Step into Strode Course Title: A Level Geography Welcome to Step into Strode at Strode College. In the table below, you will find questions to consider, tasks to complete and some background research to undertake. This is a 4-week programme that will enable you to engage with your future study programme and teaching team. Please read the instructions below and have a go at the activities, remember you are capable. If you struggle at any point, please refer to the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) section at the bottom for guidance and help. To Our focus for these sessions is going to be volcanic hazards of the Bay of . get you WEEK 1 Watch Napoli SSC fans recreate an eruption of their local volcano, whose outline is goin the symbol of the city: g…… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o129p8lgj58 .. I will give an introductory talk after which you will be able to complete this quiz:

Naples – Caught in a Volcanic Sandwich Somma-Vesuvius and the Campi Flegrei

Find the right answer (answers next session): 1. Vesuvius last erupted in 1631, 1944, AD79. 2. The biggest killer eruption was 3780 BP, 1631, 1944. 3. The red zone population is 60,000, 600,000, 6m. 4. The most recent volcanic fatalities were in: Naples, Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei. 5. The prevailing wind is from the west, east, south. 6. Naples Airport is called Capodichino, Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci. 7. The local motorway is called Autostrada del Pizza, Autostrada del Sud, Autostrada del Sole. 8. The most vulnerable town is , Sarno, Acerro, . 9. Naples is how far from Vesuvius: 1.2km, 12km, 120km. 10. Campi Flegrei comprises how many volcanic edifices and craters: 2, 24, 240.

Eruption Styles

Typically variable style of eruption make it difficult to devise a hazard plan. • Strombolian-Hawai’ian Least likely, 26 died in 1944 – last eruption. • Vulcanian-Sub-Plinian Most likely, with 1631 eruption (biggest killer- 6,000-10,000) the model to use in planning, predicted to erupt in 2030.

• Plinian-Ultra-Plinian Worst case scenario, AD 79 (est 2,000 died) and the Avellino event 3780 BP.

WEEK 2 Firstly I will give the answers to the quiz and recap the main background. This week we shall look at the actual hazards and try to see the areas they could affect. Complete the table below for next session. For a good map, search Naples, on Google Maps or follow this link: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Naples,+Metropolitan+City+of+Naples,+Italy /@40.724325,14.3437264,50978m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x133b0866db7afa eb:0xd23a43cc658cb87e!8m2!3d40.8517746!4d14.2681244 Make use of the scale bar bottom right of the screen. Here is a useful background programme: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mntd1O9keCk Here are some guidance notes: Hazards

1. Lava flows, mainly to south side (see map below). Slow moving and sticky lava. Monte Somma ridge protects north.

2. Ash fall-up to 2m thick, with 20% roof collapse likely up to 10km. Assume a SW wind. 3. Pyroclastic currents-up to 8km radius, mainly along valleys but overtopped Somma ridge in AD 472. Max 25km out in Avellino event. 4. Gas poisoning, if it builds up inside buildings.

4. Earthquakes, as in AD 62, and 1980, which killed 2,500. 5. Lahars, volcanic mudflows after ash fall. Down valleys. 6. Tsunamis in the Bay of Naples. Need underwater quakes, eruptions or landslides. Up to 5m high. 7. River floods caused by blockage from ash fall

Hazard Risk Areas affected

Lava flows Medium

Ash fall Very High

Pyroclastic flows High

Gas Low

Earthquakes Low-Medium

Lahars Low-Medium -volcanic mudflows

Tsunamis Low-Medium

WEEK 3

Now let’s turn to managing the hazards

For each of the hazards, try to suggest a response. The answer may not always be

‘evacuate’, and could even be ‘do nothing’. Answers next session.

WEEK 4

The final week we will be pulling it all together and trying to put the risks in context. More emphasis will be put on the area west of Naples, Campi Flegrei which is arguably more dangerous. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96026QEl-44 from 6.09 to 11.08

Hazard Planning

• Will prediction provide 20 days’ warning? Or even 5 as in 1944? • Can 700,000 people be evacuated in a week? A dry run in 1999 only took 5,000 from to Abruzzo for Sunday lunch. • Will the road, rail, air and sea transport cope with volumes of evacuees? • Where will they go and what problems would that cause in receiving areas? • Is public education effective? • Can you prevent people building in high risk sites? Ospedale del Mare (451 bed) constructed in 2009 in Pollena, Ponticelli district, 7.7km from crater, now inside the Red Zone. Nearby planned incinerator. • Can people be persuaded to resettle away from the volcano (with inducements like 25,000 Euros offered to 100,000 families)? Only 5,600 families took up the offer over a two year period. • Is volcano planning a real priority for people in this area?

Work out your management strategies for the Red Zone (Zona Rossa) – pyroclastic flow zone, Yellow Zone (Zona Gialla) – beyond pyroclastics but plenty of ash mainly east of Vesuvius, and Blue Zone (Zona Blu) – flooding problems and lahars in the basin north of Monte Somma. http://www.aucelluzzo.it/con-dono-zona-rossa-futura-zona-gialla-una-nebbia-con-50- sfumature-di-grigio/

Furt https://youtu.be/t1idxbK her wat chin g FAQ Q: Do I have to do it? s A: Step into Strode isn’t compulsory, but you will find it very useful for thinking about this subject at the next level. Early sessions will also reflect on the Step into Strode activities.

Q: Will this work be marked and when is it due? A: This work won’t be formally marked but will be discussed during your early classes with us in September. You should aim to bring what you have completed with Step into Strode to your first timetabled sessions.

Q: I am not sure if I have got the answers right, what should I do? A: Don’t worry, the most important thing is to have a go at completing the work. There is no need to get anxious about the tasks, we are not expecting you to know everything before you start but are really interested in your ideas and what you found easy or challenging as it helps us support you right from the beginning.

Q: How do I know if I have done enough? A: Providing you follow the guidance and try all of the tasks/activities, you will be okay. These tasks/activities will enable us to advise, guide and support you. For [email protected] mor e info rma tion, sup port and guid anc e