DEMOS Conference The Atlas of Ideas: Mapping the new geography of science ScienceScience && TechnologyTechnology inin ChinaChina •• StatusStatus •• NationalNational 15y15y PlanPlan •• CollaborationCollaboration OpportunityOpportunity
ZHANG Xian -En （（（张先恩））） Ministry of Science & Technology P R China
London, 16 -18 January 2007 1 ScienceScience && CivilisationCivilisation inin ChinaChina 7 vol , 1954 -, Cambridge Uni. Exp.
Dr.Joseph Needham (1900 -1995)
http:// www.nri.org.uk/joseph.html2 The Four Great Inventions in ancient China
Gunpowder (AD 900) 司南，Sinan - The oldest compass ( bc )
蔡伦 Cai Lun Paper (AD 105) 毕升, Bi Sheng Printing with movable typeset 3 (AD 1041 -1048) http:// telecenter.mmit.stc.sh.cn/fourinventions/index.htm written in the 16 th 本 century, lists over 草 1,800 different medical remedies 纲 and over 10,000 目 prescriptions.
祖冲之 祖冲之 ZU Chongzhi (429 -500) Dr. LI Shizhen 李时珍 （AD 1518 -1593 ） π = 3.1415926 & 3.1415927 Compendium of Materia Medica the first person in the world to accurately determine the value of π to seven decimal places.
浑天仪 celestial globe used to study star -related phenomena 地动仪 seismograph used to measure seismic activity China ‘s first complete star chart which recorded 2,500 fixed stars, their brightness and their time of appearance and disappearance.
张衡 ZHANG Heng (AD 78 -139) 4 The first synthesized crystalline bovine insulin, also the first synthesized 5 crystalline bioactive protein, Sept 17, 1965. 李四光 Li Siguang (1889 -1971 ） The founder of China ’s geomechanics , He changed the 吴文俊 WU Wenjun , 1919 - situation of “oil -deficiency ” in the The founder of mathematical mechanization, country by his “Land facies whose theory Wu ’s method has greatly facilitated deposition ” theory. the application of mathematics in mechanization.6 Everest
刘东生，施雅风，孙鸿烈等 LIU Dongsheng , SHI Yafeng , SUN Honglie et al, Uplift of the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau and its impact to the nature environmental and hum an activities. 7 The inventor of a computerized laser photo composition system for Chinese character typesetting
袁隆平YUAN Longping (1930-) Father of Hybrid Rice Co-winner of the 2004 World Food Prize Award for his original work in producing high- yield rice 王选 WANG Xuan (1937 -2006) 8 http:// ennews.pku.edu.cn/news.php ? Leading scientist in nano science
The Chinese scientists have made remarkable contributions to nano science and technology.
5000 4500 4000 3500 SCI records in 2006 3000 白春礼 BEI Chunli 2500 2000 1500 1000 Number of publications of Number 500 0 CN US JP DE KP FR UK CN IN IT RU AU CA NL CH ES TW 9 FightingFighting Against cancer
陈竺 CHEN Zhu
By understanding of the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and the mechanism of differentiation and apoptosis inducti on by all -trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3), his gro up is succeeding in targeting therapy against APL, the first cancer th at might be controlled by medicines.
10 1亿度 ITER Project 3s(-1,000s) 200KA The international thermonuclear Fusion Leading in 10y
ITER agreement subscription, Elysee, Paris, Nov. 22, 2006 The Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak fusion device, nicknamed ‘artificial sun’, is tested at the Institute of Plasma Physics under the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Hefei, capital city of east China‘s Anhui Province September 28, 2006. Photo: Xinhua. http://en.chinabroadcast.cn/2906/2006/09/28/65@14 4893.htm
11 12 ReformReform andand OpenOpen
“Development being Constant Truth ”
“Science and technology are primary productive forces ”
This policy has been carried forward by his successors with the third generation leadership.
邓小平 DENG Xiaoping ( 1904 – 1997)
13 http://www.dxp2000.com/photo.htm# R&D investment R&D/GDP 1.6
1.4 1.34 1.2 1.23 1.13 1.07 1 0.9 0.95
% 0.8 0.76 0.64 0.65 0.6 0.57 0.57 0.4 0.2 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 R&D shares Year
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Gov Ind 40% 30% Loan Others 20% 10% 0% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year 14 Adapted from the Report of National Bureau of Statistics, China/MOST & MOF, 2000-2006 Publications (SCI) - JIN Bihui et al, Jan. 2007 Quantity 10-year trend Records
US
Top Journals Zhang, Jan. 2007
70
60 PNAS
50 40 Science 30 Papers 20 Nature
10 Cell 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 250 Year 200 PRL 150 JACS
100 Ang Chem Papers AU UK GER JAP CN FR 50 RUS BRA KR IND 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 15 Year Patents 600000 Foreign 500000 Domestic 93107 400000
Applied 74864 300000 Patents approved by 10 nations (1956 -2005) 57249
47087 200000 37800 383157 30343 278943 251238 100000 205544 165773 140339
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 300000
250000 Approved 42384 200000
32638 38910 150000 20296 100000 10109 14973 214003 149588 151328 50000 95236 99278 112103
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Patents approved by CN Paten bureau
16 Adapted from data released by the National Bureau of Intellectua l Property However, the nation ’s economic growth shows • excessive dependence on the consumption of energy and resources, with high associated environmental costs; • the economic structure is irrational, characterized by a frail agricultural base and lagging high -tech industry and modern service industry; • firms lack core competitiveness and their economic returns are yet to be improved as a result of weak innovation capability.
17 From: National medium - & Long -term program for S&T development So, we need to depend even more heavily on science and innovation in order to achieve substantial gains in productivity and advance the overall economic and social development in a coordinated and sustainable manner.
18 The National Medium---& LongLong----TermTerm Program for Science & Technology Development (2006(2006----2020)2020) An Outline
The State Council The People’s Republic of China
19 General objectives • noticeably enhance innovation capability and S&T level in promoting economic and social development and in maintaining national security, in an effort to provide powerful support for the building of a well-to-do society; • noticeably improve comprehensive strength in basic research and frontier technology development; • attain a series of high world impact S&T achievements and join the rank of innovative countries in 15 years, thus paving the way for becoming a world S&T power by mid 21stcentury. Goals by 2020 • R&D ≥ 2.5% • R&D Contribution to the economy ≥ 60% • Dependence on imported technology ≤ 30%
• Patents and paper contributions = Top 5 20 Outline I. Preface II. Guiding Principles, Development Goals, and Overall Deployment III ．．． Main Areas and Priority Topics IV. Major Special Projects V. Frontier Technologies VI. Basic Research VII. Innovation System VIII. Major Policies and Measures IX. S&T Input and S&T Infrastructure Platforms X. Talented Workforce Buildup
21 International Cooperation
• Joint laboratories or R&D centers • Joint research projects under bilateral or multilateral S&T cooperation frameworks; • Support country ’s enterprises in their “going out ” efforts, encouraging and helping them to establish R&D centers or industrialization bases overseas. • Participate actively in large international scientific projects and international academic organizations. • Multinational corporations R&D centers
22 Patterns of co -authored publications jointed1995- with1995-20062006 US 40228 JP 17468 8000 UK 10783 7000 1995 DE 10620 6000 CA 7192 2006 5000 AU 6642 FR 5685 4000 KP 4252 3000 SE 2482 2000 Joint publications NI 2597 1000 IT 3079 RU 2542 0 US JP UK DE CA AU FR KP SE NL IT RU IN ES DK BR FI IN 1625 ES 1672 Partner country DK 1068 (Data for UK include England and Scotland only) BR 987 FI 815
23 Adapted from SCI -expanded, 1995 -2006, updated January 12, 2007 China -UK collaboration
Existing conditions • Long history • Bilateral agreements • 2005 - Year of UK S&T in China • the largest foreign student group in UK ( ?) • Large amount of joint publications • Returnees: many are key players in China • Common interests (global concerns) • ……….
Mechanism • Button up • Top down • Button up + Top down 24 AcknowledgmentAcknowledgment
DEMOS DIT RS RCUK British Embassy in Beijing
25