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CPC Best Plant Conservation Practices to Support Species Survival in the Wild

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CPC Best Plant Conservation Practices to Support Species Survival in the Wild CPC Best Plant Conservation Practices to Support Species Survival in the Wild Lilium occidentale ii CPC Best Plant Conservation Practices to Support Species Survival in the Wild CENTER FOR PLANT CONSERVATION iii About the Center for Plant Conservation CPC’s mission is to ensure stewardship of imperiled native plants. To do this, we implement the following tested and effective strategy: We advance science-based best practices in plant conservation through our network of conservation partners known as Participating Institutions. Our network actively applies these practices to save plants from extinction here in North America as part of the CPC National Collec- tion of Endangered Plants. We share best practices with conservationists all over the world and advocate for plants and their value to humankind. Copyright ©2018 The Center for Plant Conservation CPC encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgment of CPC as the source and copyright holder is given and that CPC’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. Portions of “Part 3 Genetic Guidelines for Acquiring, Maintaining, and Using a Conservation Collection” are adapted from Guerrant, E.O., Jr., P. L. Fiedler, K. Havens, and M. Maunder. Revised genetic sampling guidelines for conservation collections of rare and endangered plants. Ex Situ Plant Conservation: supporting species survival in the wild, edited by Edward O. Guerrant Jr., Kayri Havens, and Mike Maunder. Copyright © 2004 Island Press. Reproduced by permission of Island Press, Washington, D.C. Portions of “Part 4 Rare Plant Reintroduction and Other Conservation Translocations” are adapted from Maschinski, J., M.A. Albrecht, L. Monks, and K. E. Haskins. Center for Plant Conservation Best Reintroduction Practice Guidelines. Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate: Promises and Perils, edited by Joyce Maschinski and Kristin E. Haskins. Copyright © 2012 Island press. Reproduced by permission of Island Press, Washington, D.C. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.saveplants.org or addressed to [email protected]. iv Dedication In gratitude to all of those working to save plants from extinction v vi CONTENTS Acknowledgements xi Preamble xii Preface xv Why Should We Make Conservation Collections of Rare Plant Species? xvi What You Can Find in Each Section xvi Where to Go for Additional Help xix Who Should Use These Guidelines? xxi Photo Credits xxii CPC Board of Directors, Staff and Contributors xxiv w PART 1 Conventional Seed Banking to Support Species Survival in the Wild 1-1 A. Introduction 1-3 Joyce Maschinski, Christina Walters B. Collecting Seeds from Wild Rare Plant Populations 1-10 Joyce Maschinski, Christina Walters, Ed Guerrant, Sheila Murray, Michael Kunz, Heather Schneider, Jim Affolter, Tony Gurnoe, Naomi Fraga, Kay Havens, Pati Vitt, Katherine D. Heineman, and Christa Horn C. Splitting Samples for Safety Duplication Storage and Testing 1-25 Joyce Maschinski, Christina Walters, Kim McCue, David Remucal, James Ritchie, Evan Meyer, Robert Wesley, Michael Way, Suzzanne Chapman, Ryan Fitch, Rowan Blaik, Kay Havens, Pati Vitt, and Christa Horn D. Cleaning, Processing, Drying, and Storing Orthodox Seeds 1-31 Christina Walters, Joyce Maschinski, Kay Havens, Pati Vitt, Katherine D. Heineman, and Christa Horn E. Curating Small Samples: Increasing the Number of Seeds for Storage and Restoration 1-43 Joyce Maschinski, Christina Walters, Kris Haskins, Cheryl Birker, Johnny Randall, Lesley Randall, Kirstie Watkins, Margaret Clarke, Joe Davitt, Kay Havens, Pati Vitt, and Christa Horn vii w PART 2 Alternatives to Conventional Seed Banking 2-1 A. Introduction 2-3 Joyce Maschinski and Valerie Pence B. Collecting and Maintaining Exceptional Species in Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation 2-4 Valerie Pence, Murphy Westwood, Joyce Maschinski, Christy Powell, Nellie Sugii, Diana Fish, Julianne McGuinness, Pat Raven, Julian Duval, Tomas Herrera-Mishler, Andy Love, Christina Walters, Christa Horn, Matt Taylor, Thomas Ott, Steven Koehler, Julianne McGuinness and Matt Horning For Seeds 2-11 In Vitro Tissue Culture 2-11 Cryopreservation 2-15 C. Field Genebanks or Inter Situ Collection 2-22 Joyce Maschinski, Murphy Westwood, Kayri Havens, Sean Hoban, Stacy Anderson, and Seana Walsh Acquiring a Conservation Collection for Field Genebanks or Inter Situ Collection 2-23 Maintaining the Field Genebank or Inter Situ Conservation Collection 2-26 Capturing Material for Future Conservation Uses 2-30 w PART 3 Genetic Guidelines for Acquiring, Maintaining, and Using a Conservation Collection 3-1 A. Introduction 3-3 Joyce Maschinski, Kayri Havens, Jeremie Fant, Andrea Kramer, Pati Vitt, Jennifer Ramp Neale, Edward O. Guerrant, Jr., Christine Edwards, and Stephanie Steele B. Genetic Guidelines for Acquiring a Conservation Collection 3-5 Joyce Maschinski, Christina Walters, Ed Guerrant, Sheila Murray, Joyce Maschinski, Kayri Havens, Jeremie Fant, Andrea Kramer, Pati Vitt, Jennifer Ramp Neale, Edward O. Guerrant, Jr., Christine Edwards, and Stephanie Steele C. Genetic Guidelines for Maintaining a Conservation Collection 3-12 Joyce Maschinski, Kayri Havens, Jeremie Fant, Andrea Kramer, Pati Vitt, Jennifer Ramp Neale, Edward O. Guerrant, Jr., Christine Edwards, and Stephanie Steele viii D. Genetic Guidelines for Using Portions of the Conservation Collection for Reintroductions and Other Purposes 3-15 Joyce Maschinski, Kayri Havens, Jeremie Fant, Andrea Kramer, Pati Vitt, Jennifer Ramp Neale, Edward O. Guerrant, Jr., Christine Edwards, and Stephanie Steele w PART 4 Rare Plant Reintroduction and Other Conservation Translocations 4-1 A. Introduction 4-3 Joyce Maschinski, Matthew A. Albrecht, Jeremine Fant, Leonie Monks, and Kristin E. Haskins B. Justifying and Deciding Whether to Conduct a Reintroduction or Other Conservation Translocation 4-4 Joyce Maschinski, Matthew A. Albrecht, Jeremine Fant, Leonie Monks, and Kristin E. Haskins C. Preparing the Reintroduction 4-8 Joyce Maschinski, Matthew A. Albrecht, Jeremine Fant, Leonie Monks, and Kristin E. Haskins Making the Plan 4-10 The Law, the Land, and Funding 4-12 Understanding Species’ Biology 4-14 Site Selection 4-15 Genetics Considerations 4-20 Source Material and Horticulture 4-24 Planning for Population Growth 4-31 D. Implementing the Reintroduction 4-33 Joyce Maschinski, Matthew A. Albrecht, Jeremine Fant, Leonie Monks, and Kristin E. Haskins E. After the Installation 4-37 Joyce Maschinski, Matthew A. Albrecht, Jeremine Fant, Leonie Monks, Jimmy Lange, Emily Coffey, Holly Forbes, Jennifer Ceska and Kristin E. Haskins Conduct Aftercare of the Restored Population 4-37 Design Appropriate Monitoring Plans 4-39 Documentation 4-47 ix w PART 5 Documentation and Data Sharing 5-1 A. Introduction 5-3 Joyce Maschinski and Katherine D. Heineman B. Documentation 5-4 Joyce Maschinski, Johnny Randall and Katherine D. Heineman C. Distributing Samples and Information 5-8 Joyce Maschinski, Christina Walters, Katherine D. Heineman, Rowan Blaik, Anne Frances, Christa Horn, Anita Tiller, Pam Allenstein, Stacy Anderson, Spencer Crews, John Horne, Jim Locklear, Kay Havens, Pati Vitt, and Jackie Higgins Glossary G-1 Supplementary Materials S-1 x Acknowledgments These best practices represent a compilation of previous CPC guidelines with up- dated recommendations from current research on rare plant conservation. We thank the authors and editors Don Falk, Kent Holsinger, Greg Wieland, Peggy Olwell, Con- stance Millar, Edward O. Guerrant, Jr., Kay Havens, Mike Maunder, and Kris Haskins for generating Guidelines for the Management of Orthodox Seeds (Wieland 1995), Center for Plant Conservation Sampling Guidelines for Conservation of Endangered Plants (Falk and Holsinger 1991), Revised Sampling Guidelines for Conservation Collections of Rare and Endangered Plants (Guerrant et al. 2004), Guidelines for Developing a Rare Plant Reintroduction Plan (CPC 1996), and Center for Plant Conservation Best Reintroduction Practice Guidelines (Maschinski et al. 2012). These are the foundation of these consoli- dated guidelines. These best practices also incorporate protocols from FAO’s Genebank Standards for Agriculture (FAO 2014) and MSBP Seed Conservation Standards (MSB 2015) and we gratefully acknowledge those contributions to our recommendations. CPC board members, conservation officers, and guests at CPC National meetings in 2016, 2017, and 2018 met in small groups to discuss and revise components of these guidelines. Many contributed ideas for new considerations needed to conserve rare plants. We are especially indebted to Christina Walters for her insights about practices and possibilities for best storing seeds and Valerie Pence for sharing her expertise about tissue culture and cryopreservation. Sean Hoban and Seana Walsh provided practical advice about maintaining rare plants in living display collections when seed storage isn’t possible. Discussions with plant population geneticists Kay Havens, Jeremie Fant, Andrea Kramer, Jennifer Ramp Neal, Christie Edwards, and Stephanie Steele improved and updated genetic guidelines. Armed with analysis of reintroduc- tion meta-data, Matthew Albrecht helped update the reintroduction guidelines. Pati Vitt
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