Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers

Final Report

By:

The Shediac Bay Watershed Association Inc. Jolyne Hébert Mélissa Tremblay

March 1, 2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Shediac Bay Watershed Association Board of Directors sends thanks to the numerous groups and individuals that contributed to making our programs a success again this year. In particular, the SBWA extends its appreciation to following individuals and organizations for their interest and involvement with the Shediac Bay Watershed Association during the 2015-2016 fiscal year.

. New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund . New Brunswick Wildlife Trust Fund . Fisheries and Oceans Canada . Environment Canada . Atlantic Salmon Conservation Foundation . New Brunswick Department of the Environment and Local Government . TD friends of the Environment . Shediac Market in the Park . Groupe de développement durable du pays de Cocagne . South-eastern Anglers Association . Vision H2O . Petitcodiac Watershed Alliance . New Brunswick Environnemental Network . Town of Shediac . Communauté Rural Beaubassin Est . Regional service district # 9 . Shediac Bay Marina . Pointe-du-Chêne Marina . Dupuis Printing . Branch Design . Encorp Atlantic . Coop Atlantic, Shediac . Ecole Mgr-Francois Bourgeois . Shediac Cape School . Homarus, Maritime Fishermen’s Union . University of Moncton . Acadie-Nouvelle . CBC News . Times &Transcript . Amis de la Kouchibouguacis . Southern Gulf of St-Lawrence Coalition . Miramichi River Environmental Assessment Committee . Bassin versant de la baie de Caraquet . Home Hardware Grande-Digue . Maximum Signs and Time 2 Shine . Nature NB . Club les ami(e)s de la nature du Sud-est . Scoudouc River Canoë Club

i Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Description of the Shediac Bay Watershed Association ...... 1 Overview of the Shediac Bay Watershed ...... 1 Water Quality Monitoring and Restoration program ...... 2 SHEDIAC AND SCOUDOUC RIVERS WATER QUALITY MONITORING ...... 3 Introduction ...... 3 Material and Methods ...... 4 Water Quality ...... 4 Macro-invertebrate ...... 4 Results...... 5 Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Physico-chemical Characteristics ...... 5 2.3.1.1 Water Temperature ...... 5 2.3.1.2 Thermograph Data ...... 6 2.3.1.2.1 Thermograph monitoring station ShdM ...... 7 2.3.1.2.2 Thermograph monitoring station ShdB ...... 8 2.3.1.2.3 Thermograph monitoring station ScdB ...... 9 2.3.1.3 Dissolved Oxygen ...... 10 2.3.1.4 Potential Hydrogen (pH) ...... 11 2.3.1.5 Conductivity ...... 12 2.3.1.6 Nitrate-Nitrogen ...... 14 2.3.1.7 Phosphates...... 15 2.3.1.8 Total Coliform ...... 16 2.3.1.9 Escherichia Coli ...... 17 2.3.1.10 Macro-Invertebrate Survey ...... 19 Discussion ...... 21 HABITAT AND WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT...... 23 Habitat Restoration ...... 23 McQuade Brook ...... 23 Alder Thinning and Debris Removal ...... 23 Deflectors ...... 24 Tree Planting ...... 28 Fish Ladder ...... 29 Unnamed Brook Boudreau-Ouest Clean-Up ...... 29 Scoudouc River Bank Stabilization (Dionne Brook) ...... 31 Weisner Brook ...... 32 Scoudouc River Canoe Run ...... 33 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATIONS ...... 35 MAPPING DATABASE WITH QGIS ...... 36 NEW SBWA WEBSITE ...... 37 ii Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

CLOSING COMMENTS ...... 38 7 APPENDIX A – CABIN DATA 2016 ...... 39 APPENDIX B – WATER CHEMISTRY METHODOLOGY ...... 48

iii Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

TABLE OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: MAP OF SHEDIAC BAY WATERSHED INCLUDING WATER QUALITY SAMPLING SITE LOCATIONS ...... 2 FIGURE 2: WATER TEMPERATURES FOR THE SCOUDOUC RIVER, 2016 ...... 5 FIGURE 3: WATER TEMPERATURES FOR THE SHEDIAC RIVER, 2016 ...... 6 FIGURE 4: MAP OF TEMPERATURE LOGGER PLACEMENT, SBWA 2016 ...... 7 FIGURE 5: THERMOGRAPH DATA CHART FOR MONITORING STATION ID SHDM, WEISNER BROOK 2016 ...... 8 FIGURE 6: THERMOGRAPH DATA CHART FOR MONITORING STATION ID SHDB, MCQUADE BROOK 2016 ...... 8 FIGURE 7: THERMOGRAPH DATA CHART FOR MONITORING STATION ID SCDB, SCOUDOUC RIVER 2016 ...... 9 FIGURE 8: LEVELS FOR THE SCOUDOUC RIVER, 2016 ...... 10 FIGURE 9: DO LEVELS FOR THE SHEDIAC RIVER, 2016 ...... 11 FIGURE 10: PH LEVELS FOR THE SCOUDOUC RIVER, 2016 ...... 12 FIGURE 11: PH LEVELS FOR THE SHEDIAC RIVER, 2016 ...... 12 FIGURE 12: CONDUCTIVITY LEVELS FOR THE SCOUDOUC RIVER 2016 ...... 13 FIGURE 13: CONDUCTIVITY LEVELS FOR THE SHEDIAC RIVER 2016 ...... 13 FIGURE 14: NITRATE LEVELS FOR THE SCOUDOUC RIVER, 2016 ...... 14 FIGURE 15: NITRATE LEVELS FOR THE SHEDIAC RIVER, 2016 ...... 14 FIGURE 16: PHOSPHATES LEVELS FOR THE SCOUDOUC RIVER, 2016 ...... 15 FIGURE 17: PHOSPHATES LEVELS FOR THE SHEDIAC RIVER, 2016 ...... 16 FIGURE 18: TOTAL COLIFORM COUNT FOR THE SCOUDOUC RIVER, 2016 ...... 16 FIGURE 19: TOTAL COLIFORM COUNT FOR THE SHEDIAC RIVER, 2016 ...... 17 FIGURE 21: E.COLI LEVELS FOR THE SCOUDOUC RIVER, 2016 ...... 17 FIGURE 22: E.COLI LEVELS FOR THE SHEDIAC RIVER, 2016...... 18 FIGURE 23: RCA MODEL ASSESSMENT – OBSERVED VS. EXPECTED RICHNESS, CABIN 2015 ...... 19 FIGURE 24: SBWA TEAM DOING CABIN SURVEYS, 2016 ...... 20 FIGURE 25: MAP SHOWING AREA CLEANED OF ANY EXCESSIVE ALDER OVERGROWTH AND DEBRIS JAM, 2016 ...... 24 FIGURE 26: LEFT TO RIGHT, THE BEFORE AND AFTER PHOTOS OF THE INSTALLATION OF THE FIRST DEFLECTOR SITE...... 25 FIGURE 27: LEFT TO RIGHT, THE BEFORE AND AFTER PHOTOS OF THE INSTALLATION OF THE SECOND DEFLECTOR SITE ...... 25 FIGURE 28: LEFT TO RIGHT, THE BEFORE AND AFTER PHOTOS OF THE INSTALLATION OF THE THIRD DEFLECTOR SITE...... 26 FIGURE 29: LEFT TO RIGHT, THE BEFORE AND AFTER PHOTOS OF THE INSTALLATION OF THE FOURTH DEFLECTOR SITE...... 26 FIGURE 30: LEFT TO RIGHT, THE AFTER PHOTOS OF THE INSTALLATION OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DEFLECTOR SITES ...... 26 FIGURE 31: MAP SHOWING LOCATIONS WHERE DIGGER LOGS AND TREE DEFLECTORS WERE PLACED, 2016 ...... 27 FIGURE 32: MAP SHOWING LOCATIONS WHERE DIGGER LOGS AND TREE DEFLECTORS WERE PLACED, 2016 ...... 28 FIGURE 33: WATER DEFLECTORS INSTALLED ON THE FISH LADDER IN 2016 ...... 29 FIGURE 34: MAP OF UNNAMED BROOK WHERE CLEANUP WAS UNDERTAKEN 2016 ...... 30 FIGURE 35: PHOTOS OF TRASH COLLECTED FROM THE STREAM AND DUMP SITE ...... 30 FIGURE 36: PHOTOS OF TRASH COLLECTED FROM THE DUMP SITE AND FIRST TRAILER OF SCRAP METAL...... 31 FIGURE 37: RETAINING WALL PHOTO BUILT IN 2015, SCOUDOUC RIVER ...... 31 FIGURE 38: OVERVIEW OF THE DISTANCE COVERED FOR RESTORATION...... 32 FIGURE 39: SBWA STAFF, WETLANDS, OLD BEAVER HUT, SCOUDOUC RIVER RUN 2016 ...... 33 FIGURE 40: GREAT CANADIAN GEESE, RIVER OTTER, WETLAND AND FORESTS ...... 34 FIGURE 41: TREE CUTTING WITHIN BUFFER ZONE (LEFT), CATTLE FIELD WITH MINIMAL BUFFER PROTECTION (RIGHT) ...... 34 FIGURE 42: EXAMPLES OF WATERSHED MAPS CREATED WITH QGIS ...... 36 FIGURE 43: TWO BANNER SNAPSHOTS OF THE NEW SBWA WEBSITE ...... 37

iv Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

ii Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

INTRODUCTION Description of the Shediac Bay Watershed Association

The Shediac Bay Watershed Association (SBWA) was founded in 1999 as a result of growing concerns from local community residents over the ecological health of Shediac Bay. In order to establish a long-term water quality-monitoring program, a community-based association was formed. The Shediac Bay Watershed Association vision and mission statements are as follows:

Our Vision – Communities working together to foster a healthy ecosystem that will sustain the quality of water for future generations.

Our Mission – The SBWA will accomplish its vision through education and community stewardship.

The Board of Directors includes the following members: Mr. Armand Robichaud, President Mr. Gerry Dionne Ms. Germaine Gallant Mr. Denis Haché, Vice-President Mr. Claude Léger Mr. David Dunn, Past President Mr. Léo-Paul Bourgeois Ms. Helen Hall, Treasurer Mr. Victorin Mallet,t Ms. Frances Kelly, Secretary Mr. Joe Caissie Ms. Connie Doyle Mr. Marc Fougère Mr. Pierre Landry Mr Arthur Melanson

The Shediac Bay Watershed Association gratefully receives guidance, donations and in-kind support from various organizations and interest groups. SBWA has a database of stakeholders consisting of business-owners, industry, foresters, farmers, local residents, cottage owners, recreation boaters and swimmers, conservation groups and community organizations within the Shediac Bay Watershed.

Overview of the Shediac Bay Watershed

The Shediac Bay Watershed covers 420 km2 of land area and stretches along 36 km of coastline, from Cap Bimet to Cap de Cocagne (Fig. 1). The Shediac Bay Watershed is composed of two major river systems emptying into Shediac Bay: the Shediac River and the Scoudouc River. The Shediac and the Scoudouc Rivers are characterized by dendritic patterns of small tributaries covering a watershed of 201.8 and 143.3 km2, respectively. The Shediac River is composed of two major water arms. The northern water arm is created by the convergence of the McQuade Brook, the Weisner and the Calhoun Brook. The southern large water arm of the Shediac River is the continuation of the Batemans Brook. Water velocity in both rivers is generally weak due to the gentle regional elevation. The watershed boundaries stretch into both Kent and Westmorland County and cross into both the Shediac and Moncton.

1 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Figure 1: Map of Shediac Bay Watershed including water quality sampling site locations

Water Quality Monitoring and Restoration program The water quality program of the SBWA focus on continuing remediation efforts within the Shediac Bay Watershed. The program also focuses on forming partnerships, environmental education and water quality monitoring. The following objectives are set within this program.

1) Conduct water quality monitoring

 Water quality physicochemical parameters monitoring  Bio-indicators monitoring (macro-invertebrates, fish abundance and diversity)  Creation and promotion of the status of the watershed, webpage and social media.

2) Habitat restoration and remediation

3) Climate Change adaptations

4) Sharing resources and forming partnerships

2 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

SHEDIAC AND SCOUDOUC RIVERS WATER QUALITY MONITORING

Introduction

Water quality monitoring began in the Shediac Bay Watershed during the water classification program in 1999-2001. Basic physical measurements were then taken at the same sites from 2002 to 2006. In 2007, additional parameters were measured (nitrate-nitrogen, total phosphorus and E. coli counts) on a monthly basis at each sampling sites. The water quality monitoring is used to support the need for specific remediation actions and measure the effectiveness of the work. It is also used to complete detailed sanitary surveys and establish the status of our rivers.

Such monitoring helps determine if changes to the water quality occurred and if sections of the stream or river remain suitable for aquatic life. It is of outmost importance to have accurate and continuous data of water parameters for the watershed. This allows for effective management strategies and the creation of remediation plans.

The addition of biomonitoring through the use of macroinvertebrate sampling (CABIN) adds valuable data to our water quality monitoring. By creating a baseline data of macroinvertebrate ecosystems at various sites, we will be able to observe changes in the ecosystem if there are changes in water quality. The use of biomonitoring will help use determine the environmental impacts of climate change, and activities such as urban development, road works, one-time pollution events or long-term pollution impacts.

A database was created to regroup the historical monitoring data from the SBWA between 1999 and 2016. This dataset can show trends in water quality for sites monitored by the SBWA.

3 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Material and Methods

Water Quality

Freshwater quality monitoring was conducted once a month from May to October 2016, at 10 sampling sites (former Water Classification sites) (Fig. 1). Water quality sampling was performed using the protocol developed by the New Brunswick Department of Environment.

Basic water quality parameters (DO, temperature, pH, conductivity and salinity) were measured using a new YSI- Professional Plus multi-parameter metre. Total coliforms, E.coli, Nitrates and Phosphorus concentration were measured in the laboratory of the Petitcodiac Watershed Alliance.

The equipment needed to perform the stream habitat assessment included clipboard and pencils, waders, GPS unit, digital camera, YSI water sampling metre, reference documents (identification key), metre stick, survey measuring tape and field sheets.

Macro-invertebrate

The benthic Macro-Invertebrate surveys were done at 4 sites in the Shediac Bay Watershed; 3 sites in the Shediac River system and 1 in the Scoudouc River. For the Shediac River, there is the site SHA-01 in the main branch, SHM-01 in the Weisner Brook and SHB-01 in the McQuade Brook. In the Scoudouc River, the site SCF-01 is in the main branch of the river, approximately 2 km upstream of the highest tidal zone.

The protocol used in these surveys is from the Canadian Aquatic Biomonitoring Network (CABIN) program. All staff members participating in the surveys have been certified in the CABIN program. The sampling originally began in 2014 with one single test site (SHM-01). In 2015, the test sites SHA-01 and SHB-01 were added. In 2016, a proper site was found in the Scoudouc River, and was added as the fourth test site (SCF-01). All the sampling data from the 3 years of the CABIN program have been added to Environment and Climate Canada website. They are added in the study management by the Southern Gulf of St-Lawrence Coalition on Sustainability (Coalition SGSL).

Sampling was done using a 400µm D-frame net (kick-net). Benthos was disturbed during a 3- minute period with the net facing upstream to allow collection of disturbed benthos and invertebrates in the kick-net. The invertebrates were fixed used 10% Formalin buffer, diluted 3:1. All specimens were stored and preserved using 70 % ethanol. Macro-invertebrates were sent to a certified biologist for identification. Water samples were sent to be analyzed at the RPC Laboratory in Moncton, methodology can be found in Appendix B. The data from field sheets, laboratory analysis, and site photos have been entered in the CABIN Data Management website, and the downloaded reports can also be found in Appendix A.

4 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Results

Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Physico-chemical Characteristics

The follow section contains charts on all the data collected during the water quality monitoring for 2016. To be noted, there is no data for ScdF in May because the dirt road needed to access the site was not passable. There is also no data for ShdA in October because unfortunately, the team was short 2 bottles needed to collect the samples at that site. There is no data on Dissolved Oxygen at ShdB in June, as an error was made while noting the field sheet.

2.3.1.1 Water Temperature

Water temperature can fluctuate depending on the period of the day and during seasonal changes. Values are influenced by numerous factors such as the tree canopy providing shade, water velocity and depths, presence of cold springs, etc. It is considered that water above 25 or 29 degrees Celsius (ºC) tends to be of poor quality because less oxygen can be dissolved. Therefore, water temperature directly influences the dissolved oxygen levels. Water temperatures above 22 ºC is said to cause thermal stress to salmonid populations, causing them to stop feeding and search for thermal refugia.

The overall mean water temperature for the Scoudouc River (Fig.2) was 14.57 ºC and for Shediac River (Fig.3) was 15.77 ºC. The overall mean water temperature for both rivers was 15.30 ºC which is an acceptable value. The highest water temperature recorded in the Scoudouc River was 21.3 ºC at ScdE and in the Shediac River was 23.1 ºC at ShdA on July 27th. The lowest water temperature recorded in the Scoudouc River was 6.7 ºC at ScdB and in the Shediac River was 6.4 ºC at ShdE on October 25th.

Water Temperature Scoudouc River 2016 25

20 C) ° 15

10

Temperature ( 5

0 May June July August September October

Scd B Scd E Scd F Scd G Threshold

Figure 2: Water Temperatures for the Scoudouc River, 2016

5 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Water Temperature Shediac River 2016 25

20 C)

° 15

10

Temperature Temperature ( 5

0 May June July August September October Shd A Shd B Shd C Shd E Shd G Shd H Figure 3: Water Temperatures for the Shediac River, 2016

2.3.1.2 Thermograph Data

A new addition to the data gathering this year is the installation of 3 temperature loggers, placed at or near existing monitoring stations: in the main branch of the Scoudouc River (ScdB), in the Weisner Brook(ShdM), and in the McQuade brook (ShdB). See map Fig.4. The devices were installed in the month of May 2016, and they were retrieved in the beginning of October (Table 1). This part of the project is in partnership with “Institut national de la recherche scientifique” (INRS), in Quebec. They provided the temperature loggers, then extracted and compiled the data at the end of the season.

The recommended temperature limit indicates the threshold for thermal stress begins at 22.5°C for juvenile Atlantic salmon, and upper lethal limits are 25°C or greater (Crisp 1999).

Table 1: Thermograph monitoring sites information, SBWA 2016 Monitoring Name of the Latitude Longitude Installation Date of station river date retrieval ShdM Weisner N46°12’26.50’’ W64°40’20.30’’ 05/20/2016 10/04/2016 Brook ShdB McQuade N46°13’55.10’’ W64°44’32.05’’ 05/20/2016 10/04/2016 Brook ScdB Scoudouc N46°08’39.20’’ W64°33’36.60’’ 05/20/2016 10/05/2016 River

6 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Figure 4: Map of temperature logger placement, SBWA 2016

2.3.1.2.1 Thermograph monitoring station ShdM

This temperature logger was installed in the Weisner brook, a tributary of the Shediac River. The graph shows the maximum daily temperature between May 21st and September 30th (Fig.5). The highest temperature measured at this station was 24.45°C in July, therefore they never surpassed the lethal limits for salmonids.

The thermal stress threshold was surpassed on only one occasion, on July 15th, at 23.2°C. This level may only become a concern when it remains for many consecutive days. This monitoring station has the lowest temperature average of the 3 temperature loggers for 2016.

7 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Daily temperature maximum values for monitoring station ShdM, Weisner Brook 2016

30 C)

° 25 20 15 10

5 Temperature Temperature ( 0 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 May June July August September . Day/Month of data recording Maximum daily Temp. Lethal Temp. limit Thermal stress Figure 5: Thermograph data chart for monitoring station ID ShdM, Weisner Brook 2016

2.3.1.2.2 Thermograph monitoring station ShdB

This temperature logger was installed in the McQuade brook, a tributary of the Shediac River. The graph shows the maximum daily temperature between May 21st and September 30th (Fig.6). The highest temperatures measured at this station did not surpass lethal limits, but came close on 3 occasions; 24.55°C for two consecutive days (July 14 and 15), and 24.74°C July 25th.

The thermal stress threshold was surpassed 13 times in total during the peak of the summer months, July and August. Those occasions lasted between 2 and 4 consecutive days. This site has the highest average of maximum daily temperature (20.73°C).

Daily temperature maximum values for monitoring station ShdB, McQuade Brook 2016

30 C)

° 25 20 15 10

5 Temperature Temperature ( 0 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 May June July August September Day/Month of data recording Maximum daily Temp. Lethal Temp. limit Thermal stress

Figure 6: Thermograph data chart for monitoring station ID ShdB, McQuade Brook 2016

8 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

2.3.1.2.3 Thermograph monitoring station ScdB

This temperature logger was installed in the Scoudouc River. The graph shows the maximum daily temperature between May 21st and September 30th (Fig.7). The highest temperatures measured at this station did not reach lethal limits, 24.45°C.

The thermal stress threshold was surpassed 10 times in total during the peak of the summer months, July and August. The last week of July was the warmest of the summer. The thermal stress threshold was surpassed for 7 consecutive days. This was warmest week of the summer, so higher water temperatures are to be expected.

Daily temperature maximum values for monitoring station ScdB, Scoudouc River

2016

30 C)

° 25 20 15 10

5 Temperature Temperature ( 0 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 May June July August September Day/Month of data recording Maximum daily Temp. Lethal Temp. limit Thermal stress

Figure 7: Thermograph data chart for monitoring station ID ScdB, Scoudouc River 2016

9 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

2.3.1.3 Dissolved Oxygen

Dissolved oxygen (DO) represents the concentration of oxygen in gaseous form in the dissolved in the water column. Most of the oxygen in the water comes from the surface atmosphere and is mixed in the water by turbulence and current. The measurement of the concentration of dissolved oxygen in surface waters is essential for measuring changes in water condition and evaluating water quality. It has a direct effect on aquatic life and can be influenced by stream habitat alteration. DO is essential for the survival of fish and many other forms of aquatic life. The temperature limits the amount of oxygen that can dissolve in water, dissolved oxygen varies with temperature and tends to be lower when the water temperature is high. However, temperature is not the only cause of low-oxygen, too many bacteria and an excess amount of biological oxygen demand from the oxygen consumption used by the microorganisms (aerobic bacteria) in the oxidation of organic matter also affects the dissolved oxygen concentrations. According to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Canadian water quality guidelines, the lowest acceptable DO concentration for aquatic life in cold water is 9.5 mg/l for early life stages and 6.5 mg/l for other life stages.

In 2016, the overall DO mean for all the sites was 8.75 mg/l. The overall mean for the Scoudouc River (Fig.8) and the Shediac River (Fig.9) were 7.72 mg/l and 9.43 mg/l, respectively. The highest level recorded in the Scoudouc River was 11.05 mg/L at site ScdB in October, and the lowest level recorded was 4.33 mg/L at site ScdG in August. The dissolved oxygen concentration was below the recommendation for aquatic life (CWQG) at three different intervals in the Scoudouc River at ScdG in July and August with the concentrations of 4.58 mg/L and 4.33 mg/L and also at ScdB in July with the concentration of 5.83 mg/L. The highest level recorded in the Shediac River was 12.88 mg/L at site ShdA in September, and the lowest level recorded was 6.75 mg/L at site ShdH in August.

Dissolved Oxygen Scoudouc River 2016 12

10 8

6 4 Level DO (mg/L) 2

0 May June July August September October Scd B Scd E Scd F Scd G Figure 8: Levels for the Scoudouc River, 2016

10 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Dissolved Oxygen Shediac River 2016 14 12

10 8 6

4 DO Level DO Level (mg/L) 2

0 May June July August September October

Shd A Shd B Shd C Shd E Shd G Shd H

Figure 9: DO Levels for the Shediac River, 2016

2.3.1.4 Potential Hydrogen (pH)

The potential hydrogen (pH) level indicates if the water is acidity or basic. It affects how much other substances, such as metals, dissolve in the water. In facts, the pH affects the solubility and toxicity of chemicals and heavy metals in water. Many aquatic organisms are sensitive to changes in pH and may be adversely affected by the pH that is either too high or too low. The pH varies naturally depending on bedrock, climate and vegetation cover, but may also be affected by industrial or other effluents, the exposure of some type of rock (for example during road construction) or drainage from mining operations. According to the CCME’s Canadian water quality guidelines, pH should be between 6.5 and 9, as pH levels move away from this range it can stress animal systems and reduce hatching and survival rates in the stream.

The overall pH mean for all sites was 7.55. The overall pH mean for the Scoudouc River (Fig.10) and Shediac River (Fig.11) were 7.68 and 7.80, respectively. The highest pH for the Scoudouc River was 8.54 at ScdF in October, and the lowest pH was 7.20 at ScdE in June. The highest pH for the Shediac River was 8.38 at ShdA and ShdC in August, and the lowest pH was 7.36 at ShdH in June. All 2016 pH recordings for both rivers fall in the recommended range of the CCME.

11 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

pH for Scoudouc River 2016 9 8 7 6

5 pH 4 3 2 1 May June July August September October Scd B Scd E Scd F Scd G Minimum (CWQG) Maximum (CWQG)

Figure 10: pH Levels for the Scoudouc River, 2016

pH Levels Shediac River 2016 9 8 7 6

5 pH 4 3 2 1 May June July August September October

Shd A Shd B Shd C Shd E Shd G Shd H Minimum (CWQG) Maximum (CWQG)

Figure 11: pH Levels for the Shediac River, 2016

2.3.1.5 Conductivity

Conductivity is the measurement of the ability of water to pass an electrical current. It is affected by the amount of inorganic dissolved solids (nitrate, chloride, sulfate, sodium, etc.) found in the water. The conductivity level may be influenced by rainwater, agricultural or urban runoff and the geology of the area. There are no set criteria for conductivity levels for water quality, but the US Environmental Protection Agency states that stream conductivity levels ranging between 0.15 and 0.5 mS/cm usually seem to support a good mixed fisheries. Consequently, a higher conductivity level may indicate a higher amount of dissolved material in the water and the presence of contaminants.

The overall conductivity mean for all sites was 0.159 mS/cm. The overall conductivity mean for the Scoudouc River (Fig.12) and for the Shediac River (Fig.13) was 0.168 mS/cm and 0.152 12 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017 mS/cm, respectively. The highest conductivity level recorded for the Scoudouc River was 0.468 mS/cm at site ScdG in the month of August, and is consistently higher than any other site every month. The lowest conductivity level recorded for Scoudouc River was 0.44 mS/cm at site ScdF in the month of October. The highest conductivity level recorded for the Shediac River was 0.245 mS/cm at site ShdA in the month of July and the lowest level recorded was 0.073 mS/cm at site ShdG in the month of October.

Conductivity Scoudouc River 2016 0.5

0.4

0.3 0.2

0.1 Conductivity(mS/cm) 0 May June July August September October Scd B Scd E Scd F Scd G

Figure 12: Conductivity levels for the Scoudouc River 2016

Conductivity Shediac River 2016 0.5

0.4

0.3 0.2

0.1 Conductivity(ms/cm) 0 May June July August September October Shd A Shd B Shd C Shd E Shd G Shd H

Figure 13: Conductivity levels for the Shediac River 2016

13 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

2.3.1.6 Nitrate-Nitrogen

Nitrogen is essential for plant growth, but the presence of excessive amounts in water presents a major pollution problem. Nitrogen compounds may enter water as nitrates or be converted to nitrates from agricultural fertilizers, sewage, industrial and packing house wastes, drainage from livestock feeding areas, farm manures and legumes. The acceptable amount of Nitrate-nitrogen for the protection of aquatic life in freshwater is set at 13 mg/l (NO3).

The overall mean for all sites was 0.316 mg/L. The overall mean for the Scoudouc River (Fig.14) and the Shediac River (Fig.15) were 0.442 mg/L and 0.233 mg/L, respectively. The highest level recorded in the Scoudouc River was 0.895 mg/L at ScdF in the month of July and the lowest level recorded was 0.094 at ScdB in the month of October. The highest recorded level in the Shediac River was 0.836 mg/L at ShdB in the month May and the lowest recorded was 0.062 mg/L at ShdE in the month of June.

Nitrates Scoudouc River 2016 1 0.8

0.6 0.4

Nitrate (mg/L) 0.2

0 May June July August September October

2016 Scd B Scd E Scd F Scd G Figure 14: Nitrate levels for the Scoudouc River, 2016

Nitrates Shediac River 2016 1 0.8

0.6

0.4 0.2 Nitrate (mg/L) 0 May June July August September October 2016 Shd A Shd B Shd C Shd E Shd G Shd H

Figure 15: Nitrate levels for the Shediac River, 2016 14 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

2.3.1.7 Phosphates

Phosphates exist in different forms: orthophosphate, metaphosphate and organically compound contains phosphorus. These forms of phosphate occur in living and decomposing plants and animals, as free ions, chemically bonded in aqueous system or mineralized compounds in sediments, soils and rocks. Large amount of phosphate coming from cleaning products (detergents), run off from agricultural and residential fertilizer components can lead to eutrophication. Soil erosion is a major contributor of phosphorus to stream. It is recommended by Environment Canada to apply the Canadian Framework for phosphorus. Trigger ranges are based on the range of phosphorus concentrations in water that define the reference trophic status for a site. Measured phosphorus concentrations should not exceed predefined trigger ranges and should not increase more than 50% over baseline (reference) levels. Total phosphorus levels should be under 0.025 mg/L to maintain its unaffected trophic state.

The overall mean for all sites was 0.126 mg/L. The overall mean for the Scoudouc River (Fig.16) and the Shediac River (Fig.17) were 0.012 mg/L and 0.129 mg/L, respectively. The highest level recorded for the Scoudouc River was 0.228 mg/L at ScdB in August, and the lowest level was below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/L at ScdB in July, ScdE in August and ScdG in October. The highest level recorded for the Shediac River was at the maximum detection limit of 0.326 mg/L at site ShdB in the month of August, and the lowest level recorded was below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/L at multiple sites; ShdB in May and July, Shd E in August and October, ShdC and ShdG in October.

Figure 16: Phosphates levels for the Scoudouc River, 2016

15 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Figure 17: Phosphates levels for the Shediac River, 2016

2.3.1.8 Total Coliform

Coliforms are the commonly used bacterial indicator of sanitary quality for food and water. Coliforms are abundant in warm-blooded animals, but can also be found in aquatic environments, in soil and on vegetation. The acceptable count of coliforms in water for recreation is set at 400 MPN/100 ml.

The overall mean for all sites was 1572.3 MPN/100 ml (Most Probable Number). The average for the Shediac River was 1503.8 MPN/100mL (Fig.18), and the average of the Scoudouc River was 1838.0 MPN/100mL (Fig.19).

Total Coliforms Scoudouc River 2016 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 05-May 06-Jun 07-Jul 08-Aug 09-Sep 10-Oct Sampling Month TotalColiforms (MPN/100 mL) Shd A - Total Coliform Shd B - Total Coliform Shd C - Total Coliform Shd E - Total Coliform Shd G - Total Coliform Shd H - Total Coliform Figure 18: Total coliform count for the Scoudouc River, 2016

16 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Total Coliforms Scoudouc River 2016 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 05-May 06-Jun 07-Jul 08-Aug 09-Sep 10-Oct

Total Coliforms TotalColiforms (MPN/100 mL) Sampling Month

Scd B - Total Coliform Scd E - Total Coliform Scd F - Total Coliform Scd G - Total Coliform Figure 19: Total coliform count for the Shediac River, 2016

2.3.1.9 Escherichia Coli

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of many species of bacteria living in the lower intestines of mammals. The presence of E. coli in water is a common indicator of fecal contamination. The acceptable count of E.coli in water is set at 400 MPN/100 ml.

The overall mean for E.coli for all sites was 157.2 MPN/100 mL). The overall mean for the Scoudouc River (Fig. 21) and the Shediac River (Fig. 22) were 232.2 MPN/100 mL and 107.8 MPN/100 mL, respectively.

E.Coli Levels Scoudouc River 2016 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 05-May 06-Jun 07-Jul 08-Aug 09-Sep 10-Oct E.ColiLevels (MPN/100 mL) Sampling Month Scd B - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Scd E - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Scd F - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Scd G - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Figure 20: E.Coli levels for the Scoudouc River, 2016

17 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

E.Coli Levels Shediac River 2016 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 5-May 6-Jun 7-Jul 8-Aug 9-Sep 10-Oct E.ColiLevels (MPN/100 mL) Sampling Month Shd A - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Shd B - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Shd C - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Shd E - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Shd G - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Shd H - Max of E. coli (MPN/100ml) Figure 21: E.Coli levels for the Shediac River, 2016

Table 2: Guidelines for Canadian Recreational Water Quality - Summary Table (Health Canada, 2010)

Parameter Considerations Guideline Value Indicators of Fecal Geometric mean concentration (minimum 5 samples) ≤ 200 E. coli Contamination: /100 mL Escherichia coli Single sample maximum concentration ≤ 400 E. coli (Primary-Contact /100 mL Recreation) Indicators of Fecal Geometric mean concentration not to exceed a value of 5 ≤ 1000 E. coli Contamination: times the existing guideline value for primary-contact / 100 mL Escherichia coli recreation (Secondary-Contact Recreation)

Primary contact: Recreational activity in which the whole body or the face and trunk are frequently immersed or the face is frequently wetted by spray, and where it is likely that some water will be swallowed. Inadvertent immersion, through being swept into the water by a wave or slipping, would also result in whole body contact. Examples include swimming, wading, water skiing, rafting/kayaking or subsurface diving (Health Canada, 2010). Theses primary contact activities are not frequent in Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers but happen typically during the canoe run in spring.

Secondary contact: Recreational activity in which only the limbs are regularly wetted and in which greater contact (including swallowing water) is unusual. Examples include sailing, canoeing or fishing (Health Canada, 2010). These activities are frequent and regular in Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers. 18 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

2.3.1.10 Macro-Invertebrate Survey

In the 2015 water quality report, the CABIN data from the year’s sampling had been added but did not yet include the Reference Condition Approach (RCA) assessment report of the invertebrate community (Fig.23). The report was prepared by the Miramichi River Environmental Assessment Committee.

Figure 22: RCA Model Assessment – Observed vs. Expected Richness, CABIN 2015

According to the RCA Model Assessment, all tree sites sampled in 2015 fall in the same category of fair. In order of best to worst; the Weisner Brook (SHM-01), the McQuade Brook (SHB-01) and the Main Branch of the Shediac River (SHA-01).

The area surrounding the site SHA-01 near Irish Town has been under development in the last 2 years; a new sub development of residences nearby and a new road requiring clear cutting along 19 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017 the river less than 100 metres away. The SBWA became aware of poor construction practices when heavy rains turned the Shediac River brown with fine sediments. The province was contacted and the Environmental inspector reported that no sediment control measures were put in place. A hydrologist was hired and sediment traps were installed. These sediment loads were flowing into the river by the trench of the road, Route 490, approximately 50 metres away from the sampling site.

The site in the McQuade Brook (SHB-01) is located within the restoration site that began in 2014. Once debris accumulations had been cleaned by the SBWA, heavy loads of sediment was flushed out, revealing clean gravel and new riffles. One on those riffles became the sampling site. The area has definitely improved, and will hopefully continue to do so.

The site with the best results, SHM-01 in the Weisner Brook, is mainly impacted by a few roads crossings, although far apart, residences, a crossing of transition power lines and a gravel pit approximately 3 km upstream. Other than those factors, the site is mostly surrounded by dense mixed forest.

All data from the CABIN surveys of 2016 have been entered in the Canadian Aquatic Biomonitoring Network database on the Government of Canada website. The macroinvertebrate identification report has not yet been submitted by the taxonomist. The downloaded reports of the habitat and water chemistry data can be found in Appendix A.

Figure 23: SBWA team doing CABIN surveys, 2016

20 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Discussion

General water quality in both river systems was relatively good. Water temperature and pH values were acceptable. The Scoudouc River is deeper and the riparian zone is covered by dense vegetation that provides more shade. Therefore, water temperature is generally lower in the Scoudouc River.

The recommended limit of water temperature for juvenile salmonids was surpassed at one site only (ShdE), in the month of August. This site is located in the Shediac River at the covered bridge, which is a very wide part of the river that is not protected by a tree canopy. The juvenile salmon can most likely be found further upstream were colder streams flow into the river. The addition of temperature loggers are an excellent way of getting a better picture of temperature fluctuations during the days and nights, during the months of May through October.

Water temperature has a direct impact on dissolved oxygen; the colder the water, the higher the concentrations of dissolved oxygen and vice versa. Bacteria also have an impact on DO, as they utilize oxygen to break down organic matter, known as the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Dissolved oxygen values were generally over the recommended guidelines for cold-water species (early and other life stages) of 6.5mg/L. The only sites that were below the guidelines were ScdB in July (5.83 mg/L), and ScdG in July (4.58 mg/L) and August (4.33 mg/L). The temperatures were 20.10°C, 18.40°C and 17.20°C respectively. The levels of total coliforms were at the highest detectable values for all sites (˃2419.6 MPN/100mL). There had been light rain in the preceding 24 hours, which could explain the higher levels of total coliforms. The lower levels of DO at ScdG can possibly be explained by the presence of a large beaver dam directly above the sampling site, causing semi-stagnant water to trickle though into the sampling area. It is difficult to understand why there was such a low level of DO at ScdB, as all sites in July had recorded temperatures between 17.0 and 23.1°C and all sites had the maximum detectable limit of total coliform.

All pH levels are in the acceptable range under the CCME guideline for the protection of aquatic life; between 6.5 and 9.0. The pH is mostly consistent between the sites during the same months. Looking at the charts in Fig. 10&11, we see that the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers are slightly more alkaline than acidic.

The conductivity measurements support the fact that sedimentation loading and agricultural runoff could be a problem at site ScdG, where each value is greater than all other sites (average ScdG 0.370). The average of this site in 2015 was also higher than any other site (0.220 mS/cm), which was a lower value than this year. In August, the levels were exceptionally high 0.468 mS/cm, the highest value of the season. This site was also the highest value of all site in 2014 as well (0.579 mS/cm). Therefore, this site has had conductivity levels consistently higher than all other monitoring sites for the past 3 years.

Elevated concentrations of nitrates can be harmful to aquatic life, and may contribute to excessive growth of algae or aquatic plants (eutrophication). Major sources of excessive nitrates include fertilizer runoff from farm fields or domestic landscaping, runoff from manure and seepage from 21 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017 septic systems Levels were within the CCME’s guidelines for water quality and protection of freshwater aquatic life (13 mg/L) at all sites throughout the season. Levels were relatively good all season at the site ScdG, which is situated in an agricultural area. The site ScdB, located upstream from the waste water aeration lagoons, had the highest recorded value for the Scoudouc River for the year (0.7 mg/L in August) (Fig.14). The highest recorded value for the Shediac River was at the site ShdB in the McQuade Brook, in May (0.8 mg/L) (Fig. 15).

E. coli is the best indicator of fecal contamination in fresh waters by fecal matter by human or animal origin. Typical sources in the watershed include wildlife, farm animals and malfunctioning sewage systems. The presence of E.coli usually has little effect on the health of aquatic life, but may affect the suitability of the water for recreational use. This is why the results are compared to recreational use guidelines. Most E.coli is not itself hazardous to humans (with the exception of some less common strains) but the presence of E.coli indicates an increased risk that other more harmful pathogens may also be present.

E. coli concentrations have been relatively low in 2016. There were no occasions where the E.Coli levels reached the maximum detection limits of 2419.6 MPN/100mL. For the Scoudouc River, all the results are below 615 MPN/100mL. For the Shediac River, the highest recorded level was 410 MPN/100mL. The averages for both rivers are significantly lower than most of the past E.Coli sampling years: 2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2014).

Continuing to perform water quality monitoring is of the utmost importance in making sure our watershed is properly managed. Tracking bacterial sources will help complement remediation works by determining not only where work is needed most, but also if such work is accomplishing its purpose.

22 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

HABITAT AND WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT Habitat Restoration

Fish Habitat restoration is a major initiative of the SBWA. Areas where bank erosion occurs causes an excess of sediment in the watercourse, which can cause various issues for aquatic ecosystems; it can suffocate fish and fish eggs, bury aquatic insects, can carry harmful pollutants such as phosphorus that can further worsen conditions of the ecosystem, etc.

Blockage to fish migration are both naturally occurring and man-made, like debris jams, hanging culverts, and man-made dams. When these barriers occur in lower areas of a watershed, it can close off a very large amount of suitable spawning grounds for important migratory fish species like the Atlantic salmon.

During the summer of 2016, the SBWA did restoration work at 4 sites: the work continued in the McQuade brook; maintenance was done in the Weisner Brook; the cleanup of a small unnamed brook in Boudreau-Ouest; and additional trees were planted at a 2015 bank stabilization site in the Scoudouc River. In addition, improvements were made to the fish ladder installed in 2015.

McQuade Brook

This section of the watershed has been our focus since 2014, when work began upstream of the culvert on Scotch Settlement Road. That area had severe accumulations of debris from washed out beaver dams, causing obstructions to water flow and fish migration. In 2014, a preliminary cleanup of debris and tree planting was done. In 2015, a fish ladder was installed to correct an elevated culvert that was approximately 4 ft above the normal water levels. This brook is an important spawning tributary for Atlantic salmon, due to the characteristics of the habitat further upstream. Therefore, there was a continuation of the habitat improvements efforts in 2016.

A stream survey was conducted in order to identify locations for the installation of potential digger logs and deflectors, to help enhance trout and salmon habitats and develop aquatic habitat diversity. During the survey, a few sites were determined suitable for the implementation of two digger logs and six tree deflectors.

Alder Thinning and Debris Removal

The first phase of the project in 2016 was to walk along the brook downstream of the culvert to find and remove debris blockages to improve stream flow and velocity, and to selectively trim alder overgrowths with manual tools. The total distance covered was 2.82 km, in which alder obstructing the centre of the stream was trimmed. One area in particular had a large debris pile- up, caused by wooden sticks from old beaver dams captured by several fallen trees (Fig.25). 23 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Figure 24: Map showing area cleaned of any excessive alder overgrowth and debris jam, 2016

Deflectors

Six tree deflectors (balsam fir) were installed along the McQuade brook. The coniferous tree tops used for the project were acquired from the expansion works of the Oceanic Campground in Shediac, thanks to business owner David Maltais. The campground was clearing trees for development and the unused tops were put to good use in the restoration site.

The deflectors were installed by digging out a section of the side bank, placing the tree within the dug trench and securing the tree by drilling a hole through the trunk and hammering metal rebars 3-4 feet into the substrate. The trees were then wrapped with biodegradable rope to keep it bound together, and the trench was then filled with large rocks and gravel for stabilization against spring run-off. The deflectors were installed according to the guidelines in the manual “Ecological Restoration of Aquatic Degraded Habitats”, prepared by the Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 2006.

Wide, shallow streams are common in New Brunswick but fish like trout and salmon need narrow, deep streams to ensure passage at times of low flow. Rock or wood deflectors help to narrow and 24 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017 deepen the channel by consolidating flow and flushing silt from the main channel and depositing it along the banks. See before and after photos of the installed structures Fig. 26 to Fig.30.

Figure 25: Left to right, the before and after photos of the installation of the first deflector site.

Figure 26: Left to right, the before and after photos of the installation of the second deflector site

The locations selected for the installation of the deflectors were identified and determined prior to their implementation. The trees were positioned pointing downstream at a 30° angle. Once in place, rocks and gravel were then added to help fasten and secure the trees properly.

25 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Figure 27: Left to right, the before and after photos of the installation of the third deflector site.

Figure 28: Left to right, the before and after photos of the installation of the fourth deflector site.

Figure 29: Left to right, the after photos of the installation of the fifth and sixth deflector sites

26 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Deflectors one through five were installed upstream of the fish ladder, the sixth deflector is located further downstream, the reason we did not install more deflectors downstream of the fish ladder was simply due to the amount of bedrock present, which prevented the crew from securing the trees with rebar into the substrate (Fig.31 & 32)

Figure 30: Map showing locations where digger logs and tree deflectors were placed, 2016

27 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Figure 31: Map showing locations where digger logs and tree deflectors were placed, 2016

Tree Planting

The planting of local naive trees took place along the northern and southern banks of the brook, east of the fifth deflector. Trees were planted in attempts to further stabilize the eroding banks and improve habitat for salmonids. Two types of species were used during the planting in hopes of discouraging any local beavers from eating or using the trees for damming; eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) and red oak (Quercus rubra), were chosen as ideal candidates. Sixteen cedar trees were planted, in addition to one hundred fifty red oak acorns, the cedar was planted along the banks in the wet areas, and the oaks were sown higher up on the banks in moderately drained sites. Thirty white spruces were also planted in the fall. A total of 46 trees and 150 acorns were planted in the site.

28 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Fish Ladder

After the installation of the 10-foot aluminum fish ladder in 2015 by the SBWA, it was determined that not enough water was flowing into the structure to ensure the optimum efficiency. Therefore, the group designed, constructed and installed two deflectors to close the gaps between the structure and the edges of the culvert (Fig.33). This will go a long way to make the fish ladder efficient during lower stream flow periods. The bolted deflectors were installed so that it can be detached and relocated whenever the elevated culvert might be scheduled for replacement by the Department of Transportation and Infrastructure.

Additional repairs were needed after the structure suffered some mild winter damages; a bolt holding a corner of the ladder to the culvert snapped which caused the ladder to shift position, no longer level to the water. The issue was promptly fixed by raising the ladder with cables and the use of a wench, then replacing the bolt.

Water Deflectors

Figure 32: Water deflectors installed on the fish ladder in 2016

Unnamed Brook Boudreau-Ouest Clean-Up

The unnamed brook selected for restoration and cleanup is located in tangent with the Ohio Service Road and Route 133. The work here included the thinning of severe alder overgrowth, the clearing of significant debris blockages, trash collection along the totality of the brook and the cleaning of an old garbage dump site. The distance covered by this section of the unnamed brook adds up to approximately 1.1 km (Fig.34). Several access points were used with landowner permission for garbage removal.

In total, five truck loads were hauled from the site to the “Dr. Scrap Metal yard” in Moncton, and to the Southeast Eco360 sanitary landfill.

29 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

One site along the brook was small dump site, where one or more past families used to throw away their household trash. The cleanup of this site included 1,620 lbs. (0.73 Metric Ton) of old rusted metals, 595 lbs. of assorted garbage (0.27 Metric Ton, approximately 30-35 large garbage bags), see photos Fig.35&36. The site was cleaned as much as possible; everything visible on the surface and up to the highest water line was picked up, but more trash stills remains buried under a small hill, where the forest has begun to take hold. It was with the help of the current landowner, M. Conrad Grant, that the team extracted the trash with the use of his personal tractor and trailer, using his access road. There are plans to continue cleaning this site next year. There were old tires in multiple areas in the brook; the total weight of tires measured at Southeast Eco360 was 728 lbs. (0.33 Metric Ton). In total, 2,963 lbs. of trash was removed from this brook (1.34 Metric Ton).

Figure 33: Map of unnamed brook where cleanup was undertaken 2016

Figure 34: Photos of trash collected from the stream and dump site

30 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Figure 35: Photos of trash collected from the dump site and first trailer of scrap metal.

Scoudouc River Bank Stabilization (Dionne Brook)

The SBWA identified a severe erosion problem in 2015 along the Scoudouc River, near the conjunction of the Dionne Brook. As a result, a retaining wall was built to halt erosion and deflector trees were installed at both ends of the wall. After one year, the wall remains in good condition and has so far, prevented any further erosion of the bank (Fig.37).

In 2016, additional planting was done: 12 white cedars (Thuja occidentalis), as well as approximately 25 red oaks (Quercus rubra) seeds (acorns) were planted.

Figure 36: Retaining wall photo built in 2015, Scoudouc River 31 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Weisner Brook

One section of the Weisner brook was targeted for thinning of excessive alder overgrowth. The section walked was located between the St Philippe and Bateman Mill Road, and the distance covered was 800 m in total (Fig.38). Along this section of the stream, no trash was found but impediments to fish migrations due to the presence of 6 beaver dams were identified. There are no plans to address the beaver dams at this time. Overall, the stream appears to be in good condition.

Figure 37: Overview of the distance covered for restoration.

32 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Scoudouc River Canoe Run

In April 2016, the SBWA participated in the yearly Scoudouc River Canoe run, to better understand a significant portion of the river. The Scoudouc River Canoe Club was contacted and offered garbage bags for their members, for either their personal trash or for those interested in collected any trash seen on their run. But this year, they were already supplied with garbage bags by a Kent store.

Travelling down the Scoudouc River, the team was able to see the wetlands and wide open areas in the beginning of the run, old beaver huts, wildlife including two river otters, the healthy forested areas, and the other beauties of this river. They also noted forested areas being exploited for lumber, sections that had significant erosion, and farm fields with very little vegetation within the buffer zones (Fig.41). This activity was important for the staff to see the river as a whole, to see the areas to be protected and areas to be remediated.

Figure 38: SBWA Staff, wetlands, old beaver hut, Scoudouc River run 2016

33 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

Figure 39: Great Canadian Geese, River Otter, wetland and forests

Figure 40: Tree cutting within buffer zone (left), cattle field with minimal buffer protection (right) 34 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATIONS

Water quality can be negatively affected by a warming climate. Climate models predict that the warmer temperatures will bring an increase in high-intensity precipitation and greater risks of flooding.

The SBWA is part of a study with Nature NB, the Regional Commission 7 and the University of Moncton to assess the impacts increased events of heavy rainfall due to climate change on the landscape. The study will be looking at how natural landscapes such as marshes and forests help reduce flooding. The study regroups researchers, planners and watershed groups to discuss climate change and adaptations for southeastern NB.

A case study site is on the Shediac River near a new subdivision development in Irishtown. Anne- Marie Laroche from the Université de Moncton has developed a model to predict flooding in this area. The Shediac Bay Watershed Association provided some data and some field staff to measure culverts in that region.

The group will also examine ecosystem-based adaptations as a strategy for the local service commissions to minimize the risks of flooding. Various bylaws and policies used by municipalities worldwide were compiled in a report by the regional service commission 7. These include preserving green spaces at strategic locations, protections of marsh lands and keeping good forested buffer zones along streams.

Nature NB has developed a land use map for the study region. The SBWA directors were invited to comment on the map. A consultation with different stakeholders on land use is also currently underway.

A meeting was held on February 20th to give an update and discuss strategies around communication for this project. This project is in its second year and is planned to continue for at least one more year.

35 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

MAPPING DATABASE WITH QGIS

The SBWA biologist and an intern attended a QGIS workshop offered by the Canadian River’s Institute, at the UNB Fredericton Campus. The 2-day workshop was taught by Dr. Wendy Monk. The basic functionalities and several tools for watershed mapping with QGIS were taught. This mapping software has many advantages; it has many of the same tools and functions as ArcGIS, but the licence for the program is free.

Following the workshop, the intern began a project to create an updated database of various watershed maps. All available layers were downloaded from GeoNB, GeoGratis and the Department of Natural Resources websites.

A wide variety of maps were created to display locations of monitoring sites such as; water quality, CABIN, electrofishing, wetland surveys and classifications, eelgrass monitoring, freshwater mussel surveys, etc. Other layers includes the locations of storm drains and lift stations, culverts, and land use mapping of farms, industries, clear cut forests, etc. (Fig.42).

This new database will be very useful in various studies around the watershed and an essential part of watershed planning. These maps can be shared with anyone needing that information.

Figure 41: Examples of watershed maps created with QGIS

36 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

NEW SBWA WEBSITE

The SBWA is very proud to present a brand new website. The new format has arranged the Water Quality and Education programs in their own pages, and all other projects in another. There is also a complete archive of all project reports in electronic format since the beginning of the Association in 1999. The website also includes a map on water quality testing sites and datasets displaying water quality results.

Figure 42: Two banner snapshots of the new SBWA Website www.shediacbayassociation.org www.facebook.com/#!/shediacbaywatershedassociation

37 Improving Water Quality in the Shediac and Scoudouc Rivers Final Report March 2017

CLOSING COMMENTS

The Shediac Bay Watershed Association had a successful year in 2016-2017, thanks to the support of the NB Environmental Trust Fund. The Association has met its targets regarding the monitoring and partnerships created to improve water quality in Shediac Bay.

The new database of water quality data from 2000-2016 is a first step for interpreting longer-term trends. The data can now be shared with researchers or other interested parties. The CABIN monitoring will also need some analyzing in the coming years. The SBWA will be looking at different ways to use its data to assess the health of the watershed.

Habitat restoration projects for fish have been funded by different organizations in 2016-17, including the Atlantic Salmon Conservation Fund, The Recreation Fisheries Conservation Partnership Program, the NB Wildlife Trust Fund and the NB Environmental Trust Fund. The support received allowed for more projects to be realized. The restoration sites will be monitored in future years to ensure that measures taken will have a positive impact on water quality and fish populations.

The studies on climate change adaptation will benefit the association by providing action priorities for adaptation projects that can then be applied by the SBWA and its partners.

Partnerships are essential for environmental groups to accomplish their work. The Association is building good relationships with the town of Shediac, the local schools and other local groups. We hope to diversify our activities to involve more people in the protection of water quality in Shediac Bay. The Association will continue to participate in the various local events and give presentations when requested.

The Environmental Trust Fund remains a critical partner for the Shediac Bay Watershed Association. Improving water quality is a long-term endeavour that can be accomplished one project at a time. We hope to continue receiving support as our programs develop to address water quality issues in the Shediac Bay watershed.

7 APPENDIX A – CABIN DATA 2016

Table 3: CABIN Site Data Report for SHA-01, 2016 Site Information Variable Value Site Code SHA-01 Name Shediac River Basin Northumberland Strait Stream Order (1:50000) 3 Eco-Region Maritime Lowlands Eco-Zone Atlantic Maritime Envirodat Code RPC Fredericton Lab Sampling Device Kick Net Protocol CABIN - Wadeable Streams Date 06-October-2016 Sample(s) Taken 1 Kick Time (Min) 3 Mesh Size (µ.m) 400 Description The site is downstream from culvert, located on Route 490 near Irishtown, approximately 1 km north from Ammon road. Latitude & Longitude 46.1935 & -64.815472222 Altitude 334 feet Datum nad83 Taxonomist ID Date Certifications Sampling Crew Crew 16 Jolyne Hébert Mélissa Tremblay Jamie Richard

Habitat Type Variable Value Unit Channel % Canopy Coverage 3 PercentRange Channel Avg Channel Depth 4.9 cm Channel Avg Velocity 0.25 m/s Channel Bank Full Width 7.4 m Channel Bankfull-Wetted Depth 90 cm Dominant Streamside Channel Vegetation 3 Category (1-4) Channel Macrophyte Score 0 PercentRange Channel Max Channel Depth 7.5 cm Channel Max Velocity 0.31 m/s Channel Presence of Coniferous Trees 1 Binary Channel Presence of Deciduous Trees 1 Binary

Channel Presence of Grasses 1 Binary Channel Presence of Shrubs 1 Binary Channel Riffle in Reach 1 Binary Channel Slope 0.016 m/m Channel Straight Run in Reach 1 Binary Channel Velocity Measurement Method 1 Category (1-3) Channel Wetted Width 5.1 m Substrate Data % Bedrock 0 % Substrate Data % Boulder 0 % Substrate Data % Cobble 44 % Substrate Data % Gravel 6 % Substrate Data % Pebble 48 % Substrate Data % Sand 0 % Substrate Data % Silt+Clay 2 % Substrate Data 2nd Dominant Substrate 5 Category(0-9) Substrate Data Dominant Substrate 6 Category(0-9) Substrate Data Embeddedness 5 Category(1-5) Substrate Data Geometric Mean Particle Size 4.6 cm Substrate Data Median Particle Size 5.5 cm Substrate Data Periphyton Coverage 1 Category(1-5) Substrate Data Surrounding Material 4 Category(0-9)

Water Chemistry Type Variable Value Unit Water Chemistry Air Temperature 12 Degrees Celsius Water Chemistry Alkalinity 82 mg/L Water Chemistry Ammonia 0.025 mg/L Bottom Dissolved Water Chemistry Oxygen 11.19 mg/L Water Chemistry Calcium 34.6 mg/L Water Chemistry Conductivity 167 µS/cm Water Chemistry Copper 0.001 mg/L Dissolved Water Chemistry Chloride 10.6 mg/L Water Chemistry Hardness 110 mg/L Water Chemistry Iron 0.42 mg/L Water Chemistry Magnesium 5.67 mg/L Water Chemistry Manganese 0.074 mg/L Water Chemistry Nitrate/Nitrite 0.74 mg/L Ortho Water Chemistry Phosphorus 0.005 mg/L Water Chemistry pH 7.8 pH Water Chemistry Potassium 0.81 mg/L Water Chemistry Sodium 6.83 mg/L

Specific Water Chemistry Conductance -9.983 µS/cm Water Chemistry Sulphate 26 mg/L Water Chemistry Temperature 8.6 Degrees Celsius Total Organic Water Chemistry Carbon 2.3 mg/L Water Chemistry Turbidity 4.2 NTU Water Chemistry Zinc 0.0005 mg/L

Taxonomy Phylum Annelida Oligochaeta Order Family Raw Mean Count Count No DATA

Table 4: CABIN Site Data Report for SHM-01, 2016 Site Information Variable Value Site Code SHM01 Name Shediac River Basin Northumberland Strait Stream Order (1:50000) 3 Eco-Region Maritime Lowlands Eco-Zone Atlantic Maritime Envirodat Code RPC Fredericton Lab Sampling Device Kick Net Protocol CABIN - Wadeable Streams Date Oct. 6, 2016 Sample(s) Taken 1 Kick Time (Min) 3 Mesh Size (µ.m) 400 Description This site is located in Weisner Brook, tributary of the Shediac River, at a bridge on Bateman Mill rd. It is a residential area but surrounded by forest, there is a house on the land of the site. Latitude & Longitude 46.206888889 & -64.672277778 Altitude 42 feet Datum nad83 Taxonomist ID Date Certifications Sampling Crew Crew 16 Jolyne Hébert Mélissa Tremblay Jamie Richard

Habitat Type Variable Value Unit

Channel % Canopy Coverage 3 PercentRange Channel Avg Channel Depth 7.1 cm Channel Avg Velocity 0.17 m/s Channel Bank Full Width 8.4 m Channel Bankfull-Wetted Depth 68 cm Dominant Streamside Channel Vegetation 3 Category (1-4) Channel Macrophyte Score 0 PercentRange Channel Max Channel Depth 10.5 cm Channel Max Velocity 0.24 m/s Channel Presence of Coniferous Trees 1 Binary Channel Presence of Deciduous Trees 1 Binary Channel Presence of Grasses 1 Binary Channel Presence of Shrubs 1 Binary Channel Riffle in Reach 1 Binary Channel Slope 0.003 m/m Channel Straight Run in Reach 1 Binary Velocity Measurement Channel Method 1 Category (1-3) Channel Wetted Width 7 m Substrate Data % Bedrock 23 % Substrate Data % Boulder 1 % Substrate Data % Cobble 35 % Substrate Data % Gravel 4 % Substrate Data % Pebble 30 % Substrate Data % Sand 0 % Substrate Data % Silt+Clay 7 % Substrate Data 2nd Dominant Substrate 9 Category(0-9) Substrate Data Dominant Substrate 6 Category(0-9) Substrate Data Embeddedness 5 Category(1-5) Substrate Data Geometric Mean Particle Size 4.5 cm Substrate Data Median Particle Size 5.5 cm Substrate Data Periphyton Coverage 1 Category(1-5) Substrate Data Surrounding Material 2 Category(0-9)

Water Chemistry Type Variable Value Unit Water Chemistry Air Temperature 20 Degrees Celsius Water Chemistry Alkalinity 67 mg/L Water Chemistry Ammonia 0.025 mg/L Bottom Dissolved Water Chemistry Oxygen 10.87 mg/L Water Chemistry Calcium 17.1 mg/L Water Chemistry Conductivity 117 µS/cm Water Chemistry Copper 0.0005 mg/L

Dissolved Water Chemistry Chloride 6.9 mg/L Water Chemistry Hardness 66.7 mg/L Water Chemistry Iron 0.16 mg/L Water Chemistry Magnesium 5.83 mg/L Water Chemistry Manganese 0.058 mg/L Water Chemistry Nitrate/Nitrite 0.025 mg/L Ortho Water Chemistry Phosphorus 0.005 mg/L Water Chemistry pH 7.9 pH Water Chemistry Potassium 0.95 mg/L Water Chemistry Sodium 7.6 mg/L Water Chemistry Sulphate 3 mg/L Water Chemistry Temperature 11.1 Degrees Celsius Total Organic Water Chemistry Carbon 4.9 mg/L Water Chemistry Turbidity 0.9 NTU Water Chemistry Zinc 0.0005 mg/L

Taxonomy Phylum Class Order Family Raw Mean Count Count No DATA

Table 5: CABIN Site Data Report for SHB01, 2016 Site Information Variable Value Site Code SHB01 Name Mcquade Brook/Shediac river tributary Basin Northumberland Strait Stream Order (1:50000) 2 Eco-Region Maritime Lowlands Eco-Zone Atlantic Maritime Envirodat Code RPC Fredericton Lab Sampling Device Kick Net Protocol CABIN - Wadeable Streams Date Oct 19, 2016 Sample(s) Taken 1 Kick Time (Min) 3 Mesh Size (µ.m) 400 Description The site is downstream from the culvert at the Mcquade Brook a tributary to the Shediac River. It is located in Scotch Settlement, near Maclean Crossroad road intersection. Latitude & Longitude 46.231633334 & -64.744161111 Altitude 88 feet Datum nad83

Taxonomist ID Date Certifications Sampling Crew Crew 16 Jolyne Hébert Mélissa Tremblay Jamie Richard

Habitat Type Variable Value Unit Channel % Canopy Coverage 2 PercentRange Channel Avg Channel Depth 3.6 cm Channel Avg Velocity 0.27 m/s Channel Bank Full Width 5.8 m Channel Bankfull-Wetted Depth 54 cm Channel Dominant Streamside Vegetation 2 Category (1-4) Channel Macrophyte Score 0 PercentRange Channel Max Channel Depth 7 cm Channel Max Velocity 0.34 m/s Channel Presence of Deciduous Trees 1 Binary Channel Presence of Grasses 1 Binary Channel Presence of Shrubs 1 Binary Channel Riffle in Reach 1 Binary Channel Slope 0.01 m/m Channel Straight Run in Reach 1 Binary Channel Velocity Measurement Method 1 Category (1-3) Channel Wetted Width 4.5 m Substrate Data Periphyton Coverage 1 Category(1-5) Substrate Data Surrounding Material 3 Category(0-9)

Water Chemistry Type Variable Value Unit Water Chemistry Air Temperature 18 Degrees Celsius Water Chemistry Alkalinity 69 mg/L Water Chemistry Ammonia 0.025 mg/L Water Chemistry Bottom Dissolved Oxygen 9.2 mg/L Water Chemistry Calcium 22.8 mg/L Water Chemistry Conductivity 154 µS/cm Water Chemistry Copper 0.002 mg/L Water Chemistry Dissolved Chloride 15.5 mg/L Water Chemistry Hardness 76.7 mg/L Water Chemistry Iron 0.51 mg/L Water Chemistry Magnesium 4.79 mg/L Water Chemistry Manganese 0.215 mg/L Water Chemistry Nitrate/Nitrite 0.025 mg/L Water Chemistry Ortho Phosphorus 0.02 mg/L Water Chemistry pH 7.9 pH Water Chemistry Potassium 1.25 mg/L

Water Chemistry Sodium 11.8 mg/L Water Chemistry Sulphate 10 mg/L Water Chemistry Temperature 11.9 Degrees Celsius Water Chemistry Total Organic Carbon 6.3 mg/L Water Chemistry Turbidity 0.7 NTU

Taxonomy Phylum Class Order Family Raw Mean Count Count No DATA

Table 6: CABIN Site Data Report for SCF-01, 2016

Site Information Variable Value Site Code SCF01 Name Scoudouc River Local Basin Name Northumberland Strait Stream Order (1:50000) 0 Eco-Region Maritime Lowlands Eco-zone Atlantic Maritime Envirodat Code Sampling Device Kick Net Protocol CABIN - Wadeable Streams Date 11-October-2016 Sample(s) Taken 1 Kick Time (min) 3 Mesh Size (µm) 400 Description Near Southeast Regional Correctional Center in Shediac, down the road turn on left on Pellerin Rd. drive 3.4 km and there's a ATV trail on the right walk 230 m. Latitude & Longitude 46.1838806 & -64.5107528 Altitude 29 feet Datum nad83 Taxonomist ID Date Certifications Sampling Crew Crew 16 Jolyne Hébert Mélissa Tremblay Jamie Richard

Habitat Type Variable Value Unit Channel % Canopy Coverage 1 PercentRange Channel Avg Channel Depth 19 cm Channel Avg Velocity 0.91 m/s

Channel Bank Full Width 20 m Channel Bankfull-Wetted Depth 114 cm Dominant Streamside Channel Vegetation 4 Category (1-4) Channel Macrophyte Score 0 PercentRange Channel Max Channel Depth 32 cm Channel Max Velocity 1.33 m/s Channel Presence of Coniferous Trees 1 Binary Channel Presence of Deciduous Trees 1 Binary Channel Presence of Grasses 1 Binary Channel Presence of Shrubs 1 Binary Channel Riffle in Reach 1 Binary Channel Slope 0.00522 m/m Channel Straight Run in Reach 1 Binary Velocity Measurement Channel Method 1 Category (1-3) Channel Wetted Width 13.3 m Substrate Data Periphyton Coverage 2 Category(1-5) Substrate Data Surrounding Material 4 Category(0-9)

Water Chemistry Type Variable Value Unit Water Chemistry Air Temperature 10 Degrees Celsius Water Chemistry Alkalinity 20 mg/L Water Chemistry Ammonia 0.125 mg/L Bottom Dissolved Water Chemistry Oxygen 11.51 mg/L Water Chemistry Calcium 7.85 mg/L Water Chemistry Conductivity 61 µS/cm Water Chemistry Copper 0.001 mg/L Dissolved Water Chemistry Chloride 13.2 mg/L Water Chemistry Hardness 25.3 mg/L Water Chemistry Iron 0.85 mg/L Water Chemistry Magnesium 1.38 mg/L Water Chemistry Manganese 0.089 mg/L Water Chemistry Nitrate/Nitrite 0.125 mg/L Ortho Water Chemistry Phosphorus 0.025 mg/L Water Chemistry pH 7.8 pH Water Chemistry Potassium 0.91 mg/L Water Chemistry Sodium 7.43 mg/L Water Chemistry Sulphate 2 mg/L Water Chemistry Temperature 9.4 Degrees Celsius

Total Organic Water Chemistry Carbon 23 mg/L Water Chemistry Turbidity 8.2 NTU Water Chemistry Zinc 0.002 mg/L

Taxonomy Phylum Class Order Family Raw Mean Count Count No DATA

APPENDIX B – WATER CHEMISTRY METHODOLOGY

Methods

Analyte RPC SOP # Method Reference Method Principle

Ammonia 4.M47 APHA 4500-NH3 G "Phenate" Colourimetry pH 4.M03 APHA 4500-H+ B pH Electrode - Electrometric

Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 4.M43 EPA 310.2 Methyl Orange Colourimetry Chloride 4.M44 APHA 4500-CL E Ferricyanide Colourimetry

Sulfate 4.M45 APHA 4500-SO4 E Turbidimetry

Nitrate + Nitrite (as N) 4.M48 APHA 4500-NO3 H Hydrazine Red., Derivitization, Colourimetry o-Phosphate (as P) 4.M50 APHA 4500-P F Molybdate/Ascorbic Acid Colourimetry r-Silica (as SiO2) 4.M46 APHA 4500-SI F Heteropoly Blue Colourimetry Carbon - Total Organic 4.M38 APHA 5310 C UV-Persulfate Digestion, NDIR Detection Turbidity 4.M06 APHA 2130 B Nephelometry Conductivity 4.M04 APHA 2510 B Conductivity Meter, Pt Electrode