIN...... 2762 Superfamily RETZIELLOIDEA ...... 2768 Family RETZIELLIDAE ...... 2768 Suborder RETZIIDINA ...... 2769 Superfamily RETZIOIDEA ...... 2769 Family NEORETZIIDAE...... 2769 SPIRIFERIDA AND SPIRIFERINIDA (Rémy Gourvennec and J. L. Carter)...... 2772 Order SPIRIFERIDA ...... 2772 Suborder SPIRIFERIDINA ...... 2772 Superfamily ADOLFIOIDEA ...... 2772 Family ADOLFIIDAE...... 2772 Superfamily CYRTOSPIRIFEROIDEA ...... 2772 Family CYRTOSPIRIFERIDAE ...... 2772 Family CONISPIRIFERIDAE ...... 2774 Superfamily Ambocoelioidea ...... 2775 Family Ambocoeliidae ...... 2775 Superfamily MARTINIOIDEA ...... 2776 Family ELYTHYNIDAE ...... 2776 Family Martiniidae...... 2776 Family Ingelarellidae ...... 2778 Superfamily SPIRIFEROIDEA ...... 2779 Family SPIRIFERIDAE...... 2781 Family CHORISTITIDAE ...... 2781 Family TRIGONOTRETIDAE ...... 2781 Family SPIRIFERELLIDAE ...... 2785 Superfamily PAECKELMANNELLOIDEA ...... 2786 Family STROPHOPLEURIDAE ...... 2786 Superfamily BRACHYTHYRIDOIDEA ...... 2789 Family Brachythyrididae ...... 2789 Suborder DELTHYRIDINA ...... 2789 Superfamily DELTHYRIDOIDEA ...... 2789 Family HYSTEROLITIDAE ...... 2789 Family ACROSPIRIFERIDAE ...... 2791 Family CYRTINOPSIDAE ...... 2791 Superfamily RETICULARIOIDEA ...... 2791 Family RETICULARIIDAE ...... 2791 Order SPIRIFERINIDA ...... 2792 Suborder CYRTINIDINA ...... 2792 Superfamily CYRTINOIDEA...... 2792 Family CYRTINIDAE...... 2792 Suborder SPIRIFERINIDINA ...... 2792 Superfamily Syringothyridoidea ...... 2792

x Family Syringothyrididae ...... 2792 Family Licharewiidae ...... 2796 Superfamily Pennospiriferinoidea ...... 2796 Family Spiropunctiferidae ...... 2796 THECIDEIDA (P. G. Baker)...... 2797 Order THECIDEIDA ...... 2797 Superfamily THECIDEOIDEA ...... 2797 Family THECIDELLINIDAE ...... 2797 Family THECIDEIDAE...... 2797 TEREBRATULIDINA (D. E. Lee, D. I. MacKinnon, and T. N. Smirnova)...... 2801 Order TEREBRATULIDA ...... 2801 Suborder TEREBRATULIDINA...... 2801 Superfamily DIELASMATOIDEA ...... 2801 Family DIELASMATIDAE ...... 2801 Family BEECHERIIDAE...... 2801 Family UNCERTAIN...... 2801 Superfamily TEREBRATULOIDEA ...... 2803 Family UNCERTAIN...... 2803 Superfamily LOBOIDOTHYRIDOIDEA ...... 2805 Family UNCERTAIN...... 2805 Superfamily DYSCOLIOIDEA ...... 2805 Family UNCERTAIN...... 2805 Superfamily UNCERTAIN...... 2805 Family ORTHOTOMIDAE ...... 2805 Superfamily UNCERTAIN...... 2807 Family UNCERTAIN...... 2807 Suborder TEREBRATELLIDINA ...... 2808 Superfamily ZEILLERIOIDEA...... 2808 Family ZEILLERIIDAE...... 2808 Superfamily KINGENOIDEA ...... 2810 Family UNCERTAIN...... 2810 Superfamily TEREBRATELLOIDEA ...... 2810 Family TEREBRATELLIDAE...... 2810 Family DALLINIDAE...... 2810 Superfamily UNCERTAIN...... 2810 Family UNCERTAIN...... 2810 UNCERTAIN (A. J. Boucot)...... 2817 Order and Superfamily UNCERTAIN...... 2817 Family UNCERTAIN...... 2817 UNCERTAIN (N. M. Savage)...... 2820 Order UNCERTAIN...... 2820 Family CARDIARINIDAE...... 2820 UNCERTAIN (D. A. T. Harper) ...... 2820 Order UNCERTAIN ...... 2820 Superfamily UNCERTAIN ...... 2820 Family TROPIDOLEPTIDAE ...... 2820

xi Affinities of Brachiopods and Trends in their Evolution . (Alwyn Williams and S. J. Carlson)...... 2822 Introduction...... 2822 Brachiopod Affinities...... 2823 Monophyly and Intraphylum Groupings of the Brachiopoda ...... 2830 Trends in Brachiopod Evolution ...... 2833 Recent Research on Brachiopod Evolution (S. J. Carlson) ...... 2878 Introduction...... 2878 Relationship of Phoronids and Brachiopods...... 2880 Relationship of Craniiformea to Other Brachiopods...... 2883 Relationship of Thecideida to Other Brachiopods...... 2885 Relationship of Brachiopods to the Tommotian (and Atdabanian) Fauna...... 2887 Relationships among all Brachiopods...... 2896 Concluding Synthesis...... 2898 Stratigraphic Distribution of Brachiopods . (G. B. Curry and C. H. C. Brunton)...... 2901 Introduction...... 2901 Stratigraphic Nomenclature...... 2901 Stratigraphic Subdivisions...... 2903 Absolute Geologic Time...... 2906 Methodology...... 2908 Estimates of Biodiversity?...... 2910 Overall Distribution...... 2912

xii Extinctions and Radiations...... 2917 Cambrian System ...... 2918 Ordovician System ...... 2922 Silurian System ...... 2928 Devonian System...... 2932 Carboniferous System ...... 2936 Permian System ...... 2940 Permo-Triassic Extinction Event ...... 2943 Triassic System...... 2947 Jurassic System...... 2950 Cretaceous System...... 2955 Paleogene, Neogene, Pleistocene, and Holocene ...... 2959 Acknowledgments...... 2964 Ranges of Taxa...... 2966 Geographic Distribution of Extant Articulated Brachiopods (Alan Logan)...... 3082 Introduction...... 3082 Order Rhynchonellida...... 3084 Order Thecideida...... 3089 Order Terebratulida...... 3094 Conclusions...... 3115 Re f e r e n c e s ...... 3116 In d e x ...... 3169

xiii