Plano De Urbanização Da Cidade De Ondjiva

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Plano De Urbanização Da Cidade De Ondjiva Plano de Urbanização da Cidade de Ondjiva VOLUME I Caracterização Biofísica república de angola governo da província do kunene FICHA TÉCNICA PROMOTOR DO PROJECTO Governo da Província do Kunene – Gabinete de Estudos, Planeamento e Estatística ELABORAÇÃO SINFIC, SARL COORDENAÇÃO GERAL Luís Miguel Veríssimo EQUIPA DE TRABALHO Componente Biofísica Luís Miguel Veríssimo Componente Sócio-Económica Cristina Odelsman Rodrigues, População e Actividades Económicas Rute Gabriel Saraiva, Equipamentos Colectivos Componente Arquitectura/Urbanismo Joana Rosa Aleixo Pedro Leone Rodrigo Componente Infraestruturas José Silva Graça, Coordenador Geral Infraestruturas José Mello Vieira, Coordenador e Infraestruturas de Abastecimento de Água Maria Inês Sousa, Infraestruturas de Abastecimento de Água Manuel Ferreira de Almeida, Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos Augusto Marques Costa, Captações Subterrêneas José Silva Cardoso, Infraestruturas Eléctricas José Mendes Correia, Infraestruturas Telecomunicações Componente SIG Luís Miguel Veríssimo Maria Carlos Santos Levantamentos Topográficos Eduardo Seco Lopes Paulo Lusitano Ferreira CONSULTORES Eleonora Lopes Henriques DESIGN GRÁFICO Bárbara Costa Cabral Atelier ENTIDADES ENVOLVIDAS Administração Comunal de Ondjiva Administração Municipal do Kwanhama Administrações de Bairro da Cidade de Ondjiva Angola Telecom Comando Provincial de Polícia Diocese de Ondjiva Direcção Provincial da Administração Pública, Emprego e Segurança Social Direcção Provincial de Agricultura, Pescas e Ambiente Direcção Provincial do Comércio, Industria, Hotelaria e Turismo Direcção Provincial da Cultura Direcção Provincial de Educação Direcção Provincial de Energia e Água Direcção Provincial do Instituto Nacional de Estradas de Angola Direcção Provincial do Instituto Nacional de Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo Direcção Provincial da Juventude e Desporto Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas e Habitação Direcção Provincial de Saúde Direcção Provincial de Transportes, Correios e Telecomunicações Direcção Provincial de Viação e Trânsito Empresa Nacional de Electricidade Empresa Nacional de Navegação Aérea Janeiro 2005 ÍNDICE I . INTRODUÇÃO 13 II . METODOLOGIA E ENQUADRAMENTO 14 1 . METODOLOGIA 14 1.1 . Meios Informáticos Utilizados 14 1.2 . Procedimentos Gerais 14 1.3 . Estruturação e Construção da Base de Dados 15 1.3.1 . Identificação, Caracterização e Selecção da Informação Geográfica 15 1.3.2 . Aquisição, Tratamento e Processamento da Informação 16 1.3.3 . Referenciação dos Dados Cartográficos 16 1.4 . Análise Metodológica com base no Geoprocessamento dos Dados Cartográficos 17 1.4.1 . Uniformização da Informação Cartográfica de Base 17 1.4.2 . Dados Geológicos e Litológicos e Hidrogeológicos 17 1.4.3 . Dados Orográficos 18 1.4.4 . Dados Geomorfológicos 18 1.4.5 . Dados Pedológicos 18 1.4.6 . Dados Hidrográficos 18 1.4.7 . Dados Climáticos 19 1.4.8 . Dados da Ocupação do Solo 20 2 . ENQUADRAMENTO 22 III . CARACTERIZAÇÃO E DIAGNÓSTICO 24 3 . GEOLOGIA E HIDROGEOLOGIA 24 3.1 . Génese Geológica da Bacia do Cuanhama-Etosha 24 3.2 . Formações Geológicas 26 3.3 . Hidrogeologia 30 3.3.1 . Província Hidrogeológica Cuvelai Mui - Ondjiva - Namacunde 30 3.3.2 . Tipos de Aquíferos Regionais 32 3.3.3 . Características Hidrogeológicas da Área de Ondjiva 34 3.3.4 - Características das Águas Subterrâneas 38 4 . GEOMORFOLOGIA 39 4.1 . Micromorfologia da Bacia Endorreica Cuanhama-Etosha 41 4.1.1 . Micromorfologia de Padrão Miúdo 42 4.1.2 . Micromorfologia de Padrão Largo 45 5 . PEDOLOGIA 47 5.1 . Tipos de Solos Regionais 47 5.1.1 . Regossolos Psamíticos 47 5.1.2 . Solos Psamíticos Pardacentos 48 5.1.3 . Solos Gravinigra 48 5.1.4 . Solos Pardo-cinzentos Semi-áridos 49 5.1.5 . Solos Pardo-avermelhados Semi-áridos 50 5.1.6 . Solos Cromopsâmicos 50 5.2 . Enquadramento dos Solos na Envolvente de Ondjiva 51 6 . CLIMA 53 6.1 . Elementos Climáticos 53 6.1.1 . Temperatura 53 6.1.2 . Precipitação 56 6.1.3 . Vento 60 6.1.4 . Humidade Relativa 62 6.1.5 . Evaporação 63 6.2 . Sinópse das Condições Climáticas Locais de Ondjiva 64 6.2.1 . Valores Médios dos Elementos Climáticos 64 6.2.2 . Estado Geral do Tempo por Estações 64 6.3 . Classificação do Clima 65 6.3.1 . Índice de Aridez de Martonne 65 6.3.2 . Coeficiente Hidrotérmico de Lang 65 6.3.3 . Classificação Bioclimática de Koppen 66 6.3.4 . Classificação Racional de Thornthwaite 66 7 . HIDROLOGIA SUPERFICIAL - PERACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO CUVELAI 72 7.1 . Aspectos Hidrológicos 75 7.2 . Recursos Piscícolas 91 8 . OCUPAÇÃO DO SOLO 93 8.1 . Espaços Naturais e Seminaturais 93 8.1.1 . Galerias Arbóreas Ripícolas 94 8.1.2 . Floresta Seca 94 8.1.3 . Formação Secundária de Floresta Seca 95 8.1.4 . Formação Arbustiva Esparsa com Árvores 96 8.1.5 . Formação Arbustiva Densa de Mutiati 96 8.1.6 . Formação Arbustiva Esparsa de Mutiati 97 8.1.7 . Formações Arbustivas Densas e Esparsas de Espinheiras 97 8.1.8 . Formação Arbóreo-arbustiva Sujeita a Alagamento 98 8.1.9 . Formações Herbosas, com ou sem Arbustos Dispersos, Sujeitas a Alagamento 98 8.2 . Espaços Agro-pecuários - “Eumbos” / Lavras com Árvores Dispersas 99 8.3 . Espaço Urbano 100 8.3.1 . Edificado Consolidado Concentrado 101 8.3.2 . Edificado Consolidado Disperso 101 8.3.3 . Edificado não Consolidado Concentrado 102 8.3.4 . Edificado não Consolidado Disperso 102 8.3.5 . Vazio Urbano 103 8.4 . Infraestruturas e Equipamentos 103 8.4.1 . Via Pavimentada 103 8.4.2 . Via Não Pavimentada 104 8.4.3 . Equipamentos Diversos 104 8.5 . Improdutivos 104 8.5.1 . Areeiros 104 9 . SÍNTESE DE DIAGNÓSTICO E RECOMENDAÇÕES 105 9.1 . GeologiaIA 105 9.1.1 . Sinópse Geologica 105 9.1.2 . Recomendações 105 9.2 . Hidrogeologia 105 9.2.1 . Sinopse Hidrogeológica 105 9.2.2 . Recomendações 107 9.3 . Geomorfologia 108 9.3.1 . Sinopse Geomorfológica 108 9.3.2 . Recomendações 109 9.4 . Pedologia 109 9.4.1 . Sinopse Pedológica 109 9.4.2 . Recomendações 109 9.5 . Clima 110 9.5.1 . Sinopse Climática 110 9.5.2 . Recomendações 111 9.6 . Hidrologia Superficial 111 9.6.1 . Sinopse Hidrológica 111 9.6.2 . Recomendações 112 9.7 . Ocupação do Solo 113 9.7.1 . Sinopse da Ocupação do Solo 113 9.7.2 . Recomendações 113 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 115 REFERÊNCIAS CARTOGRÁFICAS 116 Caracterização Biofísica 7 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 2.1 . Enquadramento da cidade de Ondjiva. 13 Figura 3.1 . Enquadramento regional da bacia endorreica Cuvelai-Etosha 16 Figura 3.2 . Modelo morfolitológico do modelado regional. 19 Figura 3.3 . Areeiro talhado no espesso depósito de areias superficiais que revestem o mufito da Kachila II. 20 Figura 3.4 . Depósitos observáveis na chimpaca Inambo. 21 Figura 3.5 . Modelos do firme rochoso do sector norte da Bacia do Cuanhama-Etosha. 23 Figura 3.6 . Província Hidrogeológica Cuvelai Mui - Ondjiva - Namacunde. 25 Figura 3.7 . Esboço dos principais sistemas aquíferos regionais. 28 Figura 3.8 . Esboço do sistema de recarga do Aquífero Suspenso Descontínuo (ASD) e do Aquífero Pouco Profundo Principal (APPP). 32 Figura 3.9 . Diagramas triangulares do tipo de águas da Província Hidrogeológica. 35 Figura 4.1 . Possível extensão da superfície do paleo-delta do Cunene. 38 Figura 4.2 . Principais formas do micromodelado do Cuanhama. 40 Figura 4.3 . Espessa camada argilosa a coroar os grés argilo-calcários regionais, no Ecango Naipalala a sul da cidade de Ondjiva. 41 Figura 4.4 . Sectores de micromodelado miúdo na terminação do rio Cuvelai. 45 Figura 4.5 . Área aproximada da micromorfologia de padrão largo. 46 Figura 4.6 . Rede de chanas largas (a azul) na área central da bacia endorreica do Cuvelai-Etosha. 47 Figura 6.1 . Modelo da temperatura média anual para a província do Kunene. 58 Figura 6.2 . Temperaturas média mensais diárias, às 9h, máxima média e mínima média para Ondjiva. 60 Figura 6.3 . Modelo da precipitação média anual para a província do Kunene. 62 Figura 6.4 . Gráfico termo-pluviométrico de Ondjiva (Pereira de Eça / Ondjiva - 1937-74). 63 Figura 6.5 . Número médio de dias por mês com ocorrência de trovoadas, (Pereira de Eça / Ondjiva - 1937-74). 64 Figura 6.6 . Número médio de dias por mês com precipitação superior a 10mm (Pereira de Eça / Ondjiva - 1937-74). 65 8 Plano de Urbanização da Cidade de Ondjiva Figura 6.7 . Quantitativos pluviométricos por estação húmida (Pereira de Eça / Ondjiva - 1937-74). 66 Figura 6.8 . Variabilidade inter-anual da precipitação com base nos desvios à média (Pereira de Eça / Ondjiva - 1937-74). 67 Figura 6.9 . Humidade relativa média mensal (Pereira de Eça / Ondjiva - 1937-75). 70 Figura 6.10 . Balanço hídrico do solo para Ondjiva. 76 Figura 6.11 . Precipitação média mensal e ETP, para Ondjiva. 77 Figura 7.1 . Bacia hidrográfica do Cuvelai-Etosha. 85 Figura 7.2 . Modelo altimétrico do enquadramento regional da bacia Cuvelai-Etosha. 86 Figura 7.3 . Características hipsométricas e hidrográficas da bacia do Cuvelai. 88 Figura 7.4 . Sub-bacias do sistema endorreico do Cuvelai. 89 Figura 7.5 . Chana Etaka e forma deltaica no contacto norte desta com o Etoshapan. 90 Figura 7.6 . Contraste entre a ocorrência de efundja (esquerda) e o período seco (direita), na área de Ondjiva (Landsat5-TM e Landsat7-ETM). 91 Figura 7.7 . Magnitude da efundja registada em Oshakati (1941-1998). 95 Figura 7.8 . Entulhamento das manilhas drenantes do aterro da estrada que atravessa a chana Kashila. 97 Figura 7.9 . Área de vulnerabilidade hidrológica nos bairros P. Zeca II e Naipalala I. 98 Figura 7.10 . Perfis topográficos no sector “A Ilha”. 99 Figura 7.11 . Área de potencial vulnerabilidade hidrológica no bairro dos Castilhos 101 Figura 7.12 . Perfis topográficos no sector Castilhos. 101 Figura 7.13 . Perfis topográficos no sector Kachila I. 103 Figura 7.14 . Principais áreas de acumulação de resíduos sólidos. 104 Figura 7.15 . Família com engenhos de pesca - Oshongo - na chana Omui. 105 Figura 8.1 . Galeria arbórea ripícola na chana Nelilo.
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